49 results on '"Welsman JR"'
Search Results
2. The reliability of an isokinetic knee muscle endurance test in young children.
- Author
-
De Ste Croix MBA, Armstrong N, and Welsman JR
- Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of repeated isokinetic knee extension and flexion in young children and to examine sex differences in 30 untrained subjects (16 boys and 14 girls) aged 12.2 +/- 0.3 years. Total work and the percentage decline in average torque and work were recorded during 50 repetitions. Intra-class correlation coefficients indicated a strong positive correlation between test 1 and 2 for all parameters ranging from 0.36-0.95. Coefficient of variation data ranged from +/- 0% to +/- 5.4%. Repeatability coefficients and limits of agreement indicated that the extensors were more reliable than the flexors for both torque and work. There were no significant sex differences in any of the parameters measured. This study suggests that repeated isokinetic muscle actions of the knee, as a function of muscle endurance, can be reliably assessed in young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Serum testosterone is not related to peak VO2 and submaximal blood lactate responses in 12- to 16-year-old males.
- Author
-
Welsman JR, Armstrong N, and Kirby BJ
- Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the influence of sexual maturity on peak VO2 and blood lactate responses to exercise using serum testosterone levels as an objective measure of maturity. Testosterone levels were determined in venous blood samples obtained from 12- to 16-year-old males (n = 50). Peak VO2 and percentage of peak VO2 at blood lactate levels of 2.5 and 4.0 mmol x L to the negative first power were determined during incremental treadmill running. Standard multiple regression revealed that body mass, age, and height explained 74% of the variance in peak VO2 scores. The addition of serum testosterone to the equation failed to produce a significant increase in the explained variance. Correlation coefficients between testosterone and the lactate variables were not significant (p > .05). These findings do not support the hypothesis that hormonal changes per se during sexual maturation play an important role in the development of peak VO2 and blood lactate responses to exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Cardiovascular responses to submaximal treadmill running in 11 to 13 year olds
- Author
-
Armstrong, N, primary and Welsman, JR, additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Effect of training on peak oxygen uptake and blood lipids in 13 to 14‐year‐old girls
- Author
-
Stoedefalke, K, primary, Armstrong, N, additional, Kirby, BJ, additional, and Welsman, JR, additional
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Longitudinal changes in 11-13-year-olds' physical activity
- Author
-
Armstrong, N, primary, Welsman, JR, additional, and Kirby, BJ, additional
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Cardiovascular responses to submaximal treadmill running in 11 to 13 year olds.
- Author
-
Armstrong, N, Welsman, JR, and Welsman, J R
- Subjects
- *
TREADMILL exercise tests , *CARDIOVASCULAR fitness - Abstract
Unlabelled: The influence of age, sex, maturity, body size and body fatness on cardiac output (Q) and stroke volume (SV) during treadmill running at 2.22 m x s(-1) was examined longitudinally. Mass, stature, triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were recorded and Q was estimated using the CO2 rebreathing technique on each of three annual measurement occasions. Maturity was assessed using the indices for pubic hair described by Tanner. At the onset, subjects were 11.3 (0.4) y of age and data were available from a total of 274 Q determinations with equal numbers from boys and girls. Age-, sex- and maturity-associated changes in Q and SV adjusted for differences in body size and fatness were examined using multilevel regression modelling within an allometric framework. Changes in Q in both sexes were essentially in direct proportion to body surface area but, even with anthropometric variables controlled for, girls demonstrated a lower SV than boys, which was compensated for by a higher heart rate (HR) at each observation.Conclusion: At a given level of submaximal exercise over the age range 11-13 y Q is directly related to body size in both sexes. With body size and fatness controlled for, boys have greater SVs than girls when exercising at the same absolute VO2, Q and treadmill running speed. Age and maturation do not exert independent effects on either Q or SV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Longitudinal changes in young people's short-term power output.
- Author
-
Armstrong N, Welsman JR, Williams CA, and Kirby BJ
- Published
- 2000
9. Responses of young girls to two modes of aerobic training.
- Author
-
Welsman JR, Armstrong N, Withers S, Welsman, J R, Armstrong, N, and Withers, S
- Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the physiological effects of two different three times a week, eight week training programmes on the aerobic fitness of nine to ten year old girls.Methods: Treadmill determined peak VO2, submaximal heart rates, and submaximal blood lactate were the criterion measures. Seventeen girls completed a programme of "aerobics" training where sessions lasted 20-25 minutes. Eighteen girls followed a cycle ergometer training programme which involved pedalling continuously for 20 minutes with the heart rate maintained between 160 and 170 beats/minute. A control group of 16 girls completed the criterion tests but did not train. In the cycle ergometer group and eight control subjects plasma total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were determined before and after training.Results: Peak VO2 did not change significantly with training in either training group, neither were there any significant changes in submaximal heart rates. Blood lactate declined significantly at the two lowest submaximal exercise intensities in the cycle ergometer training group (from 2.3 (1.1) to 1.4 (0.06) mmol/l at stage 1 and from 2.1 (1.2) to 1.6 (0.06) mmol/l at stage 2; means (SD); P < 0.01). Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol remained unchanged with training.Conclusions: These findings suggest that an eight week structured exercise programme produces minimal changes in either the aerobic fitness or blood lipids of young girls. It may be more beneficial for long term health to promote enjoyment in activity and positive attitudes to exercise rather than attempting to enhance aerobic fitness through strenuous exercise programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 1997
10. Peak oxygen uptake and maturation in 12-yr olds.
- Author
-
Armstrong N, Welsman JR, and Kirby BJ
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Scaling peak VO2 for differences in body size.
- Author
-
Welsman JR, Armstrong N, Nevill AM, Winter EM, and Kirby BJ
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. MEMORIES.
- Author
-
WELSMAN JR., ED
- Subjects
GRANDFATHERS ,MOTORCYCLES - Abstract
A photograph of the sender's grandfather, his "crew," and their motorcycles taken in the 1920s is presented.
- Published
- 2015
13. Interpreting Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young Clinical Populations-Folklore and Fallacy.
- Author
-
Welsman JR and Armstrong N
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. A study investigating short- and medium-term effects on function, bone mineral density and lean tissue mass post-total knee replacement in a Caucasian female post-menopausal population: implications for hip fracture risk.
- Author
-
Hopkins SJ, Toms AD, Brown M, Welsman JR, Ukoumunne OC, and Knapp KM
- Subjects
- Absorptiometry, Photon, Aged, Female, Femur diagnostic imaging, Humans, Lumbar Vertebrae diagnostic imaging, Middle Aged, Postmenopause, Quality of Life, Risk Factors, White People, Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee, Bone Density, Hip Fractures epidemiology
- Abstract
Unlabelled: Significant increased hip fracture incidence has been reported in the year following total knee replacement. This study demonstrates that bone and muscle loss is a post-surgical consequence of total knee replacement, alongside poor outcomes in function and activity potentially contributing to reduced quality of life and increased hip fracture risk., Introduction: A significant increase in hip fracture incidence in the year following total knee replacement (TKR) surgery has been reported. This study investigated function and activity following TKR and the effects of limited mobility on bone and muscle loss and their potential contribution to hip fracture risk., Methods: Changes in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (GE Lunar Prodigy, Bedford MA), bone mineral density (BMD) at the neck of femur (NOF), total hip region (TH) and lumbar spine were measured alongside leg lean tissue mass (LLTM) in post-menopausal Caucasian females following TKR (N = 19) compared to controls (N = 43). Lumbar spine trabecular bone scores (TBSs) were calculated. Ipsilateral/contralateral weight bearing, lower limb function, 3-day pedometer readings, pain levels and falls were also recorded. Measurements were obtained at pre-surgery baseline and at 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months post-surgery., Results: No statistically significant differences were demonstrated between groups at baseline bilaterally in LLTM or BMD at the NOF and TH. Losses in ipsilateral NOF and TH BMD and contralateral LLTM were significantly higher in the TKR group at 6 months. Impairment in function and weight bearing persisted in the TKR group 12 months post-operatively alongside deficits in bilateral muscle mass and ipsilateral NOF and TH BMD. Falls incidence was not significantly higher in the TKR group., Conclusions: Bone loss at the hip with associated muscle loss is a consequence of TKR that, in addition to poor patient outcomes in function and activity, potentially contributes to increased hip fracture risk in the year following surgery.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Combining behavioural activation with physical activity promotion for adults with depression: findings of a parallel-group pilot randomised controlled trial (BAcPAc).
