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The investigation into the impact of alloying element doping on material properties is one of the major research problems of materials science and engineering. Alloying elements such as Cr, Mn, Si, and Ni is commonly employed to improve mechanical properties of materials, such as strength and hardness. However, the incorporation of these elements affects hydrogen adsorption and diffusion behavior by altering crystal structure and electron distributions. In this study, simulations were systematically conducted on the binary alloy system Fe-X (Cr, Mn, Si, Ni), employing first-principles calculations based on density functional theory to investigate the effects of alloying elements on the hydrogen adsorption and diffusion. The interaction mechanisms between the alloying elements and hydrogen are also investigated. The results show that Cr doping increases the adsorption energy by 2.9 eV and decreases the adsorption stability of H atoms compared to the pure Fe surface. Conversely, doping with Si and Mn increases the interaction between H and the surface, reduces the adsorption energies by 2.87 eV and 1.32 eV respectively, and improves the adsorption stability. On the other hand, Ni has the minimal effect on H adsorption, with its adsorption energy decreasing by 0.55 eV. In terms of diffusion, Cr doping increases the diffusion energy barrier by 5.32 kJ/mol, which is hindering H diffusion, while Mn decreases the diffusion energy barrier by 3.88 kJ/mol. Si and Ni have comparatively less influence on H diffusion. Cr doping improves the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of the alloy, whereas Si and Mn may have the opposite effect. These theoretical findings may serve as useful guidelines for various engineering and research applications by designing hydrogen embrittlement-resistant surfaces. • Hydrogen adsorption and diffusion affect embrittlement of different steel alloys differently. • First-principles quantum chemistry simulations quantify energetics of hydrogen effects. • Cr doping improves hydrogen embrittlement resistance, while the Si effect is opposite. • Generic approach to study hydrogen interactions with solid materials surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the large thermal resistance on the airside of the air-cooled heat exchangers, it is necessary to improve heat transfer performance and reduce flow resistance by improving the fin structure. In this paper, partially serrated finned tube bank was proposed and numerically investigated. The experimental system of finned tube bank was built to verify the correctness of the numerical simulation. The finned tube bank is twisted and serrated on the windward side to enhance heat transfer. Moreover, the non-grooved sector region on the leeward side reduces the flow resistance and improves the temperature uniformity of the fins. The effects of fin twisting of the windward side and non-grooving angle of the leeward side were explored. Nusselt number and friction factor decrease as the leeward non-grooving sector region increases. The correlations of Nusselt number and friction factor were derived based on the simulation results of partially serrated twisted finned tube banks with 120° non-grooving region on the leeward side. Nusselt number, friction factor and comprehensive heat transfer coefficient of partially serrated twisted finned tube bank are 13.3%, 13.0% and 10.5% higher than that of annular finned tube bank with Reynolds number from 6200 to 20,600, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurological diseases are a significant health threat, often presenting through abnormalities in electroencephalogram (EEG) signals during seizures. In recent years, machine learning (ML) technologies have been explored as a means of automated EEG pathology diagnosis. However, existing ML-based EEG binary classification methods largely focus on extracting EEG-related features, which may lead to poor performance in classifying EEG signals by overlooking potentially redundant information. In this paper, we propose a novel Kruskal–Wallis (KW) test-based framework for EEG pathology detection. Our framework first divides EEG data into frequency sub-bands using wavelet packet decomposition and then extracts statistical characteristics from each selected coefficient. Next, the piecewise aggregation approximation technique is used to obtain the aggregated feature vectors, followed by the KW statistical test methodology to select significant features. Finally, three ensemble learning classifiers, random forest, categorical boosting (CatBoost), and light gradient boosting machine, are used to classify the extracted significant features into normal or abnormal classes. Our proposed framework achieves an accuracy of 89.13%, F1-score of 87.60%, and G-mean of 88.60%, respectively, outperforming other competing techniques on the same dataset, which shows the great promise in EEG pathology detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hollow carbon nanoalloy catalysts were applied to water–oil biphasic systems for phenol hydrogenation. • The formation of NiCo alloys reduces the electron cloud density of Ni species and promotes intermetallic interactions. • The bent structure of the carriers induces metal-carrier interactions that lead to the transfer of electrons from the inner concave surface to the outer convex surface. • The NiCo NPs on the inner surface are in an electron deficient state, which contributes to the planar adsorption of phenol and the rapid generation of active H. Metal hollow carbon nanocatalysts have attracted much attention in the field of catalytic hydrogenation due to their unique hollow structures. In this paper, 5%Ni15%Co@HCS with hollow structure was constructed by soft-template method, which achieved efficient hydrogenation of phenol in biphasic solvent within 1 h and has good potential for industrial application. Both alloying effects and metal-carrier interactions affected the electronic structure of Ni and Co. The formation of Ni-Co alloys was promoted by adjusting the appropriate metal ratios, which reduced the electron cloud density of Ni species and promoted metal–metal interactions. Meanwhile, the bending structure of the carbon spheres induced the metal-carrier interaction, which led to the transfer of electrons from the inner concave surface to the outer convex surface, leaving the Ni-Co NPs on the inner surface in an electron-deficient state and promoting the planar adsorption of phenol and the rapid generation of reactive H. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass and its derivatives require upgrades to produce high-quality liquid fuels and bulk chemicals by reducing their oxygen functionalities comparable to petroleum resources. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) as a promising technology can effectively cleave the C–O–C, C–O–H and C–C bonds from oxygen compounds in biomass and its derivatives to bio-based fuels and chemicals via the synergistic effect of catalysts and solvents. Currently, some reviews have reported the progress of the design and development of catalysts in biomass HDO, while the considerable advances of solvents, e.g. water–oil biphasic systems, still lack a summary. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various mechanistic features of biomass HDO influenced by water–oil biphasic solvents, including the increase of the reaction interface, stabilization of transition states, hindrance of active site inactivation, reduction of the hydrolysis rate, enhancement of the separation efficiency and increase of the mass transfer rate by modulating the solubility of the reactants (or products). Furthermore, the reaction separation coupling in water–oil biphasic systems is discussed in detail to explore novel catalytic systems for renewable fuel production from biomass. Finally, some personal perspectives are provided to highlight the opportunities for water–oil biphasic systems in the field of biomass HDO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, we comprehensively investigate the electrical properties of the 1200 V planner-gate 4H-SiC power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors under the mechanical strains. Three kinds of strains, including the biaxial strain, uniaxial strain parallel to the gate channel, and uniaxial strain perpendicular to the gate channel, are applied using the wafer bending system. It is found that all kinds of compressive strains improve the drain current (Id) under the same gate voltage (Vg) and shift the threshold voltage (Vth) negatively, while the tensile strains decrease Id and shift Vth positively. The Vth shift mainly results from the strain modulated band structure in the poly-Si gate. Under the same overdrive gate voltage (Vov), biaxial strains merely change Id, while both the parallel and perpendicular uniaxial compressive strains enhance Id. The uniaxial compressive strain elevates the electron mobility in the inverted channel by repopulating more electrons into the valleys with a smaller conduction effective mass, which results in the current improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human astrovirus (HAstV) is one of the common causes of acute gastroenteritis in children. The investigation of molecular epidemiology of HAstV is essential for monitoring the emergence and/or re-emergence of new HAstV genotypes, as well as understanding the evolution of HAstV circulating in children suffering from acute gastroenteritis. