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Background: Weaning stress-induced diarrhea is widely recognized as being associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, it has been challenging to clarify which specific intestinal microbiota and their metabolites play a crucial role in the antidiarrhea process of weaned piglets. Results: In this study, we first observed that piglets with diarrhea exhibited a lower average daily gain and higher diarrhea score, and elevated levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-lactate (D-LA) compared to healthy piglets. Subsequently, we analyzed the differences in intestinal microbial composition and metabolite levels between healthy and diarrheal weaned piglets. Diarrheal piglets demonstrated intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, characterized primarily by a higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidota ratio, a deficiency of Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillus reuteri, and an increased abundance of Bacteroides sp.HF-5287 and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Functional profiling of the gut microbiota based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) data was performed, and the results showed that tryptophan metabolism was the most significantly inhibited pathway in piglets with diarrhea. Most tryptophan metabolites were detected at lower concentrations in diarrheal piglets than in healthy piglets. Furthermore, we explored the effects of dietary indole-3-aldehyde (IAld), a key tryptophan metabolite, on intestinal development and gut barrier function in weaned piglets. Supplementation with 100 mg/kg IAld in the diet increased the small intestine index and improved intestinal barrier function by promoting intestinal stem cell (ISC) expansion in piglets. The promotion of ISC expansion by IAld was also confirmed in porcine intestinal organoids. Conclusions: These findings revealed that intestinal microbial tryptophan metabolite IAld alleviates impaired intestinal development by promoting ISC expansion in weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Within the last decades industrial swine herds in Europe grown significantly, creating an optimized reservoir for swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) to become enzootic, particularly in piglet producing herds among newborn, partly immunologically naïve piglets. To date, the only specific control measure to protect piglets from swIAV is the vaccination of sows, which provides passive immunity through maternally derived antibodies in colostrum of vaccinated sows. Interruption of infection chains through management practices have had limited success. This study focused on weaned piglets in five enzootically swIAV infected swine herds in North-West and North-East Germany and aimed to better understand swIAV infection patterns to improve piglet protection and reduce zoonotic risks. Participating farms fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: sow herd with ≥ 400 sows (actual size 600–1850 sows), piglets not vaccinated against influenza A virus and a history of recurrent respiratory problems associated with continuing influenza A virus infection. Influenza vaccination was performed in all sow herds, except for one, which discontinued vaccination during the study. Results: First swIAV detections in weaned piglets occurred at 4 weeks of age in the nursery and continued to be detected in piglets up to 10 weeks of age showing enzootic swIAV infections in all herds over the entire nursery period. This included simultaneous circulation of two subtypes in a herd and co-infection with two subtypes in individual animals. Evidence for prolonged (at least 13 days) shedding was obtained in one piglet based on two consecutive swIAV positive samplings. Possible re-infection was suspected in twelve piglets based on three samplings, the second of which was swIAV negative in contrast to the first and third sampling which were swIAV positive. However, swIAV was not detected in nasal swabs from either suckling piglets or sows in the first week after farrowing. Conclusions: Predominantly, weaned piglets were infected. There was no evidence of transmission from sow to piglet based on swIAV negative nasal swabs from sows and suckling piglets. Prolonged virus shedding by individual piglets as well as the co-circulation of different swIAV subtypes in a group or even individuals emphasize the potential of swIAV to increase genetic (and potentially phenotypic) variation and the need to continue close monitoring. Understanding the dynamics of swIAV infections in enzootically infected herds has the overall goal of improving protection to reduce economic losses due to swIAV-related disease and consequently to advance animal health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To assess the effects of inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ILR) on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, colonic microbiota, and metabolomics in weaned piglets, 120 piglets were randomly divided into five groups. Samples in the control group were fed a basal diet, while the experimental ILR1, ILR2, ILR3, and ILR4 groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% ILR, respectively. The prefeeding period lasted for 5 days and was followed by a formal period of 28 days. Results: Compared to the control, the average daily gain increased by 4.38%, 7.98%, 19.32%, and 18.80% for ILR1, ILR2, ILR3, and ILR4, respectively, and the ratio of feed to gain decreased by 0.63%, 3.80%, 12.66%, and 10.76%, respectively. Serum IgA, IgG, IgM, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione peroxidase levels increased significantly in weaned piglets in the treatment groups. Addition of 0.3% ILR significantly increased the Shannon and Simpson indices of the colonic microbiota in weaned piglets and altered the microbiota composition. Changes in metabolic profiles were observed and were primarily related to the urea cycle, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Conclusion: ILR improved growth performance and serum immunological and biochemical indices and optimized the colonic microbiota structure and metabolism of weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weaning is one of the most challenging periods in a pig's life, during which piglets suffer from nutrition and other issues. Post-weaning diarrhea is one of the major health problems in the pig industry, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. Previous studies have demonstrated that both the source and concentration of proteins are closely associated with post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. This study was conducted to prevent and control post-weaning diarrhea by selecting different dietary protein concentrations. To eliminate interference from other protein sources, casein was used as the only protein source in this study. Fourteen piglets (weighing 8.43 ± 0.3 kg, weaned on the 28th day) were randomly assigned to two dietary protein groups: a low-protein group (LP, containing 17% casein) and a high-protein group (HP, containing 30% casein). The experiment lasted 2 weeks, during which all piglets had ad libitum access to food and water. Diarrhea was scored on a scale from 1 to 3 (where 1 indicates normal stools and 3 indicates watery diarrhea), and growth performance measurements were recorded daily. The results showed that the piglets in the HP group had persistent diarrhea during the whole study, whereas no diarrhea was observed among piglets in the control group. The body weights and feed intake were significantly lower in piglets in the HP group compared to those in the LP group (p < 0.05). The gastrointestinal pH was significantly higher in piglets in the HP group than those in the LP group (p < 0.05). The intestinal tract microorganisms of the piglets in both groups were significantly affected by the protein concentration of the diet. A diet with high casein concentration significantly reduced the microbiota diversity. Compared to the LP group, the 30% casein diet decreased the abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria at the phylum level and the relative abundance of Ruminococcus at the genus level. Diarrhea-related mRNA abundances were analyzed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the intestine of piglets, and the results showed that the HP concentration markedly decreased the expression of solute carriers (SLC, p < 0.05). The mammalian target of rapamycin-mTOR signaling pathway (p < 0.01) was activated in the HP group. In conclusion, a highprotein diet induced post-weaning diarrhea, decreased growth performance, increased gastrointestinal pH, and reduced expression of solute carrier proteins. However, the relationship between high dietary casein feed and post-weaning diarrhea remains unclear and needs to be explored further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of zinc methionine on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota, and immunity of weaned piglets. A total of 160 weaned piglets at 21 days of age were randomly divided into four groups, with four replicates per group and 10 piglets per replicate. The groups were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control group), 50 (experiment A group), 100 (experiment B group), and 200 mg/kg (experiment C group) of zinc methionine. The preliminary trial period was one week, and the formal experimental period was four weeks. The results showed that the final weight of piglets in experiment B group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the feed-to-gain ratio was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The average daily weight gain of piglets in experiment B group was higher than that of experiment A group and control group (P<0.05), and the diarrhea rate of all zinc methionine groups was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes in the gut of piglets in experiment B group increased (P<0.05), and the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the gut of experiment A group and experiment B group increased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Clostridium in the gut of piglets in experiment B group and experiment C group decreased (P<0.05); the relative abundance of Ruminococcus in the gut of all zinc methionine groups significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the relative abundance of Lactobacillus significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the level of immunoglobulin G in the serum of piglets in experiment B group increased (P<0.05), the content of interleukin-6 decreased (P<0.05), and the content of tumor necrosis factor-α decreased (P<0.05), the content of interleukin-10 in the serum of all zinc methionine groups increased (P<0.05), the concentration of endotoxin and D-lactic acid in the serum of piglets in experiment B group decreased (P<0.05), and the activity of diamine oxidase in the serum of all zinc methionine groups decreased (P<0.05). The study indicates that zinc methionine can improve the growth performance and immunity of piglets, and improve intestinal health, with an appropriate addition level of 100 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Weaning is a critical period in the development of piglets. During the weaning period, piglets are prone to weight loss, diarrhea, and even death due to factors such as the environment, feeding management, feed type, and feeding method. Current research indicates that essential oils can positively impact animal nutrition and production due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. However, essential oils are quickly metabolized in the upper gastro-intestinal tract, so that the concentrations remaining in the distal small intestine are far too low to improve the intestinal tract. Microencapsulation technology is a relatively new processing method for essential oils. However, there is a scarcity of studies investigating the effects of microencapsulated essential oils (MEO) on growth and intestinal structure in weaned piglets. Consequently, further research on the application of MEO in the diet of weaned piglets is warranted. In this study, we administered varying concentrations of MEO to assess its impact on ADG, ADFI, FCR, diarrhea score, intestinal structure, antioxidant capacity, and