- Author
-
Pentecost C, Farrand P, Greaves CJ, Taylor RS, Warren FC, Hillsdon M, Green C, Welsman JR, Rayson K, Evans PH, and Taylor AH
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Behavior Therapy economics, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Depression diagnosis, Depression economics, Depression physiopathology, Depression psychology, England, Female, Health Care Costs, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Pamphlets, Patient Compliance, Patient Education as Topic, Pilot Projects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Behavior Therapy methods, Depression therapy, Exercise Therapy, Health Behavior, Health Promotion economics
- Abstract
Background: Depression is associated with physical inactivity, which may mediate the relationship between depression and a range of chronic physical health conditions. However, few interventions have combined a psychological intervention for depression with behaviour change techniques, such as behavioural activation (BA), to promote increased physical activity., Methods: To determine procedural and clinical uncertainties to inform a definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT), a pilot parallel-group RCT was undertaken within two Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services in South West England. We aimed to recruit 80 adults with depression and randomise them to a supported, written self-help programme based on either BA or BA plus physical activity promotion (BAcPAc). Data were collected at baseline and 4 months post-randomisation to evaluate trial retention, intervention uptake and variance in outcomes to inform a sample size calculation. Qualitative data were collected from participants and psychological wellbeing practitioners (PWPs) to assess the acceptability and feasibility of the trial methods and the intervention. Routine data were collected to evaluate resource use and cost., Results: Sixty people with depression were recruited, and a 73 % follow-up rate was achieved. Accelerometer physical activity data were collected for 64 % of those followed. Twenty participants (33 %) attended at least one treatment appointment. Interview data were analysed for 15 participants and 9 study PWPs. The study highlighted the challenges of conducting an RCT within existing IAPT services with high staff turnover and absences, participant scheduling issues, PWP and participant preferences for cognitive focussed treatment, and deviations from BA delivery protocols. The BAcPAc intervention was generally acceptable to patients and PWPs., Conclusions: Although recruitment procedures and data collection were challenging, participants generally engaged with the BAcPAc self-help booklets and reported willingness to increase their physical activity. A number of feasibility issues were identified, in particular the under-use of BA as a treatment for depression, the difficulty that PWPs had in adapting their existing procedures for study purposes and the instability of the IAPT PWP workforce. These problems would need to be better understood and resolved before proceeding to a full-scale RCT., Trial Registration: ISRCTN74390532 . Registered on 26 March 2013.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Obesity increases precision errors in total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements.
- Author
-
Knapp KM, Welsman JR, Hopkins SJ, Shallcross A, Fogelman I, and Blake GM
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Body Mass Index, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Overweight diagnostic imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Absorptiometry, Photon, Adipose Tissue diagnostic imaging, Bone Density, Bone and Bones diagnostic imaging, Obesity diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
Total body (TB) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is increasingly being used to measure body composition in research and clinical settings. This study investigated the effect of body mass index (BMI) and body fat on precision errors for total and regional TB DXA measurements of bone mineral density, fat tissue, and lean tissue using the GE Lunar Prodigy (GE Healthcare, Bedford, UK). One hundred forty-four women with BMI's ranging from 18.5 to 45.9 kg/m(2) were recruited. Participants had duplicate DXA scans of the TB with repositioning between examinations. Participants were divided into 3 groups based on their BMI, and the root mean square standard deviation and the percentage coefficient of variation were calculated for each group. The root mean square standard deviation (percentage coefficient of variation) for the normal (<25 kg/m²; n = 76), overweight (25-30 kg/m²; n = 36), and obese (>30 kg/m²; n = 32) BMI groups, respectively, were total BMD (g/cm(2)): 0.009 (0.77%), 0.009 (0.69%), 0.011 (0.91%); total fat (g): 545 (2.98%), 486 (1.72%), 677 (1.55%); total lean (g): 551 (1.42%), 540 (1.34%), and 781 (1.68%). These results suggest that serial measurements in obese subjects should be treated with caution because the least significant change may be larger than anticipated., (Copyright © 2015 The International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The relationship between sagittal curvature and extensor muscle volume in the lumbar spine.
- Author
-
Meakin JR, Fulford J, Seymour R, Welsman JR, and Knapp KM
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Low Back Pain pathology, Lumbosacral Region, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Paraspinal Muscles anatomy & histology, Regression Analysis, Young Adult, Muscle Strength physiology, Paraspinal Muscles physiology, Spinal Curvatures
- Abstract
A previous modelling study predicted that the forces applied by the extensor muscles to stabilise the lumbar spine would be greater in spines that have a larger sagittal curvature (lordosis). Because the force-generating capacity of a muscle is related to its size, it was hypothesised that the size of the extensor muscles in a subject would be related to the size of their lumbar lordosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were obtained, together with age, height, body mass and back pain status, from 42 female subjects. The volume of the extensor muscles (multifidus and erector spinae) caudal to the mid-lumbar level was estimated from cross-sectional area measurements in axial T1-weighted MRIs spanning the lumbar spine. Lower lumbar curvature was determined from sagittal T1-weighted images. A stepwise linear regression model was used to determine the best predictors of muscle volume. The mean lower lumbar extensor muscle volume was 281 cm(3) (SD = 49 cm(3)). The mean lower lumbar curvature was 30 ° (SD = 7 °). Five subjects reported current back pain and were excluded from the regression analysis. Nearly half the variation in muscle volume was accounted for by the variables age (standardised coefficient, B = -3.2, P = 0.03) and lower lumbar curvature (B = 0.47, P = 0.002). The results support the hypothesis that extensor muscle volume in the lower lumbar spine is related to the magnitude of the sagittal curvature; this has implications for assessing muscle size as an indicator of muscle strength., (© 2013 Anatomical Society.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Obesity increases precision errors in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements.
- Author
-
Knapp KM, Welsman JR, Hopkins SJ, Fogelman I, and Blake GM
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Body Mass Index, Comorbidity, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Absorptiometry, Photon standards, Obesity epidemiology, Osteoporosis diagnosis, Osteoporosis epidemiology
- Abstract
The precision errors of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements are important for monitoring osteoporosis. This study investigated the effect of body mass index (BMI) on precision errors for lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (NOF), total hip (TH), and total body (TB) bone mineral density using the GE Lunar Prodigy. One hundred two women with BMIs ranging from 18.5 to 45.9 kg/m(2) were recruited. Participants had duplicate DXA scans of the LS, left hip, and TB with repositioning between scans. Participants were divided into 3 groups based on their BMI and the percentage coefficient of variation (%CV) calculated for each group. The %CVs for the normal (<25 kg/m(2)) (n=48), overweight (25-30 kg/m(2)) (n=26), and obese (>30 kg/m(2)) (n=28) BMI groups, respectively, were LS BMD: 0.99%, 1.30%, and 1.68%; NOF BMD: 1.32%, 1.37%, and 2.00%; TH BMD: 0.85%, 0.88%, and 1.06%; TB BMD: 0.66%, 0.73%, and 0.91%. Statistically significant differences in precision error between the normal and obese groups were found for LS (p=0.0006), NOF (p=0.005), and TB BMD (p=0.025). These results suggest that serial measurements in obese subjects should be treated with caution because the least significant change may be larger than anticipated., (Copyright © 2012 The International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Influence of training status and maturity on pulmonary O2 uptake recovery kinetics following cycle and upper body exercise in girls.
