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The aim of this paper is to explore what aspects create experiential value for wine tourists. We synthesize the extant literature into four dimensions for wine tourism value creation, namely, product-related aspects; sensory and affective experiential aspects; cognitive, educational experiential aspects; and social-relational experiential value-creating aspects. So far, most studies merely discuss product-related aspects whilst insights on experiential value are less known. Using online review data from wine tourists in Australia, we develop a novel deep neural network-based framework using an innovative AI-based exploratory design. Results of the case study reveal that in addition to product-related aspects, sensory-and education-related experiential aspects are also highly important for value creation in wine tourism. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as ideas for future research are discussed.

Using simulated data, this study examined the impact of different levels of stringency of the valid case inclusion criterion on item response theory (IRT)-based true score equating over 5 years in the context of K–12 assessment when growth in student achievement is expected. Findings indicate that the use of the most stringent inclusion criterion generally yielded the most accurate results when overall root mean square error (RMSE) and bias were considered under both zero-growth and growth conditions, for both one-parameter logistic (1PL) and three-parameter logistic (3PL) IRT models, and for both fixed common item parameter (FCIP) and test characteristic curve (TCC) scaling methods. The positive impact of applying the most stringent valid case inclusion criterion was more salient with the 3PL model, under which greater classification accuracy was observed.

This chapter locates the activist rationale that originated the contemporary Chinese feminist movement in the predominantly neoliberal era. This means that despite the ambiguous relationship that the feminist movement holds with neoliberalism—a pervasive economized rationality of governing, its most significant contribution is creating a discursive space where education can slow down to care about, rather than suppress, the ambiguities and contradictions of subjective identities. Signifying what Tani Barlow termed “colonial modernity,” the “women’s problem” has led the envisioning of the accountability of modernist Chinese education throughout the twentieth century. The dominant eugenics and biopolitics that frame the mission of education are now being challenged by critical feminist thoughts that reevaluate the ontological meaning of difference from non-heteronormative perspectives. By bringing up the contestation of the philosophies of gendered difference, the movement provides scholarly and educational inquiry a window to recognize and rethink about the sexualized elements in the desire modern China has to portray and emulate the West. To the present, the contestation’s significance lies in its recognition of human’s vulnerability, which challenges the territorialization of “danger” that makes education both intimidating and susceptible.

This chapter sketches out the inequities in higher education based on gender and more specifically the asymmetrical gendering of experiences and outcomes of students and faculty in higher education institutions in the Asia-Pacific region. Many of the gender issues are related to access, retention and completion and career progression; field of study, horizontal segregation by discipline and impact on academic career and postgraduation earnings; and the everyday experiences of students and faculty. The Asia-Pacific region is large and culturally diverse, comprising higher education systems at different levels of development. Thus, the manifestation of gendered inequity in different systems also varies significantly. The chapter reviews various policy interventions as advocated by international organizations. It also examines new concepts such as “gender fairness” and “gender borders” within higher education.

Although many scholars regard modern Chinese higher education as a mixed child of traditional Confucian values and Western paradigms of university construction, I would argue that it has been rich with perennial Chinese partisan characteristics. What those scholars have captured is the constant external influences that shaped the formation and reform of higher education in China. But they did not put the focal point on China’s unusually collective effort to respond to the world, in which higher education plays a crucial role. It is this chapter’s goal to extrapolate a contemporary Chinese higher education model that can be distinguished from the Western models through the philosophical diversity of, ideological totalitarianism over, and economic impetus within higher education. The foundation of such distinctiveness lies not in the higher education itself, but in the complex domestic and global sociohistorical context out of education in the twentieth century. The model in question remains Chinese because it was derived from the massive social mobilization since the earlier 1900s and guided by the urgent and ultimate goal of national development through optimal operation of all types of resource and centrality of power. Structural changes in Chinese higher education paralleled the series of tumultuous political and economic oscillation, which is unlike the models in the West. In imbibing, reforming, refusing, and re-joining the Western game rule, the trajectory of Chinese higher education is shaped by and contributes to the state’s negotiation with Western power.