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and distribution of HAstVs strains circulating in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand during 2017–2020. A total of 1500 fecal specimens collected from children with acute gastroenteritis were screened for HAstV by RT-PCR that targeted the partial RdRp in ORF1b and strains were characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Of the 1500 fecal samples, 39 (2.6%) were positive for HAstV. Of these, both classic and novel HAstV genotypes, including classic HAstV1–HAstV5, novel HAstV-MLB1, MLB2, and HAstV-VA2, were detected. The data in this study revealed a high divergence of HAstV genotypes circulating in pediatric patients admitted to the hospitals with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand during 2017–2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penetrating planetary regolith is extremely important to explore the secrets inside extraterrestrial celestial bodies. Applying the concept and method of bionics to endow planetary regolith-burrowing robots (PRBRs) with elegant and flexible mobility as natural creatures is gradually becoming a research hotspot in the field of planetary robotics. Compared with traditional penetrating methods, such as drilling and excavation, bioinspired burrowing methods are still seldom studied. This work presents a detailed review of the progress and perspective of bioinspired PRBRs. According to the burrowing mechanisms and strategies of creatures, the current bioinspired PRBRs are divided into seven categories, namely wriggling, undulating, dual-anchoring, grabbing-pushing, reciprocating, granular fluidizing methods inspired by animals, and root growth method inspired by plants. The general characteristics of these robots are summarized in-depth, and the advantages and disadvantages are compared. Then, the key technologies of determining the functionalities and performance of bioinspired PRBRs are comprehensively analyzed, including bioinspired mechanism design, motion control, robot-regolith interaction, and terrestrial validation. Finally, the development trend of bioinspired PRBRs is presented, including new mechanisms and materials, autonomous burrowing control, and intelligent perception and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human astrovirus (HAstV) is one of the common causes of acute gastroenteritis in children. The investigation of molecular epidemiology of HAstV is essential for monitoring the emergence and/or re-emergence of new HAstV genotypes, as well as understanding the evolution of HAstV circulating in children suffering from acute gastroenteritis. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and distribution of HAstVs strains circulating in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand during 2017–2020. A total of 1500 fecal specimens collected from children with acute gastroenteritis were screened for HAstV by RT-PCR that targeted the partial RdRp in ORF1b and strains were characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Of the 1500 fecal samples, 39 (2.6%) were positive for HAstV. Of these, both classic and novel HAstV genotypes, including classic HAstV1–HAstV5, novel HAstV-MLB1, MLB2, and HAstV-VA2, were detected. The data in this study revealed a high divergence of HAstV genotypes circulating in pediatric patients admitted to the hospitals with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand during 2017–2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A grading method of potted Anthurium based on machine vision is proposed. A detection system is designed to acquire color images and depth images of potted Anthurium, and the three-dimensional point-cloud image is reconstructed after registration. According to the testing requirements of potted Anthurium, the minimum enclosing rectangle method is used to measure the width of crowns and spathes. The bubble sequencing method is used to measure the plant height, and the clustering segmentation method is used to calculate the number of spathes. Online automatic grading software for potted Anthurium is developed. Compared with manual measurement, the average measurement accuracies of machine vision for crown width, plant height, spathe width, and spathe number are 98.4%, 98.4%, 98.8%, and 86.7%, respectively. The accuracy rate of grading is 85.86%, which can meet the requirements of automatic grading of potted Anthurium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporation of tungsten trioxide (WO 3) nanoparticles into ethylene glycol (EG) was performed to examine the nanoparticles presence on thermal conductivity behavior. To explore the mass fraction and temperature efficacy on the amount of thermal conductivity enhancement, many samples were produced at 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1,5 wt% and conductivity measurements were performed at 5–65 °C. Stable samples were exposed to sonic waves for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min to inspect the thermal conductivity dependency on the sonication duration. Thermal conductivity improvement of EG was observed in all cases due to the presence of WO 3 nanoparticles. Based on experiments, the best thermal conductivity enhancement has reached up to 32.38%. The rate of thermal conductivity enhancement was higher at low mass fractions. Temperature rising was found to amplify the positive nanoparticles efficacy. Eventually thermal conductivity improvements due to enlarged sonication time were reported up to 4%. Unlabelled Image • Checking the stability using DLS and zeta potential tests. • Sonication duration effect on thermal conductivity of tungsten trioxide/EG nanofluid. • The higher the temperature, the greater impact of the WO 3 presence on TC. • The best thermal conductivity enhancement has reached up to 32.38%. • Improvements in thermal conductivity due to enlarged sonication time are below 4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface roughness affects the performance and service life of the formed components. To this end, efforts have been spent in the innovative incremental sheet forming (ISF) process. However, the researchers yet have not reached any agreement regarding the process effects on roughness. This demands further research to comprehend the knowledge in order to acquire a threshold level of understanding on surface roughening in the process. The present study investigates the processing effects upon the roughness of interior surfaces and on the friction indicator at the tool/sheet interface during forming of an aluminum sheet. Some of the sparsely studied parameters, namely flow stress, sheet thickness, and forming angle, are undertaken besides commonly considered ones (i.e., tool diameter and step size). The analysis of the results reveals that the friction indicator and roughness are analogous in respect of their response to parameter variations. Further, the roughness in general linearly increases with an increase in the friction indicator because the sheet abrasion correspondingly increases as revealed by the SEM-based surface morphology. A combination of parameters, among several attempted ones, namely dsinθ/2pt (where d is the tool diameter, θ is the forming angle, p is the step size, and t is the sheet thickness), is identified to have controlling influence on the roughness of interior surfaces. This combination is validated employing two materials namely Al1060 and Cu/Steel composite. In this combination, the factor d/2p followed by 1/t is found to have the greatest contribution towards the roughening of surfaces. Moreover, the value of this combination is proposed to keep low in order to produce components with good finish, say ≤ 50 mm−1 for Al10160 and 20 mm−1 for Cu/Steel composite. The present and past roughness studies in ISF are also compared, which reveals that the parameters effects are associated to the type of material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To investigate the short- and medium-term efficacy of inter-spinal distraction fusion (ISDF) for lumbar disc herniation with a spinal internal fixation