- Author
-
McNarry MA, Welsman JR, and Jones AM
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ergometry methods, Female, Health Status, Hemoglobins metabolism, Humans, Kinetics, Lung metabolism, Myoglobin metabolism, Sex Factors, Statistics as Topic, Exercise physiology, Exercise Tolerance physiology, Lung physiology, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Physical Fitness physiology, Sexual Maturation physiology
- Abstract
The influence of training status on pulmonary VO(2) recovery kinetics, and its interaction with maturity, has not been investigated in young girls. Sixteen prepubertal (Pre: trained (T, 11.4 ± 0.7 years), 8 untrained (UT, 11.5 ± 0.6 years)) and 8 pubertal (Pub: 8T, 14.2 ± 0.7 years; 8 UT, 14.5 ± 1.3 years) girls completed repeat transitions from heavy intensity exercise to a baseline of unloaded exercise, on both an upper and lower body ergometer. The VO2 recovery time constant was significantly shorter in the trained prepubertal and pubertal girls during both cycle (Pre: T, 26 ± 4 vs. UT, 32 ± 6; Pub: T, 28 ± 2 vs. UT, 35 ± 7 s; both p < .05) and upper body exercise (Pre: T, 26 ± 4 vs. UT, 35 ± 6; Pub: T, 30 ± 4 vs. UT, 42 ± 3 s; both p < .05). No interaction was evident between training status and maturity. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of VO(2) recovery kinetics to training in young girls and challenge the notion of a "maturational threshold" in the influence of training status on the physiological responses to exercise and recovery.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. The influence of training and maturity status on girls' responses to short-term, high-intensity upper- and lower-body exercise.
- Author
-
McNarry MA, Welsman JR, and Jones AM
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Puberty physiology, Resistance Training, Swimming physiology
- Abstract
A maturational threshold has been suggested to be present in young peoples' responses to exercise, with significant influences of training status evidenced only above this threshold. The presence of such a threshold has not been investigated for short-term, high-intensity exercise. To address this, we investigated the relationship between swim-training status and maturity on the power output, pulmonary gas exchange, and metabolic responses to an upper- and lower-body Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). Girls at 3 stages of maturity participated:, prepubertal (Pre: 8 trained (T), 10 untrained (UT)), pubertal (Pub: 9 T, 15 UT), and postpubertal (Post: 8 T, 10 UT). At all maturity stages, T exhibited higher peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) during upper-body exercise (PP: Pre, T, 163 ± 20 vs. UT, 124 ± 29; Pub, T, 230 ± 42 vs. UT, 173 ± 41; Post, T, 245 ± 41 vs. UT, 190 ± 40 W; MP: Pre, T, 130 ± 23 vs. UT, 85 ± 26; Pub, T, 184 ± 37 vs. UT, 123 ± 38; Post, T, 200 ± 30 vs. UT, 150 ± 15 W; all p < 0.05) but not lower-body exercise, whilst the fatigue index was significantly lower in T for both exercise modalities. Irrespective of maturity, the oxidative contribution, calculated by the area under the oxygen uptake response profile, was not influenced by training status. No interaction was evident between training status and maturity, with similar magnitudes of difference between T and UT at all 3 maturity stages. These results suggest that there is no maturational threshold which must be surpassed for significant influences of training status to be manifest in the "anaerobic" exercise performance of young girls.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Influence of training status and exercise modality on pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics in pubertal girls.
- Author
-
McNarry MA, Welsman JR, and Jones AM
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Exercise Test, Female, Heart Rate physiology, Humans, Oxygen metabolism, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Physical Exertion physiology, Puberty metabolism, Exercise physiology, Oxygen pharmacokinetics, Physical Fitness physiology, Puberty physiology, Pulmonary Gas Exchange physiology
- Abstract
The influence of training status on the oxygen uptake (VO2) response to heavy intensity exercise in pubertal girls has not previously been investigated. We hypothesised that whilst training status-related adaptations would be evident in the VO2, heart rate (HR) and deoxyhaemoglobin ([HHb]) kinetics of pubertal swimmers during both lower and upper body exercise, they would be more pronounced during upper body exercise. Eight swim-trained (T; 14.2 ± 0.7 years) and eight untrained (UT; 14.5 ± 1.3 years) girls completed a number of constant-work-rate transitions on cycle and upper body ergometers at 40% of the difference between the gas exchange threshold and peak VO2. The phase II VO2 time constant (τ) was significantly shorter in the trained girls during both cycle (T: 21 ± 6 vs. UT: 35 ± 11 s; P < 0.01) and upper body exercise (T: 29 ± 8 vs. UT: 44 ± 8 s; P < 0.01). The VO2 slow component was not influenced by training status. The [HHb] τ was significantly shorter in the trained girls during both cycle (T: 12 ± 2 vs. UT: 20 ± 6 s; P < 0.01) and upper body exercise (T: 13 ± 3 vs. UT: 21 ± 7 s; P < 0.01), as was the HR τ (cycle, T: 36 ± 5 vs. UT: 53 ± 9 s; upper body, T: 32 ± 3 vs. UT: 43 ± 2; P < 0.01). This study suggests that both central and peripheral factors contribute to the faster VO2 kinetics in the trained girls and that differences are evident in both lower and upper body exercise.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Influence of training and maturity status on the cardiopulmonary responses to ramp incremental cycle and upper body exercise in girls.
- Author
-
McNarry MA, Welsman JR, and Jones AM
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Female, Humans, Physical Exertion physiology, Aging physiology, Body Size physiology, Cardiac Output physiology, Exercise physiology, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Physical Fitness physiology, Respiratory Mechanics physiology
- Abstract
It has been suggested that the potential for training to alter the physiological responses to exercise in children is related to a "maturational threshold". To address this, we investigated the interaction of swim-training status and maturity on cardiovascular and metabolic responses to lower and upper body exercise. Twenty-one prepubertal [Pre: 11 trained (T), 10 untrained (UT)], 30 pubertal (Pub: 14 T, 16 UT), and 18 postpubertal (Post: 8 T, 10 UT) girls completed ramp incremental exercise on a cycle and an upper body ergometer. In addition to pulmonary gas exchange measurements, stroke volume and cardiac output were estimated by thoracic bioelectrical impedance, and muscle oxygenation status was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. All T girls had a higher peak O(2) uptake during cycle (Pre: T 49 ± 5 vs. UT 40 ± 4; Pub: T 46 ± 5 vs. UT 36 ± 4; Post: T 48 ± 5 vs. UT 39 ± 8 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1); all P < 0.05) and upper body exercise (Pre: T 37 ± 6 vs. UT 32 ± 5; Pub: T 36 ± 5 vs. UT 28 ± 5; Post: T 39 ± 3 vs. UT 28 ± 7 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1); all P < 0.05). T girls also had a higher peak cardiac output during both modalities, and this reached significance in Pub (cycle: T 21 ± 3 vs. UT 18 ± 3; upper body: T 20 ± 4 vs. UT 15 ± 4 l/min; all P < 0.05) and Post girls (cycle: T 21 ± 4 vs. UT 17 ± 2; upper body: T 22 ± 3 vs. UT 18 ± 2 l/min; all P < 0.05). None of the measured pulmonary, cardiovascular, or metabolic parameters interacted with maturity, and the magnitude of the difference between T and UT girls was similar, irrespective of maturity stage. These results challenge the notion that differences in training status in young people are only evident once a maturational threshold has been exceeded.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Quadriceps muscle energetics during incremental exercise in children and adults.