other factors in weaned piglets. The aim was to develop new feed additives to enhance intestinal health of weaned piglets. The study investigated the effects of microencapsulated essential oils (MEO) on the growth performance, diarrhea, and intestinal microenvironment of weaned piglets. The 120 thirty-day-old weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 8.15 ± 0.07 kg) were randomly divided into four groups and were fed with a basal diet (CON) or CON diet containing 300 (L-MEO), 500 (M-MEO), and 700 (H-MEO) mg/kg MEO, respectively, and data related to performance were measured. The results revealed that MEO supplementation increased the ADG and ADFI in weaned piglets (p < 0.05) compared with CON, and reduced diarrhea rates in nursery pigs (p < 0.05). MEO supplementation significantly increased the duodenum's V:C ratio and the jejunal villi height of weaned piglets (p < 0.05). The addition of MEO significantly increased the T-AOC activity in the jejunum of piglets (p < 0.05), but only L-MEO decreased the MDA concentration (p < 0.01). H-MEO group significantly increases the content of isobutyric acid (p < 0.05) in the piglet colon, but it does not affect the content of other acids. In addition, MEO supplementation improved appetite in the nursery and increased the diversity and abundance of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal microbiome. In conclusion, these findings indicated that MEO supplementation improves growth and intestinal health in weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a natural polyphenol with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the exact role of it in regulating intestinal health under oxidative stress is not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of dietary CGA supplementation on the intestinal health of weaned piglets under oxidative stress, and to explore its regulatory mechanism. Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into two groups and fed either a basal diet (CON) or a basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg CGA (CGA). CGA reduced the diarrhea rate, increased the villus height in the jejunum, and decreased the crypt depth in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the weaned piglets (p < 0.05). Moreover, CGA increased the protein abundance of Claudin-1, Occludin, and zonula occludens (ZO)-1 in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05). In addition, CGA increased the mRNA expression of pBD2 in the jejunum, and pBD1 and pBD2 in the ileum (p < 0.05). The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that CGA altered the ileal microbiota composition and increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus pontis (p < 0.05). Consistently, the findings suggested that the enhancement of the intestinal barrier in piglets was associated with increased concentrations of T-AOC, IL-22, and sIgA in the serum and T-AOC, T-SOD, and sIgA in the jejunum, as well as T-AOC and CAT in the ileum caused by CGA (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, CGA decreased the concentrations of MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the serum and jejunum and IL-1β and IL-6 in the ileum (p < 0.05). Importantly, this study found that CGA alleviated intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress in the piglets by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. These findings showed that CGA enhances the intestinal health of weaned piglets by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and activating the Nrf2 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the underlying mechanism through which dietary supplementation of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium (PQQ) alleviates intestinal inflammation and cell apoptosis in piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Seventy-two barrows were divided into three groups: control (CTRL), LPS challenged (LPS), and LPS challenged with PQQ supplementation (PQQ + LPS). On d 7, 11, and 14, piglets received intraperitoneal injections of LPS or 0.9% of NaCl (80 μg/kg). After a 4 h interval following the final LPS injection on d 14, blood samples were obtained, and all piglets were euthanized for harvesting jejunal samples. The results showed that dietary supplementation of PQQ improved the damage of intestinal morphology, increased the down-regulated tight junction proteins, and reduced the increase of serum diamine oxidase activity, the intestinal fatty acid binding protein, and TNF-α levels in piglets challenged with LPS (p < 0.05). The proteomics analysis revealed a total of 141 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), consisting of 64 up-regulated DEPs and 77 down-regulated DEPs in the PQQ + LPS group compared to the LPS group. The KEGG pathway analysis indicated enrichment of the tight junction pathway and the apoptosis pathway (p < 0.05). Compared to the LPS group, the piglets in the PQQ + LPS group had increased levels of Bcl-2 protein, reduced positive apoptosis signals, and a decrease in the abundance of MKK 3/6 and p-p38 proteins (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of PQQ could alleviate jejunal inflammatory damage and cell apoptosis in piglets challenged with LPS through the MKK3/6-p38 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Weaned piglets play a pivotal role in swine production, and they encounter serious stress challenges associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Selenium (Se) is an indispensable element for pigs, exhibiting well-documented functions that encompass antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties through the action of selenoproteins. Herein, this review aims to summarize the emerging sources of Se in weaned piglet nutrition over the past decade (from 2013 to the present) to deepen our understanding of emerging Se sources and their practical applications in weaned piglet production. The antioxidant and immune systems of weaned piglets are not fully mature and are also subjected to serious stress challenges related to oxidative stress and inflammation. Selenium (Se) is an essential element for pigs, with documented roles encompassing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties via selenoproteins. Sodium selenite and Se-enriched yeast are commonly acknowledged as conventional sources of Se for piglets. In the past decade, several novel Se sources have emerged in the field of weaned piglet nutrition. In this review, we will initially outline the historical timeline of Se sources as reported in weaned piglet nutrition. Afterwards, our attention will turn towards the nutritional regulation of Se sources in relation to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory aspects of healthy weaned piglets. Ultimately, we will provide a detailed review highlighting the potential of emerging Se sources in alleviating various adverse effects of stress challenges faced by weaned piglets. These challenges include oxidative stress, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection, lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, heat stress, and exposure to feed mycotoxins. The output of this review will emphasize the fundamental importance of incorporating emerging Se sources in the diet of weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Weaning is a critical and challenging period for piglets, often leading to stress, poor growth, and increased disease incidence. This study investigated using octapeptin as a feed additive for weaned piglets. The results indicated that octapeptin significantly improved diarrhea and enhanced feed conversion ratio by modulating immunity and reducing inflammation compared to standard diets. Octapeptin also decreased TNF-α levels, boosted the immune system, and increased beneficial bacteria, such as Collinsella and Olsenella, positively impacted gut health. These findings suggested that octapeptin is a promising, safe, natural antibiotic alternative that promotes health and growth in weaned piglets. With the prohibition of antibiotics in animal feed, the livestock industry faces significant challenges, including increased morbidity and mortality rates and reduced farming efficiency. Developing green, natural, and safe antibiotic alternatives has become a research hotspot. This study evaluated the effects of octapeptin as a feed additive on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, serum biochemistry, serum immune factors, and gut microbiota of weaned piglets. Seventy-two weaned piglets were randomly assigned to three groups based on body weight and sex, with each group receiving different dietary treatments: a negative control group (CON, basal diet), a positive control group (MC, basal diet + 5 mg/kg Microcin C7), and an octapeptin supplement group (OP, basal diet + 40 mg/kg octapeptin). After 28 days of feeding experimental diets, the results demonstrated that supplementing the diet of weaned piglets with octapeptin significantly improved the feed conversion ratio compared to the control group (p < 0.05) over the entire experimental period. Furthermore, a reduction in diarrhea incidence was observed during the late nursery period (14–28 d), resulting in an overall improvement in diarrhea compared to the other two groups (p < 0.01). Serum biochemical analysis results revealed a trend towards decreased alanine aminotransferase level in the octapeptin group, with no significant differences in other indicators, suggesting potential improvements in liver function without causing liver damage. In addition, compared to the control group, octapeptin enhanced mucosal immunity by decreasing TNF-α level (p < 0.05). Fecal microbiota analysis results showed a significant increase in beneficial bacteria such as Collinsella and Olsenella in the octapeptin group compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05), indicating a positive impact on gut health. These findings supported the potential of octapeptin as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in weaned piglets' diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pro‐inflammatory cytokines in muscle play a pivotal role in physiological responses and in the pathophysiology of inflammatory disease and muscle atrophy. Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LD), as a kind of probiotics, has inhibitory effects on pro‐inflammatory cytokines associated with various inflammatory diseases. This study was conducted to explore the effect of dietary LD on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—induced muscle inflammation and atrophy in piglets and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. A total of 36 weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large Yorkshire) were allotted into three groups with six replicates (pens) of two piglets: (1) Nonchallenged control; (2) LPS‐challenged (LPS); (3) 0.2% LD diet and LPS‐challenged (LD+LPS). On d 29, the piglets were injected intraperitoneally with LPS or sterilized saline, respectively. All piglets were slaughtered at 4 h after LPS or saline injection, the blood and muscle samples were collected for further analysis. Our results showed that dietary supplementation of LD significantly attenuated LPS‐induced production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and TNF‐α in both serum and muscle of the piglets. Concomitantly, pretreating the piglets with LD also clearly inhibited LPS‐induced nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p65 subunits in the muscle, which correlated with the anti‐inflammatory effects of LD on the muscle of piglets. Meanwhile, LPS‐induced muscle atrophy, indicated by a higher expression of muscle atrophy F‐box, muscle RING finger protein (MuRF1), forkhead box O 1, and autophagy‐related protein 5 (ATG5) at the transcriptional level, whereas pretreatment with LD led to inhibition of these upregulations, particularly genes for MuRF1 and ATG5. Moreover, LPS‐induced mRNA expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, such as eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2α (eIF‐2α) was suppressed by pretreatment with LD, which was accompanied by a decrease in the protein expression levels of IRE1α and GRP78. Additionally, LD significantly prevented muscle cell apoptotic death induced by LPS. Taken together, our data indicate that the anti‐inflammatory effect of LD supply on