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Background It is becoming more and more important to judge whether patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) have phlegm and blood stasis syndromes in the process of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and treatment of CHD. The syndrome differentiation strategy of phlegm and blood stasis syndromes of CHD is still not standardized, and it is particularly necessary to make syndrome differentiation simpler and more accurate. Methods Twenty-eight medical cases that met the criteria, comprising 10 ancient medical cases and 18 modern ones, were selected from the TCM literature, which were then analyzed by 57 experts via questionnaire. Statistical analysis of the data was mainly based on frequency analysis. Results (I) The average age of the 57 experts from 20 provinces was 48.9±8.5 years; 89.5% were associate professor or above, and 75.4% of them worked at a tertiary hospital. (II) Consistency of expert consultation over medical cases: for the ancient medical cases, the diagnostic consistency rate of phlegm syndrome was 27/34 (79.4%) and additional diagnosis rate of the blood stasis syndrome was 27/57 (47.4%); for the modern medical cases, the consistency rate compared with the original diagnosis of phlegm syndrome was 54/80 (67.5%) and that of blood stasis syndrome was 73/90 (81.1%). (III) The top five experts' diagnostic basics of phlegm syndrome were oppression in the chest, slippery pulse, greasy fur, coughing of phlegm, and chest pain; the top five diagnostic basics of blood stasis syndrome were chest pain, dark tongue, oppression in chest, red tongue, and ecchymosis on tongue. (IV) In the questionnaire consultation on CHD phlegm-blood stasis syndrome cases, the diagnostic basis of "symptom or (and) tongue manifestation" accounted for 12/27 (44.4%) of the diagnostic basics of phlegm syndrome and 28/38 (73.7%) of that of blood stasis syndrome basis. Conclusions Modern Chinese medicine experts pay much attention to the diagnosis and treatment of CHD based on TCM pathology theories of phlegm and blood stasis. To collect and detect the patients' symptoms and tongue manifestation is an important strategy of the experts for CHD phlegm and blood stasis syndrome differentiation.

Exosomes are special extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, which are of great significance in the basic research of life science and clinical application and has become a hot research field with rapid development in recent 10 years. Therefore, the isolation and separation of exosomes is particularly important for the research and application of exosomes. This paper aims to review the research progress of exosome isolation and separation methods in recent years, including ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, size‑exclusion chromatography, precipitation, immunomagnetic bead capture method, aptamer-based isolation, and isolation methods based on microfluidic technology. It is generally accepted that most of the existing methods have limitations, for example, ultracentrifugation is time-consuming and laborious, and immunomagnetic bead capture method and aptamer-based separation method have small sample processing capacity and high cost. As a result, we also introduce some common situations in which two or more methods are combined for use. Finally, the separation and isolation methods including all those presented in this review were compared and summarized.

A novel 2D WSe2 nanomesh material was synthesized with a 3D SBA-15 mesoporous material via a nanocasting strategy. The formation of the 2D sheet-like nanomesh structure of WSe2 inside a 3D confined pore space is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect arising from the crystal self-limitation growth caused by the layered crystal structure of the WSe2 material and to the space-limitation effect coming from the unique pore structure of the SBA-15 template. The 2D WSe2 nanomesh material possesses extremely high exposure of crystal layer edges, making it an excellent photocatalyst. It shows good visible light-driven photocatalytic performance in oxidative coupling of dibenzylamine and 2-amino/hydroxy/mercaptoanilines to prepare a group of heterocyclic compounds, including benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles with oxygen as the sole oxidant. A gram-scale experiment was also carried out to exhibit the scope of this method.