device, the BacFuse Spinous Process Fusion Plate.Methods: Ninety-five patients who received ISDF between January 2014 and January 2015 were included for the current retrospective study. The symptoms and imaging results before surgery, immediately after surgery, at six months, and at the last follow-up were assessed using the leg visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and 12-item short-form survey (SF-12). The intra-operative intervertebral angle (IA), anterior disk height (ADH), posterior disk height (PDH), foramina height (FH), foramina width (FW), and range of motion (ROM) were assessed using X-rays. The foramina and herniated disc area were assessed using computed tomography (CT).Results: The leg VAS, ODI, and SF-12 were significantly improved after surgery. All indices except ADH were also significantly improved after surgery. PDH and FH increased by 15.5% (P < 0.001) and 9.7% (P < 0.001) at the last follow-up. ROM was statistically different from before surgery. CT images indicated that the herniated disc area decreased by 3.1%, while the foramina areas increased by 5.7% at the last follow-up. 92.6% patients demonstrated successful outcome.Conclusions: ISDF significantly alleviated the clinical symptoms, improved spinal structure, and partially retracted the herniated disc. Our findings imply that ISDF is an effective minimally invasive procedure in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient visible light responsive photocatalyst hybrid composite SrTiO 3 -Ag/AgCl was prepared via hydrothermal method and subsequent chemical precipitation/in-situ photoreduction at room temperature. The phase structure, morphology, element mapping distribution, surface chemical composition, specific surface area, and light absorption ability of the samples were characterized. The transient photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance under visible light illumination indicate that SrTiO 3 -Ag/AgCl composite possesses a more intense photocurrent response and a smaller surface resistance than SrTiO 3 and Ag/AgCl due to the lower electrons-holes recombination. SrTiO 3 -Ag/AgCl composite exhibits an obvious promoted visible light excited photovcatalytic activity in photodecomposition of methyl orange, rhodamine B and phenol, compared to SrTiO 3 and Ag/AgCl. A possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed, indicating that the synergistic effect of surface plasmonic resonance of Ag 0 photoreduced from AgCl and decreased the recombination rate of photogenerated carriers through transferring electrons from the surface of Ag 0 to SrTiO 3 promote the excellent photocatalytic activity of SrTiO 3 -Ag/AgCl. Moreover, the photodegradation reaction process of methyl orange, rhodamine B and phenol on SrTiO 3 -Ag/AgCl follows the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and the reaction rate constants are approximately 10 times greater than those on Ag/AgCl. Four-recycling photocatalytic process of methyl orange on SrTiO 3 -Ag/AgCl also indicates a superior stability and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel monodisperse, well-defined molecules with a pyridine core and carbazole arms were synthesized by simple procedures with Iodo-reaction and . Their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elementary analysis. Moreover, the fluorescence spectra showed that these compounds exhibited strong fluorescence with the maximum wavelengths ranging from 373 to 385 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hole-insertion grafting method is widely used for cucurbit crops. The method establishes a very strong graft union without grafting clips. The key of successful grafting is to make hole at an optimal angle in the removed bud region so that the edge where the tool comes out through hypocotyls was below the opposite cotyledon. So during the hole-insertion grafting, the insertion angle is an important factor for the quality and survival of grafting plants, and mechanical stability. This study aimed to assess common rootstock and scion grafting cultivation in pumpkin, cucumber and watermelon, and investigated the effect of the insertion angle on the grafting mechanize. To achieve the objectives, structure parameters of rootstock and scion were measured, internal structure of hypocotyl growing point was analyzed by image analysis technique. The model was developed. The maximal insertion angle (75°) was determined by the grafting requirement that the insertion should avoid damaging cotyledon and entering hypocotyl cavity. The results showed that the insertion angle of perforate stick was not more than 75° for avoiding the insertion into the hypocotyls cavity. The aim of this study was to develop the semi-automatic grafting mechanism for grafted seedling on the basis of the hole-insertion grafting method and the insertion angle, which the grafting mechanism was adjustable in the range of 45°-75°. The experiment was carried out for researching the insertion angle of pumpkin and cucumber seedling using the grafting mechanism. In this experiment, the insertion angles were respectively set at 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 62°, 65°, 70°. In this grafting processing, the rootstock seedling and scion seedling were placed respectively in the rootstock clamping device and scion clamping device by operator, the grafting mechanism automatically completed clamping, punching, cutting and inserting. This report investigated shaping position and matching between the scion and the rootstock base on the structure for grafted seedlings by using image analysis technique. In this grafting method, grafted cuttings will be rooted and inserted in a new tray containing well watered medium, and healed at the same time inside a healing chamber. It is important to keep grafting seedling in a high moisture environment during the formation of the grafting union and healing period. In this experiment, grafted seedlings were placed in 95% humidity, temperature 26-28°C during day and 19-21°C during night, and complete darkness for initial 3 days. After 3 days of darkness, light was added. The experiment results showed that the rate of scion inserted into the rootstock cavity was low with the insertion angle of 60°, the successful ratio of grafting mechanism was high, and grafting survival rate was 91%. This method was effective in the view of punching, cutting and grafting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Author Correction: High divergence of human astrovirus genotypes circulating in pediatric patients hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2017-2020 Correction to: I Scientific Reports i https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02745-7, published online 01 December 2021 The original version of this Article contained errors in Table 1, where the percentage total (%) of "No. of HAstV co-infection" was incorrect. [Extracted from the article]

Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-021-00863-2 B Correction to: Space Sci. Rev. (2021) 217:87 b https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-021-00863-2 The original article was published with an affiliation sequence error introduced during typesetting. [Extracted from the article]

In this study, a Glutinous rice 89-1 (Gr 89-1) × Shuhui 527 recombinant inbred line population (RIL) comprising 309 F9-generations was used to screen gradient molecular markers. The phenotypic variation and distribution of eight agronomic traits obtained from multiyear and multilocation samples, as well as the network expression relationships between agronomic traits and molecular markers, were investigated. The results showed that there were 14 phenotypic lines with significant differences in the RILs, and the molecular testing results of most of the lines were consistent with the phenotype. The correlation degree between the first-level molecular markers and the eight agronomic traits was 100%. Excluding the correlations of third-level markers with grain width and grain length, the degree of correlation between molecular markers and agronomic traits decreased with an increase in marker levels. The RILs were divided into eight core populations and one approximate population, revealing genetic correspondence between agronomic traits and molecular markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep space exploration can satisfy humanity's curiosity about the origin of life and the evolution of the universe and enhance our understanding of the internal geological structure and climate change of extraterrestrial bodies. The most direct way to explore extraterrestrial bodies is to sample and analyze the regolith. Drilling is the most effective sampling method, and extraterrestrial regolith drills have helped humans acquire many samples in planetary