muscle atrophy of piglets could be likely regulated by inhibiting the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines through the inactivation of the ER stress/NF‐κB singling pathway, along with the reduction in protein degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of incorporating fermented feed into the post-weaning piglet diet, with a focus on its impact on the growth, health, serum markers, immune function, diarrhea rate, and microbial community of post-weaning piglets. Forty-two post-weaning piglets (Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire], castrated male), with good health and similar weight (11.40 ± 1.36 kg) at 40 days of age, were randomly assigned to two groups. Throughout the trial, one group received a standard diet (control group) while the other one was given a diet supplemented with fermented feed (experimental group), respectively. The findings revealed that compared to the control group, the post-weaning piglets fed with fermented feed showed increased daily weight gain. The fermented feed also led to an increase in the height of villi in the duodenum or jejunum of post-weaning piglets (p < 0.05), accompanied by an improved ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the experimental group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the fermented feed enhanced the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbial community in post-weaning piglets (p < 0.05), particularly increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae. These findings demonstrate that incorporating the fermented feed into the diet can reduce the diarrhea rate, improve growth performance, enhance immune function, and promote intestinal development in post-weaning piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Weaning stress-induced diarrhea is widely recognized as being associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, it has been challenging to clarify which specific intestinal microbiota and their metabolites play a crucial role in the antidiarrhea process of weaned piglets. Results In this study, we first observed that piglets with diarrhea exhibited a lower average daily gain and higher diarrhea score, and elevated levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-lactate (D-LA) compared to healthy piglets. Subsequently, we analyzed the differences in intestinal microbial composition and metabolite levels between healthy and diarrheal weaned piglets. Diarrheal piglets demonstrated intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, characterized primarily by a higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidota ratio, a deficiency of Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillus reuteri, and an increased abundance of Bacteroides sp.HF-5287 and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Functional profiling of the gut microbiota based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) data was performed, and the results showed that tryptophan metabolism was the most significantly inhibited pathway in piglets with diarrhea. Most tryptophan metabolites were detected at lower concentrations in diarrheal piglets than in healthy piglets. Furthermore, we explored the effects of dietary indole-3-aldehyde (IAld), a key tryptophan metabolite, on intestinal development and gut barrier function in weaned piglets. Supplementation with 100 mg/kg IAld in the diet increased the small intestine index and improved intestinal barrier function by promoting intestinal stem cell (ISC) expansion in piglets. The promotion of ISC expansion by IAld was also confirmed in porcine intestinal organoids. Conclusions These findings revealed that intestinal microbial tryptophan metabolite IAld alleviates impaired intestinal development by promoting ISC expansion in weaned piglets.

Abstract Background Within the last decades industrial swine herds in Europe grown significantly, creating an optimized reservoir for swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) to become enzootic, particularly in piglet producing herds among newborn, partly immunologically naïve piglets. To date, the only specific control measure to protect piglets from swIAV is the vaccination of sows, which provides passive immunity through maternally derived antibodies in colostrum of vaccinated sows. Interruption of infection chains through management practices have had limited success. This study focused on weaned piglets in five enzootically swIAV infected swine herds in North-West and North-East Germany and aimed to better understand swIAV infection patterns to improve piglet protection and reduce zoonotic risks. Participating farms fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: sow herd with ≥ 400 sows (actual size 600–1850 sows), piglets not vaccinated against influenza A virus and a history of recurrent respiratory problems associated with continuing influenza A virus infection. Influenza vaccination was performed in all sow herds, except for one, which discontinued vaccination during the study. Results First swIAV detections in weaned piglets occurred at 4 weeks of age in the nursery and continued to be detected in piglets up to 10 weeks of age showing enzootic swIAV infections in all herds over the entire nursery period. This included simultaneous circulation of two subtypes in a herd and co-infection with two subtypes in individual animals. Evidence for prolonged (at least 13 days) shedding was obtained in one piglet based on two consecutive swIAV positive samplings. Possible re-infection was suspected in twelve piglets based on three samplings, the second of which was swIAV negative in contrast to the first and third sampling which were swIAV positive. However, swIAV was not detected in nasal swabs from either suckling piglets or sows in the first week after farrowing. Conclusions Predominantly, weaned piglets were infected. There was no evidence of transmission from sow to piglet based on swIAV negative nasal swabs from sows and suckling piglets. Prolonged virus shedding by individual piglets as well as the co-circulation of different swIAV subtypes in a group or even individuals emphasize the potential of swIAV to increase genetic (and potentially phenotypic) variation and the need to continue close monitoring. Understanding the dynamics of swIAV infections in enzootically infected herds has the overall goal of improving protection to reduce economic losses due to swIAV-related disease and consequently to advance animal health and well-being.

Abstract Background To assess the effects of inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ILR) on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, colonic microbiota, and metabolomics in weaned piglets, 120 piglets were randomly divided into five groups. Samples in the control group were fed a basal diet, while the experimental ILR1, ILR2, ILR3, and ILR4 groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% ILR, respectively. The prefeeding period lasted for 5 days and was followed by a formal period of 28 days. Results Compared to the control, the average daily gain increased by 4.38%, 7.98%, 19.32%, and 18.80% for ILR1, ILR2, ILR3, and ILR4, respectively, and the ratio of feed to gain decreased by 0.63%, 3.80%, 12.66%, and 10.76%, respectively. Serum IgA, IgG, IgM, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione peroxidase levels increased significantly in weaned piglets in the treatment groups. Addition of 0.3% ILR significantly increased the Shannon and Simpson indices of the colonic microbiota in weaned piglets and altered the microbiota composition. Changes in metabolic profiles were observed and were primarily related to the urea cycle, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Conclusion ILR improved growth performance and serum immunological and biochemical indices and optimized the colonic microbiota structure and metabolism of weaned piglets.

Simple Summary: Recent studies have shown a correlation between piglet diarrhea and the gut microbiota. However, the precise mechanism by which intestinal microorganisms and their metabolites influence diarrhea in weaned piglets remains unclear. This study explored differences in the gut microbiota and associated metabolites between healthy and diarrheic-weaned piglets using macrogenomic and metabolomic analyses. We identified microorganisms that differed markedly between the two groups. We noticed that the number and abundance of Bacteroidaceae bacterium were strongly negatively correlated with diarrhea in weaned piglets, whereas Caudoviricetes exhibited a strong positive correlation. Our screening for markedly different metabolites such as carnosine, pantothenic acid, pyridoxal, methylimidazoleacetic acid, indole-3-acetaldehyde and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, along with the identification of metabolite-related metabolic pathways like tryptophan and vitamin B6 metabolism, identified important pathways associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. Conjoint analysis revealed that a substantial increase in the number and abundance of Caudoviricetes, coupled with a decrease in the number and abundance of Bacteroidaceae bacterium could potentially serve as microbial markers of post-weaning diarrhea. Recent studies have shown a correlation between piglet diarrhea and the gut microbiota. However, the precise mechanism by which intestinal microorganisms and their metabolites influence diarrhea in weaned piglets remains unclear. This study explored differences in the gut microbiota and associated metabolites between healthy and diarrheic-weaned piglets using macrogenomic and metabolomic analyses. The histomorphological results showed that diarrheic piglets had shorter jejunal and ileal villi, some of which were shed, compared to healthy piglets. Substantial differences in gut microbial diversity and metabolites were also observed, with Bacteroidaceae bacterium and Caudoviricetes being the main differential organisms that were strongly correlated with host status. Microbial functions, mainly the metabolism of carbohydrates, glycans, lipids, and amino acids, as well as related enzyme activities, were substantially different. The major differential metabolites were carnosine, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxal, methylimidazoleacetic acid, indole-3-acetaldehyde, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. These metabolites were enriched in beta-alanine, histidine, tryptophan, and vitamin B6 metabolism, and in the pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathways. Combined macrogenomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that carnosine, vitamin B5, and pyridoxal were negatively correlated with Caudoviricetes; methylimidazoleacetic acid, indole-3-acetaldehyde, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were positively correlated with Caudoviricetes. Whereas carnosine and vitamin B5 were positively correlated with Bacteroidaceae bacterium, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was negatively correlated. The decreased abundance of Bacteroidaceae bacterium and the increased abundance of Caudoviricetes and related metabolites likely contribute to post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. Therefore, the abundance of Bacteroidaceae bacterium and Caudoviricetes can likely serve as potential markers for identifying and preventing diarrhea in post-weaning piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Weaning stress poses significant physiological challenges to piglets, often manifesting as intestinal disturbances, such as inflammation and impaired intestinal function, which ultimately affect growth and health. Probiotics can alleviate these adverse effects of stress and promote healthy growth in piglets. Parabacteroides distasonis (PBd), as a potential probiotic, has shown efficacy in preventing various diseases, but its anti-diarrheal effects in weaned piglets remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of PBd derived from Ningxiang pigs on growth performance, intestinal apoptosis, oxidative damage, and inflammation in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-challenged weaned piglets. The results show that oral administration of PBd can improve intestinal health and attenuate ETEC-induced intestinal damage in piglets. Weaning is a critical