Mars Surface Composition Detector (MarSCoDe) is a scientific payload onboard the Mars rover of China’s Tianwen-1 mission. With the capability of 1.6∼7 m remote detection and analysis, MarSCoDe instrument suite consists of a two dimensional pointing mirror and an optical head outside the rover cabin, a Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) spectrometer and a Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) spectrometer collectively covering 240∼2400 nm and a master controller unit inside the rover body, calibration target sets, optical fibers and power cables connecting the internal and external units. Combining the techniques of active LIBS, passive SWIR and micro-imaging, MarSCoDe provides functions including elemental composition discrimination and quantitative determination, classification of rock and soil characteristics, sample texture imaging and characterization of plasma-excited area. This paper introduces MarSCoDe mainly in terms of scientific objectives, design requirements, assembly and implementation, spectral and radiation calibration, and performance verification. The LIBS laser irradiance on the target can soundly exceed 10 MW/mm2, and the performance of the LIBS module operated at different temperatures has been tested. The field of view of the SWIR spectrometer is 36.5 mrad. The micro-imager can extract the central pixel area of 320 × 320 and 1024 × 1024, and the former is binned into 64 × 64. The 2D pointing mirror has a wide forward detection range and a narrow backward calibration range, with the pointing pitch accuracy better than 0.133°.

Mesoporous silica-supported spinel phase CuCo2O4 mixed-metal oxide nanoparticles were synthesized as a catalyst for the selective oxidation of substituted benzyl alcohols to aromatic aldehydes, in ...

The design and fabrication of layered transition metal chalcogenides with high exposure of crystal layer edges is one of the key paths to achieve distinctive performances in their catalysis and ele...

Because in the indoor environment, GPS and other navigation satellite signals can not penetrate the building well, making the satellite signal weaker and unable to use the satellite for positioning. A received signal strength indication (RSSI) -based wireless ZigBee sensor network is proposed based on ranging and indoor positioning technology. The module CC2431 is used as the core chip to design ZigBee nodes which are used to form a ZigBee positioning network. According to the receiver RSSI model, the distance d is estimated between the unknown node and the reference node. By introducing the average filtering model and the Gaussian filtering model, then the measured formula of RSSI ranging is obtained, which is RSSI=-34.3-24×lgd. The field test experiment shows that under the condition of quickly locate and low accuracy, the proposed method does not require additional hardware and software, meanwhile is simple to be implemented.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a common neurosurgical condition, has well-known treatment guidelines. However, the mechanisms underlying the varying severity of brain edema secondary to TBI are largely unknown, leading to controversial treatments.This study seeks to measure edema volumes around brain contusions in different regions, analyze factors related to differences in edema volume and provide a theoretical basis for brain edema treatment.Data from 113 brain contusion patients treated at the Department of Neurosurgery of Fuzhou General Hospital from January 2017 to November 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Based on computed tomography (CT) data, the patients were divided into the venous group (brain contusion in regions with large cortical veins, n = 47) and the nonvenous group (brain contusions in other regions, n = 66). Here, 3D Slicer software was used to calculate the brain contusion volume on the first CT obtained after injury and the brain contusion volume and its surrounding edema on the 5th day after injury. The brain contusion volume to surrounding edema volume ratio was calculated, and the number of patients who showed brain contusion progression requiring surgery was determined. Hematocrit (Hct), fibrinogen (Fg), and d-dimer levels within 6 hours and on the 5th day after admission were also compared.Patients in the venous group had a significantly increased percentage of area with edema around the brain contusion compared with patients in the nonvenous group (P .05) or Hct, Fg, or d-dimer (D-D) levels. For all patients, Hct, Fg, and D-D levels within 6 hours after admission were significantly different from those on the 5th day (P

Determining effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments for specific disease conditions or particular patient groups is a difficult issue that necessitates investigation because of the complicated personalized manifestations in real-world patients and the individualized combination therapies prescribed in clinical settings. In this study, a multistage analysis method that integrates propensity case matching, complex network analysis, and herb set enrichment analysis was proposed to identify effective herb prescriptions for particular diseases (e.g., insomnia). First, propensity case matching was applied to match clinical cases. Then, core network extraction and herb set enrichment were combined to detect core effective herb prescriptions. Effectiveness-based mutual information was used to detect strong herb-symptom relationships. This method was applied on a TCM clinical data set with 955 patients collected from well-designed observational studies. Results revealed that groups of herb prescriptions with higher effectiveness rates (76.9% vs. 42.8% for matched samples; 94.2% vs. 84.9% for all samples) compared with the original prescriptions were found. Particular patient groups with symptom manifestations were also identified to help investigate the indications of the effective herb prescriptions.