exploration. Developing high applicable and flexible ERDs for extraterrestrial regolith penetration and sampling has attracted strong attention from scientists and engineers worldwide. This paper presents a detailed review of extraterrestrial drilling technologies. Firstly, the particularities of extraterrestrial drilling are introduced. Then, the ERDs utilized in previous planetary exploration missions and the latest advances are reviewed in detail, including the categories, historical context, and (dis)advantages. Next, the general characteristics of extraterrestrial drilling are summarized, including the mainstream approaches to studying the drilling mechanics and thermophysics. Then, the critical technologies of ERDs, from a conceptual design to a practical prototype, are analyzed in depth. Finally, the prospects for extraterrestrial drilling technology are presented, including water ice drilling, long tunnel boring, deep drilling, and intelligent drilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Instrumentation failure (IF) is a common complication after total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) in spinal tumors. This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of TES combined with the satellite rod technique for the treatment of primary and metastatic spinal tumors. Methods: The clinical data of 15 consecutively treated patients with spinal tumors who underwent TES combined with the satellite rod technique by a single posterior approach from June 2015 to September 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. Radiographic parameters including the local kyphotic angle (LKA), anterior vertebral height (AVH), posterior vertebral height (PVH), and intervertebral titanium mesh cage height (ITMCH) were assessed preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the final follow-up. The visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale were used to assess quality of life and neurological function. The operative duration, volume of blood loss, and complications were also recorded. Results: The mean operation time and volume of blood loss were 361.7 min and 2816.7 mL, respectively. During an average follow-up of 31.1 months, 2 patients died of tumor recurrence and multiple organ metastases, while recurrence was not found in any other patients. Solid fusion was achieved in all but one patient, and no implant-related complications occurred during the follow-up. The VAS, ODI, and ASIA scores significantly improved from before to after surgery (P < 0.05). The LKA, AVH, and PVH significantly improved from before to immediately after surgery and to the final follow-up (P < 0.05), and the postoperative and final follow-up values did not significantly differ (P > 0.05). Conclusions: TES combined with the satellite rod technique can yield strong three-dimensional fixation and reduce the occurrence of rod breakage, thereby improving the long-term quality of life of patients with spinal tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the pros and cons of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) versus kyphoplasty (PKP) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) with intravertebral cleft (IVC) including all available evidence from controlled trials. Methods: Databases including Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data were searched to identify relevant studies comparing PVP and PKP for OVCFs with IVC. The outcomes mainly included visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), local kyphotic angle (LKA), rate of vertebral height (VH%), and adverse events. Results: Nine studies enrolling 688 patients were eligible for meta-analysis. The results indicated no significant differences between the two groups in the short-and long-term VAS, ODI, LKA, or VH% (P > 0.05). Compared with PVP, PKP was associated with significantly longer operation time (P < 0.05), higher cost (P > 0.05), and more injected cement volume (P < 0.05). In terms of adverse events, PKP has a lower risk of cement leakage (P < 0.05), while with no significant difference in adjacent-level fracture rates (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The two procedures have similar short- and long-term pain relief, functional recovery, local kyphosis correction, and vertebral height maintenance in OVCFs with IVC. PKP is superior to PVP for the injected cement volume, and lower cement leakage rate, however, with longer operation time, more fluoroscopy times, and higher cost. Further randomized controlled trials (RCTs) should be conducted to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovative Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) process affects the post-forming properties of thermoplastic polymers. However, the effects of degree of plastic strain, and the orientation and size of specimen on the mechanical properties are still unknown. In the present study, therefore, the ISF process is performed on a polymer sheet by varying the plastic strain ranging from 6% to 108%. The corresponding effects on the properties and associated polymer structure are quantified by conducting a variety of mechanical and structural tests. The results reveal that the post-ISF tensile properties like yield stress, ultimate stress, drawing stress, elastic modulus and elongation decrease from 26.6 to 10 MPa, 30.5 to 15.4 MPa, 18.9 to 9.9 MPa, 916 to 300 MPa and 1107% to 457%, respectively, as the strain increases in the investigated range. The value of post-ISF relaxation properties, contrary to the tensile properties, increases with increasing strain up to 62%. Particularly, reductions in stress, strain and modulus increase from 41% to 202%, 37% to 51%, and 41% to 202%. As regard the orientation effect, the sheet in the feed direction shows greater strength than the transverse direction (up to 142% in yield stress and 72% in ultimate stress). Moreover, the smaller sample offers greater strength than the larger one (up to 158% in yield stress and 109% in ultimate stress). The analysis of the post-ISF tensile properties and structural results lead us to conclude that the drop in the tensile properties due to increasing strain occurs due to corresponding increase in the voids area fraction (1.25% to 31%) and a reduction in the crystallinity (38% to 31%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy is widely adopted in the coating industry because of its excellent performance, which can be applied to the surfaces of metal and non-metal structures for protection and/or decoration purposes. The strength of adhesion and cohesion is an essential prerequisite for coating, which will directly affect the performance and its applications. In the light of the mechanisms of adhesion and cohesion, state-of-the-art of technical enhancements on epoxy-based coating systems, performed over the past few years, are summarized and analyzed in this work. Considering the difference of failure modes, comparisons between the technical methods in terms of the effect in improvement, supporting mechanism, occasions of use, etc. Were compiled. It should be pointed out that research referring to the methods for improving the adhesive and cohesive strength of the applied coating mainly focused on the substrates, fillers and resins, whereas the work related to micro-scale mechanism of adhesion and cohesion, hybridizing nanoscale fillers, and compounded methods have already become a popular path for related research till the moment. • The conception of adhesion and cohesion strength and the significance of their enhancement has been explained. • The adhesion strength comes from mechanical interlocking, the secondary bonding forces and chemical forces, and the interaction between the fillers and metal substrate. • The adhesion and cohesion strength can be increased by surface treatments, modification of fillers and improvement on intrinsic properties of the epoxy matrix. • The latest techniques in adhesion strength improvements have been studied and the eco-friendly methods are worth taking into consideration. • With an explicit focus on improving adhesion and cohesion strength simultaneously, and the methods of incorporating nanoparticle into the epoxy-based coating improving the adhesion and cohesion strength are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided (US-guided) versus landmark-guided (LM-guided) local corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods: Database including Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The outcomes mainly included Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ): Symptom Severity Scale (BCTQs), Functional Status Scale (BCTQf); and electrophysiological indexes: distal motor latency (DML), sensory distal latency (SDL), compound muscle action potential (CAMP), sensory nerve action potential amplitude (SNAP), and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV). Adverse events were also recorded. Results: Overall, nine RCTs were finally screened out with 469 patients (596 injected hands). Pooled analysis showed that US-guided injection was more effective in BCTQs (SMD, −0.69; 95% CI, −1.08 to −0.31; P = 0.0005), BCTQf (SMD, −0.23; 95% CI, −0.39 to −0.07; P = 0.005), CAMP (MD, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.35−0.94; P < 0.0001) improvement, and a lower rate of adverse events (RR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.22−0.52; P < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the US-guided injection had significantly better CMAP than the LM-guided for the in-plane approach (MD, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.36−1.01; P < 0.0001) but not for the out-plane approach (MD, 0.39; 95% CI, −0.39 to 1.17; P = 0.33). Conclusions: US-guided injection was superior to LM-guided injection in symptom severity, functional status, electrodiagnostic, and adverse events improvement for CTS. To some extent, the in-plane approach yields better results compared with the out-plane process under US guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-point incremental forming (SPIF) of polymers was started back in the first decade of twenty-first century; since then, substantial studies have been performed on this topic. The present article reviews these studies and compiles the developments in a comprehensive manner. The review entails a number of forming aspects of polymers, the more important of which are deformation mechanics, failure modes, formability, forming forces, springback, and post-forming material characteristics. The agreements and disagreements amongst the researchers are recognized and critical remarks are provided. The issues are identified, and areas of future work are proposed to further comprehend knowledge on the subject in order to successfully deploy the process on industrial scale. The differences in the characteristics of SPIF of polymers and SPIF of metals are also outlined and discussed in this article. The review concludes that the operating parameters and material are the key factors that affect the process performance. Further, the innovative technology must be adopted, and a larger database should be established to enhance industrial viability of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare transoral and endoscopic transnasal anterior release without odontoidectomy and posterior reduction and fixation to treat irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation (IAAD). Methods: From June 2006 to January 2017, 35 consecutive patients with IAAD underwent transoral (Tr-Oral group) or endoscopic transnasal (Tr-Nasal group) release and posterior fixation and fusion in our department. Clinical neurological recovery (Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score) and radiological reduction parameters including atlantodontoid interval (ADI), space available for the cord (SAC) and cervicomedullary angle (CMA) were analyzed and compared. The operation duration, blood loss, length of intensive care unit (ICU)/hospital stay and complications were recorded. Results: All 35 patients (18 and 17 patients in the Tr-Oral and Tr-Nasal groups, respectively) were followed up for a mean of 36.4 months (range, 21–60 months). All patients achieved excellent anatomical reduction and clinical neurological recovery, with no significant differences between the two groups. The JOA score, ADI, SAC and CMA were not significantly different between the two groups at various postoperative points. Although the Tr-Oral group had shorter operation time and less blood loss than the Tr-Nasal group, the Tr-Nasal group tended to have a significantly shorter hospital/ICU stay, earlier extubation and earlier oral intake than the Tr-Oral group. Conclusion: The transoral and endoscopic transnasal approaches can achieve equivalent release and reduction effects when treating IAAD. Compared to the transoral approach, the endoscopic transnasal route is less invasive with earlier extubation and oral intake, shorter hospital/ICU stays and lower medical costs, which is conducive to enhanced recovery after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This review was made to identify the risk factors for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in middle-older aged (≥ 40 years), and to provide the newest evidence for the prevention of KOA. Method: Cohort study and case–control study of the risk factors of KOA was included from Pubmed, Web of Science, Ovid Technologies, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), Wanfang Database, SinoMed from their inceptions to July 2023. Two authors independently screened the literature and extracted data. Assessment of quality was implemented according to Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: 3597 papers were identified from the seven databases and 29 papers containing 60,354 participants were included in this review. Meta-analysis was performed for 14 risk factors, and 7 of these were statistical significance (P < 0.05). The risk factors which were analyzed in this review included trauma history in knee (1.37 [95% CI 1.03–1.82], P = 0.030), body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2 (1.30 [95% CI 1.09–1.56], P = 0.004), gender (female) (1.04 [95% CI 1.00–1.09], P = 0.030), age ≥ 40 (1.02 [95% CI 1.01–1.03], P = 0.007), more exercise (0.75 [95% CI 0.62–0.91], P = 0.003), a high school education background (0.49 [95% CI 0.30–0.79], P = 0.003) and an university education background (0.22 [95% CI 0.06–0.86], P = 0.030). Conclusion: The risk factors analyzed in this review included trauma history in knee, overweight or obesity, gender (female), age ≥ 40 and the protective factors included more exercise and a high school or an university education background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice adaptation to low temperatures involves changes in their genetic and physiological architecture, caused by complex and variable transcriptional regulatory networks to regulate between growth and stress resistance. Overwintering rice survives cold winter and germinates the following spring. The perennial and cold‐tolerant properties present great potential regarding rice breeding and food security. In this study, the cold‐tolerant overwintering cultivar rice, "glutinous rice 89‐1" (Gr 89‐1), and an indica cultivar rice, "R07," were placed at 4°C at the tillering stage and sampled at 0, 12, 24, and 96 h, and recovery 7 days. Physiological indicators of each sample were measured, and transcriptome analysis was performed. The results revealed that the overwintering cultivar rice Gr 89‐1 exhibited a pattern of physiological parameters consistent with the cold‐tolerant phenotype, less membrane damage accumulation and water loss with increasing duration of low temperature, and a stable increase in peroxidase activities, catalase activities, and soluble sugar content. Transcriptome analysis of two cultivars at 0, 12, and 24 h under 4°C revealed different gene expression patterns to low temperatures. Compared with R07, gene ontology terms of nuclear lumen, endomembrane system, organelle membrane, and envelope were enriched in Gr 89‐1, suggesting an alteration of membrane composition during cold acclimation. Specific upregulated transcription factors and cold‐tolerance regulators indicated a coordinated response between signal transduction, energy regulation, cell cycle, and circadian rhythm, which might help maintain cell homeostasis and improve Gr 89‐1 survival under cold stress. Two candidate genes OsETR3 and NAC78 were screened out, they significantly upregulated at 12 and 24 h of cold treatment in Gr 89‐1 and were higher than R07, and they were involved in cell wall remodeling and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis under stress, respectively, which may relate to the cold‐tolerant trait of Gr 89‐1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late Paleozoic tectonic evolution of northeastern China is complicated by the interaction of the Central Asian Orogenic belt development and the initiation of subduction from the Pacific Ocean plate along the eastern margin of Asia. In this study, we elucidate this problem by collecting new geochemical and geochronological data from late Paleozoic bimodal igneous rocks from the eastern margin of the Jiamusi block. By LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating, the 206Pb/238U age of the granitoid sample is 313–279 Ma, and the diabase 206Pb/238U age is 298–276 Ma. Rock geochemical studies show that diabase and granitoid have obvious chemical differentiation characteristics, indicating that they are the products of non-homologous magmatic evolution. Zircon Lu–Hf isotopes indicate that diabase magma