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La connaissance des adventices permet aux Peuls et aux Giziga de la région de Maroua (Nord-Cameroun) d'aménager au mieux les temps de sarclage et de gérer les zones de déprise. De nos jours la culture attelée et les intrants tendent à marginaliser ces savoirs au regard des cultures sous pluies. Ils trouvent, en revanche, une application pour les cultures de contre-saison. Depuis les années 1950, ces mêmes populations ont marqué un intérêt croissant dans la mise en valeur des vertisols. La culture des sorghos repiqués est devenue la pièce maîtresse de leur agrosystème. Elles ont cherché à améliorer une "jachère dérobée" contribuant à la perennisation de l'exploitation des sols vertiques. Cette bonification se traduit par une artificialisation du couvert graminéen. (Résumé d'auteur)

La gestion des jachères est une des fonctions essentielles de la communauté andine, en particulier sur les terres hautes. Lorsque les mêmes terrains sont cultivés pendant plusieurs années puis deviennent accessibles après la récolte à l'ensemble des troupeaux, et en l'absence de clôtures, une concertation entre les usagers apparaît indispensable. Dans la communauté aymara des hauts plateaux boliviens qui nous sert de référence, il n'y a plus de parcours collectifs, ni de terres vacantes. Dans cet espace devenu limité, un des enjeux porte sur l'appropriation des résidus de culture et des arbustes utilisés comme combustible, durant la période de jachère fixée collectivement. L'usage des jachères et des droits d'accès, individuels et collectifs, ne sont pas indépendants de la tenure foncière. Une étude diachronique et synchronique des formes d'accès au foncier met en évidence une réduction de l'espace géré collectivement, ainsi que l'origine de la réduction de la durée de la jachère et la diversité des stratégies foncières, spatiales et productives adoptées par des groupes qui ne sont pas également concernés par les "systèmes de jachères longues pâturées", leur maintien, transformation ou abandon. (Résumé d'auteur)

The different fields of intervention of a demographer within a multi-disciplinary project are briefly listed and the methodologies described. The problems raised by the intensity of movements by the fishermen, largely due to the marketing of the catch, and to the connections with the fishing network, are worsened by the continental setting and by the multiplicity of the fishing grounds. At the same time, there is a need for knowledge of the demographic rates and assessment of factors such a sanitary conditions, which determine the overall dynamics of the fishing population; but these subjects have been neglected up until now. (Résumé d'auteur)

A comparison has been made of spatial strategies aiming at controlling aquatic resources. Both the conflicts and competition that result, and exchanges and cooperation have been analysed. The management of aquatic space in Casamance (Senegal) is used as an example. Enclosed water such as the river and tidal channels are managed in a similar way to dry land by farmer/fishermen. In contrast, marine resources are exploited by migrant fishermen coming from other coastal regions in Senegal. The diversity of spatial strategies does not result simply and systematically in conflict between the two fishing communities : the famer/fishermen have become trained in marine fishing by contact with the migrant fishermen, who have lent them their experience, their technological trappings and consumer habits. In exchange the migrant fishermen are welcomed or even lodged by the farmer/fishermen. (Résumé d'auteur)

The aim of this paper is to show how the Catalan fishery mobilizes and controls its workforce. We stress the mechanisms which are used to reduce the negative effects that the special features of fishing work impose on capitalist processes. We also wish to show how the revival and transformation of the "fishing guilds" and the "catch sharing" system have proved historically and practically to be the best mechanisms for bringing about the slow transformation of the fisheries sector in Catalonia. (Résumé d'auteur)

Pendant le printemps, la relation entre l'offre et la demande hebdomadaires a un effet sur le prix du poisson, mais pendant les autres saisons le marché est déséquilibré. La recette d'un pêcheur est déterminée par la prise par unité d'effort et par le prix. A cause des changements saisonniers liés à la capturabilité des poissons, le revenu par unité d'effort peut augmenter quand les prix déclinent. Ainsi le revenu par unité d'effort est une variable pertinente et utile pour l'analyse de la stratégie de pêche des pêcheurs côtiers. (Résumé d'auteur)

Relatively few studies have been made of the South American fisheries in comparison to the African fisheries. In Argentina, the freshwater fisheries have very little impact on the economy of the country. Consequently, fisheries research has been neglected for a long time, despite an extensive background of limnological research. During, the last decade, a number of factors such as the construction of dams and the establishment of FAO/COPESCAL has resulted in major environmental studies. In this paper, the authors describe the research and initial results concerning the fisheries of the lower Parana. (Résumé d'auteur)

