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2. Management effects on net ecosystem carbon and GHG budgets at European crop sites

Author

Ceschia, E., Béziat, P., Dejoux, J.F., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, Ch., Bodson, B., Buchmann, N., Carrara, A., Cellier, P., Di Tommasi, P., Elbers, J.A., Eugster, W., Grünwald, T., Jacobs, C.M.J., Jans, W.W.P., Jones, M., Kutsch, W., Lanigan, G., Magliulo, E., Marloie, O., Moors, E.J., Moureaux, C., Olioso, A., Osborne, B., Sanz, M.J., Saunders, M., Smith, P., Soegaard, H., and Wattenbach, M.

Published
2010
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4. The net biome production of full crop rotations in Europe

Author

Kutsch, W.L., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Smith, P., Osborne, B., Eugster, W., Wattenbach, M., Schrumpf, M., Schulze, E.D., Tomelleri, E., Ceschia, E., Bernhofer, C., Béziat, P., Carrara, A., Di Tommasi, P., Grünwald, T., Jones, M., Magliulo, V., Marloie, O., Moureaux, C., Olioso, A., Sanz, M.J., Saunders, M., Søgaard, H., and Ziegler, W.

Published
2010
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9. Chapter Eighteen Uncertainty and Sensitivity Issues in Process-based Models of Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in Terrestrial Ecosystems

Author

Larocque, G.R., primary, Bhatti, J.S., additional, Gordon, A.M., additional, Luckai, N., additional, Wattenbach, M., additional, Liu, J., additional, Peng, C., additional, Arp, P.A., additional, Liu, S., additional, Zhang, C.-F., additional, Komarov, A., additional, Grabarnik, P., additional, Sun, J., additional, and White, T., additional

Published
2008
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12. Cool farm tool water: A global on-line tool to assess water use in crop production

Author

Kayatz, B., Baroni, Gabriele, Hillier, J., Lüdtke, S., Heathcote, R., Malin, D., van Tonder, C., Kuster, B., Freese, D., Hüttl, R., Wattenbach, M., Kayatz, B., Baroni, Gabriele, Hillier, J., Lüdtke, S., Heathcote, R., Malin, D., van Tonder, C., Kuster, B., Freese, D., Hüttl, R., and Wattenbach, M.

Abstract

The agricultural sector accounts for 70% of all water consumption and poses great pressure on ground water resources. Therefore, evaluating agricultural water consumption is highly important as it allows supply chain actors to identify practices which are associated with unsustainable water use, which risk depleting current water resources and impacting future production. However, these assessments are often not feasible for crop producers as data, models and experiments are required in order to conduct them. This work introduces a new on-line agricultural water use assessment tool that provides the water footprint and irrigation requirements at field scale based on an enhanced FAO56 approach combined with a global climate, crop and soil databases. This has been included in the Cool Farm Tool – an online tool which already provides metrics for greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity impacts and therefore allows for a more holistic assessment of environmental sustainability in farming and agricultural supply chains. The model is tested against field scale and state level water footprint data providing good results. The tool provides a practical, reliable way to assess agricultural water use, and offers a means to engage growers and stakeholders in identifying efficient water management practices.

Published
2018

16. EL2 and anion antisite defects in plastically deformed GaAs.

Author

Hofmann, D. M., Meyer, B. K., Spaeth, J.-M., Wattenbach, M., Krüger, J, Kisielowski-Kemmerich, C., and Alexander, H.

Subjects
ARSENIC, ABSORPTION, DEFORMATIONS (Mechanics)
Abstract

Discusses the investigation on the structure of the deformation-induced As[subGa] defects and resolve characteristic properties which allow to distinguish between those defects and the arsenic-grown EL2 defect. Details of the experiment; Change in the optical absorption as a function of the degree of deformation.