originates from the metasomatism of the mantle wedge by subducting oceanic crust melts, granitoid magma mainly comes from the lower crust and the new crust. Our results together with a synthesis of existing data show that bimodal magmatism occurred in the study area from the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian when the Jiamusi block was an active continental margin and in a stretching background. Our synthesis of the existing data places our new data into a regional tectonic framework, and our proposed tectonic model provides the following new insights: (1) the northward expansion of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Triassic led to the overall northward drift of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and the Xing'an-Mongolian Orogenic belt, which marks the easternmost segment of the Central Asian Orogenic belt, (2) the Paleo-Asian Ocean continued Late Permian–Early Triassic subduction caused back extension that rifted the Jiamusi and Songnen blocks apart and formed the Mudanjiang Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the initialization robustness of visual inertial SLAM, the complementarity of the optical flow method and the feature-based method can be used in vision data processing. The parallel initialization method is proposed, where the optical flow inertial initialization and the monocular feature-based initialization are carried out at the same time. After the initializations, the state estimation results are jointly optimized by bundle adjustment. The proposed method retains more mapping information, and correspondingly is more adaptable to the initialization scene. It is found that the initialization map constructed by the proposed method features a comparable accuracy to the one constructed by ORB-SLAM3 in monocular inertial mode. Since the online extrinsic parameter estimation can be realized by the proposed method, it is considered better than ORB-SLAM3 in the aspect of portability. By the experiments performed on the benchmark dataset EuRoC, the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method are validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hyperspectral imaging was feasible for determining total flavonoid content and total polysaccharide content in A. formosanus. • Measuring leaf middle zone was proposed for portable device in actual detection. • The selected effective wavelengths based on correlation coefficients between single wavelength, dual -wavelength combination and actual content were reliable in estimation of TF and TP content. This study demonstrated the capability of Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging (400–1000 nm) in determining total flavonoid (TF) and total polysaccharide (TP) content in Anoectochilus formosanus that were cultivated in different light quality environments. We extracted spectra from the whole leaf (the control) and four zones (leaf tip, margin, middle and base) respectively. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector machine regression (SVMR) were used for building prediction models using the full spectral range. PLSR models outperformed SVMR models with determination of the coefficients of calibration (R 2c) and validation (R 2v) being over 0.9982 and the residual predictive deviations (RPD) being over 23.21. Comparing to the model for the control, the models for the four zones achieved similar performance; the model for the middle zone achieved slightly better performance than models for the other three zones (R 2v = 0.9974, RMSEV = 0.14, RPD = 18.04 for TF; and R 2v = 0.9982, RMSEV = 0.20, RPD = 23.56 for TP). We further selected effective wavelengths through the correlation coefficients between single wavelength, dual-wavelength combinations and measured content of TF and TP to simplify prediction models. New PLSR models were built based on the effective wavelengths with R 2v, RMSEV and RPD of 0.8990, 0.85 and 3.07 for TF, and 0.8842, 1.71 and 2.79 for TP. Obtained results showed that hyperspectral imaging is promising for rapid and accurate determination of TF content and TP content in A. formosanus based on the PLSR models and the identified effective wavelengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel are the most important new energy metals for energy transition. Their rapid increasing demand drives significant prices fluctuations, often causing simultaneous extensive price spikes in several products among their industry chains, reflecting their interaction nature. This paper first reconstructs products price interaction network among the Lithium–Cobalt–Nickel cross-industry chains to analyze their dynamic interactions. By applying network structural control theory, we then simulate three price reduction scenarios under high price volatility. Product price adjustment difficulties are quantified and distinct adjustment patterns are identified. Our results demonstrate substantial intra-chain and cross-chain dynamic interactions among products, particularly within the nickel chain. Products like the midstream product electrolytic nickel, downstream products Nickel Plate and Nickel exhibit intense interactions with others. Adjusting the prices of 17 key products proves effective in stabilizing the entire system. Electrolytic cobalt and lithium cobaltate always require significant adjustment efforts for most products during high-levels, expect for the nickel ore and some products in lithium chain where they are not critical. Lithium cobaltate always follows a U-shape adjustment pattern, while electrolytic cobalt follows a ∩-shape pattern. When the entire nickel industry chain experiences sharp price increases, the largest adjustment efforts are required to turn down prices. • Intra-chain and cross-chain relations are identified across different chains. • Three price reduction scenarios under high price volatility are simulated. • Focus adjustments on lithium cobaltate and electrolytic cobalt for system stability. • Price adjustment strategy mainly shows U-shape and ∩-shape patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regolith penetration for placing instruments into ground and regolith-sampling for re-entry or in-situ analysis play an extremely critical role in searching for alien life and revealing the geological information of extraterrestrial bodies. The planetary regolith sampler (PRS), a type of device that can penetrate, collect, transfer, and stow regolith samples, is commonly equipped on a lander or rover in planetary exploration, and is regarded as essential to broaden the application scenarios of planetary robots. Because of their extensive application prospects in deep space exploration, scientists and engineers worldwide have shown great interest in the design and development of such multifunctional devices. However, owing to the significant environmental differences among extraterrestrial bodies, it is challenging to create a full-featured PRS. To date, a large number of PRSs have been designed and developed for terrestrial scientific research or extraterrestrial regolith exploration. The PRSs utilized in previous extraterrestrial regolith-sampling missions and the latest advancements are reviewed in detail. Next, this work classifies the current PRSs into six categories according their sampling methods, namely drilling, excavating/grabbing, projecting, ultrasonic/sonic, pneumatic, and bio-inspired samplers, and summarizes their general characteristics. The challenges and constraints in sampling extraterrestrial bodies, including terrestrial technology, planetary environment, and remote distance, are analyzed and discussed in depth. The critical technologies for PRSs to change from a conceptual stage to a practical prototype are detailed, including design and fabrication, tool–regolith interaction, terrestrial validation, autonomous control, and sample fidelity. Finally, the critical trends of PRS are presented, covering near-term robotic exploration to cover the full geography to long-term human settlements. • A comprehensive review on extraterrestrial regolith-sampling technology. • A historic context of humans beings' activity to explore extraterrestrial regolith. • The challenges and critical technologies in extraterrestrial regolith sampler. • The newest technology advancement and future tendency to sample planetary regolith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight putative avirulence genes in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) strain 8004 were characterized by Tn5gusA5 mutagenesis and gene expression analysis. The virulence test of mutants on Chinese radish showed that all mutants in individual avr genes except avrBs2 mutant were not significantly different from the wild type in virulence. The avrBs2 mutant showed reduced virulence and bacterial growth in planta. Gene expression analysis using β-glucuronidase as reporter indicated that avrBs1 . 