stage in the growth and development of piglets, often inducing stress reactions. This study aims to investigate the effects of Parabacteroides distasonis (PBd) derived from Ningxiang pigs on growth performance, intestinal apoptosis, oxidative damage, and inflammation in ETEC-challenged weaned piglets. A total of 22 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) piglets, 24 days old with similar body weights, were randomly divided into three groups: Control (n = 7), ETEC (n = 7), and PBd + ETEC (n = 8). The results show that, compared to the Control group, ETEC challenge led to decreased growth performance, reduced villus height in the duodenum and jejunum, increased crypt depth in the duodenum, a decreased villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio, increased expression of apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-8 and Caspase-9), increased expression of oxidative damage-related genes (Nrf2, GSH-PX, mTOR, and Beclin1), increased expression of inflammation-related genes (Myd88, P65, TNF-α, and IL-6), and reduced the contents of SCFAs in the colonic chyme (acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and total SCFAs). Compared to the ETEC group, the PBd + ETEC group alleviated the reduction in growth performance, mitigated intestinal morphological damage, and reduced the expression of the aforementioned apoptosis, oxidative damage, and inflammation-related genes with the increase in SCFAs. In conclusion, PBd derived from Ningxiang pigs effectively reduces ETEC-induced intestinal damage in weaned piglets, improves intestinal health, and increases the content of SCFAs in the colonic chyme, thereby enhancing growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate oligosaccharides (AOSs), which are an attractive feed additive for animal production, exhibit pleiotropic bioactivities. In the present study, we investigated graded doses of AOS-mediated alterations in the physiological responses of piglets by determining the intestinal architecture, barrier function, and microbiota. A total of 144 weaned piglets were allocated into four dietary treatments in a completely random design, which included a control diet (CON) and three treated diets formulated with 250 mg/kg (AOS250), 500 mg/kg (AOS500), and 1000 mg/kg AOS (AOS1000), respectively. The trial was carried out for 28 days. Our results showed that AOS treatment reinforced the intestinal barrier function by increasing the ileal villus height, density, and fold, as well as the expression of tight junction proteins, especially at the dose of 500 mg/kg AOS. Meanwhile, supplementations with AOSs showed positive effects on enhancing antioxidant capacity and alleviating intestinal inflammation by elevating the levels of antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting excessive inflammatory cytokines. The DESeq2 analysis showed that AOS supplementation inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria Helicobacter and Escherichia_Shigella and enhanced the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and Veillonella. Collectively, these findings suggested that AOSs have beneficial effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and gut health in piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Weaning stress is a critical factor contributing to diseases and even mortality in piglets during the weaning process. Research indicates that inhibition of intestinal autophagy to a certain extent can alleviate the decline in growth performance associated with weaning stress by enhancing the management of intestinal oxidative stress and inflammation. Interestingly, gut microbes serve an irreplaceable role in the regulation of autophagy. Therefore, we speculate that intestinal microbes may play a direct or indirect role in the process of intestinal autophagy inhibition, alleviating weaning stress in piglets. In this study, we utilized autophagy inhibitors (chloroquine, CQ) or activators (rapamycin, RAPA) to modulate the intestinal autophagy level in weaned piglets. We then investigated how changes in autophagy impacted the composition of intestinal microbes and their metabolites in these piglets, allowing us to explore the effects of autophagy from a microbial perspective. We found that the level of autophagy affected the composition of intestinal microbes and metabolites of weaned piglets, which may be one of the key factors in how autophagy alleviates weaning stress in piglets. Our findings also provide some insights to may guide the future application of autophagy inhibitors in piglets' diets. Our previous study demonstrated that moderate inhibition of intestinal autophagy was beneficial to alleviate early weaning stress in piglets, but the detailed mechanism behind this was unclear. Microbiota-mediated enterocyte autophagy helps maintain intestinal homeostasis. This study investigated the effects of inhibition or activation of autophagy in intestinal microbial community compositions and metabolite profiles in piglets. Eighteen 24-day-old weaned piglets were divided into three groups (each treatment of six piglets) and treated daily with rapamycin (RAPA), chloroquine (CQ) or a control volume of normal saline (CON group). Before the formal trial, the piglets were allowed to acclimatize for 3 days, and then the trial period was 14 days. Collected samples from the ileum and colon underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolite analysis. Significant differences in microbial composition were observed in both the ileum and colon of the RAPA and CQ groups compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). In addition, the relative levels of abundance of Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Dialister, Selenomonas and Oceanobacillus in the ileum and Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, unidentified_Lachnospiraceae, Akkermansia, Sharpea, Peptococcus, Pseudoalteromonas, Peptoclostridium and unidentified_Acidobacteria in the colon were improved in piglets fed the RAPA diet, whereas the relative levels of abundance of Turicibacter, Rickettsiella and Sarcina in the ileum and Roseburia and Kroppenstedtia in the colon were enhanced in the CQ group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, metabolomic analysis showed that there were significant differences in metabolites among all groups (p < 0.05), and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that differential metabolites were mainly enriched in the ABC transporters and biosynthesis of amino acids pathways. Furthermore, these metabolites were closely related to differential microorganisms (p < 0.05). Overall, autophagy inhibition regulates the composition of intestinal microorganisms and their metabolites, and these differential metabolites are significantly correlated with differential intestinal microorganisms, which may in turn affect the production performance of weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aimed to study the effects of probiotic-fermented Chinese herbal medicine on the growth performance, serum immune indexes, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal function of weaned piglets. A total of 54 healthy weaned piglets, aged 35 days and weighing (8.76±0.54) kg, were selected, half in male and female, randomly divided into three treatment groups, with three replicates in each group and six piglets in each replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the experimental group A and group B were supplemented with 0.5% and 1.0% of probiotic-fermented Chinese herbal medicine in the basal diet, respectively. The trial period was 28 days. The results showed that compared to the Chinese herbal medicine before fermentation, the total flavonoids, total alkaloids, total saponins, and crude polysaccharides in the probiotic-fermented Chinese herbal medicine significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, the average daily weight gain significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio and diarrhea rate significantly decreased in group A and group B (P<0.05). The levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement C3, and complement C4 in the serum were significantly higher in group A and group B than in the control group (P<0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in the serum of piglets in group A and group B were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum was significantly reduced (P<0.05). The levels of Lactobacillus and yeast in the small intestine of group A and group B significantly increased (P<0.05), while E. coli and Salmonella significantly decreased (P<0.05). The villus height and villus-to-crypt ratio (V/C) in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of group A and group B significantly increased (P<0.05), and the crypt depth in the jejunum significantly decreased (P<0.05). The study indicates that the addition of probiotic-fermented Chinese herbal medicine to the diet improves the growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal function of weaned piglets, and the effect of 0.5% probiotic-fermented Chinese herbal medicine is better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate whether dietary supplementation with heat-inactivated Limosilactobacillus reuteri PSC102 (LR) enhances immunological responses and growth performance in weaned pigs. Twenty-five weaned piglets were randomly allocated to five groups. Each treatment group had separate pens with five pigs each. The pigs were fed a diet supplemented with heat-inactivated LR at a concentration of 1x109 CFU/g for 28 days. Throughout the study period, regular measurements, including body weight, food consumption rate, and diarrhoeal frequency, were conducted. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected to assess cytokine and haptoglobin levels. Faecal samples, rectal swabs, and nasal swabs were collected for analysis of pathogenic bacterial growth using selective media. Additionally, faecal samples were analysed to determine the composition of the microbiota. Heat-inactivated LR enhances growth rate and feed efficiency while decreasing diarrheal frequency in weaned piglets. Compared to pigs fed a control diet, diets containing heat-inactivated LR exhibited increased serum levels of cytokines and decreased haptoglobin levels, demonstrating a beneficial effect on the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Heat-inactivated LR diets alter the microbiota of piglets by enhancing alpha diversity and increasing the composition of beneficial bacteria. Overall, dietary heat-inactivated LR enhanced growth rates, regulated immunological responses in weaned pigs, and reduced post-weaning diarrhoea. Therefore, this suggests its potential as a health functional ingredient for humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in modulating the balance of intestinal flora and the gut-liver axis, while also serving as a key determinant of the growth potential of weaned piglets. However, few studies have subdivided and compared acute and chronic oxidative stress. Methods: In this study, an intestinal model of acute oxidative stress in weaned piglets using paraquat (PQ) and a chronic oxidative stress model using D-galactosa in weaned piglets were conducted. And we further systematically compare their effects. Results: Both acute and chronic oxidative stress models impaired intestinal barrier function and liver function. Chronic stress caused by D-galactose can result in severe redox dysregulation, while acute stress caused by paraquat can lead to inflammation and liver damage. Additionally, the components involved in the CAR pathway were expressed differently. Chronic or acute oxidative stress can reduce the diversity and composition of intestinal flora. In the PQ group, the richness of Mogibacterium and Denitratisoma improved, but in the D-gal group, the richness of Catenisphaera and Syntrophococcus increased. Discussion: Not only does this research deepen our understanding of the effects of acute and chronic oxidative stress on intestinal functions, but it also characterizes characteristic changes in the gut flora, potentially identifying novel therapeutic targets and opening new avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite mounting evidence for dietary protease benefits, the mechanisms beyond enhanced protein degradation are poorly understood. This