Published
1990
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17. Climate-mediated spatiotemporal variability in terrestrial productivity across Europe

Author

Wu, X., Babst, F., Ciais, P., Frank, D., Reichstein, M., Wattenbach, M., Zang, C., Mahecha, M., Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
lcsh:Geology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QH501-531, lcsh:QH540-549.5, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Life, lcsh:Ecology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract

Quantifying the interannual variability (IAV) of the terrestrial ecosystem productivity and its sensitivity to climate is crucial for improving carbon budget predictions. In this context it is necessary to disentangle the influence of climate from impacts of other mechanisms underlying the spatiotemporal patterns of IAV of the ecosystem productivity. In this study we investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of IAV of historical observations of European crop yields in tandem with a set of climate variables. We further evaluated if relevant remote-sensing retrievals of NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and FAPAR (fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation) depict a similar behaviour. Our results reveal distinct spatial patterns in the IAV of the analysed proxies linked to terrestrial productivity. In particular, we find higher IAV in water-limited regions of Europe (Mediterranean and temperate continental Europe) compared to other regions in both crop yield and remote-sensing observations. Our results further indicate that variations in the water balance during the active growing season exert a more pronounced and direct effect than variations of temperature on explaining the spatial patterns in IAV of productivity-related variables in temperate Europe. Overall, we observe a temporally increasing trend in the IAV of terrestrial productivity and an increasing sensitivity of productivity to water availability in dry regions of Europe during the 1975–2009 period. In the same regions, a simultaneous increase in the IAV of water availability was detected. These findings suggest intricate responses of carbon fluxes to climate variability in Europe and that the IAV of terrestrial productivity has become potentially more sensitive to changes in water availability in the dry regions in Europe. The changing sensitivity of terrestrial productivity accompanied by the changing IAV of climate is expected to impact carbon stocks and the net carbon balance of European ecosystems. ISSN:1726-4170 ISSN:1726-4170

Published
2014
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18. ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0), a new process-based agro-land surface model: model description and evaluation over Europe

Author

Wu, X., primary, Vuichard, N., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Viovy, N., additional, de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., additional, Wang, X., additional, Magliulo, V., additional, Wattenbach, M., additional, Vitale, L., additional, Di Tommasi, P., additional, Moors, E. J., additional, Jans, W., additional, Elbers, J., additional, Ceschia, E., additional, Tallec, T., additional, Bernhofer, C., additional, Grünwald, T., additional, Moureaux, C., additional, Manise, T., additional, Ligne, A., additional, Cellier, P., additional, Loubet, B., additional, Larmanou, E., additional, and Ripoche, D., additional

Published
2016
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21. M. ABDALLA1,* M. JO ES1 P. AMBUS2 M. WATTE BACH3 P. SMITH3 M. WILLIAMS1

Author

ABDALLA, M., JONES, M., AMBUS, P., WATTENBACH, M., SMITH, P., and WILLIAMS, M.

Subjects
Nitrous oxide,Conventional tillage,Reduced tillage,Spring barley,N application
Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N2O) flux measurements from an Irish spring barley field managed under conventional and reduced tillage and different N fertilizer rates at the Teagasc Oak Park Research Centre were made for two consecutive seasons. The aims were to investigate the efficacy of reduced tillage, reduced N fertilizer and climate change on N2O fluxes and emission factors and to study the relationship between crop yield and N-induced fluxes of N2O. The soil is a sandy loam with a pH of 7.4 and organic carbon and nitrogen content at 15 cm of 19 and 1.9 g kg-1 dry soil, respectively. Three climate scenarios, a baseline of measured climatic data from a nearby weather station and a high and low temperature sensitive scenarios predicted by the Hadley Global Climate Model were investigated. The Field-DeNitrification DeComposition (DNDC) was tested against measured nitrous oxide flux from the field, and then used to estimate future fluxes. Reduced tillage had no significant effect on N2O fluxes from soils or crop grain yield. Soil moisture and soil nitrate are the main significant factors affecting N2O flux. The derived emission factor was 0.6% of the applied N fertilizer. By reducing the applied nitrogen fertilizer by 50 % compared to the normal field rate, N2O emissions could be reduced by 57% with no significant decrease on grain yield or quality. DNDC was found suitable to estimate N2O fluxes from Irish arable soils however, underestimated the flux by 24%. Under climate change, using the high temperature increase scenario, DNDC predicted an increase in N2O emissions from both conventional and reduced tillage, ranging from 58 to 88% depending upon N application rate. In contrast annual fluxes of N2O either decreased or increased slightly in the low temperature increase scenario relative to N application (-26 to +16%). Outputs from the model indicate that elevated temperature and precipitation increase N mineralisation and total denitrification leading to greater fluxes of N2O. Annual uncertainties due to the use of two different future climate scenarios were significantly high, ranging from 74 to 95% and from 71 to 90% for the conventional and reduced tillage respectively.