The multispecific small-scale fisheries in the Canaries are diversified in therms of fishing gear. The varied origins of fishermen is the principal cause for this diversity. Technological and biological interactions, together with the seasonality of fishing techniques drive the dynamics of such diversity. In 1987, the artisanal sector included 1765 boats, producing 2000 million pesetas for 4500 families. The artisanal fleet is highly diversified and old-fashioned. Tuna and coastal pelagic species fisheries are the most important. (Résumé d'auteur)

Les connotations d'irrationalité attachées aux pêches artisanales relèvent plus des modes de pensées modernes que de la matière des faits. Les pêcheries danoises offrent un exemple d'industrie des pêches efficiente et techniquement avancée, bien qu'avec des flottilles de pêche reposant sur la petite ou la moyenne propriété. Les mérites des pêches artisanales ne doivent pas être appréciés par des critères évolutionnistes, mais par leurs performances dans un contexte particulier. Dans certaines circonstances, les assises d'un ordre social spontané peuvent s'avérer supérieures à des aménagements entre moyens et fins qui semblent plus rationnels, pour l'exploitation des ressources marines fluctuantes et invisibles. Dans les pêches danoises, ceci s'applique à l'utilisation de savoirs dispensés sur les opportunités et possibilités. (Résumé d'auteur)

The distribution of albacore (#Thunnus alalunga$) and the swordfish (#Xiphias gladius$) is highly related to the sea surface temperatures (STT). In order to reduce the cost of searching for fish, a cooperative research program between the Centro de Estudios Espaciales (CEE), Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso (UCV), and the albacore and swordfish artisanal fishermen of Valparaiso was developed in 1986. The program aims to introduce the use of SST images obtained by means of SST data supplied by the NOAA satellite. Phase one of this research looked into the use of the satellite images and the relationships between environmental factors and the distribution of these fishes. The second phase, started in 1988, involved the participation of several fishermen along with extension activities such as editing an information bulletin, and training courses. The work has been characterized by a fast technology transfer and the development of a strong relationship between research and extension workers, and the artisanal fishermen. (Résumé d'auteur)

Une approche d'ethnographie historique décrit et analyse les modes de continuité et de changement dans une communauté professionnelle de pêcheurs de moules et de mytiliculteurs aux Pays-Bas. L'article expose les processus imbriqués des forces endogènes et exogènes, et particulièrement l'impact des transitions écologiques, des interventions de l'Etat, et des fluctuations du marché sur l'évolution de la pêche et de la communauté maritime. L'auteur prête également attention à la transformation de cette pêche artisanale en une entreprise industrielle au cours des années soixante. (Résumé d'auteur)

The artisanal and industrial fisheries exploiting demersal resources off the coast of Senegal compete with one another and overlap on the fishing grounds and in the market. The competition occurs in terms of fish species and fish length and in volume and the quality of the catches. On the other hand, there is a complementary in the methods of exploiting the resources by the means of contracts and mutual aid between the two fisheries, and in the financing of the artisanal fishery and the marketing of products. A multidisciplinary approach used to analyse these interactions and involving biological, economic, social and political aspects is described. (Résumé d'auteur)

The aim of this work, based on the results of sociological research carried out in the port area of Martigues (South of France), and for which a few concepts of problematic and methodology are presented, is to establish the criteria which define professional activities in craft fishing and describe their internal differentiation. Three main criteria defining the profession of craft fishermen are proposed : the possession of a profession, the strong territorial attachment of this profession and the strong family attachment to the profession. Following this unifying representation of "craft fishing" drawn up using these criteria, we then go on to describe the clear differentiation into two methods of management : the traditionnal craft management and the modern approach to management. In conclusion we underline the extreme flexibility of these two methods of management, within which may be found both ou-of-date and innovative strategies. (Résumé d'auteur)

A fisheries development administrator and a researcher carried out a survey in eleven African countries to gain a better understanding of current physical and human problems in African fisheries, in order to assess foreign aid from recipient's perspective and to suggest future action. The objective is for the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) to become more aware of the importance of African small-scale fisheries. The survey was conducted using questionnaires at the "second level" : it was answered not by the small-scale fishermen themselves but by people who are directly involved with them and know them best, i.e. the administrators, technicians, researchers and sociologists. The results of the study show that the most pressing problems are not so much technical as organisational, economic, and even political, and call for serious interdisciplinary research efforts. (Résumé d'auteur)