study aims to thoroughly investigate the impact of protease addition on the growth performance, intestinal function, and microbial composition of weaned piglets. Ninety 28-day-old weaned pigs were randomly assigned to the following three experimental diets based on their initial body weight for a 28-day experiment: (1) control (CC), a basic diet with composite enzymes without protease; (2) negative control (NC), a diet with no enzymes; and (3) dietary protease (PR), a control diet with protease. The results show that dietary proteases significantly enhanced growth performance and boosted antioxidant capacity, increasing the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels (p < 0.05) while reducing malonaldehyde levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, protease addition reduced serum levels of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05), suppressed mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors in the jejunum (p < 0.01), and inhibited MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Moreover, protease-supplemented diets improved intestinal morphology and barrier integrity, including zonula occludens protein 1(ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1 (p < 0.05). Microbiota compositions were also significantly altered by protease addition with increased abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001) (p < 0.05) and reduced harmful Terrisporobacter (p < 0.05). Further correlation analysis revealed a positive link between beneficial bacteria and growth performance and a negative association with inflammatory factors and intestinal permeability. In summary, dietary protease addition enhanced growth performance in weaned piglets, beneficial effects which were associated with improved intestinal barrier integrity, immunological response, and microbiota composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As a symbiotic probiotic for the host, Clostridium butyricum (CB) has the potential to strengthen the body's immune system and improve intestinal health. However, the probiotic mechanism of CB is not completely understood. The Clostridium butyricum CBX 2021 strain isolated by our team from a health pig independently exhibits strong butyric acid production ability and stress resistance. Therefore, this study comprehensively investigated the efficacy of CBX 2021 in pigs and its mechanism of improving pig health. Methods: In this study, we systematically revealed the probiotic effect and potential mechanism of the strain by using various methods such as microbiome, metabolites and transcriptome through animal experiments in vivo and cell experiments in vitro. Results: Our in vivo study showed that CBX 2021 improved growth indicators such as daily weight gain in weaned piglets and also reduced diarrhea rates. Meanwhile, CBX 2021 significantly increased immunoglobulin levels in piglets, reduced contents of inflammatory factors and improved the intestinal barrier. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequencing showed that CBX 2021 treatment implanted more butyric acid-producing bacteria (such as Faecalibacterium) in piglets and reduced the number of potentially pathogenic bacteria (like Rikenellaceae RC9_gut_group). With significant changes in the microbial community, CBX 2021 improved tryptophan metabolism and several alkaloids synthesis in piglets. Further in vitro experiments showed that CBX 2021 adhesion directly promoted the proliferation of a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that bacterial adhesion increased the expression of intracellular G protein-coupled receptors, inhibited the Notch signaling pathway, and led to a decrease in intracellular pro-inflammatory molecules. Discussion: These results suggest that CBX 2021 may accelerate piglet growth by optimizing the intestinal microbiota, improving metabolic function and enhancing intestinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the composition and differences of intestinal microbiota in healthy and diarrhea weaned piglets, a total of 10 fecal samples were collected from 7-day-old weaned piglets, 5 samples from healthy piglets (JK group) and 5 samples from diarrhea piglets (FX group) in this experiment. 16S rRNA was used to analyze the diversity, composition and species differences of intestinal flora. The results were as follows: compared with the JK group, the diversity of the FX group was not significant (P>0.05), and the richness was significantly lower (P<0.05), the β diversity revealed certain similarities and differences in the composition of microbial communities between the two groups of weaned piglets. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the main dominant phyla in the two groups, while compared with the JK group, the relative abundance was significantly higher in the FX group (P<0.05). Oscillospiraceae, Methanobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Lachnospiraceae were the main dominant families in the two groups. Compared with the JK group, the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae in the FX group increased significantly, but the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Veillonellaceae and Selenomonadaceae decreased significantly (P<0.05). Bacteroides and Lactobacillus were the main dominant genera in both groups. Compared with the JK group, the relative abundance of Lachnoclostridium, Escherichia-Shigella, Intestinimonas, and Parabacteroides in the FX group increased significantly(P<0.05), while the relative abundance of Treponema decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the relative abundance of Megasphaera was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01). In conclusion, it is concluded that there are certain similarities and differences in the structure and composition of fecal microbiota in the JK and FX groups of weaned piglets. The abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (E. coli-Shigella) increase in FX group, which cause the imbalance of the faecal flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the effects of two kinds of organic iron (small peptide iron and porphyrin iron) on growth performance, blood indexes, and fecal flora of weaned piglets. Ninety weaned piglets with an average weight of (9.34±0.06) kg were randomly divided into three groups with three replicates in each group and 10 piglets in each replicate. The control group was fed with basal diet, while the experimental group was fed with 400 g/t small peptide iron and 500 g/t porphyrin iron, respectively. The pre-test period was five days, and the formal test period was 45 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the average daily gain of the small peptide iron group increased by 12.53% (P<0.05). The hemoglobin content of piglets in the small peptide iron group and porphyrin iron group increased significantly (P<0.05). The average erythrocyte volume of the small peptide iron group was significantly higher than that of the control group and porphyrin iron group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the content of serum urea nitrogen in the small peptide iron group and porphyrin iron group decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the two kinds of organic iron increased the proportion of Lactobacillus in feces, decreased the relative abundance of Clostridium, and increased the content of propionic acid and butyric acid in feces of weaned piglets. The study indicates that adding small peptide iron and porphyrin iron in diet can improve blood indexes, fecal flora, and short chain fatty acid content of weaned piglets in different degrees. Combined with production performance analysis, adding 400 g/t small peptide iron in diet has a better effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment investigated the effects of probiotic enzyme preparations on the growth performance, intestinal mucosal morphology and antioxidant function of weaned piglets. A total of 200 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred weaned piglets with similar body condition were selected and randomly divided into a control group (fed with basal ration), and an experimental group (fed with basal ration + 5% probiotic enzyme preparation), with five replicates set up for each group, each replicate with 20 pigs, and the experimental period was 30 days. The results showed that: in the probiotic enzyme-added group, the final body weight and average daily weight gain increased significantly (P<0.05), and the feed-to-weight ratio decreased significantly (P<0.05); in the probiotic enzyme-added group, the height of ileum, jejunum, and duodenum villi increased significantly (P<0.05), and the depth of crypts be‐ came shallower (P<0.05); the value of villus height/crypt depth increased significantly (P<0.05); in the ex‐ perimental group with the addition of probiotic enzyme preparation, the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity in serum were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the content of malondialdehyde in serum was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the ad‐ dition of probiotic enzyme preparations to weaned piglets' diets could effectively promote their growth, improve the intestinal morphology and structure, and enhance the antioxidant function of weaned piglets' organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During weaning, piglets are susceptible to intestinal inflammation and impairment in barrier function. Dietary fiber (DF) plays an active role in alleviating weaning stress in piglets. However, the effects of different sources of dietary fiber on the performance of weaned piglets are inconsistent, and the mechanisms through which they affect intestinal health need to be explored. Therefore, in this study, sixty weaned piglets were randomly divided into three treatment groups: basal diet (control, CON), beet pulp (BP), and alfalfa meal (AM) according to the feed formulation for a 28-day trial. The results showed that both AM and BP groups significantly reduced diarrhea rate and serum inflammatory factors (IL-1β and TNF-α) and increased antioxidant markers (T-AOC and SOD), in addition to decreasing serum MDA and ROS concentrations in the AM group. At the same time, piglets in the AM group showed a significant reduction in serum intestinal permeability indices (LPS and DAO) and a substantial increase in serum immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgG, and IgM) and expression of intestinal barrier-associated genes (Claudin1, Occludin, ZO-1, and MUC1), which resulted in an improved growth performance. Interestingly, the effect of DF on intestinal inflammation and barrier function can be attributed to its modulation of gut microbes. Fiber-degrading bacteria enriched in the AM group (Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Pediococcus and Weissella) inhibited the production of TLR4- through the promotion of SCFAs (especially butyrate). MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway activation reduces intestinal inflammation and repairs intestinal barrier function. In conclusion, it may provide some theoretical support and rationale for AM to alleviate weaning stress and improve early intestinal dysfunction, which may have implications for human infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a prevalent and highly toxic mycotoxin in animal feed, poses significant risks to livestock health and productivity. This study evaluates the effectiveness of iron-manganese oxide (Fe/Mn oxides) in degrading DON. The DON degradation rate of Fe/Mn oxide reached 98.46 % in a controlled solution under specific conditions (0.2 % concentration, 37–85 °C, pH 6–7, 1-minute reaction time). When applied to actual feed, it reduced DON levels by approximately 49.3 % and remained stable in simulated gastrointestinal environments of weaned piglets. A 28-day trial involving 48 weaned piglets assessed the impacts of Fe/Mn oxides on health and growth. Results indicated that piglets consuming contaminated feed without the treatment exhibited reduced growth and compromised gut integrity, which were significantly mitigated by the addition of Fe/Mn oxides. Therefore, Fe/Mn oxides effectively reduce DON in feed and alleviate adverse health effects in piglets, making them a viable option to enhance safety and performance in mycotoxin-prone environments.