A novel series of simple 1,3,4-oxadiazoles that bear flexible heterocyclic patterns was prepared, and their biological activities in plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and

Macrocosmic diagnostic criteria for coronary heart disease (CHD) with phlegm-damp- ness syndrome (PDS) were established after screening based on macrocosmic indices of CHD with PDS after previous literature analyses and experts consultations. The weights of macrocosmic indices of PDS were compared using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Macrocosmic diagnostic criteria for CHD with intermingled phlegmblood stasis syndrome were studied by combining with diagnostic criteria for CHD patients with blood stasis syndrome (BSS) set by Academician CHEN Ke-ji group.

In the past decades various categories of chemometrics for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis have been developed, among which an important category is that based on artificial neural network (ANN). The most common ANN scheme employed in LIBS researches so far is back-propagation neural network (BPNN), while there are also several other kinds of neural networks appreciated by the LIBS community, including radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), convolutional neural network (CNN), self-organizing map (SOM), etc. In this paper, we introduce the principles of some representative ANN methods, and offer criticism on their features along with comparison between them. Then we afford an overview of ANN-based chemometrics applied in LIBS analysis, involving material identification/classification, component concentration quantification, and some unconventional applications as well. Furthermore, a comprehensive discussion on ANN-LIBS methodologies is provided from four aspects. First, a few general progressing trends are displayed. Next we expound some specific implementation techniques, including variable selection, network construction, data set utilization, network training, model evaluation, and chemometrics selection. In addition, the limitations of ANN approaches are remarked, mainly concerning overfitting and interpretability. Finally a prospect of future development of ANN-LIBS chemometrics is presented. Throughout the discussion quite a few good practices have been highlighted. This review is expected to shed light on the further upgrade of ANN-based LIBS chemometrics in the future.

Ultrathin MoTe2 nanowire was directly synthesized from a mesoporous silica SBA-15 template via nanocasting strategy. The TEM and SEM observations reveal that the as-synthesized MoTe2 has a nanowire morphology with a diameter of 5–6 nm. UV–Vis absorption spectrum shows that there is a broad absorption in the near ultraviolet and visible light range. The bandgap Eg of the monolayered MoTe2 nanowire has been deduced to 1.60 eV, which demonstrates that it is a potential visible-light active material. The electrochemical test shows that MoTe2 nanowire presents a smaller overpotential of 0.41 V at 10 mA/cm2. The Tafel slope of the material is only 58 mV/dec, which is one of the best values for TMD materials without noble metal doping.

Bu-Shen-Jian-Pi-Yi-Qi therapy, which refers to reinforcing kidney, regulating qi, and invigorating spleen, is a traditional Chinese medicine, and we investigated its efficacy in treatment of alcohol-induced osteoporosis and its underlying mechanism. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into alcohol-supplemented group, JIAN-GU-LING (JGL) group, calcium D3 + alfacalcidol group, and sham-treated group. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone biomechanical properties were assessed. Biochemical analyses of serum and urine specimens were detected. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA level of vitamin D receptor (VDR). There were markedly lower bone metabolic markers and biomechanical properties in alcohol-supplemented group compared with sham-treated group (all P < 0.05). BMD, BMC, 25(OH)D3, and 1,25(OH)2D3 were elevated in JGL group relative to calcium D3 + alfacalcidol group (all P < 0.05). U-Ca/Cr and U-P/Cr in JGL group were higher than those in the calcium D3 + alfacalcidol group (all P < 0.05). VDR mRNA level in the JGL group was elevated markedly in comparison with alcohol + calcium D3 + alfacalcidol group (P < 0.05). Based on our results, Bu-Shen-Jian-Pi-Yi-Qi therapy inhibits bone loss, promotes bone formation, and effectively improves bone metabolism in rats with experimental alcoholic osteoporosis. The disease reversal is evidenced by increased BMD and BMC, improved biomechanical properties, elevated VDR mRNA level, enhanced response sensitivity of 1, 25(OH)2D3, and reduced S-Ca/P.

Indole-2-carboxylic acid (4) is a versatile intermediate in the preparation of many pharmaceutically active agents.1 A review of the literature and patents indicates that several synthesis procedur...