L'information sur les pêcheries traditionnelles dans les pays du Pacifique sud est essentielle pour planifier le développement mais fait encore défaut. Ceci est dû à l'incapacité des scientifiques occidentaux d'adapter leurs méthodologies. Par la mise en place de techniques d'enregistrements appropriées et grâce à la formation de personnes sélectionnées sur place ("biologistes aux pieds nus"), on peut obtenir des données utiles pour un prix raisonnable. En utilisant cette méthode, la pêcherie plurispécifique du village de Labu Butu en Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinéee (PNG) a été étudiée pendant une période de deux ans. L'activité de cette pêcherie est plus élevée que pour toute autre région de PNG. (Résumé d'auteur)

La pêche artisanale contribue pour la moitié des prises de poissons au Brésil. Cependant, en dépit de son importance, elle n'a pas bénéficié des mêmes crédits et services que ceux accordés à la pêche industrielle par le Programme de Développement de la Pêche lancé en 1967. Les bateaux financés par la pêche capitaliste moderne ont rapidement épuisé les stocks de poissons et crevettes destinés à l'exportation et ont envahi les espaces côtiers traditionnellement utilisés par les communautés de pêcheurs artisanaux, en créant de graves conflits. En même temps, ces communautés souffrent des impacts de la pollution produite par une urbanisation chaotique et par l'implantation de centres industriels importants dans des estuaires et lagune côtières. Cette étude analyse les rapports entre la pêche industrielle et artisanale au Brésil, en mettant en évidence les conflits et les articulations entre ces deux formes d'organisation de la production. Elle fait aussi un bilan préliminaire des études sur la pêche artisanale au Brésil. (Résumé d'auteur)

Coral reef artisanal fisheries are scattered and gathering reliable data without too much expense is usually quite difficult. This paper shows that fish traps - which are widely used in the Tuamotu archipelago - allow studies of the biology and production of the main commercial species. The use of lengh class models should be emphasized as they are easy to implement and give good results. (Résumé d'auteur)

The adaptive strategies used are of a technical, economic and social nature. Tactics concern the duration and timing of fishing trips, and the choice of the type of gear and fishing grounds in relation to the target species. This study stresses the need for a multidisciplinary approach including historical, economic and social factors, in order to understand the behaviour of small-scale fishermen in relation to changes in the availability and abundance of resources. (Résumé d'auteur)

Small-scale fisheries research on a system as complex as that of the Central Delta of the Niger River in Mali requires an approach combining qualitative and quantitative investigations. The field study presented in this paper is part of a series of social science monographs carried out within a multidisciplinary research project. The socio-economic inquiries focus on the fishermen's strategy and their response to drought. This affects both agricultural and fisheries resources and compromises the units' reproduction. This situation engenders a conflict between the necessity for productive investment and the satisfaction of essential needs. (Résumé d'auteur)

Purse seine fishing teams working along the coast of the Côte d'Ivoire are operated almost exclusively by fishermen originating from Ghana. The fishing temas concentrated at the Vridi settlement near to Abidjan have been investigated regularly from 1975 to 1985. Their fishing activity, which takes place in the sea or in lagoons, depending on the season, and the resulting catches have been monitored on a daily basis over this period. The fishing teams are entirely split between two groups of Ghanaian fishermen, the Ewe and the Fanti. The Fanti teams are typified by a tendency towards monospecific captures, an ability to change their landing sites and a rapid turnover of teams at Vridi. The Ewe, once installed at the study settlement, tend to stay for longer and as a result adapt their fishing activities to the resources being exploited. (Résumé d'auteur)

Several socio-economic studies of small-scale fisheries were carried out by the author in French Polynesia between 1978 and 1988. The Symposium provides aan opportunity to look bac at these studies and to formulate some methodological and general comments. Success of fisheries management is often jeopardized because change is implemented in a dictatorial way and hindered by bureaucratic slowness as well as technocratic reasoning. Beneficiaries of change are themselves frequently torn between old-fashioned and now inappropriate behaviours and up-to-date one which have more the appearance of modernity than its real deeper significance. The above-mentioned studies are perhaps useful insofar as they contribute to untangling relationships that are becoming more frequent and more complex. (Résumé d'auteur)

En matière de pêche crevettière dans les zones tropicales où existent d'importantes variations interannuelles des stocks dues aux fluctuations de l'enviroonnement estuarien, les recommandations en termes de gestion ont tendance à suggérer une clôture des nurseries et l'établissement d'une capacité de flotteen fonction des tailles moyennes de stocks considérées à long terme. Cependant le travail que nous présentons ici démontre qu'un contrôle de la pêche artisanale basé sur un rencensement précis des captures et une évaluation systématique des stocks pourrait conduire à des gains substantiels pour le secteur industriel à travers des ajustements saisonniers ou annuels de l'effort de pêche. (Résumé d'auteur)