- Author
-
Barker AR, Welsman JR, Fulford J, Welford D, and Armstrong N
- Subjects
- Adult, Age Factors, Anaerobic Threshold physiology, Child, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Male, Phosphates metabolism, Sex Factors, Young Adult, Exercise physiology, Physical Endurance physiology, Quadriceps Muscle metabolism
- Abstract
Purpose: This study tested the hypothesis that the muscle metabolic responses of 9- to 12-yr-old children and young adults during incremental quadriceps exercise are dependent on age and sex., Methods: Fifteen boys, 18 girls, 8 men, and 8 women completed a quadriceps step-incremental test to exhaustion inside a magnetic resonance scanner for determination of the muscle metabolic responses using P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Quadriceps muscle mass was determined using magnetic resonance imaging scans enabling comparison of metabolic data at a normalized power output., Results: The power output and the energetic state at the Pi/PCr and pH intracellular thresholds (IT) were independent of age and sex. The rate of change in Pi/PCr against power output after the ITPi/PCr (S2) was lower in boys (0.158 +/- 0.089) and girls (0.257 +/- 0.110) compared with men (0.401 +/- 0.114, P < 0.001) and women (0.391 +/- 0.133, P = 0.014), respectively, with sex differences present for children only (P = 0.003). Above the ITpH, S2 was more rapid in the men (-0.041 +/- 0.022, P = 0.003) and girls (-0.030 +/- 0.013, P = 0.011) compared with boys (-0.019 +/- 0.007), with no differences between the girls and the women (-0.035 +/- 0.015, P = 0.479). The increase in Pi/PCr at exhaustion was lower in boys (0.85 +/- 0.38) than that in men (1.86 +/- 0.65, P < 0.001) and in girls (1.78 +/- 1.25) than that in women (4.97 +/- 3.52, P = 0.003), with sex differences in both the child (P = 0.005) and the adult groups (P = 0.019)., Conclusions: During moderate-intensity exercise, muscle metabolism appears adult-like in 9- to 12-yr-old children, although both age- and sex-related differences in the "anaerobic" energy turnover are present during high-intensity exercise.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Longitudinal change in the oxygen uptake kinetic response to heavy-intensity exercise in 14- to 16-years-old boys.
- Author
-
Breese BC, Williams CA, Barker AR, Welsman JR, Fawkner SG, and Armstrong N
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Exercise Test, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Pulmonary Gas Exchange physiology, Exercise physiology, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Physical Exertion physiology
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Influence of training status and exercise modality on pulmonary O(2) uptake kinetics in pre-pubertal girls.
- Author
-
Winlove MA, Jones AM, and Welsman JR
- Subjects
- Child, Female, Heart Rate physiology, Humans, Kinetics, Metabolic Clearance Rate, Exercise physiology, Oxygen metabolism, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Physical Exertion physiology, Physical Fitness physiology, Puberty physiology, Pulmonary Gas Exchange physiology
- Abstract
The limited available evidence suggests that endurance training does not influence the pulmonary oxygen uptake (V(O)(2)) kinetics of pre-pubertal children. We hypothesised that, in young trained swimmers, training status-related adaptations in the V(O)(2) and heart rate (HR) kinetics would be more evident during upper body (arm cranking) than during leg cycling exercise. Eight swim-trained (T; 11.4 +/- 0.7 years) and eight untrained (UT; 11.5 +/- 0.6 years) girls completed repeated bouts of constant work rate cycling and upper body exercise at 40% of the difference between the gas exchange threshold and peak V(O)(2). The phase II V(O)(2) time constant was significantly shorter in the trained girls during upper body exercise (T: 25 +/- 3 vs. UT: 37 +/- 6 s; P < 0.01), but no training status effect was evident in the cycle response (T: 25 +/- 5 vs. UT: 25 +/- 7 s). The V(O)(2) slow component amplitude was not affected by training status or exercise modality. The time constant of the HR response was significantly faster in trained girls during both cycle (T: 31 +/- 11 vs. UT: 47 +/- 9 s; P < 0.01) and upper body (T: 33 +/- 8 vs. UT: 43 +/- 4 s; P < 0.01) exercise. The time constants of the phase II V(O)(2)and HR response were not correlated regardless of training status or exercise modality. This study demonstrates for the first time that swim-training status influences upper body V(O)(2) kinetics in pre-pubertal children, but that cycle ergometry responses are insensitive to such differences.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Prolonged unilateral disuse osteopenia 14 years post external fixator removal: a case history and critical review.
- Author
-
Knapp KM, Rowlands AV, Welsman JR, and Macleod KM
- Abstract
Disuse osteopenia is a complication of immobilisation, with reversal generally noted upon remobilisation. This case report focuses on a patient who was seen 18 years following a road traffic collision when multiple fractures were sustained. The patient had an external fixator fitted for a tibia and fibula fracture, which remained in situ for a period of 4 years. Following removal, the patient was mobilised but, still required a single crutch to aid walking. Fourteen years post removal of the fixator, the patient had a DXA scan which, demonstrated a T-score 2.5 SD lower on the affected hip. This places the patient at an increased risk of hip fracture on this side, which requires monitoring. There appear to be no current studies investigating prolonged disuse-osteopenia in patients following removal of long-term external fixators. Further research is required to quantify unilateral long-term effects to bone health and fracture risk in this population.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Sex difference in peak oxygen uptake in prepubertal children.
- Author
-
Winsley RJ, Fulford J, Roberts AC, Welsman JR, and Armstrong N
- Subjects
- Body Mass Index, Child, Diastole physiology, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Organ Size, Sex Factors, Cardiac Output, Heart Ventricles anatomy & histology, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness physiology
- Abstract
Prepubertal boys' greater aerobic fitness (peak V O(2)) has been attributed to their larger lean body mass (LBM); this bestowing a greater heart size and consequent larger maximum cardiac output. No difference in peak arterio-venous (A-VO(2)) difference is thought to exist. However other work indicates that boys' aerobic fitness remains 5% higher even after controlling for differences in LBM. Consequently the purpose of this study was to investigate whether peak V O(2), heart size, peak cardiac output and peak A-VO(2) difference would be comparable between a group of boys and girls with a similar LBM. A group of 9 prepubertal boys and 9 prepubertal girls with a similar mean LBM (27.0+/-1.4 boys vs. 27.0+/-2.0 kg girls) were selected. Left ventricular mass (LVM) and end diastolic volume (LVEDV) were measured using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Peak V O(2) was determined on a cycle ergometer following an incremental exercise protocol to exhaustion, and cardiac output was recorded using thoracic bioimpedance. Boys' peak V O(2) (1.41+/-0.18 L min(-1) vs. 1.23+/-0.08 L min(-1)) and A-VO(2) difference (14.8+/-2.1 mL 100mL(-1) vs. 12.6+/-1.6 mL 100mL(-1)) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than girls' values, but there were no significant sex differences in peak cardiac output (10.0+/-1.4 L min(-1) vs. 9.9+/-1.40 L min(-1)), LVM (97+/-13g vs. 93+/-20g) or LVEDV (77+/-8 mL vs. 70+/-13 mL). Central factors of heart size and peak cardiac output are proportional to the LBM of the individual and sex independent. Sex differences in peripheral factors such as muscle fibre type profile, may affect A-VO(2) difference and underlie prepubertal boys' higher peak V O(2).
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Energy intake and appetite following exercise in lean and overweight girls.
- Author
-
Dodd CJ, Welsman JR, and Armstrong N
- Subjects
- Body Weight physiology, Child, Cross-Over Studies, Female, Humans, Appetite physiology, Energy Intake physiology, Energy Metabolism physiology, Exercise physiology, Overweight metabolism, Thinness metabolism
- Abstract
Twelve 11-year-old girls (six lean, six overweight) were given meals in the laboratory and at school for 5 days, with exercise imposed for 2 days and sedentary activities on another 2 days in counterbalanced sequences. During a preliminary visit, the FLEX heart rate method was used to predict individual exercise durations eliciting 1.5 MJ energy expenditure. Morning and afternoon cycling exercise was subsequently imposed in the laboratory on 2 consecutive days as part of the 5-day intervention. Energy intake was measured via observation with meals being standardised between conditions, prepared and weighed by the research team. Hunger, fullness and desire to eat were rated by subjects immediately before and after meals and exercise. Energy expenditure was significantly elevated in the exercise condition, compared to sedentary. No exercise-induced differences in total daily or 5-day total energy intake were observed between groups or treatments. Overweight girls, however, rated their appetite immediately after exercise as being stronger than they rated it before exercise. In response to exercise-induced energy expenditure, 11-year old overweight and lean girls did not elevate their energy intake over a 5-day period.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Muscle phosphocreatine kinetics in children and adults at the onset and offset of moderate-intensity exercise.