Published
2012

22. The European CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O balance between 2001 and 2005

Author

Luyssaert, S, Abril, G, Andres, R, Bastviken, D, Bellassen, V, Bergamaschi, P, Bousquet, P, Chevallier, F, Ciais, P, Corazza, M, Dechow, R, Erb, Karl H, Etiope, G, Fortems-Cheiney, A, Grassi, G, Hartman, J, Jung, M, Lathiere, J, Lohila, A, Moosdorf, N, Njakou Djomo, S, Otto, J, Papale, D, Peters, W, Peylin, P, Raymond, P, Rxf6denbeck, C, Saarnio, S, Schulze, E. D, Szopa, S, Thompson, R, Verkerk, P. J, Vuichard, N, Wang, R, Wattenbach, M, and Zaehle, S.

Published
2012

23. The European land and inland water CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O balance between 2001 and 2005

Author

Luyssaert, S., Abril, G., Andres, R., Bastviken, D., Bellassen, V., Bergamaschi, P., Bousquet, P., Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Corazza, M., Dechow, R., Erb, K., Etiope, G., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Grassi, G., Hartman, J., Jung, M., Lathière, J., Lohila, A., Moosdorf, N., Njakou Djomo, S., Otto, J., Papale, D., Peters, W., Peylin, P., Raymond, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saarnio, S., Schulze, E., Szopa, S., Thompson, R., Verkerk, P., Vuichard, N., Wang, R., Wattenbach, M., and Zaehle, S.

Subjects
550 - Earth sciences
Published
2012

27. Importance of crop varieties and management practices: Evaluation of a process-based model for simulating CO 2 and H 2O fluxes at five European maize (Zea mays L.) sites

Author

Li, L, Vuichard, N, Viovy, N, Ciais, P, Wang, T, Ceschia, E, Jans, W, Wattenbach, M, Béziat, P, Gruenwald, T, Lehuger, S, and Bernhofer, C

Subjects
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

This paper is a modelling study of crop management impacts on carbon and water fluxes at a range of European sites. The model is a crop growth model (STICS) coupled with a process-based land surface model (ORCHIDEE). The data are online eddy-covariance observations of CO 2 and H 2O fluxes at five European maize cultivation sites. The results show that the ORCHIDEE-STICS model explains up to 75 % of the observed daily net CO 2 ecosystem exchange (NEE) variance, and up to 79 % of the latent heat flux (LE) variance at five sites. The model is better able to reproduce gross primary production (GPP) variations than terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER) variations. We conclude that structural deficiencies in the model parameterizations of leaf area index (LAI) and TER are the main sources of error in simulating CO 2 and H 2O fluxes. A number of sensitivity tests, with variable crop variety, nitrogen fertilization, irrigation, and planting date, indicate that any of these management factors is able to change NEE by more than 15 %, but that the response of NEE to management parameters is highly site-dependent. Changes in management parameters are found to impact not only the daily values of NEE and LE, but also the cumulative yearly values. In addition, LE is shown to be less sensitive to management parameters than NEE. Multi-site model evaluations, coupled with sensitivity analysis to management parameters, thus provide important information about model errors, which helps to improve the simulation of CO 2 and H 2O fluxes across European croplands. © 2011 Author(s).

Published
2011

28. Importance of crop varieties and management practices: evaluation of a process-based model for simulating CO2 and H2O fluxes at five European maize (Zea mays L.) sites