2D single crystal WSe2 nanostripe array and its carbon composite WSe2/C material were synthesized. In each piece of the material, WSe2 nanostripes with a uniform width of 7–8 nm were parallelly arranged with a fixed gap of 3.7 nm to form a 2D sheet-like morphology. The entire piece of one WSe2 sheet is a single crystal WSe2 with its c-axis perpendicular to the sheet plane, making all the side surface of the nanostripes fully covered with crystal edge sites. After coating with carbon, 2D WSe2/C composite material displays much better electrochemical properties than the non-porous WSe2 particles, which suggests that 2D WSe2/C nanostripe array may be a promising candidate for reversible storage of Na-ion batteries.

One major technical difficulty of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) lies in achieving ideal accuracy of quantitative determination of the multiple chemical components in a target sample. In this study, we propose a LIBS multi-component quantitative analytical method based on the construction of a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). More than 1400 LIBS spectra, collected from 23 China national standard reference materials, were utilized to train the CNN and validate its predictive ability as well. The experiment was implemented by the LIBS system in MarSCoDe, which would be the Mars Surface Composition Detector on the rover of China's first Mars exploration mission in 2020. To evaluate the performance of the CNN, we inspect the root mean square error (RMSE) value of the prediction, with both overall RMSE and component-wise RMSE considered, and we further look into the prediction relative error of each component. We compare the performance of the CNN with that of two alternative schemes based on back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and partial least squares (PLS) regression respectively, with the PLS scheme actually containing two methods, i. e. PLS1 and PLS2. Besides the examination of the specific values of RMSE and relative error, we have also carried out some statistical analysis to endow the comparison with statistical significance. Moreover, we investigate the effect of baseline removal preprocessing upon the predictive ability of each method. The results show that the CNN method has the best performance among the four methods in terms of overall accuracy, no matter the test is based on the spectra with or without baseline removal, and the superiority of the CNN over the other three methods is more significant in the latter case. Since the number of samples is relatively small, the results demonstrated in this work are preliminary and unsuitable for immediate generalization, but they indicate that the CNN-based methodology is a promising tool for LIBS quantitative analysis with good accuracy and high efficiency.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed 3 (MEG3) has been reported to be a key component in cancer biology. Preliminary microarray data from a previous study indicated that lncRNA MEG3 expression was altered in plasma of patients with sepsis. The present study found that the plasma levels of lncRNA MEG3 were significantly higher in sepsis patients compared with healthy controls. Patients were subsequently divided into high and low lncRNA MEG3 expression groups according to the Youden's index. Patients from the high lncRNA MEG3 expression group exhibited a significantly higher mortality rate compared with those from the low lncRNA MEG3 expression group. According to treatment outcomes, patients were divided into survival and mortality groups. It was observed that the pre-therapy expression levels of lncRNA MEG3 were significantly higher in mortality group compared with the survival group. Cell experiments in vitro revealed that lncRNA MEG3 overexpression and silencing using siRNA promoted and inhibited renal epithelial cell and cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide, respectively. In conclusion, these data suggest that lncRNA MEG3 overexpression may be involved in sepsis, and the downregulation of lncRNA MEG3 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for sepsis.