1, avrBs1 avrXccB, avrXccC, avrXccE1 were regulated by hrpG, whereas avrXccA1, avrXccA2 and avrBs2 were not. RT-PCR analysis showed that all hrpG-regulated genes except avrBs1 were also regulated by hrpX. In addition, it was demonstrated that avrBs1 was responsible for elicitation of a type III dependent hypersensitive reaction (HR) on nonhost plant pepper ECW-10R, and wild type Xcc 8004 was unable to cause HR on pepper ECW-20R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DC transmission lines can produce severe corona discharge and audible noise (AN) at high altitudes. • A climate tank test platform with adjustable air pressure and humidity was built in the paper. • The corona current pulse and AN data in the humidity range of 45 % to 90 % and the air pressure range of 78.9 to 56.04 kPa were obtained. • AN level increased significantly with decreasing air pressure and with increasing relative humidity, the changes were small. DC transmission lines can produce more severe corona discharge and audible noise (AN) at high altitudes than that in low elevation areas, which is an important factor to be considered in line erection and selection. Besides, the humidity can also affect the performance of corona discharge and AN level. In this paper, a climate tank test platform with adjustable air pressure and humidity was built, and the characteristics of positive DC corona discharge and AN level of stranded wire conductor were investigated. The corona current pulse and AN data in the humidity range of 45 % to 90 % and the air pressure range of 78.9 to 56.04 kPa were obtained, and the variation were analyzed. It is found that, as the air pressure decrease, the A-weighted AN level increase clearly. With the increase of relative humidity, the A-weighted AN level fluctuated, but the change is relatively small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) and local corticosteroid injection (LCI) for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), and some studies showed that the effect of ESWT was superior to LCI. We performed this meta-analysis to compare the clinical effects across the two therapies. Methods: Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ESWT and LCI for the treatment of CTS were searched in electronic database. The Cochrane risk bias tool was used for quality assessment. After data extraction and quality assessment of the included studies, a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Mean differences (MDs), odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analyzed. The protocol for this systematic review was registered on INPLASY (202080025) and is available in full on the inplasy.com (https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.8.0025) Results: A total of 5 RCT studies with 204 patients were included from the electronic database. The meta-analysis results showed that two therapies were not significantly different in terms of visual analog scale (VAS) score (P = 0.65), Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BQ) score (P = 0.14), sensory distal latency (P = 0.66), and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of the sensory nerve (P = 0.06). There were significant differences between the results of motor distal latency (P < 0.0001), compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude (P < 0.00001), and sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude (P = 0.004). Conclusions: In terms of pain relief and function improvement, the effects of ESWT and LCI are not significantly different. In terms of electrophysiological parameters, LCI has a stronger effect on shortening motor distal latency; ESWT is superior to LCI in improving action potential amplitude. ESWT is a noninvasive treatment with fewer complications and greater patient safety. In light of the heterogeneity and limitations, these conclusions require further research for definitive conclusions to be drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), we conducted this meta-analysis, as well as proposed a protocol for its application in curative processes. Methods. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of PRP for the management of mild or moderate CTS were included in this study. Database search was conducted from study inception to July 2020, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. We used visual analogue scores (VAS) and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) as evaluation tools for primary outcomes. Second outcomes comprised cross-sectional area (ΔCSA) and electrophysiological indexes including distal motor latency (DML), sensory peak latency (SPL), motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), compound muscle action potential (CMAP), and sensory nerve action potential (SNAP). The pooled data were analyzed using RevMan 5.3. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted with the evidence of heterogeneity. Egger' test was used to investigate publication bias. Results. 9 RCTs were finally screened out with 434 patients included. Control groups comprised corticosteroid injection in 5 trials, saline injection in 1 trial, and splint in 3 trials. At the 1st month after follow-up, only ΔCSA between the PRP group and the control group showed significant difference (P < 0.05). In the 3rd month, there were statistically significant differences in VAS, BCTQ, SPL, SNCV, and ΔCSA between two groups (P < 0.05), while no statistically significant differences were found in the remaining outcomes. In the 6th month, there were statistically significant differences at BCTQ (P < 0.05) in primary outcomes and ΔCSA (P < 0.05) in secondary outcomes between two groups. As to adverse events in PRP injection, only one study reported increased pain sensation within 48 h after injections. Conclusion. This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that the PRP could be effective for mild to moderate CTS and superior to traditional conservative treatments in improving pain and function and reducing the swelling of the median nerve for a mid-long-term effect. To some extent, the electrophysiological indexes also improved after PRP injection compared with others conservative treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located in Northeast Asia, the Nadanhada Terrane contains the Paleozoic and Mesozoic accretionary complex that is an ideal record for studying the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and the evolution of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean. To reveal the process of the Nadanhada Terrane's composition and formation we use geophysical and geological data. The characteristics reveal that the Nadanhada Terrane is composed of three distinct tectonic units ordered from southwest to northeast: the Yuejinshan Complex Belt, the Raohe Basin, and the Raohe Complex Belt. The electrical characteristics indicate that the Yuejinshan Complex Belt and Jiamusi Block share a common basement, while the Raohe Complex Belt is a complete accretionary terrane. The order of gravity anomalies from high to low of the three tectonic units is the Yuejinshan Complex Belt, followed by Raohe Basin and then the Raohe Complex Belt. High magnetic volcanic rocks are developed in the Yuejinshan and Raohe complexes, and low magnetic granite is developed in the Raohe Basin. The Nadanhada Terrane was formed via continuous accretion during the multi-stage subduction of oceanic and continental plates. The main formation process was as follows: 1) From the Late Carboniferous to the Late Triassic, the Paleo-Asian Ocean continued to subduct below the Jiamusi Block, resulting in the formation of the main body of the Yuejinshan Complex Belt. 2) From the Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous, the Paleo-Pacific (Izanagi) Plate was subducted toward Northeast Asia, and the Mesozoic parts of the Yuejinshan Complex and the Raohe Complex were formed via collage and accretion. 