Nonequivalent groups with anchor test (NEAT) equating functions that use a single anchor can have accuracy problems when the groups are extremely different and/or when the anchor weakly correlates with the tests being equated. Proposals have been made to address these issues by incorporating more than one anchor into NEAT equating functions. These proposals have not been extensively considered or comparatively evaluated. This study evaluates two proposed approaches for incorporating more than one anchor into NEAT equating functions, poststratification and missing data imputation. The approaches are studied and compared in an example of equating mixed format tests where the use of multiple equating is expected to improve equating. The results show that both approaches produced nearly equivalent equating results but that the poststratification approach has some flexibility and accuracy advantages over imputation in terms of standard errors.

The cleavage of the C-O-C bond was studied under oxidizing conditions on nanostructured membrane supported cobalt-based catalysts using a cellulose model surrogate, 1-methoxy-2-methyl-2-propanol. The cobalt catalysts were found to break the C-O-C bond, producing alcohols and/or ketones by further oxidation. The size-selected sub-nanometer size cobalt clusters exhibited a per metal activity of up to 5 orders of magnitude higher than the with atomic layer deposition uniformly coated membranes. The large difference in activity is attributed to the high fraction of the surface atoms of the subnanometer clusters. The positioning of the clusters at the entrance vs. exit of the catalytic membrane allows for a control of the contact time and consequently of the selectivity of the catalyst.

Cellobiose hydrolysis into glucose was chosen as a model system for cellulose breakdown to investigate glycosidic bond cleavage. The hydrolysis was enhanced by increased acidity in an inert gas medium, while air-assisted hydrolysis with a neutral solution achieved over 70% glucose yield. Hydrogen peroxide, as a stronger oxidant than air, converted cellobiose to carboxyl compounds, which lowered the glucose selectivity. At 150 °C, the selectivity from cellobiose to glucose was very low on porous γ-Al2O3 supported catalysts, even lower than without a catalyst. When the active metals were prepared on non-porous supports such as spherical alumina (α phase), the overall yield of glucose was dramatically improved at 120 °C. Similar improvements were obtained for another disaccharide model, sucrose, which achieved greater than 90% sucrose conversion with selectivity in excess of 90% at 80 °C.

To better understand the statistical properties of the deterministic inputs, noisy “and” gate cognitive diagnosis (DINA) model, the impact of several factors on the quality of the item parameter estimates and classification accuracy was investigated. Results of the simulation study indicate that the fully Bayes approach is most accurate when the prior distribution matches the latent class structure. However, when the latent classes are of indefinite structure, the empirical Bayes method in conjunction with an unstructured prior distribution provides much better estimates and classification accuracy. Moreover, using empirical Bayes with an unstructured prior does not lead to extremely poor results as other prior-estimation method combinations do. The simulation results also show that increasing the sample size reduces the variability, and to some extent the bias, of item parameter estimates, whereas lower level of guessing and slip parameter is associated with higher quality item parameter estimation and classification accuracy.

Combined in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies have been conducted to follow gold structural changes of low-content (

The standardized log-likelihood of a response vector (lz) is a popular IRT-based person-fit test statistic for identifying model-misfitting response patterns. Traditional use of lz is overly conservative in detecting aberrance due to its incorrect assumption regarding its theoretical null distribution. This study proposes a method for improving the accuracy of person-fit analysis using lz which takes into account test unreliability when estimating the ability and constructs the distribution for each lz through resampling methods. The Type I error and power (or detection rate) of the proposed method were examined at different test lengths, ability levels, and nominal α levels along with other methods, and power to detect three types of aberrance—cheating, lack of motivation, and speeding—was considered. Results indicate that the proposed method is a viable and promising approach. It has Type I error rates close to the nominal value for most ability levels and reasonably good power.