The scheme proposed is based on the analysis of "forms", as is used in labour and industrial economics studies. This allow the diversity of various types ofishing and aquaculture to be understood by means of a classification. It also enables temporal changes to be interpreted by introducing the concept of the production network. The classification is based on the signs and indicators used by operators to identify, capture or rear, and select the species; it describes the form of fishery or aquaculture. The production networks and theirspecific relationships with the natural environment, the work and the market are deduced from these forms. The way in which the network function and their limits provide information on temporal changes. (Résumé d'auteur)

The Lake Chad ecosystem studies started during the early sixties and did not involve any research on small-scale fisheries. There were three main reasons for this : failure to recognize the importance of this "gathering activity", lack of interest from international agencies for natural aquatic resources, lack of scientific motivation. However, it rapidly became apparent that productivity was very high - much more than was thought a few years earlier - and that fishing was developing at a fast rate, even before the great Sahel drought. The national scientific and economic authorities therefore changed their minds. The classical scientific approach is ill-adapted to this context, wherevaried fisheries exploit a wide range of species in an environment changing from year to year. We need to develop an ecological approach taking into account this type of variability and the need for sharing water resources with other human activities such as agriculture. (Résumé d'auteur)

The coastal fishermen of St-Pierre have used the same fishing equipment for almost a century (with the exception of boat engines). There are many reasons for the decline in coastal cod fishing - natural, economic and cultural. During the last twenty years cod have almost disappeared from the islands; the various fishing companies (established since 1950) are not interested in the production of small-scale fisheries, nor in the future of coastal fishermen. The politicians and managers, however, continue to predict a prosperous future for the coastal fishing industry. Subsidies are handed out to the fishermen of St-Pierre to persuade them to try long-liners, dredger-boats, etc., but there are many examples of these attempts ending in failure. This destroys important components of St-Pierre's maritime culture. (Résumé d'auteur)

This paper presents a review of the development, especially after the 1970s, of social science research on small-scale fisheries in Para State, Amazonia Region, Brazil. The complexity of fisheries social organisation and the changing processes in the Amazon Basin are the factors which have inspired and induced the studies. Some suggestions for interdisciplinary research are presented, in order to improve the knowledge of small-scale fisheries and of interventions in this sector. (Résumé d'auteur)

La pêche artisanale contribue pour la moitié des prises de poissons au Brésil. Cependant, en dépit de son importance, elle n'a pas bénéficié des mêmes crédits et services que ceux accordés à la pêche industrielle par le Programme de Développement de la Pêche lancé en 1967. Les bateaux financés par la pêche capitaliste moderne ont rapidement épuisé les stocks de poissons et crevettes destinés à l'exportation et ont envahi les espaces côtiers traditionnellement utilisés par les communautés de pêcheurs artisanaux, en créant de graves conflits. En même temps, ces communautés souffrent des impacts de la pollution produite par une urbanisation chaotique et par l'implantation de centres industriels importants dans des estuaires et lagunes côtières. Cette étude analyse les rapports entre la pêche industrielle et artisanale au Brésil, en mettant en évidence les conflits et les articulations entre ces deux formes d'organisation de la production. Elle fait aussi un bilan préliminaire des études sur la pêche artisanale au Brésil. (Résumé d'auteur)

Holothurians are exploited for "sea cucumbers" production by traditional fisheries located in the Tropical Indo-Pacific-region. The structure and characteristics of these fisheries have been assessed in New Caledonia, other South Pacific countries and at the world scale. Their temporal variability, estimated from the fishery and trade statistics, is very high. The relative importance of the different producing countries varies according to changes in the political, economical and sociological conditions as well as the state of the biological resource. (Résumé d'auteur)

Because of the special properties of renewable resources, a match between individual and social optima is exceptional. This results in difficulties in applying a global and uniform approach to subsidies offered to small-scale fisheries. A classification has been drawn up, based on the analysis of subsidies to small-scale fisheries in seventeen developed countries, depending on the objectives of the subsidies. The effects of subsidies on the main relevant variables in the fisheries sector are evaluated. Stock levels, values of landings, debt repayment, individual profits, costs of production, productivity surplus and its distribution and the development of international trade are taken into amount. (Résumé d'auteur)

A survey system used in Senegal to obtain data on small-scale fishing activity and results since the start of the 1970s is described. Several situations and solution relating to regional characteristics are presented, within the general context of a stratified plan, with several levels of observations in each stratum. Certain procedures used to evaluate the qualities of the system are presented and the existence of a sharing of effort between the various species is demonstrated. (Résumé d'auteur)