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been the leading cause of death for several decades globally, IHD patients usually hold the symptoms of phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome (PSCS) as significant complications. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of PSCS complicated with IHD have not yet been fully elucidated. Materials and Methods: Network medicine methods were utilized to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of IHD phenotypes. Firstly, high-quality IHD-associated genes from both human curated disease-gene association database and biomedical literatures were integrated. Secondly, the IHD disease modules were obtained by dissecting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) topological modules in the String V9.1 database and the mapping of IHD-associated genes to the PPI topological modules. After that, molecular functional analyses (e.g., Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses) for these IHD disease modules were conducted. Finally, the PSCS syndrome modules were identified by mapping the PSCS related symptom-genes to the IHD disease modules, which were further validated by both pharmacological and physiological evidences derived from published literatures. Results: The total of 1,056 high-quality IHD-associated genes were integrated and evaluated. In addition, eight IHD disease modules (the PPI sub-networks significantly relevant to IHD) were identified, in which two disease modules were relevant to PSCS syndrome (i.e., two PSCS syndrome modules). These two modules had enriched pathways on Toll-like receptor signaling pathway (hsa04620) and Renin-angiotensin system (hsa04614), with the molecular functions of angiotensin maturation (GO:0002003) and response to bacterium (GO:0009617), which had been validated by classical Chinese herbal formulas-related targets, IHD-related drug targets, and the phenotype features derived from human phenotype ontology (HPO) and published biomedical literatures. Conclusion: A network medicine-based approach was proposed to identify the underlying molecular modules of PSCS complicated with IHD, which could be used for interpreting the pharmacological mechanisms of well-established Chinese herbal formulas (e.g., Tao Hong Si Wu Tang, Dan Shen Yin, Hunag Lian Wen Dan Tang and Gua Lou Xie Bai Ban Xia Tang). In addition, these results delivered novel understandings of the molecular network mechanisms of IHD phenotype subtypes with PSCS complications, which would be both insightful for IHD precision medicine and the integration of disease and TCM syndrome diagnoses.

The title compound (II), a key intermediate for the synthesis of the anti-psychotic drug olanzapine, is prepared by intramolecular cyclocondensation of [(nitrophenyl)amino]thiophenecarbonitrile (I) using tin powder and HCl a reducing system.

The title compound (II), a key intermediate for the synthesis of the anti-psychotic drug olanzapine, is prepared by intramolecular cyclocondensation of [(nitrophenyl)amino]thiophenecarbonitrile (I) using tin powder and HCl a reducing system.

Aims The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama transmits the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las), which causes citrus huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Although many studies have been conducted on the biology of ACP on different host plant, few have taken the plant, Las bacteria and the vector insect within one context to evaluate the effects of Las on the fitness of ACP under field conditions. Understanding the relationship between Las and ACP is critical for both ACP and HLB disease management. Methods and Results We estimated the development and survival of ACP immatures, the longevity and fecundity of ACP female adults in four treatments (Las-positive or negative ACP on Las infected and free citrus plants). Las-positive ACP immatures developed significantly faster on Las infected citrus than those on Las free plants. The fecundity and longevity of Las-positive female adults were also greater, or longer on Las infected citrus shoots, whereas the survival of Las-positive immatures was significantly lower on Las infected citrus shoots, compared to those that developed on Las free plants. Similarly, the intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) was highest (0.1404) when Las-positive ACP fed on Las infected citrus shoots and the lowest (0.1328) when the Las-negative ACP fed on Las free citrus shoots. Conclusions Both the Las infection in ACP and citrus plants had obvious effects on the biology of ACP. When compared to the Las infection in ACP insects, the Las infection in citrus shoots had a more significant effect on the fitness of ACP. Significance and Impact of Study To efficiently prevent the occurrence and spread of HLB disease, it is critical to understand the ecological basis of vector outbreaks and disease incidence, especially under field conditions. Thus, our current study has increased our understanding of the epidemiology of HLB transmitted by psyllids in nature. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Sea-surface wireless sensor networks (S2WSN) is a combination of many nodes forming a certain geometric shape, such as ships and sea-surface radio buoys. To satisfy the requirement of precise tracking for flying vehicle (FV) in times of exterior location datum outages, a cooperative positioning algorithm (CPA) for the FV is proposed. Time synchronization among the nodes is crucial to guarantee CPA. Taking a single-hop S2WSN as an example, the problem of low synchronization precision is resolved by two-way timing with unequal reply time (TWT-UTD). Monte Carlo simulation results show that, through optimizing the position dilution of precision among the sea-surface nodes and the FV, the absolute bias of the FV tracking by the proposed CPA is superior to that of the conventional single ship-based relative positioning method. Meanwhile, the synchronization precision is increased by more than 20% via TWT-UTD method.

To solve the precise positioning issue of underwater maneuver targets (UMTs), based on sea-surface wireless sensor networks (S2WSN) technique, this paper proposes a new positioning algorithm without exterior satellite-based or earth-based wireless navigation information as well as underwater space-time datum. The measure equations of UMT’s positioning are assembled by combining the relative radio ranges among ships with the angles of arrival from UMT. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that the bias of the proposed algorithm, in which the weight of heterogeneous information is adaptively adjusted by Helmert technology, is only 10% around of the conventional single platform acoustics positioning technology.