We demonstrate ways to prepare active and stable Pt–CeO x catalysts for the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR). Various synthesis protocols are shown to work; the best being the coprecipitation/gelation method, which suppresses the crystal growth of ceria during calcination by the incorporation of some platinum in the bulk oxide. Metallic platinum nanoparticles are not necessary for an active WGSR catalyst. Reaction light-off occurs at ∼120 °C, where Pt2+ species bound to ceria are still present. No activation period, and no hysteresis phenomena were found. During reaction at reducing conditions, some Pt is reduced, but it is reoxidizable. The stability of these low-content (

We compare the activity and relevant gold species of nanostructured gold–cerium oxide and gold–iron oxide catalysts for the CO oxidation by dioxygen and water. Well dispersed gold nanoparticles in reduced form provide the active sites for the CO oxidation reaction on both oxide supports. On the other hand, oxidized gold species, strongly bound on the support catalyze the water-gas shift reaction. Gold species weakly bound to ceria (doped with lanthana) or iron oxide can be removed by sodium cyanide at pH ≥12. Both parent and leached catalysts were investigated. The activity of the leached gold–iron oxide catalyst in CO oxidation is approximately two orders of magnitude lower than that of the parent material. However, after exposure to H2 up to 400 °C gold diffuses out and is in reduced form on the surface, a process accompanied by a dramatic enhancement of the CO oxidation activity. Similar results were found with the gold–ceria catalysts. On the other hand, pre-reduction of the calcined leached catalyst samples did not promote their water-gas shift activity. UV–Vis, XANES and XPS were used to probe the oxidation state of the catalysts after various treatments.

An FTIR study of CO adsorption from 120 K up to room temperature on a series of Au–ceria samples is presented. Samples with low gold content (0.7 and 0.6 at%) were prepared by urea gelation/co-precipitation and by cyanide leaching of the high-gold content (5.8 at%) material prepared by deposition–precipitation on La-doped CeO2. The samples were subjected to different pretreatments to collect information on the surface composition under working conditions. An absorption band at 2130–2140 cm−1, not reversible on outgassing and more resistant to oxidation than the usual carbonyl band on Au0 sites, was present due to CO adsorbed on cationic gold clusters. This highly stable species is relevant for hydrogen gas upgrade by removing CO from reformate-type gases at low temperatures. In addition, a broad absorption band in the 2000–2100 cm−1 range was observed after reduction in hydrogen, due to structural and electronic changes of gold. Interestingly, the reduced gold species in ceria can be reoxidized at mild conditions. Light-off of the CO oxidation reaction took place below room temperature on the metallic gold-containing ceria but was delayed until 310 K on the ionic gold-containing sample. TPR and XPS analysis of the fresh and used catalysts corroborated the stability of ionic gold in ceria up to 393 K in the reaction gas mixture.

Low-content ( 2 -TPR, was used to normalize the WGS reaction rates. Cyclic temperature-programmed reduction with intermittent reoxidation showed that the surface structures of gold-ceria catalysts are highly reversible. Considerable reoxidation by oxygen or H 2 O can occur even at ambient conditions. The stability of low-content gold-ceria catalysts for the PROX reaction in a realistic fuel gas mixture containing 1% CO–0.5% O 2 –50% H 2 –10% H 2 O–15% CO 2 –He was excellent. No drop in activity or selectivity was found in cyclic operation up to 150 °C.

Substituting Salt for Cerium Oxide The water-gas shift reaction converts carbon monoxide and water to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Catalysts that operate at lower temperatures will be useful in fuel cells. Nanoparticles of platinum adsorbed on reducible oxides, such as ceria, can stabilize catalytically active Ptoxygen species. Zhai et al. (p. 1633 ) now show that, when alkali atoms are added, atomically dispersed Pt can be an active catalyst for the water-gas shift reaction at ∼100°C, even on simple oxides such as alumina and silica.