Author

Li, L., Vuichard, N., Viovy, N., Ciais, P., Wang, T., Ceschia, E., Jans, W.W.P., Wattenbach, M., Beziat, P., Gruenwald, T., Lehuger, S., Bernhofer, C., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CIRED), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alterra Wageningen Univ and Res, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands, affiliation inconnue, Biological Sciences, Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Hydrol and Meteorol, Dept Meteorol, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), AgroParisTech, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
generic model, nitrogen balances, maïs, couvert végétal, net ecosystem exchange, water-vapor, lcsh:Life, évapotranspiration, MODELE STICS, MODELE ORCHIDEE, fertilisation, zea mays, primary productivity, dioxyde de carbone, lcsh:QH540-549.5, wheat, CWK - Earth System Science and Climate Change, grande culture, Wageningen Environmental Research, pratique culturale, modélisation, carbon-dioxide exchange, eddy covariance technique, variété, carbon, lcsh:QE1-996.5, simulation, CWC - Earth System Science and Climate Change, rain-fed maize, lcsh:Geology, flux, lcsh:QH501-531, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, micrométéorologie, [SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration, lcsh:Ecology, agricultural soils, europe
Abstract

This paper is a modelling study of crop management impacts on carbon and water fluxes at a range of European sites. The model is a crop growth model (STICS) coupled with a process-based land surface model (ORCHIDEE). The data are online eddy-covariance observations of CO2 and H2O fluxes at five European maize cultivation sites. The results show that the ORCHIDEE-STICS model explains up to 75 % of the observed daily net CO2 ecosystem exchange (NEE) variance, and up to 79 % of the latent heat flux (LE) variance at five sites. The model is better able to reproduce gross primary production (GPP) variations than terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER) variations. We conclude that structural deficiencies in the model parameterizations of leaf area index (LAI) and TER are the main sources of error in simulating CO2 and H2O fluxes. A number of sensitivity tests, with variable crop variety, nitrogen fertilization, irrigation, and planting date, indicate that any of these management factors is able to change NEE by more than 15 %, but that the response of NEE to management parameters is highly site-dependent. Changes in management parameters are found to impact not only the daily values of NEE and LE, but also the cumulative yearly values. In addition, LE is shown to be less sensitive to management parameters than NEE. Multi-site model evaluations, coupled with sensitivity analysis to management parameters, thus provide important information about model errors, which helps to improve the simulation of CO2 and H2O fluxes across European croplands.

Published
2011
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30. Supplementary material to "ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0), a new process based Agro-Land Surface Model: model description and evaluation over Europe"

Author

Wu, X., primary, Vuichard, N., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Viovy, N., additional, de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., additional, Wang, X., additional, Magliulo, V., additional, Wattenbach, M., additional, Vitale, L., additional, Di Tommasi, P., additional, Moors, E. J., additional, Jans, W., additional, Elbers, J., additional, Ceschia, E., additional, Tallec, T., additional, Bernhofer, C., additional, Grünwald, T., additional, Moureaux, C., additional, Manise, T., additional, Ligne, A., additional, Cellier, P., additional, Loubet, B., additional, Larmanou, E., additional, and Ripoche, D., additional

Published
2015
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31. ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0), a new process based Agro-Land Surface Model: model description and evaluation over Europe

Author

Wu, X., primary, Vuichard, N., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Viovy, N., additional, de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., additional, Wang, X., additional, Magliulo, V., additional, Wattenbach, M., additional, Vitale, L., additional, Di Tommasi, P., additional, Moors, E. J., additional, Jans, W., additional, Elbers, J., additional, Ceschia, E., additional, Tallec, T., additional, Bernhofer, C., additional, Grünwald, T., additional, Moureaux, C., additional, Manise, T., additional, Ligne, A., additional, Cellier, P., additional, Loubet, B., additional, Larmanou, E., additional, and Ripoche, D., additional

Published
2015
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32. The European carbon balance. Part 2: croplands

Author

Ciais, P., Wattenbach, M., Vuichard, N., Smith, P., Piao, S., Don, A., Luyssaert, S., Janssens, I. A., Bondeau, Alberte, Dechow, R., Leip, A., Smith, P. C., Beer, C., van Der Werf, G., Gervois, S., van Oost, K., Tomelleri, E., Freibauer, A., Schulze, E., Reichstein, M., Jung, M., Carvalhais, N., Rodenbeck, C., Arain, M., Baldocchi, D., Bonan, G., Cescatti, A., Lasslop, G., Lindroth, A., Lomas, M., Margolis, H., Oleson, K., Roupsard, O., Veenendaal, E., Viovy, N., Williams, C., Woodward, F., Papale, D., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Free University of Berlin (FU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Commission, Department of Oceanography [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Biogeochemical Integration [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Département de Géographie, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia = School of Science & Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Biometeorology lab [Berkeley], Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Centre for Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: National Centre for Earth Observation (CTCD), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Fonctionnement et pilotage des écosystèmes de plantations (UPR Ecosystèmes de plantations), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Forest Environment and Resources, Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California-University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, University of Tuscia, Carboeurope Synthesis Team, and Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biome, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Agricultural land, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Environmental Chemistry, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, Hydrology, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Primary production, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Arable land
Abstract