The analysis deals with the strategies adopted for overcomming natural contrainsts. It demonstrates that the two, apparently contradictory, main factors are, in fact, complementary from a sociological point of view. Fishermen have no control over the income generated from their resources, but they can improve this thanks to tourism. Nowadays, fishing has become a selective activity, in which output and income generation now depend on the degree of specialization. Its balance is therefore precarious. In this context, socio-economic transformations have occured in recent years; the resulting critical situation is presented as a combination of old factors, and the new, external or internal factors, are produced by the new conditions of the production. (Résumé d'auteur)

Les pêches maritimes en Afrique de l'Ouest sont caractérisées d'une manière significative par les mouvements migratoires des pêcheurs, soit à l'intérieur des pays, soit à travers les frontières nationales. Un nombre limité d'ethnies, originaires de trois pays en particulier, jouent un rôle prédominant dans la pêche et dans la plus grande partie de la région, souvent en manifestant des spécialisations ethniques distinctes. Cette situation demande aux scientifiques d'acquérir une perspective régionale et ethnique en recherchant une meilleure compréhension des mouvements de pêcheurs d'Afrique Occidentale. (Résumé d'auteur)

En Murcie, dans le sud-est de l'Espagne, quatre grande confréries de pêcheurs (Cofradias de Pescadores) gèrent l'essentiel des captures et de la flotte artisanale. Leur contribution à l'ensemble des activités de pêche est variable mais toujours importante : 43 à 92% de la flotte et plus de 28% de la production pour la période 1976-1986. Les différentes techniques, les saisons et les espèces capturées sont décrites. (Résumé d'auteur)

La Réunion and Mayotte Islands (Indian Ocean) are volcanic tropical islands with a narrow continental shelf. Fisheries resources are somewhat limited and yields are low. For both islands, knowledge of fisheries was scarce until recent statistical studies. With no organized market, sampling at landing points was the only way to obtain information on the fisheries. This method is expensive, even is employed with limited means, owing to the complexity of the studied population. As multispecies resource estimates appear to be a difficult exercice and a long-term objective, it seems important to focus on ways of sampling fishing effort and fisheries organisation to justify and to make easier resource estimates. (Résumé d'auteur)

This paper is an attempt to highlight a new methodological approach for gaining a better understanding of contractual relationships prevailing in many fishing communities. Some key concepts drawn from the New Institutional Economic will be used with a view to demonstrating that risk and incentive considerations play a major role in the shaping of some well-known institutions found in these communities, in particular the share system of remuneration and credit systems designed to solve insurance problems. (Résumé d'auteur)

In all industrialised countries, most sons of fishermen don't want to be successors of their fathers. It is therefore certain that the number of family exploitations will rapidly decrease. But the mechanism of succession is very different in each country. This paper aims at providing a method of analysing this problem, by reference to the present situation of Japan. We stress here the nature of the family and the system of fishing rights, which are particular to each country and which strongly influence the succession mechanism. (Résumé d'auteur)

An examination of 14 fisheries projects constitutes the basis for design of amethod for analyzing delays and mistakes in such projects. The proposed method provides a classification of the problems encountered by the projects during their progress from identification to implementation. Check lists of indicators and recommendations specific to the fishery sector are proposed for the different stages of the project (identification, design, implementation and evaluation). The recommendations deal with improving the design and flexibility of projects and decreasing the role of uncertainty. The small number of projects and the desk nature of the study limit the statistical value of analysis. It is however worth mentioning that many observations are closed akin to those of the World Bank. (Résumé d'auteur)

Small-scale fishing is an activity of primary importance for a large number of population groups; in Mali, it provides sustenance to around 200 000 peoplein the Central Delta alone. However, until now, no appropriate methodology has been made available to study the complexity of small-scale fisheries. In the past, fishery management work has often found itself reduced to a mere management of stocks. The multidisciplinary approach adopted for the study of fisheries of the River Niger Central Delta tries to avoid mistakes made in the past by taking the complexity of the subject under study into consideration, as well as trying to identify the different component parts and their existing interactions. (Résumé d'auteur)

"Experience" includes all the theorical or practical knowledge required for a fisherman to exercise his trade. This experience is based on concrete social structures, on cultural customs : a context that is expressed in terms of language, behaviour and a system of values. A classification has been made of experience from the point of view of fishermen, by means of random sampling, by long unstructured interviews and by monitoring fishing activity. In the second stage, a relationship was sought between experience and the type of fishing, age, geographical origin and work specialisation on board. Preliminary results have enabled a strategy of work in the field to be drawn up. (Résumé d'auteur)