- Author
-
Barker AR, Welsman JR, Fulford J, Welford D, and Armstrong N
- Subjects
- Adenosine Diphosphate metabolism, Adult, Bicycling physiology, Child, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Kinetics, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Male, Muscle, Skeletal chemistry, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Phosphocreatine analysis, Sex Characteristics, Exercise physiology, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Phosphocreatine metabolism
- Abstract
The splitting of muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) plays an integral role in the regulation of muscle O2 utilization during a "step" change in metabolic rate. This study tested the hypothesis that the kinetics of muscle PCr would be faster in children compared with adults both at the onset and offset of moderate-intensity exercise, in concert with the previous demonstration of faster phase II pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics in children. Eighteen peri-pubertal children (8 boys, 10 girls) and 16 adults (8 men, 8 women) completed repeated constant work-rate exercise transitions corresponding to 80% of the Pi/PCr intracellular threshold. The changes in quadriceps [PCr], [Pi], [ADP], and pH were determined every 6 s using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. No significant (P>0.05) age- or sex-related differences were found in the PCr kinetic time constant at the onset (boys, 21+/-4 s; girls, 24+/-5 s; men, 26+/-9 s; women, 24+/-7 s) or offset (boys, 26+/-5 s; girls, 29+/-7 s; men, 23+/-9 s; women 29+/-7 s) of exercise. Likewise, the estimated theoretical maximal rate of oxidative phosphorylation (Qmax) was independent of age and sex (boys, 1.39+/-0.20 mM/s; girls, 1.32+/-0.32 mM/s; men, 2.36+/-1.18 mM/s; women, 1.51+/-0.53 mM/s). These results are consistent with the notion that the putative phosphate-linked regulation of muscle O2 utilization is fully mature in peri-pubertal children, which may be attributable to a comparable capacity for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in child and adult muscle.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Muscle phosphocreatine and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in children at the onset and offset of moderate intensity exercise.
- Author
-
Barker AR, Welsman JR, Fulford J, Welford D, Williams CA, and Armstrong N
- Subjects
- Aging metabolism, Child, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Male, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Physical Endurance physiology, Quadriceps Muscle metabolism, Exercise physiology, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Phosphocreatine metabolism
- Abstract
To further understand the mechanism(s) explaining the faster pulmonary oxygen uptake (p(VO)(2)) kinetics found in children compared to adults, this study examined whether the phase II p(VO)(2) kinetics in children are mechanistically linked to the dynamics of intramuscular PCr, which is known to play a principal role in controlling mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation during metabolic transitions. On separate days, 18 children completed repeated bouts of moderate intensity constant work-rate exercise for determination of (1) PCr changes every 6 s during prone quadriceps exercise using (31)P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and (2) breath by breath changes in p(VO)(2) during upright cycle ergometry. Only subjects (n = 12) with 95% confidence intervals
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Aerobic fitness: what are we measuring?
- Author
-
Armstrong N and Welsman JR
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle Contraction, Sex Factors, Exercise, Lactic Acid blood, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness
- Abstract
Aerobic fitness depends upon the components of oxygen delivery and the oxidative mechanisms of the exercising muscle. Peak oxygen uptake is recognised as the best single criterion of aerobic fitness but it is strongly correlated with body size. Methods of controlling for body size are discussed and it is demonstrated how inappropriate use of ratio scaling has clouded our understanding of aerobic fitness during growth and maturation and across time. Changes in aerobic fitness over time are reviewed but no published study of peak oxygen uptake, appropriately adjusted for body mass and maturation, has investigated secular changes in aerobic fitness. Data expressed in direct ratio with body mass provide limited insights into secular changes in aerobic fitness but aerobic performance appears to be decreasing in accord with the secular increase in body mass. Cross-sectional and longitudinal peak oxygen uptake data are analysed in relation to age, maturation and sex. Muscle lactate production and blood lactate accumulation are outlined and young people's blood lactate responses to submaximal and maximal exercise are examined. However, exercise of the intensity and duration required to monitor conventional laboratory measures of aerobic fitness are rarely experienced in young people's lives. In many situations it is the oxygen uptake kinetics of the non-steady state which best assess the integrated responses of the oxygen delivery system and the metabolic requirements of the exercising muscle. The chapter therefore concludes with a discussion of insights into aerobic fitness provided by the emerging database on young people's oxygen uptake kinetics responses to exercise of different intensities.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The physical activity patterns of European youth with reference to methods of assessment.
- Author
-
Armstrong N and Welsman JR
- Subjects
- Europe, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Sex Factors, Energy Metabolism physiology, Exercise physiology, Monitoring, Physiologic methods, Physical Fitness physiology
- Abstract
This article reviews the habitual physical activity of children and adolescents from member countries of the European Union in relation to methods of assessing and interpreting physical activity. Data are available from all European Union countries except Luxembourg and the trends are very similar. European boys of all ages participate in more physical activity than European girls and the gender difference is more marked when vigorous activity is considered. The physical activity levels of both genders are higher during childhood and decline as young people move through their teen years. Physical activity patterns are sporadic and sustained periods of moderate or vigorous physical activity are seldom achieved by many European children and adolescents. Expert committees have produced guidelines for health-related physical activity for youth but they are evidence-informed rather than evidence-based and where there is evidence of a relationship between physical activity during youth and health status there is little evidence of a particular shape of that relationship. The number of children who experience physical activity of the duration, frequency and intensity recommended by expert committees decreases with age but accurate estimates of how many girls and boys are inactive are clouded by methodological problems. If additional insights into the promotion of health through habitual physical activity during youth are to be made, methods of assessment need to be further refined and recommended guidelines re-visited in relation to the existing evidence base.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Does aerobic fitness influence microvascular function in healthy adults at risk of developing Type 2 diabetes?
- Author
-
Middlebrooke AR, Armstrong N, Welsman JR, Shore AC, Clark P, and MacLeod KM
- Subjects
- Adult, Anthropometry, Blood Glucose metabolism, Blood Pressure physiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 genetics, Diabetes, Gestational physiopathology, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin blood, Lipids blood, Male, Microcirculation physiology, Middle Aged, Motor Activity physiology, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Pregnancy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 physiopathology, Physical Fitness physiology, Skin blood supply
- Abstract
Aim: To investigate whether aerobic fitness is associated with skin microvascular function in healthy adults with an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes., Methods: Twenty-seven healthy normal glucose-tolerant humans with either a previous diagnosis of gestational diabetes or having two parents with Type 2 diabetes and 27 healthy adults who had no history of diabetes were recruited. Maximal oxygen uptake was assessed using an incremental exercise test to exhaustion. Skin microvascular function was assessed using laser Doppler techniques as the maximum skin hyperaemic response to a thermal stimulus (maximum hyperaemia) and the forearm skin blood flow response to the iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside., Results: Maximal oxygen uptake was not significantly different in the 'at-risk' group compared with healthy controls. Maximum hyperaemia was reduced in those 'at risk' (1.29 +/- 0.30 vs. 1.46 +/- 0.33 V, P = 0.047); however, the peak response to acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside did not differ in the two groups. A significant positive correlation was demonstrated between maximal oxygen uptake and maximum hyperaemia (r = 0.52, P = 0.006 l/min and r = 0.60, P = 0.001 ml/kg/min) and peak ACh response (r = 0.40, P = 0.04 l/min and r = 0.47, P = 0.013 ml/kg/min) in the 'at-risk' group when expressed in absolute (l/min) or body mass-related (ml/kg/min) terms. No significant correlations were found in the control group., Conclusions: In this 'at-risk' group with skin microvascular dysfunction maximal oxygen uptake was not reduced compared with healthy controls. However, in the 'at-risk' group alone, individuals with higher levels of aerobic fitness also had better microvascular and endothelial responsiveness.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Short-term appetite and energy intake following imposed exercise in 9- to 10-year-old girls.