We estimated the long-term carbon balance [net biome production (NBP)] of European (EU-25) croplands and its component fluxes, over the last two decades. Net primary production (NPP) estimates, from different data sources ranged between 490 and 846 gC m−2 yr−1, and mostly reflect uncertainties in allocation, and in cropland area when using yield statistics. Inventories of soil C change over arable lands may be the most reliable source of information on NBP, but inventories lack full and harmonized coverage of EU-25. From a compilation of inventories we infer a mean loss of soil C amounting to 17 g m−2 yr−1. In addition, three process-based models, driven by historical climate and evolving agricultural technology, estimate a small sink of 15 g C m−2 yr−1 or a small source of 7.6 g C m−2 yr−1. Neither the soil C inventory data, nor the process model results support the previous European-scale NBP estimate by Janssens and colleagues of a large soil C loss of 90 ± 50 gC m−2 yr−1. Discrepancy between measured and modeled NBP is caused by erosion which is not inventoried, and the burning of harvest residues which is not modeled. When correcting the inventory NBP for the erosion flux, and the modeled NBP for agricultural fire losses, the discrepancy is reduced, and cropland NBP ranges between −8.3 ± 13 and −13 ± 33 g C m−2 yr−1 from the mean of the models and inventories, respectively. The mean nitrous oxide (N2O) flux estimates ranges between 32 and 37 g C Eq m−2 yr−1, which nearly doubles the CO2 losses. European croplands act as small CH4 sink of 3.3 g C Eq m−2 yr−1. Considering ecosystem CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes provides for the net greenhouse gas balance a net source of 4247 g C Eq m−2 yr−1. Intensifying agriculture in Eastern Europe to the same level Western Europe amounts is expected to result in a near doubling of the N2O emissions in Eastern Europe. N2O emissions will then become the main source of concern for the impact of European agriculture on climate.

Published
2010
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33. Land management and land-cover change have impacts of similar magnitude on surface

Author

Luyssaert, S., Jammet, M., Stoy, P.C., Estel, S., Pongratz, J., Ceschia, E., Churkina, G., Don, A., Erb, K., Ferlicoq, M., Gielen, B., Grunwald, T., Houghton, R.A., Klumpp, K., Knohl, A., Kolb, T., Kuemmerle, T., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., McGrath, M.J., Meyfroidt, P., Moors, E.J., Naudts, K., Novick, K., Otto, J., Pilegaard, K., Pio, C.A., Rambal, S., Rebmann, Corinna, Ryder, J., Suyker, A.E., Varlagin, A., Wattenbach, M., Dolman, A.J., Luyssaert, S., Jammet, M., Stoy, P.C., Estel, S., Pongratz, J., Ceschia, E., Churkina, G., Don, A., Erb, K., Ferlicoq, M., Gielen, B., Grunwald, T., Houghton, R.A., Klumpp, K., Knohl, A., Kolb, T., Kuemmerle, T., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., McGrath, M.J., Meyfroidt, P., Moors, E.J., Naudts, K., Novick, K., Otto, J., Pilegaard, K., Pio, C.A., Rambal, S., Rebmann, Corinna, Ryder, J., Suyker, A.E., Varlagin, A., Wattenbach, M., and Dolman, A.J.