3) During the Early Cretaceous, an extensional tectonic background was generally formed in Northeast Asia and the Raohe Basin began to form. 4) During the Late Cretaceous, the Pacific Plate was subducted toward Northeast Asia, and the Nadanhada Terrane was continuously squeezed and formed. • We obtain a high resolution geophysical model of the Nadanhada Terrane. • The Nadanhada Terrane has three tectonic units with different geodynamics and sources. • The Nadanhada Terrane was influenced by the Paleo-Asian Ocean into the Paleo-Pacific Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floe ice fields are expected to replace level ice to be the most common environment for future polar sea transportation under the long-term trend of global warming. In this study, the authors aim to develop a viable analysis procedure to predict the ice-induced hull pressure characteristics for ships navigating in floe ice fields. A novel ice model test procedure is established, which is characterized by making use of non-refrigerated synthetic model ice and tactile pressure sensors to measure the hull pressure. The numerical tool is based on a state-of-the-art CFD-DEM numerical framework; a novel method to monitor the hull pressure during the interaction between the hull and ice floes during the CFD-DEM simulations. Statistical analysis indicates the probability distributions of the ice pressure from the experiment and the numerical results are comparable. Besides, the impacts of ship speed and ice floe concentration on the hull pressure distribution are also examined. Increasing speed and ice concentration will make the probability distribution of ice pressure shift towards the high-pressure going interval, resulting in an increased mean of ice pressure. It is also found that increased speed leads to a smaller variance, while increased ice concentration results in a larger variance. • A procedure based on experimental and numerical approaches is established for studying hull pressure induced by ice floes. • A novel ice model-test method is proposed, by using of synthetic non-refrigerated model ice and tactile pressure sensors. • The approach to monitoring localized ice-induced hull pressure in CFD-DEM simulations has not been published elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new constrained flow mode was developed to improve the machining stability in pulse electrochemical machining (PECM) of micro channel arrays on metallic bipolar plate. In electrochemical machining (ECM), the electrolyte flow field in the machining region is a key factor influencing processing stability and surface quality. In this study, a multifunctional cathode (MFC) was designed in the process, which was prepared with casting molding method. MFC acted as electrode, as well as sealing device and isolating individual machining regions. The channels of electrode were filled with elastic blocks, which were tightly pressed against the surface of workpiece during process to separate the large machining region into multiple independent machining regions. Therefore, the machining area would have sufficient electrolyte, and the flow field of each channel was independent from each other. 3-D flow field simulation was developed in this study to analyze the flow field of the channel arrays. It indicated that multiple independent machining regions could effectively improve the velocity uniformity of each channel. The experiments revealed that the uniformity of flow field had a positive role to prevent from spark discharge and short circuit, as well as the machining efficiency and machining stability. The channel arrays with 466-μm depth were machined on SS304 metallic BP within 2 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical model simulating the breakup of an ice sheet induced by regular incident waves is firstly established based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) coupling method. The wave model is solved by one of the traditional CFD methods-Finite Volume Method (FVM), while the ice sheet model is bonded by one-layer spherical DEM particles in a regular packing pattern. The deflection and stress distribution are analyzed for the unbroken condition and the maximum stress is compared with those from theoretical and other numerical methods, with good agreements obtained. For the breakable condition, the numerical results are validated by experimental results of the Hamburg Ship Model Basin (HSVA) both qualitatively and quantitatively. The breaking process of the ice sheet is discussed in details and the distribution of the broken ice floes is analyzed in a probability density function. A highly nonlinear trend in the floe area distribution is found with small ice fragments dominating. Finally, the influences of wave amplitude and ice thickness are investigated. The results reveal that the breakup becomes severer and the size of floes decreases with the increase of wave amplitude and the decrease of ice thickness. It aims to extend the coupling numerical method to study wave-ice interaction and provide a valuable reference for further study on wave-ice-structure interaction in the marginal ice zone (MIZ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several types of posterior approaches have been adopted for occipitocervical fusion. Prior to this study, Foerater et al. in 1927 used a fibular strut graft in the site between the occiput and the lower cervical spine to achieve fusion. Since then, various techniques including wrings, Hartshill loop, AO reconstructive plate, and AXIS occipital plate were described and used widely. As far as we know, all these techniques involve the screw placement vertical to the diploic bone; however none has ever addressed the feasibility of screw placement in occiput parallelling to the diploic bone. In our study, 30 dry specimens of human occiputs were measured manually using vernier calipers and protractors. The intradiploic screw was first supposed to be inserted inferiorly to the superior nuchal line (SNL) prominence. The entry point located at the superior edge of the SNL prominence. Afterward, the measurements of extracranial occiput in SNL area on midline and bilateral 15 mm to the midline saggital-cutting planes of the occiput were conducted. The thickness of the occipital bone at the location of SNL prominence, the entry point, the exit point and the screw orientation were measured, respectively. Afterward, 11 patients with craniocervical malformation were treated surgically using this alternative and their X-ray radiographs and CT scans were evaluated postoperatively. The data showed that the occipital at the site of SNL prominence was the thickest. The thickest point was external occipital protuberance (EOP), which was up to 14 mm. The thickness decreased gradually from the site of SNL to the superior border of surgical decompressed area. The actual length of screw channel was about 26 mm. The mean thickness for safe screw insertion ranged from 5.73 to 14.14 mm. A total of 22 intraocciput screws parallel to diploic bone were placed precisely, without injury to the cerebral and inner occipital venous sinus. The results confirm that occiput is available for holding intraocciput screw paralleling to diploic bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression of hrp genes in Xanthomonas is regulated by hrpG, an OmpR-type transcriptional activator, and can be induced by artificial mimic medium XVM2, but repressed in rich medium NYG. In this study, a rote-specific mutation of hrpG ha Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) was generated by PCR-directed point mutagenesis and was characterized by in phenotype and transcriptional expression analyses. The results indicated that the E45K mutated hrpG rendered all the hrp genes expressing constitutively in the suppression medium NYG. Plant test showed that mutated hrpG enhanced the timing and intensity of hypersensitive reaction (HR) on the nonhost plant pepper, but did not affect the growth of Xcc in both culture medium and plants. The E45K mutation did not cause significant changes of production of exopolysaccharide, extracellular cellulase and amylase, but it inhibited the secretion of extracellular protean. This mutant 8004* is more suitable than the wild type for identifying hrp-dependent effectors in vitro and studying the transcriptional regulation genome-wide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among common findings in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs), the intravertebral cleft (IVC) is usually considered a benign lesion. The current study was aimed to present a rare case of vertebral fracture caused by IVC-related spinal tuberculosis.Case Presentation: A 73-year-old female complained of back pain and weakness in lower limbs for 2 weeks. 3 months ago, after a minor trauma, she got back pain without weakness in lower limbs. Initially, she was diagnosed with a L1 compression fracture and accepted conservative treatment. After an asymptomatic period, she complained progressive pain at the fracture position with weakness of both lower limbs and was referred to our hospital with suspicion of Kümmell's disease. The patient underwent posterior debridement and internal fixation for decompression and stabilization of the spine. Pathological examinations revealed the patient with spinal tuberculosis.Conclusions: Although IVC is common in patients with OCVFs, there are some cases believed to be found in patients with spinal tuberculosis or infection. Further test, like CT-guided puncture biopsy, may be required before decisive treatment when an IVC is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]