Weaning is a decisive event in piglets’ life. This study aimed to evaluate whether the inclusion of fish oil, rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA), in sow and piglet diets, increased the concentration of anti-inflammatory molecules in the blood of weaned piglets and whether the effect was dependent on the pigs being born with either low or a high birth BW (bBW). Thirty-six sows in four consecutive batches were randomly distributed between a control diet with animal fat (15 g/kg in gestation and 30 g/kg in lactation) or a n-3 long-chain fatty acid diet (LCFA; totally or half replacing animal fat by fish oil during gestation and lactation, respectively) from service until weaning (ca. 28 days). At birth, the two lightest (LBW) and the two heaviest (HBW) piglets in each litter were identified and, at weaning, grouped in pens by pairs prioritising their bBW. Pens were further distributed into a control (30 g/kg animal fat) or n-3 LCFA diet (totally replacing animal fat by fish oil) for 28 days. At the end of the trial, blood was collected from piglets in the first batch (n = 48). Serum fatty acids (FAs) were quantified by GC, plasma oxylipins by ultra-HPLC-MS, and plasma immune indicators by ELISA. An interaction between piglet diet and bBW for average daily gain (P = 0.020) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.014) during the whole postweaning indicated that dietary n-3 LCFA−promoted LBW piglets to have a similar growth and intake than HBW piglets reaching 1.5 kg average BW more at the end of the postweaning period than LBW control piglets. Fish oil in piglet diets also increased the concentrations of total n-3 FA, EPA and DHA (all P

This study aimed to investigate the effect of L-theanine in regulating the intestinal antioxidant of weaned piglets and its underlying mechanism. We found that L-theanine increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the level of GSH, while decreased the MDA content of weaned piglet jejunum mucosa and H2O2-induced IPEC-J2 cells. In addition, the mRNA expression of SOD1, SOD2, GPx1, CAT, HO-1 and NQO1 was also significantly increased in jejunum mucosa and H2O2-induced IPEC-J2 cells by L-theanine treatment. Furthermore, L-theanine promoted the nuclear Nrf2 expression and decreased the keap1 expression. However, blocking of Nrf2 signaling by ML385 (the Nrf2 inhibitor) repressed the promoting effects of L-theanine on the activities of antioxidative enzymes and the expression of antioxidant related genes, while increased the MDA content and keap1 expression in IPEC-J2 cells. These data provided the first evidence that L-theanine improved intestinal antioxidant ability of weaned piglets by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to examine the impact of Codonopsis pilosula and Astragalus membranaceus extract (CA) on the growth performance, diarrhea rate, immune function, antioxidant capacity, gut microbiota, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in weaned piglets.MethodsA total of forty-eight 31-day-old weaned piglets, were divided into four groups randomly based on the treatment type: control group (CON), low dose group (LCA, 0.5% CA), medium dose group (MCA, 1.0% CA), and high dose group (HCA, 1.5% CA), and were fed for a duration of 28 days. On the morning of the 1st and 29th day, the piglets were assessed by weighing them on an empty stomach, recording their daily feed intake and diarrhea rate.ResultsCA increased the average daily weight gain and reduced F/G without significant differences, and the diarrhea rate was reduced in the LCA and MCA groups. Furthermore, the levels of T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA were increased. The levels of T-AOC in the LCA group and the MCA group, SOD in the MCA group, and GSH-Px in the HCA group were significantly higher compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). Additionally, CA significantly increased IgM, IgG, and IgA levels (p < 0.05). The results of gut microbiota analysis showed that the bacterial population and diversity of faeces were changed with the addition of CA to basal diets. CA increased the abundance of the beneficial bacterial Firmicutes and Lactobacillus. Additionally, Compared with the CON group, CA significantly increased the SCFAs content of weaned piglets (p < 0.05).DiscussionCA can alleviate oxidative stress, improve immunity and antioxidant capacity, increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and the content of SCFAs for improving the intestinal barrier of piglets, thus promoting growth and reducing diarrhea rate in weaned piglets.

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a well-established antioxidant that offers exciting opportunities for intestinal health in weaned piglets, while the effects of NAC on muscle and liver has not been fully characterized. Therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with NAC on muscle and liver in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Twenty-four piglets (24-day-old) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, the piglets in the control (CTR) and LPS- challenged (LPS) groups were fed the basal diet and those in the LPS+ NAC group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg NAC. The animal trial lasted for 21 days. At the end of the trial, piglets in the LPS and LPS+ NAC groups were injected intraperitoneally with LPS (100 μg/kg body weight) and piglets in the CTR group were administrated with an equal volume of normal saline. 3 h later, the blood was collected and tissue samples were obtained after 6 h of LPS or normal saline treatment. The results showed that the level of IL-1β, and the mRNA levels of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the liver were up-regulated, and the mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), total glutathione (T-GSH), and the ratio of total protein to DNA in the liver were decreased under LPS challenge (P < 0.05). At the same time, LPS increased the level of H2O2 and decreased the content of T-GSH and DNA in the longissimus dorsi and gastrocnemius muscles (P < 0.05). In addition, the percentage of monocytes and the level of epidermal growth factor (EGF) were down-regulated in the LPS treatment (P < 0.05). Interestingly, dietary NAC supplementation reversed the above changes induced by LPS (P < 0.05). Furthermore, NAC might alleviate the muscle and liver injury in LPS-challenged piglets by regulating the expression of genes related to the type I interferon signaling pathway, as well as hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF1) and nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf-2). Our findings suggested that dietary supplementation with NAC could benefit the health of muscle and liver in LPS-challenged weaned piglets.

This study examined how Eucommia ulmoides flavonoids (EUF) protect against intestinal oxidative stress induced by deoxynivalenol (DON) in weaned piglets. Forty weaned piglets were randomly assigned to four dietary groups for a period of 14 days. The piglets were fed a control diet (Control) or the Control diet supplemented with 100 mg EUF/kg (EUF group), 4 mg DON/kg diet (DON group) or both (EUF+DON group) in a 2×2 factorial design. DON-challenged piglets on the EUF-supplemented diet showed significant improvements in growth performance. They also had notably lower serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) compared to those not receiving supplementation (P0.05). Piglets challenged with DON and fed a diet supplemented with EUF showed significantly lower levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA and protein expression in serum and intestinal tissues compared to those in the DON group (P < 0.05). The EUF+DON group significantly increased the serum levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and total antioxidative capability enzymes compared to the DON group (P

We investigated the effect of different fat sources on growth performance and intestinal health in weaned piglets. A total of 72 21-day-old weaned piglets were divided into 3 groups the CON group with 2.5% soybean oil, TRE1 with 2.5% emulsified balanced oil powder and TRE2 with 2.5% emulsified coconut oil powder. These two experimental oil powders were emulsified with the emulsifier (lysophospholipid). The average daily feed intake in TRE1 was significantly higher than that in CON (P < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ash in TRE1 was significantly higher than that in CON (P < 0.05). Compared with CON, TRE1 tended to improve ATTD of dry matter (P = 0.075), serum triglyceride (P = 0.062) and serum-free fatty acids (P = 0.090). The jejunal villus width of piglets in TRE1 and TRE2 was significantly increased (P < 0.05) and the duodenal crypt depth was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with CON, TRE1 significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of jejunal Occludin, Claudin-1 and ZO-1 (P < 0.05). From the results of the present study, we concluded that dietary supplementation of 2.5% emulsified balanced oil powder has more obvious effects on enhancing the growth performance of weaned piglets by improving lipid metabolism, intestinal tissue development and barrier function.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the nutritional value of fermented peanut meal (FPM) and its effect on the growth performance of weaned piglets. The experiment was divided into three parts. Experiment 1: Twelve 'Duroc× Landrace×Yorkshire' ternary castrated boars with initial weight of (10.0±2.0) kg were randomly divided into two groups, which were fed with basal diet and FPM diet respectively, with six replicates in each group and one pig in each replicate. The available energy values of two kinds of diets were measured by total fecal collection method, and the digestive energy and metabolizable energy of pigs were calculated by nested algorithm. Experiment 2: Twelve 'Duroc×Landrace× Yorkshire' ternary castrated boars with an initial weight of (15.0±2.0) kg with T-shaped fistula installed at the end of ileum were randomly divided into two groups, which were fed with nitrogen-free diet and semi-homozygous diet with 30% FPM as the only nitrogen source, with six replicates in each group and one pig in each replicate. The experiment lasted for seven days, The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standard ileal digestibility (SID) of FPM were measured by collecting terminal ileal chyme on the last two days. Experiment 3: 50 weaned piglets with an initial weight of (8.0±1.0) kg were randomly divided into five groups with 10 replicates in each group, half in male and half female, with one pig in each replicate. The control group was fed with corn-soybean meal basal diet, and the experimental group was fed with 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% FPM experimental diets for 21 days. The results showed that the digestive energy and metabolizable energy of FPM were 15.17 and 13.83 MJ/kg, respectively, and the SID of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan were 85.85%, 92.44%, 87.80%, and 84.09% respectively. Compared with the control group, the dietary FPM had no significant effect on the average daily feed intake and diarrhea rate of weaned piglets (P>0.05). Addition of 2%~8% FPM significantly increased average daily gain (P<0.05) and decreased feed-toweight ratio (P<0.05). The results show that the effective energy value and amino acid utilization rate of FPM are high. Adding 2%~8% FPM to the diet of weaned piglets can reduce the feed-to-weight ratio of piglets, and the feeding effect of 6% FPM is better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effect of liquid feed on the growth performance of weaned piglets by using Meta-analysis method. Through Computer search CQVIP, CNKI, Wan Fang Data, Web of Science, Science Direct, Pub Med databases to find out the randomized controlled trial of the effect of liquid feed on the growth performance of weaned piglets. The retrieval period was from the establishment of the database to December 2022. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, documents were selected, data were extracted, and meta-analysis was performed with the Review Manager 5.4 software. The results indicated that a total of 1 628 samples were included in 16 studies, the results showed that the average daily gain of the liquid feed group was significantly higher than that of the solid feed group [P< 0.000 1, standardized mean difference (SMD)=1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02 to 2.12], and the average daily feed intake was significantly higher than that of the solid feed group (P=0.000 1, SMD=1.18, 95% CI: 0.58~1.79); there was no significant difference between the two groups in feed weight ratio (P= 0.33, SMD=-0.17, 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.17) and diarrhea rate (P=0.84, SMD=-0.02, 95% CI: -0.24 to 0.2). The conclusion indicated that liquid feed can significantly increase the average daily gain and feed intake of weaned piglets, but has no effect on the feed weight ratio and diarrhea rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Adding organic and inorganic acids to the drinking water is a potential alternative to improve production results in nursery piglets, and a strategy for reducing the use of antimicrobials. Aims: To assess the effects of adding a blend of organic and inorganic acids to drinking water on the oxireduction potential (ORP) of water, and growth performance, biochemical, antioxidant and blood gas profiles, intestinal morphometry, biometry of organs, and intestinal microbiome of nursery piglets. Methods: Experiment involved 1080 female piglets assessed over 30 days (Landrace × Large White, weaned at 26 days of age, weighing 6.8 ± 0.29 kg), randomly assigned to the following three treatments: (1) piglets received drinking water of natural pH of 7.39 (pH7.39), (2) piglets received drinking water of pH of 5.31 (pH5.31), and (3) piglets received drinking water of pH of 3.40 (pH3.40), with eight replicates and 45 piglets/stall. Piglets had ad libitum access to diet and water throughout the experiment, and received different diets in each phase. Key results: Receiving drinking water of pH3.40 promoted a higher ORP, and a lower total water consumption was observed in Starter II piglets with pH5.31. There was no treatment effect on the performance, but mortality was lower in starter piglets in the pH3.40 treatment. Animals in the pH3.40 treatment had lower blood alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, differing from the result obtained for total cholesterol concentrations. Animals in the pH3.40 treatment showed a lower concentration of total protein than did piglets in the pH7.39 treatment. Piglets in the pH3.40 treatment had higher weights of empty stomach, spleen, and liver with gallbladder than did those in the pH7.39 treatment. Animals in the pH3.40 treatment showed a lower relative abundance of the Escherichia–Shigella genus and bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family than did those in the pH5.31 treatment. Conclusions: Acidification of drinking water to pH3.40 for nursery piglets can be used to partially increase the ORP of the water, and promote a greater weight of organs with metabolic and immune functions, while decreasing mortality. In addition, acidification of drinking water does not compromise performance or intestinal histology, but improves the profile of the intestinal microbiome in piglets. Implications: This research has provided new information on the effects of acidifiers in the drinking water for nursery piglets and has shown their potential use for bolstering general health. Post-weaning period causes drastic changes in piglets. Therefore, there is a need to investigate strategies to improve the general health of the animals. The administration of a blend of acidifiers to reduce the pH of the piglets' drinking water has shown interesting results, but still needs further investigation. Our results showed a reduction in mortality and an improvement in beneficial bacteria, which is reflected in animal welfare. These findings have provided information on farm conditions and scientific issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed to evaluate the effect and underling mechanism of dietary supplementation with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) disodium on improving inflammatory liver injury in piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of seventy-two crossbred barrows were allotted into four groups as follows: the CTRL group (basal diet + saline injection); the PQQ group (3 mg/kg PQQ diet + saline injection); the CTRL + LPS group (basal diet + LPS injection) and the PQQ + LPS group (3 mg/kg PQQ diet + LPS injection). On days 7, 11 and 14, piglets were challenged with LPS or saline. Blood was sampled at 4 h after the last LPS injection (day 14), and then the piglets were slaughtered and liver tissue was harvested. The results showed that the hepatic morphology was improved in the PQQ + LPS group compared with the CTRL + LPS group. PQQ supplementation decreased the level of serum inflammatory factors, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase, and increased the HDL-cholesterol concentration in piglets challenged with LPS; piglets in the PQQ + LPS group had lower liver mRNA level of inflammatory factors and protein level of α -smooth muscle actin than in the CTRL + LPS group. Besides, mRNA expression of STAT3/TGF- β 1 pathway and protein level of p-STAT3(Tyr 705) were decreased, and mRNA level of PPARα and protein expression of p-AMPK in liver were increased in the PQQ + LPS group compared with the CTRL + LPS group (P < 0·05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PQQ alleviated inflammatory liver injury might partly via inhibition of the STAT3/TGF-β1 pathway in piglets challenged with LPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to study the effects of Codonopsis polysaccharides on the growth performance, serum immune indexes and antioxidant indexes of weaned piglets. In this study, 120 piglets with a healthy Du × long × large ternary cross weighing (12.01±0.20) kg were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely control group (basal diet), group 1 (basal diet + 200 mg/kg Codonopsis polysaccharides), groups 2 (basal diet + 400 mg/kg Codonopsis polysaccharides), and groups 3 (basal diet + 800 mg/kg Co⁃ donopsis polysaccharides), with 5 replicates in each group and 6 pigs in each replicate. The pre-feeding period was 3 days and the test period was 28 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the final weight and average daily gain of piglets in groups 2 and 3 were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the feed weight ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.01), but the average daily feed intake had no significant effect (P>0.05). The contents of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM and IgG), complement C3 and complement C4 in groups 1, 2 and 3 were significantly increased (P<0.01). The total antioxidant capacity of groups 1, 2 and 3 was increased, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased, and malondialdehyde was very significant decreased (P<0.01). In conclusion, the addition of Codonopsis polysaccharides can improve the growth performance of piglets, and enhance the immunity and antioxidant capacity of piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) is a Gram-positive obligate anaerobic bacillus with strong heat resistance, acid resistance, and bile-salt tolerance, which lays a foundation for its application in the feed industry. Previous studies have demonstrated that C. butyricum plays a significant role in regulating the intestinal health of weaned piglets. In general, C. butyricum promotes intestinal health by regulating the functions of the mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, immune barrier, and microbial barrier of piglets. China, as the global leader in pork production and consumption, is faced with challenges in ensuring sustainable and wholesome growth of the pig industry while also guaranteeing meat food safety amidst the ban on antibiotics usage in animal feed. The focus of the pig industry lies in guaranteeing piglet health and enhancing overall production performance through nutrition regulation. Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum), a new type of probiotic, possesses characteristics such as heat resistance, acid resistance, and bile-salt tolerance, meaning it has potential as a feed additive. Previous studies have demonstrated that C. butyricum has a probiotic effect on piglets and can serve as a substitute for antibiotics. The objective of this study was to review the probiotic role of C. butyricum in the production of piglets, specifically focusing on intestinal barrier function. Through this review, we explored the probiotic effects of C. butyricum on piglets from the perspective of intestinal health. That is, C. butyricum promotes intestinal health by regulating the functions of the mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, immune barrier, and microbial barrier of piglets, thereby improving the growth of piglets. This review can provide a reference for the rational utilization and application of C. butyricum in swine production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effects of Panax notoginseng stems and leaves extract on the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. Twenty-four 26-day-old weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups with eight replicates in each group and one piglet in each replicate. The control group was fed with a basal diet, while the low dose group and high dose group were fed with 0.2% and 0.4% of Panax notoginseng stems and leaves extract, respectively. The trial period was 21 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the average daily gain of weaned piglets in the high dose group increased significantly (P<0.05), while the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate oxaloacetic aminotransferase, and the ratio of aspartate oxaloacetic aminotransferase to aspartate oxaloacetic aminotransferase in the low and high dose groups decreased significantly (P<0.05). The high dose group could significantly increase the villus height of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (P<0.05), and significantly increase the villus-concealed ratio of duodenum and ileum (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of colonic interleukin-12 p35 (IL-12 p35), interleukin-12 p40 (IL-12 p40), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) decreased significantly in the low dose group and high dose group (P<0.05). The results show that adding Panax notoginseng stems and leaves extract in diet can improve the growth performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets, and adding 0.4% Panax notoginseng stems and leaves extract is more suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of high dosage or medicinal dosage dietary zinc oxide (2 500-4 000 mg/kg) to the weaned piglet diet can alleviate diarrhea and promote the growth of weaned piglets. However, the high dosage dietary zinc oxide led to a series of problems, such as environmental pollution, bacterial resistance, modification of intestinal flora composition and so on, and prolonged use of high dosage dietary zinc oxide led to toxic effect in weaned piglets. It is urgent to find a feasible reduction and alternative strategy for high dosage dietary zinc oxide. In this review, on the basis of previous studies, the practical application and possible mechanism of high dosage zinc oxide in weaned piglets and the research advances of some zinc oxide substitutes were summarized. In order to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the reduction and substitute of high dosage zinc oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Diquat is a common environmental pollutant, which can cause oxidative stress in humans and animals. Diquat exposure causes growth retardation and intestinal damage. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the effects of melatonin on diquat‐challenged piglets. RESULTS: Dietary supplementation with 2 mg kg−1 melatonin significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate in piglets. Melatonin increased antioxidant capacity, and improved intestinal epithelial barrier function of duodenum and jejunum in piglets. Moreover, melatonin was found to regulated the expression of immune and antioxidant‐related genes. Melatonin also alleviated diquat‐induced growth retardation and anorexia in diquat‐challenged piglets. It also increased antioxidant capacity, and ameliorated diquat‐induced intestinal epithelial barrier injury. Melatonin also regulated the expression of MnSOD and immuner‐elated genes in intestinal. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation with 2 mg kg−1 melatonin increased antioxidant capacity to ameliorate diquat‐induced oxidative stress, alleviate intestinal epithelial barrier injury, and increase growth performance in weaned piglets. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of fermented corn–soybean meal mixed feed (FMF) on growth performance, intestinal barrier function, gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in weaned piglets. A total of 128 weaned piglets [Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire), male, 21-day-old] were randomly allocated to four groups. Piglets were fed a control diet (CON) or the control diet supplemented with 10%, 50% or 100% FMF (FMF-10, FMF-50 or FMF-100, respectively) for 14 d. The results showed that the FMF-100 group had higher average daily gain and average daily feed intake and lower diarrhea incidence than the CON group (p < 0.05). The FMF-50 and FMF-100 groups had greater villus height in the duodenum and jejunum, and the FMF-10 and FMF-100 groups had higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum than the CON group. Additionally, the FMF-100 group had higher protein expression of duodenal, jejunal and ileal ZO-1 and jejunal claudin-1; higher mRNA expression of duodenal and ileal TJP1 and jejunal CLDN1 and IL10; and lower jejunal IL1B mRNA expression (p < 0.05). The FMF-50 group showed higher jejunal ZO-1 and claudin-1 protein levels, higher mRNA expression levels of IL10 and TJP1 and lower levels of TNF in the jejunum; the FMF-10 group had higher mRNA expression levels of IL10 and lower levels of TNF in the jejunum than the CON group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the FMF-10 and FMF-50 groups had higher colonic Lactobacillus abundance and butyrate levels; the FMF-100 group had higher abundance of colonic butyrate, Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium than the CON group (p < 0.05). Collectively, our results suggest that FMF could improve intestinal mucosal barrier function, gut microbiota and their metabolites, thereby enhancing average daily gain and reducing diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effects of different feed additives on the weaning stress of Tibetan piglets, we selected 28 healthy, 30-day-old Tibetan weaned piglets and divided them into four groups, namely, the control group (basal feed without any antibiotic additions) (Nor), the group with the addition of the antibiotic lincomycin (Ant), the group with the addition of fifteen-flavor black pills of Tibetan medicine (Tib), and the group with the addition of fecal bacterial supernatant (Fec). We measured growth performance, blood physiological indexes, and metabolomics. The results showed that the Ant, Tib, and Fec groups significantly reduced the ratio of diarrhea to feed/weight (F/G) and increased the average daily gain (ADG) compared with the Nor group (p < 0.01). The Nor group had significantly lower leukocyte counts, hemoglobin levels, and erythrocyte counts compared with the other three groups at 21 d (p < 0.05). These physiological indexes tended to stabilize at 42 d. We found that there were beneficial metabolites and metabolic pathways for gastrointestinal function. Specifically, the porphyrin metabolic pathway was elevated in the Ant group, and the tryptophan metabolic pathway was significantly elevated in the Tib and Fec groups compared with the Nor group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, adding fecal bacterial supernatant and fifteen-flavor black pills of Tibetan medicine to the feed reduced the rate of diarrhea and improved the growth performance of the piglets. Moreover, it had an effect on the microorganisms and their metabolites and pathways in the gastrointestinal tract of the animals, which might be the main reason for influencing the diarrhea rate of weaned Tibetan piglets and the growth and development of the piglets. This study provides a new approach for anti-stress applications in weaned Tibetan piglets and the development of substitute anti-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silybin (Si) is the main element of silymarin isolated from the seeds of Silybum marianum L. Gaernt., which has superior antioxidant properties. However, the protective role of Si in maintaining liver health under oxidative stress remains ambiguous. This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of the beneficial effect of dietary Si against hepatic oxidative injury induced by paraquat (PQ) in weaned piglets. A total of 24 piglets were randomly allocated to four treatments with six replicates per treatment and 1 piglet per replicate: the control group; Si group; PQ group; and Si + PQ group. Piglets in the control group and PQ group were given a basal diet, while piglets in the Si and Si + PQ groups were given a Si-supplemented diet. On the 18th day, the pigs in the PQ treatment group received an intraperitoneal injection of PQ, and the others were intraperitoneally injected with the same volume of saline. All piglets were sacrificed on day 21 for plasma and liver sample collection. The results showed that dietary Si supplementation mitigated PQ-induced liver damage, as proven by the reduction in liver pathological changes and plasma activity of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. Si also improved superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant capacity, as well as decreased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the liver, which were closely related to the activation of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, Si reduced tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-8 production and their transcript levels as well as abrogated the overactivation of nuclear factor-κB induced by PQ. Importantly, Si improved mitochondrial function by maintaining mitochondrial energetics and mitochondrial dynamics, which was indicated by the elevated activity of mitochondrial complexes I and V and adenosine triphosphate content, decreased expression of dynamin 1 protein, and increased expression of mitofusin 2 protein. Moreover, Si inhibited excessive hepatic apoptosis by regulating the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated-X-protein signaling pathway. Taken together, these results indicated that Si potentially mitigated PQ-induced hepatic oxidative insults by improving antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function and inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis in weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The benefits of combining benzoic acid and essential oils (BAO) to mitigate intestinal impairment during the weaning process have been well established, while the detailed underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Previous research has primarily focused on the reparative effects of BAO on intestinal injury, while neglecting its potential in enhancing intestinal stress resistance. Methods In this study, we investigated the pre-protective effect of BAO against LPS-induced stress using a modified experimental procedure. Piglets were pre-supplemented with BAO for 14 d, followed by a challenge with LPS or saline to collect blood and intestinal samples. Results Our findings demonstrated that BAO supplementation led to significant improvements in piglets' final weight, average daily gain, and feed intake/body gain ratio. Additionally, BAO supplementation positively influenced the composition of intestinal microbiota, increasing beneficial Actinobacteriota and Alloprevotella while reducing harmful Desulfobacterota, Prevotella and Oscillospira. Furthermore, BAO supplementation effectively mitigated oxidative disturbances and inflammatory responses induced by acute LPS challenge. This was evidenced by elevated levels of T-AOC, SOD, and GSH, as well as decreased levels of MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the plasma. Moreover, piglets subjected to LPS challenge and pre-supplemented with BAO exhibited significant improvements in intestinal morphological structure and enhanced integrity, as indicated by restored expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 compared to the non-supplemented counterparts. Further analysis revealed that BAO supplementation enhanced the jejunal antioxidative capacity by increasing GSH-Px levels and decreasing MDA levels under the LPS challenge and stimulated the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Additionally, the reduction of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways activation and proinflammatory factor were also observed in the jejunal of those piglets fed with BAO. Conclusions In summary, our study demonstrates that pre-supplementation of BAO enhances the anti-stress capacity of weaned piglets by improving intestinal microbiota composition, reinforcing the intestinal barrier, and enhancing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities. These effects are closely associated with the activation of Nrf2 and TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.