Abstract

Anthropogenic changes to land cover (LCC) remain common, but continuing land scarcity promotes the widespread intensification of land management changes (LMC) to better satisfy societal demand for food, fibre, fuel and shelter1. The biophysical effects of LCC on surface climate are largely understood2, 3, 4, 5, particularly for the boreal6 and tropical zones7, but fewer studies have investigated the biophysical consequences of LMC; that is, anthropogenic modification without a change in land cover type. Harmonized analysis of ground measurements and remote sensing observations of both LCC and LMC revealed that, in the temperate zone, potential surface cooling from increased albedo is typically offset by warming from decreased sensible heat fluxes, with the net effect being a warming of the surface. Temperature changes from LMC and LCC were of the same magnitude, and averaged 2 K at the vegetation surface and were estimated at 1.7 K in the planetary boundary layer. Given the spatial extent of land management (42–58% of the land surface) this calls for increasing the efforts to integrate land management in Earth System Science to better take into account the human impact on the climate8.

Published
2014

34. A framework for assessing uncertainty in ecosystem models

Author

Wattenbach, M., Gottschalk, P., Hattermann, F., Rachimow, C., Flechsig, M., Smith, P., and 0 Pre-GFZ, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum

Subjects
550 - Earth sciences
Published
2006

35. Advanced terrestrial ecosystem analysis and modelling (ATEAM)

Author

Schröter, D., Acosta-Michlik, L., Arnell, A.W., Araújo, M.B., Badeck, F., Bakker, Martha, Bondeau, A., Brugmann, H., Carter, T., Vega de la-Leinert, A.C., Erhard, M., Espineira, G.Z., Ewert, F., Fritsch, U., Friedlingstein, P., Glendining, M., Gracia, C.A., Hickler, T., House, J., Hulme, M., Kankaanpää, S., Klein, R.J.T., Krukenberg, B., Lavorel, S., Leemans, R., Lindner, M., Liski, J., Metzger, M.J., Meyer, J., Mitchell, T., Mohren, G.M.J., Morales, P., Moreno, J.M., Reginster, I., Reidsma, P., Rounsevell, M., Pla, E., Pluimers, J.C., Prentice, I.C., Pussinen, A., Sánchez, A., Sabaté, S., Sitch, S., Smith, B., Smith, P., Sykes, M.T., Thonicke, K., Thuiller, W., Tuck, G., van der Werf, G., Vayreda, J., Wattenbach, M., Wilson, D.W., Woodward, F.I., Zaehle, S., Zierl, B., Zudin, S., and Cramer, W.

Subjects
WIMEK, Landgebruiksplanning, WASS, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Bodemgeografie en Landschap, Environmental Systems Analysis, Plant Production Systems, Milieusysteemanalyse, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, Land Use Planning, Soil Geography and Landscape, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer
Published
2004

36. ATEAM (advanced Terrestrial Ecosystem Analysis and Modelling) final project report, EC project EVK2-2000-00075

Author

Schröter, D., Acosta-Michlik, L., Arnell, A.W., Araujo, M.B., Badeck, F., Bakker, M., Bondeau, A., Bugmann, H., Carter, T., de la Vega-Leinert, A.C., Erhard, M., Espineira, G.Z., Ewert, F., Friedlingstein, P., Fritsch, U., Glendining, M., Gracia, C.A., Hickler, T., House, J., Hulme, M., Klein, R.J.T., Krukenberg, B., Lavorel, S., Leemans, R., Lindner, M., Liski, J., Metzger, M.J., Meyer, J., Mitchell, T., Mohren, G.M.J., Morales, P., Moreno, J.M., Reginster, I., Reidsma, P., Rounsevell, M., Pluimers, J.C., Prentice, I.C., Pussinen, A., Sanchez, A., Sabaté, S., Sitch, S., Smith, B., Smith, J., Smith, P., Sykes, M.T., Thonicke, K., Thuiller, W., Tuck, G., van der Werf, W., Vayreda, J., Wattenbach, M., Wilson, D.W., Woodward, F.I., Zaehle, S., Zierl, B., Zudin, S., and Cramer, W.

Subjects
Plant Production Systems, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Leerstoelgroep Gewas- en onkruidecologie, PE&RC, Crop and Weed Ecology, Forest Ecology and Forest Management
Published
2004

38. Climate extremes and the carbon cycle

Author

Reichstein, M., Bahn, M., Ciais, P., Frank, D., Mahecha, M.D., Seneviratne, S.I., Zscheischler, J., Beer, C., Buchmann, N., Frank, D.C., Papale, D., Rammig, A., Smith, P., Thonicke, K., van der Velde, M., Vicca, S., Walz, A., Wattenbach, M., Reichstein, M., Bahn, M., Ciais, P., Frank, D., Mahecha, M.D., Seneviratne, S.I., Zscheischler, J., Beer, C., Buchmann, N., Frank, D.C., Papale, D., Rammig, A., Smith, P., Thonicke, K., van der Velde, M., Vicca, S., Walz, A., and Wattenbach, M.