- Author
-
Moore MS, Dodd CJ, Welsman JR, and Armstrong N
- Subjects
- Body Composition physiology, Child, Cross-Over Studies, Eating, Energy Metabolism physiology, Female, Heart Rate physiology, Humans, Appetite physiology, Energy Intake physiology, Exercise physiology
- Abstract
Short-term effects of different intensities of exercise-induced energy expenditure on energy intake and hunger were compared in 19 girls (10.0 +/- 0.6 years) in three conditions: sedentary, low-intensity exercise and high-intensity exercise. The exercise conditions involved cycling at 50 and 75% of peak oxygen uptake, respectively, but were designed to evoke approximately 1.50 MJ of total expenditure, as estimated from continuously monitored heart rate. A maintenance breakfast of controlled energy intake was provided and ad libitum energy intake was measured at lunch and dinner. Differences in energy intake relative to expenditure, between 09:30 and 17:00, were calculated by subtracting energy expenditure from energy intake (energy difference). Hunger, fullness and prospective consumption were rated before and after meals and exercise sessions. Lunch energy intake was significantly less after low-intensity exercise than after high-intensity exercise. Energy expenditure was greater in the exercise conditions than when sedentary and the energy difference was more positive in the sedentary condition than in each of the exercise conditions. At mid-afternoon, rated prospective consumption was less after the high-intensity exercise. The imposition of energy expenditure through exercise of either low or high intensity resulted in no detectable increase in energy intake in the short term.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Oxygen uptake kinetics in children and adults after the onset of moderate-intensity exercise.
- Author
-
Fawkner SG, Armstrong N, Potter CR, and Welsman JR
- Subjects
- Adult, Body Height, Body Mass Index, Child, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Exercise physiology, Oxygen Consumption physiology
- Abstract
The literature suggests that the oxygen uptake (VO2) response to the onset of moderate-intensity exercise may be both mature from childhood and independent of sex. Yet the cardiorespiratory response to exercise and the metabolic profile of the muscle appear to change with growth and development and to differ between the sexes. The aim of this study was to investigate further changes in the VO2 kinetic response with age and sex. Participants completed a series of no less than four step change transitions, from unloaded pedalling to a constant work rate corresponding to 80% of their previously determined ventilatory threshold. Each participant's breath-by-breath responses were interpolated to 1 s intervals, time aligned and then averaged. A single exponential model that included a time delay was used to analyse the averaged response following phase 1 (15 s). Participants with parameter confidence intervals more than +/- 5 s were removed from the sample; the results for the remaining 13 men and 12 women (age 19-26 years), 12 boys and 11 girls (age 11-12 years) were used for statistical analysis. Children had a significantly shorter time constant than adults, both for males (19.0+/-2.0 and 27.9+/-8.6 s respectively; P<0.01) and females (21.0+/-5.5 and 26.0+/-4.5 s respectively; P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the time constant between the sexes for either adults or children (P>0.05). A significant relationship between the time constant and peak VO2 was found only in adult males (P<0.05). A shorter time constant in children may reflect an enhanced potential for oxidative metabolism.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Longitudinal changes in isokinetic leg strength in 10-14-year-olds.
- Author
-
De Ste Croix MB, Armstrong N, Welsman JR, and Sharpe P
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Body Mass Index, Child, Child Development, Female, Humans, Leg growth & development, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Physical Fitness, Puberty, Sex Factors, Skinfold Thickness, Isotonic Contraction physiology, Leg physiology
- Abstract
This study used multilevel regression modelling to longitudinally investigate the influences of age, sex, body size, skinfold thicknesses and maturity on the development of isokinetic knee extension and flexion on eight occasions over a 4-year period. Forty-one subjects (20 boys and 21 girls) were measured and 295 isokinetic leg strength tests and associated measures were successfully completed. Subjects were aged 10.0 +/- 0.3 years at the onset of the study. Stature, body mass, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, and sexual maturation (according to pubic hair development) were assessed at each test occasion. Isokinetic concentric knee extension and flexion of the dominant leg were determined to elicit maximal peak extension (PET) and flexion torque (PFT). Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Multilevel regression modelling indicated that stature and mass were significant predictors of both PET and PFT. Age and maturity were non-significant explanatory variables once stature and mass had been accounted for. Skinfold thickness exerted a significant negative effect independent of mass and stature on PFT but not PET. At test occasion 8, cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the knee extensors (ExCSA) and flexors (FlexCSA) were determined using magnetic resonance imaging on 23 boys and 14 girls and examined as predictors of isokinetic leg strength. There were no significant sex-related differences in PET or PFT. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients indicated a significant relationship between ExCSA and PET and FlexCSA and PFT for both boys and girls. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated that ExCSA and FlexCSA were significant explanatory variables for PET and PFT, respectively, but became non-significant once stature and mass had been introduced into the analysis. To conclude, there were no significant sex differences in PET or PFT between the ages of 10 and 14 years and the development of PET and PFT could be accounted for by the increase in stature and mass. Age, maturity and thigh muscle CSA were all non-explanatory variables in the production of PET and PFT once body size had been controlled for.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Peak oxygen uptake in relation to growth and maturation in 11- to 17-year-old humans.
- Author
-
Armstrong N and Welsman JR
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Biological, Regression Analysis, Sex Characteristics, Skinfold Thickness, Exercise physiology, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Sexual Maturation physiology
- Abstract
This study used multilevel modelling to examine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) during growth and maturation. Body mass, stature, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, blood haemoglobin concentration, and VO2peak of boys and girls, [mean (SD)] aged 11.1 (0.4) years at the onset of the study, were measured at ages 11, 12, 13 and 17 years. Sexual maturation was assessed on the first three occasions and was assumed to be Tanner stage 5 at 17 years. The analysis was founded on 388 VO2peak determinations from 132 children. The initial model revealed mass, stature and age as significant explanatory variables of VO2peak with an additional positive effect for stage of maturity. Girls' values were significantly lower than those of boys and a significant age-by-sex interaction described a progressive divergence in boys' and girls' VO2peak. The introduction of skinfold thicknesses produced a model with an improvement in fit. The stature term was negated and the mass exponent almost doubled. The sex and age-by-sex terms were reduced but remained significant. Many of the observed maturity effects were explained with stage 5 becoming non-significant. Blood haemoglobin concentration was a nonsignificant parameter estimate in both models. Fat-free mass was the dominant influence on the growth of VO2peak but the multilevel regression models demonstrated that, with body size and fatness allowed for, VO2peak increased with age and maturation in both sexes.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Short term power output in relation to growth and maturation.
- Author
-
Armstrong N, Welsman JR, and Chia MY
- Subjects
- Anthropometry, Body Mass Index, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Skinfold Thickness, Child Development, Physical Fitness, Puberty
- Abstract
Objective: To examine short term power output during growth and maturation using a multilevel modelling approach., Methods: Body mass, stature, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses of boys and girls, aged 12.2 (0.4) years (mean (SD)) at the onset of the study, were measured at age 12, 13, and 17 years. Sexual maturation, classified according to Tanner's stage of pubic hair development, was assessed on the first two occasions and assumed to be stage 5 at 17 years. Peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) were assessed on each occasion using the Wingate anaerobic test., Results: Initial models, founded on 417 determinations of short term power output, identified body mass, stature, and age as significant explanatory variables of both PP and MP. The values for girls were significantly lower than those for boys, and a significant age by sex interaction described a progressive divergence in the MP of boys and girls. The introduction of sum of two skinfold thicknesses produced a model with an improvement in fit as indicated by a significant change in log likelihood. The stature term was negated and the body mass term increased. The age and sex terms were reduced but remained significant. The age by sex interaction term remained a significant explanatory variable for MP. Maturity effects were non-significant additional explanatory variables in all models of power output., Conclusion: The values of PP and MP for boys are higher than those for girls, and, for MP, sex differences increase with age. Body mass and skinfold thicknesses are significant influences on both PP and MP, but age exerts a positive but non-linear effect on power output independent of body size and fatness.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Changes in short-term power output in 10- to 12-year-olds.