Unmanned network-flying vehicles (UNFVs), regarded as special remote-sensing platforms, are affected by attitude maneuvering, gravity, climatic change, and atmospheric turbulence. To improve the positioning precision of the UNFVs and accomplish autonomous navigation in the case of communication and/or tracking failure, a tracking positioning algorithm with joint space-time constraints (PAST) is proposed. In particular, the adaptive truncated normal distribution model is adopted to describe the distribution of the vehicle maneuvering acceleration with reduced delay effect of the vehicle tracking. Then, according to the spatial correlation of the UNFVs in adjacent moment, a spatial adjustment datum is combined with a time-domain strong tracking filter by Lagrange method of multipliers. As such, the rank deficiency in the measurement equation is resolved while the spatial correlation of the UNFV tracking enhanced. Furthermore, for the autonomous navigation of the UNFVs which depends little on the Earth- or satellite-based tracking, telemetry, and command, we utilize an ldquoanchorrdquo technology to further improve the PAST algorithm. Monte Carlo simulation results show that, compared with existing positioning methods, the proposed algorithm may continuously track sudden motion, rapidly respond to network communication failure, and greatly increase positioning precision for slowly moving vehicles.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the physical characteristics and crystalline structure of bis(p-fluorobenzyl)trisulfide, a new anti-tumor agent. Methods used included X-ray single crystal diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses. The findings obtained with X-ray single crystal diffraction showed that a monoclinic unit cell was a = 12.266(1) A, b = 4.7757(4) A, c = 25.510(1) A, beta = 104.25(1) degrees ; cell volume = 1,448.4(2) A(3), Z = 4, and space group C2/c. The XRPD studies of the four crystalline samples, obtained by recrystallization from four different solvents, indicated that they had the same diffraction patterns. The diffraction pattern stimulated from the crystal structure data is in excellent agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the identical FT-IR spectra of the four crystalline samples revealed absorption bands corresponding to S-S and C-S stretching as well as the characteristic aromatic substitution. Five percent weight loss at 163.3 degrees C was observed when TG was used to study the decomposition process in the temperature range of 20-200 degrees C. DSC also allowed for the determination of onset temperatures at 60.4(1)-60.7(3) degrees C and peak temperatures at 62.1(3)-62.4(3) degrees C for the four crystalline samples studied. The results verified that the single crystal structure shared the same crystal form with the four crystalline samples investigated.

We have developed efficient methods for the syntheses of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles and 1,2,3-triazoles, and 1,3- and 1,4-cycloalkadiene derivatives using polymer-supported selenium resin. The advantages of these methods include straightforward operation, lack of odor, good stability, and high purity of the products.

A library of 1,2,3-triazoles, isoxazoles, 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, and isoxazoline-containing 1,2-di-heterocyclic-substituted compounds with three points of diversity linked by an E double bond were prepared. Key steps include a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and Porco's two-step, one-pot condensation and α-alkylation reaction of selenium resins.

We report here a novel cleavage method for polystyrene-supported selenium resin using CH 3 I-NaI under mild conditions to prepare 3,5-disubstituted isoxazolines. The polymer selenium resins can be reused without further transformation.

We report a mild 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition protocol for the preparation of 3-aryl-5-phenylselenomethyl isoxazoles and isoxazolines regioselectively. The former was further reacted with LDA and electrophilic substrates followed by selenoxide syn-elimination to afford 3-aryl-5-E-substituted-ethenyl isoxazoles stereoselectively and the latter was subjected to a ‘two-step’ elimination to afford 3-aryl-5-methyl isoxazoles.

Poly-substituted dihydrofurans and tetrahydrofurans have been synthesized through polymer-supported selenium-induced intramolecular electrophilic cyclization, followed by selenoxide syn-elimination or novel nucleophilic substitution cleavage of selenium resin with good yields and purities.