Abstract

The terrestrial biosphere is a key component of the global carbon cycle and its carbon balance is strongly influenced by climate. Continuing environmental changes are thought to increase global terrestrial carbon uptake. But evidence is mounting that climate extremes such as droughts or storms can lead to a decrease in regional ecosystem carbon stocks and therefore have the potential to negate an expected increase in terrestrial carbon uptake. Here we explore the mechanisms and impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle, and propose a pathway to improve our understanding of preset and future impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon budget.

Published
2013

39. The European land and inland water CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O balance between 2001 and 2005

Author

Luyssaert, S, Abril, G, Andres, R, Bastviken, David, Bellassen, V, Bergamaschi, P, Bousquet, P, Chevallier, F, Ciais, P, Corazza, M, Dechow, R, H Erb, K, Etiope, G, Fortems-Cheiney, A, Grassi, G, Hartmann, J, Jung, M, Lathiere, J, Lohila, A, Mayorga, E, Moosdorf, N, S Njakou, D, Otto, J, Papale, D, Peters, W, Peylin, P, Raymond, P, Roedenbeck, C, Saarnio, S, Schulze, E-D, Szopa, S, Thompson, R, Verkerk, P J, Vuichard, N, Wang, R, Wattenbach, M, Zaehle, S, Luyssaert, S, Abril, G, Andres, R, Bastviken, David, Bellassen, V, Bergamaschi, P, Bousquet, P, Chevallier, F, Ciais, P, Corazza, M, Dechow, R, H Erb, K, Etiope, G, Fortems-Cheiney, A, Grassi, G, Hartmann, J, Jung, M, Lathiere, J, Lohila, A, Mayorga, E, Moosdorf, N, S Njakou, D, Otto, J, Papale, D, Peters, W, Peylin, P, Raymond, P, Roedenbeck, C, Saarnio, S, Schulze, E-D, Szopa, S, Thompson, R, Verkerk, P J, Vuichard, N, Wang, R, Wattenbach, M, and Zaehle, S

Abstract

Globally, terrestrial ecosystems have absorbed about 30% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions over the period 2000-2007 and inter-hemispheric gradients indicate that a significant fraction of terrestrial carbon sequestration must be north of the Equator. We present a compilation of the CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O balances of Europe following a dual constraint approach in which (1) a land-based balance derived mainly from ecosystem carbon inventories and (2) a land-based balance derived from flux measurements are compared to (3) the atmospheric data-based balance derived from inversions constrained by measurements of atmospheric GHG (greenhouse gas) concentrations. Good agreement between the GHG balances based on fluxes (1294 +/- 545 Tg C in CO2-eq yr(-1)), inventories (1299 +/- 200 Tg C in CO2-eq yr(-1)) and inversions (1210 +/- 405 Tg C in CO2-eq yr(-1)) increases our confidence that the processes underlying the European GHG budget are well understood and reasonably sampled. However, the uncertainty remains large and largely lacks formal estimates. Given that European net land to atmosphere exchanges are determined by a few dominant fluxes, the uncertainty of these key components needs to be formally estimated before efforts could be made to reduce the overall uncertainty. The net land-to-atmosphere flux is a net source for CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O, because the anthropogenic emissions by far exceed the biogenic sink strength. The dual-constraint approach confirmed that the European biogenic sink removes as much as 205 +/- 72 Tg C yr(-1) from fossil fuel burning from the atmosphere. However, This C is being sequestered in both terrestrial and inland aquatic ecosystems. If the C-cost for ecosystem management is taken into account, the net uptake of ecosystems is estimated to decrease by 45% but still indicates substantial C-sequestration. However, when the balance is extended from CO2 towards the main GHGs, C-uptake by terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is offset by emissi, Funding Agencies|ERC|242564263522233366|US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research (BER) programs||Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under US Department of Energy|DE-AC05-00OR22725|Swedish Research councils VR||FORMAS||Linkoping University||European Commission under EU|212196|German Research Foundation (DFG)|EXC117HA4472-6/1|EU-project GHG Europe|244122|EU||Geoland-2