- Author
-
De Ste Croix MB, Armstrong N, Chia MY, Welsman JR, Parsons G, and Sharpe P
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time Factors, United Kingdom, Ergometry, Exercise physiology, Muscle, Skeletal physiology
- Abstract
In this study, we used multi-level regression modelling to assess the influence of age, sex, body size, skinfold thicknesses, maturity, thigh muscle volume and isokinetic leg strength on the development of load- and inertia-adjusted peak (1 s) and mean power (30 s) determined using the Wingate anaerobic test. Fifteen males and 19 females were measured twice, first aged 10.0 +/- 0.3 years and then aged 11.8 +/- 0.3 years. Initial models identified body mass and height as significant explanatory variables (P < 0.05) for peak power and mean power, with an additional age effect for the former. No significant differences between the sexes or maturity effects were observed for either peak or mean power (P > 0.05). The introduction of sum of skinfolds improved the fit of the model and rendered the height term non-significant for both peak and mean power (P> 0.05). An age effect became apparent for mean power. When isokinetic leg strength and thigh muscle volume were entered into the model, the latter exerted a significant effect on both peak and mean power (P< 0.05), whereas isokinetic leg strength was not a significant explanatory variable for either (P> 0.05). In conclusion, thigh muscle volume exerts a positive influence on young people's short-term power output, which is additional to the effects of body mass, sum of skinfolds and age.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Longitudinal changes in submaximal oxygen uptake in 11- to 13-year-olds.
- Author
-
Welsman JR and Armstrong N
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Regression Analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Physical Exertion physiology, Running physiology
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to monitor longitudinal changes in young people's submaximal oxygen uptake (VO2) responses during horizontal treadmill running at 8 km x h(-1). The 236 participants (118 boys, 118 girls) were aged 11.2+/-0.4 years (mean +/- s) at the onset of the study. Submaximal VO2, peak VO2 and anthropometry were recorded annually for three consecutive years. The data were analysed using multi-level regression modelling within a multiplicative, allometric framework. The initial model examined sex, age and maturity-related changes in submaximal VO2 relative to body mass as the sole anthropometric covariate. Our results demonstrate that the conventional ratio standard ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) does not adequately describe the true relationship between body mass and submaximal VO2 during this period of growth. The effects of maturity and age were non-significant, but girls consumed significantly less VO2 than boys running at 8 km x h(-1). In subsequent models, stature was shown to be a significant explanatory variable, but this effect became non-significant when the sum of two skinfolds was added. Thus, within this population, submaximal VO2 responses were explained predominantly by changes in body mass and skinfold thicknesses, with no additional maturity-related increments. When differences in body mass and skinfolds were controlled for, there was still a difference between the sexes in submaximal VO2, with girls becoming increasingly more economical with age.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Modeling growth and maturation changes in peak oxygen uptake in 11-13 yr olds.
- Author
-
Armstrong N, Welsman JR, Nevill AM, and Kirby BJ
- Subjects
- Aging physiology, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Child Development, Models, Biological, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Sexual Maturation physiology
- Abstract
The influence of gender, growth, and maturation on peak O(2) consumption (VO(2 peak)) in 11-13 yr olds were examined by using multilevel regression modeling. Subjects were 119 boys and 115 girls, aged 11.2 +/- 0.4 (SD) yr at the onset of the study. Sexual maturation was classified according to Tanner's indexes of pubic hair. VO(2 peak) was determined annually for 3 yr. The initial model identified body mass and stature as significant explanatory variables, with an additional positive effect for age and incremental effects for stage of maturation. A significant gender difference was apparent with lower values for girls, and an age-by-gender interaction indicated a progressive divergence in boys' and girls' VO(2 peak). Subsequent incorporation of the sum of two skinfold thicknesses into the model negated stature effects, reduced the gender term, and explained much of the observed maturity effects. The body mass exponent almost doubled, but the age-by-gender interaction term was consistent with the initial model.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Girls and fitness: fact and fiction.
- Author
-
Welsman JR
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Anthropometry, Child, Exercise Tolerance, Female, Humans, Life Style, Sex Factors, Adolescent physiology, Child Development physiology, Exercise physiology, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Physical Fitness physiology
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Submaximal exercise and maturation in 12-year-olds.
- Author
-
Armstrong N, Welsman JR, and Kirby BJ
- Subjects
- Analysis of Variance, Anthropometry, Child, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Exercise physiology, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Maturation physiology
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the maturation responses of young people to submaximal treadmill exercise. Body mass was controlled using both the conventional ratio standard and allometric modelling. Ninety-seven boys and 97 girls with a mean age of 12.2 years completed a discontinuous, incremental exercise test to voluntary exhaustion. We measured peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and VO2 when running at 8, 9 and 10 km x h(-1). Sexual maturation was assessed visually using Tanner's indices of pubic hair. Peak VO2 was significantly higher in boys (P<0.001); this was still the case when the influence of body mass was covaried out. During submaximal exercise, no significant differences in absolute VO2 were observed between the sexes (P>0.05); however, values of VO2, expressed both in ratio with body mass and adjusted for body mass using allometry, were significantly greater in boys than in girls (P<0.001). For absolute VO2, significant main effects (P<0.05) were seen for maturity at each exercise stage. With the influence of body mass controlled using either the ratio standard or allometry, no significant main effects (P>0.05) for maturity were observed. Our results indicate that boys are less economical than girls while running at 8-10 km x h(-1) and that, independently of body mass, maturation does not influence the VO2 response to submaximal exercise.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Prepubescents' ventilatory responses to exercise with reference to sex and body size.
- Author
-
Armstrong N, Kirby BJ, McManus AM, and Welsman JR
- Subjects
- Analysis of Variance, Anthropometry, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Exercise Test methods, Exercise Test statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Male, Respiratory Function Tests methods, Respiratory Function Tests statistics & numerical data, Body Constitution physiology, Exercise physiology, Pulmonary Ventilation physiology, Sex Characteristics
- Abstract
Study Objectives: To examine the ventilatory responses of prepubescent children to submaximal and peak exercise using appropriate allometric modeling to control for differences in body size., Design: Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of children., Setting: Middle schools (8 to 11 years) in Exeter, UK., Participants: We studied 101 boys and 76 girls aged 11.1 (0.4) years and classified Tanner stage 1 for pubic hair (no true pubic hair)., Measurements: At rest: stature, mass, sum of skinfolds, hemoglobin concentration, FVC, and FEV1. During treadmill exercise at 7, 8, 9, and 10 km/h, and at peak exercise: oxygen uptake (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), and respiratory frequency (Rf)., Results: At peak exercise, boys' VO2, VE, and VT were significantly (p<0.01) higher than girls' values and remained so even when the influence of body size was controlled using allometric principles. There were no significant (p>0.05) sex differences in Rf or the ratios VT/FVC or VE/VO2. When data were compared at the same relative exercise intensity (ie, 70 to 75% or 80 to 85% peak VO2), no significant (p>0.05) sex differences in Rf, VT/FVC, or VE/VO2 were detected. Boys' higher (p<0.001) VO2 values were reflected by their higher VE which remained higher than values for girls at both submaximal levels even when the influence of body size was covaried out., Conclusions: Prepubescent boys demonstrate higher peak VO2 than girls and this is supported by a higher VE and VT, even when the influence of body size is accounted for using allometry. Other ventilatory responses to both peak exercise and exercise at the same relative intensity are remarkably similar in both boys and girls.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Exercise performance and magnetic resonance imaging-determined thigh muscle volume in children.