Polystyrene-supported selenomethyl-phosphonate and polystyrene-supported selenomethyl-sulfonates have been prepared. These novel reagents were treated with LDA (or n-BuLi) to produce polystyrene-supported α-seleno carbanions, which reacted with alkyl halides, followed by stereospecific selenoxide syn-elimination to give E-vinylphosphonates and E-vinylsulfones respectively. And also these novel polymer reagents can be regenerated and reused.

[reaction: see text] The preparation of isoxazolyl- and isoxazolinyl-substituted olefins, based on polystyrene-supported selenenyl bromide, is described. Key steps include 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and the alpha-alkylation reaction of selenium resins. The polystyrene-supported selenium resins used here not only facilitate separation of products, but also assist the crucial reaction of alpha-alkylation and selenoxide syn-elimination, which ensures the purity of the products.

2-Bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene (2) is an important intermediate in the preparation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, 1 , 2 such as 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)- 2-butanone (nabumetone) and 2-(6-...

2′-Fluoro-4′-hydroxyacetophenone (2) is an important building block for many pharmaceutically active agents, 1 used to treat bacterial and parasitic infections. 2 A review of the literature indicat...

5,5′-Methylene-bis(benzotriazole) (2) is a versatile intermediate in the preparation of several metal passivators 1 and light-sensitive materials. 2 Though it is a useful molecule, a review of the ...

(2008). A PRACTICAL SYNTHESIS OF 4-HYDROXYETHYL-2,3-DIHYDROBENZOFURAN. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 465-467.

NO is now known to be an important messenger molecule in biology. It regulates a variety of functions within cells and tissues including vasodilation, neurotransmission and immunological process. This review will focus on the nitric oxide synthase gene family and recent progress on molecular genetic analysis of NOS1, NOS2 and NOS3 genes.

(2006). A PRACTICAL SYNTHESIS OF 3-BUTYN-1-OL. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 467-469.

We report here, an effective methodology for the preparation of 8,11-dimethylene-bicyclo[5.3.1]undecan-2-one. The key steps in these reactions were chloromethylation, cationic-alkyne cyclization and anionic fragmentation sequence.

Into the middle and late period of nineteenth Century, the rigid reality of western traditional metaphysics made the new philosophers think over the outlet of philosophy. At the same time, along with the revolutionary breakthrough of the second scientific discovery, more people believe that more powerful science and technology will not only affect people's basic necessities of life，but will also have an impact on value's view. The modern western philosophy, which was influenced by these contradictory ideas, especially the non -rationalism of the tribe of Freud, is gradually becoming an important part that influences contemporary people and society.

A kind of thrombus-targeted lipid-coated microbubbles were prepared, and the target property of the microbubbles and the effects of different methods detecting thrombosis in vessels were observed. Phospholipid-coated microbubbles were prepared by membrane-hydration method. Thrombus-targeted lipid-coated fluorocarbon microbubbles were labeled with specific fluorescence and then integrated to the thrombus in vivo and ex vivo through an avidin biotin system. The thrombus was immediately observed for the distribution and property of the thrombus-targeted microbubbles under the optical microscope, fluorescence microscope and transmission electron microscope. The carotid thrombosis models were set up in rabbits, and the effects of different methods detecting thrombosis in vessels were observed. The diameter of the phospholipid-coated microbubbles was 0.8-2.5 μm, and even reached nanoscale in some of them. The zeta electric potential was about -11 mV and the concentration was about 1.08×10(10)/mL. Immunofluorescence of rapid frozen sections in vivo and ex vivo showed that massive targeted lipid-coated microbubbles flocked around fresh blood clots and some aggregated within them under the light and fluorescence microscope. The number of aggregated microbubbles ex vivo was greater than that observed in the experiment in vivo, and the fluorescence observed in the experiment ex vivo was stronger than that in the experiment in vivo. The same imaging was observed under the electron microscope. Models of carotid thrombosis in rabbits were established successfully. Effects of detecting thrombosis by means of thrombosis-targeted microbubble ultrasonoraphy and Sono Vue ultrasonography in vessels were more satisfactory than those by Color Doplor Flow Imaging (CDFI), ordinary microbubbles and Three Dimensions-time of flight MR angiography (3D-TOF-MRA) (P