High-resolution aberration-corrected electron microscopy was performed on a series of catalysts derived from a parent material, 2 at.% Au/Fe(2)O(3) (WGC ref. no. 60C), prepared by co-precipitation and calcined in air at 400 degrees C, and a catalyst prepared by leaching surface gold from the parent catalyst and exposed to various treatments, including use in the water-gas shift reaction at 250 degrees C. Aberration-corrected JEOL 2200FS (JEOL USA, Peabody, MA) and Vacuum Generators HB-603U STEM instruments were used to image fresh, reduced, leached, used and re-oxidized catalyst samples. A new in situ heating technology (Protochips Inc., Raleigh, NC, USA), which permits full sub-Angström imaging resolution in the JEOL 2200FS was used to study the effects of temperature on the behavior of gold species. A remarkable stability of gold to redox treatments up to 400 degrees C, with atomic gold decorating step surfaces of iron oxide was identified. On heating the samples in vacuum to 700 degrees C, it was found that monodispersed gold began to sinter to form nanoparticles above 500 degrees C. Gold species internal to the iron oxide support material was shown to diffuse to the surface at elevated temperature, coalescing into discrete nanocrystals. The results demonstrate the value of in situ heating for understanding morphological changes in the catalyst with elevated temperature treatments.

The reactivity of the species formed at the surface of a Au/Ce(La)O2 catalyst during the water������¢���¯���¿���½���¯���¿���½gas shift (WGS) reaction were investigated by operando diffuse reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) at the chemical steady state during isotopic transient kinetic analyses (SSITKA). The exchanges of the reaction product CO2 and of formate and carbonate surface species were followed during an isotopic exchange of the reactant CO using a DRIFTS cell as a single reactor. The DRIFTS cell was a modified commercial cell that yielded identical reaction rates to that measured over a quartz plug-flow reactor. The DRIFTS signal was used to quantify the relative oncentrations of the surface species and CO2. The analysis of the formate exchange curves between 428 and 493 K showed that at least two levels of reactivity were present. ������¢���¯���¿���½���¯���¿���½Slow formates������¢���¯���¿���½���¯���¿���½ displayed an exchange rate constant 10- to 20-fold slower than that of the reaction product CO2. ������¢���¯���¿���½���¯���¿���½Fast formates������¢���¯���¿���½���¯���¿���½ were exchanged on a time scale similar to that of CO2. Multiple nonreactive readsorption of CO2 took place, accounting for the kinetics of the exchange of CO2(g) and making it impossible to determine the number of active sites through the SSITKA technique. The concentration (in mol g������¢���¯���¿���½���¯���¿���½1) of formates on the catalyst was determined through a calibration curve and allowed calculation of the specific rate of formate decomposition. The rate of CO2 formation was more than an order of magnitude higher than the rate of decomposition of formates (slow + fast species), indicating that all of the formates detected by DRIFTS could not be the main reaction intermediates in the production of CO2. This work stresses the importance of full quantitative analyses (measuring both rate constants and adsorbate concentrations) when investigating the role of adsorbates as potential reaction intermediates, and illustrates how even reactive species seen by DRIFTS may be unimportant in the overall reaction scheme.

In this study, differential item functioning (DIF) methods utilizing 14 different matching variables were applied to assess DIF in the constructed-response (CR) items from 6 forms of 3 mixed-format tests. Results suggested that the methods might produce distinct patterns of DIF results for different tests and testing programs, in that the DIF methods' results might be similar for tests with multiple-choice (MC) and CR scores that are similar in their measurement characteristics but would exhibit larger variations for tests with MC and CR scores having more distinct measurement characteristics. Impact measures of the MC and CR scores appeared to be a useful basis for indicating the scores' measurement similarity, for predicting the variations of DIF results from using these scores as matching variables, and possibly for indicating the most appropriate DIF method and matching variable for a particular test. The results are described in terms of their implications for research and practice.

In the equating literature, a recurring concern is that equating functions that utilize a single anchor to account for examinee groups' nonequivalence are biased when the groups are extremely different and/or when the anchor only weakly measures what the tests measure. Several proposals have been made to address this equating bias by incorporating more than one anchor into nonequivalent groups with anchor test (NEAT) equating functions. These proposals have not been extensively considered or comparatively evaluated. This study evaluates three methods for incorporating more than one anchor into NEAT equating functions, including poststratification, imputation, and propensity score matching. The three methods are studied and compared in two examples. The implications for using the three equating approaches in practice and for developing alternative strategies to incorporate two anchors are discussed.