- Author
-
Welsman JR, Armstrong N, Kirby BJ, Winsley RJ, Parsons G, and Sharpe P
- Subjects
- Child, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Muscles physiology, Task Performance and Analysis, Thigh physiology, Exercise physiology, Muscles anatomy & histology, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Thigh anatomy & histology
- Abstract
This study examined the relationships between thigh muscle volume (TMV) and aerobic and anaerobic performance in children. A total of 32 children, 16 boys and 16 girls, aged 9.9 (0.3) years completed a treadmill running test to exhaustion for the determination of peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) and a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) for the determination of peak power (PP) and mean power (MP). The volume of the right thigh muscle was determined using magnetic resonance imaging. TMV was not significantly different in boys and girls [2.39 (0.29) l vs 2.18 (0.38) l, P > 0.05]. Peak VO2 and MP were significantly higher in boys than girls (P < 0.01) whether expressed in absolute, mass-related or allometrically scaled terms. Absolute PP was not significantly different in boys and girls but mass-related and allometrically scaled values were higher in boys (P < 0.01). TMV was correlated with absolute peak VO2, PP and MP in both sexes (r = 0.52-0.89, P < 0.01). In boys, mass-related PP was correlated with TMV (r = 0.53, P < 0.01), and in girls mass-related peak VO2 was correlated with TMV (r = -0.61, P < 0.01). However, in neither sex were allometrically scaled peak VO2, PP or MP correlated with TMV (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences between boys and girls in terms of peak VO2, PP or MP when expressed in a ratio to TMV or allometrically scaled TMV. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that, when body size is appropriately accounted for using allometric scaling, TMV is unrelated to indices of aerobic and anaerobic power in 10-year-old children. Furthermore, there appear to be no qualitative differences in the muscle function of boys and girls in respect of aerobic and anaerobic function.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The measurement and interpretation of aerobic fitness in children: current issues.
- Author
-
Welsman JR and Armstrong N
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Aerobiosis, Age Factors, Child, Exercise Test, Female, Growth, Heart Rate, Humans, Lactates blood, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Time Factors, Exercise physiology, Physical Fitness physiology
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Aerobic fitness of prepubescent children.
- Author
-
Armstrong N, Kirby BJ, McManus AM, and Welsman JR
- Subjects
- Analysis of Variance, Body Mass Index, Child, England, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Respiratory Function Tests, Exercise physiology, Physical Fitness physiology
- Abstract
This study was designed to enhance understanding of the assessment and interpretation of the aerobic fitness of prepubertal children. Written informed consent to participate was obtained from 70% of the children in year six of the 15 state schools in the city of Exeter. Twenty-five per cent of the eligible children in each school were randomly selected from those who volunteered. The data reported here are those obtained from the 111 boys (11.1 SD 0.4 years) and 53 girls (10.9 SD 0.3 years) classified as Tanner stage 1 in both pubic hair rating and either genitalia rating (boys) or breast rating (girls). Peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) was determined using a discontinuous, incremental protocol on a treadmill. Only a minority of children demonstrated a levelling-off or plateau in VO2 despite an increase in exercise intensity. There was no evidence to suggest that the children who demonstrated a VO2 plateau had significantly (p < 0.05) higher peak VO2, peak heart rate, peak respiratory exchange ratio or peak blood lactate than those children who did not demonstrate a plateau in VO2. These findings indicate that a VO2 plateau should not be used as a requirement for defining a maximal exercise test with prepubertal children. Boys had a significantly (p < 0.01) higher peak VO2 than girls, whether expressed in 1.min-1 (1.78 vs 1.46) or in relation to body mass (51 vs 45 ml.kg-1.min-1). The results compare favourably with those of similarly aged children from other countries, but why prepubescent boys have significantly higher (13.3%) mass-related peak VO2 than prepubescent girls is not readily apparent. Although conventional, the expression of peak VO2 as per body mass ratio may not adequately partition out body-size differences. The influence of body mass was therefore removed using a linear adjustment scaling model and a log-linear model, but the boys' peak VO2 remained significantly (p < 0.01) higher than the girls' peak VO2 with the difference now being 16.0% and 16.2%, respectively.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Assessment and interpretation of aerobic fitness in children and adolescents.
- Author
-
Armstrong N and Welsman JR
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Anaerobic Threshold, Child, Female, Humans, Lactic Acid, Male, Exercise physiology, Lactates blood, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness physiology
- Abstract
Our understanding of the development of children and adolescents' aerobic fitness is limited by ethical considerations and methodological constraints. Protocols, apparatus, and criteria of maximal effort used with adults are often unsuitable for use with children. In normal children and adolescents, peak VO2 increases with growth and maturation, although there are indications that girls' peak VO2 may level off around 14 years of age. Males exhibit higher values of peak VO2 than females, and the sex difference increases as they progress through adolescence. The difference between males and females has been attributed to the boys' greater muscle mass and hemoglobin concentration. It appears that boys experience an adolescent growth spurt in peak VO2, which reaches a maximum gain near the time of PHV, but data are insufficient to offer any generalization for girls. Peak VO2 has usually been expressed in relation to body mass, and with this convention it appears that boys' values are consistent throughout the developmental period, whereas girls' values decrease as they get older. This type of analysis may, however, have clouded our understanding of growth and maturational changes in peak VO2, and scaling for differences in body size may provide further clarification. If differences are shown where none were previously thought to exist, then physiological explanations must be sought. Methodological issues have also hindered the understanding of how children's blood lactate responses to exercise develop. The actual lactate level recorded during an exercise test is influenced by the site of sampling and the blood handling and assay techniques. Valid interstudy comparisons can only be made where similar procedures have been employed. In general, children demonstrate lower blood lactate levels at peak VO2 than adults, although individual variation is wide. Therefore the use of blood lactate measures to confirm the attainment of peak VO2 cannot be supported. Exercise at the same relative submaximal intensity elicits a lower blood lactate in children than in adults, but interpretation and identification of developmental and maturational patterns of response are limited by the use of different testing conditions and reference points (e.g., lactate threshold and fixed level reference points). There is growing evidence that the 2.5 mM reference level should be used in preference to the 4.0 mM level, as the adult criterion occurs close to maximal exercise in many children and adolescents. Explanations for child-adult differences in blood lactate responses to exercise are difficult to elucidate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
- Published
- 1994
49. Daily physical activity and blood lactate indices of aerobic fitness in children.
- Author
-
Welsman JR and Armstrong N
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Anaerobic Threshold physiology, Child, Exercise Test, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Reference Values, Exercise physiology, Lactates blood, Physical Fitness physiology
- Abstract
This study examined the relationship between daily physical activity and aerobic fitness in 11-16-year-olds. Habitual physical activity was assessed in 28 boys (mean(s.d.) age 13.6(1.3) years) and 45 girls (mean(s.d) age 13.7(1.3) years) from minute-by-minute heart rate monitoring during 3 school days. Aerobic fitness was assessed by determining the percentage peak VO2 at blood lactate reference values of 2.5 and 4.0 mmol l-1 during incremental treadmill running. The 4.0 mmol l-1 level occurred at a mean(s.d.) value of 89(7)% peak VO2 in both boys and girls and mean(s.d.) values at the 2.5 mmol l-1 level were 82(9)% peak VO2 in girls. Mean(s.d.) percentage time with heart rates at or above 140 beats min-1 was 6(3)% in boys and 5(3)% in girls. Corresponding values for percentage time at or above 160 beats min-1 were 3(2) for boys and 2(1) for girls. The number of 10- and 20-min periods of activity with the heart rate sustained above the 140 and 160 beats min-1 thresholds were also totalled over the 3 days. No significant relationships were identified between percentage peak VO2 at the 2.5 or 4.0 mmol l-1 blood lactate reference levels and either percentage time or number of 10- or 20-min periods above 140 or 160 beats min-1 (P > 0.05). These results support the hypothesis that daily physical activity levels in 11-16-year-old children do not stress aerobic metabolism sufficiently to influence aerobic fitness.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.