Published
2012
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40. A model for simulating the timelines of field operations at a European scale for use in complex dynamic models

Author

Hutchings, N.J., Reinds, G.J., Leip, A., Wattenbach, M., Bienkowski, J.F., Dalgaard, T., Dragosits, U., Drouet, J.L., Durand, P., Maury, O., de Vries, W., Hutchings, N.J., Reinds, G.J., Leip, A., Wattenbach, M., Bienkowski, J.F., Dalgaard, T., Dragosits, U., Drouet, J.L., Durand, P., Maury, O., and de Vries, W.

Abstract

Complex dynamic models of carbon and nitrogen are often used to investigate the consequences of climate change on agricultural production and greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. These models require high temporal resolution input data regarding the timing of field operations. This paper describes the Timelines model, which predicts the timelines of key field operations across Europe. The evaluation of the model suggests that while for some crops a reasonable agreement was obtained in the prediction of the times of field operations, there were some very large differences which need to be corrected. Systematic variations in the date of harvesting and in the timing of the first application of N fertiliser to winter crops need to be corrected and the prediction of soil workability and trafficability might enable the prediction of ploughing and applications of solid manure in preparation for spring crops. The data concerning the thermal time thresholds for sowing and harvesting underlying the model should be updated and extended to a wider range of crops.

Published
2012

41. How will organic carbon stocks in mineral soils evolve under future climate? Global projections using RothC for a range of climate change scenarios

Author

Gottschalk, P., Smith, J. U., Wattenbach, M., Bellarby, Jessica, Stehfest, E., Arnell, N., Osborn, T. J., Jones, C., Smith, P., Gottschalk, P., Smith, J. U., Wattenbach, M., Bellarby, Jessica, Stehfest, E., Arnell, N., Osborn, T. J., Jones, C., and Smith, P.

Abstract

We use a soil carbon (C) model (RothC), driven by a range of climate models for a range of climate scenarios to examine the impacts of future climate on global soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. The results suggest an overall global increase in global SOC stocks by 2100 under all scenarios, but with a different extent of increase among the climate model and emissions scenarios. Projected land use changes are also simulated, but have relatively small impacts at the global scale. Whether soils gain or lose SOC depends upon the balance between C inputs and decomposition. Changes in net primary production (NPP) change C inputs to the soil, whilst decomposition usually increases under warmer temperatures, but can also be slowed by decreased soil moisture. Underlying the global trend of increasing SOC under future climate is a complex pattern of regional SOC change. SOC losses are projected to occur in northern latitudes where higher SOC decomposition rates due to higher temperatures are not balanced by increased NPP, whereas in tropical regions, NPP increases override losses due to higher SOC decomposition. The spatial heterogeneity in the response of SOC to changing climate shows how delicately balanced the competing gain and loss processes are, with subtle changes in temperature, moisture, soil type and land use, interacting to determine whether SOC increases or decreases in the future. Our results suggest that we should stop asking the general question of whether SOC stocks will increase or decrease under future climate since there is no single answer. Instead, we should focus on improving our prediction of the factors that determine the size and direction of change, and the land management practices that can be implemented to protect and enhance SOC stocks.

Published
2012

43. The European carbon balance. Part 2: croplands

Author

UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Ciais, P., Wattenbach, M., Vuichard, N., Smith, P., Piao, S.L., Don, A., Luyssaert, S., Janssens, I.A., Bondeau, A., Dechow, R., Leip, A., Smith, P.C., Beer, C., van der Werf, G.R., Gervois, S., Van Oost, Kristof, Tomelleri, E., Freibauer, A., Schulze, E.D., UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Ciais, P., Wattenbach, M., Vuichard, N., Smith, P., Piao, S.L., Don, A., Luyssaert, S., Janssens, I.A., Bondeau, A., Dechow, R., Leip, A., Smith, P.C., Beer, C., van der Werf, G.R., Gervois, S., Van Oost, Kristof, Tomelleri, E., Freibauer, A., and Schulze, E.D.

Abstract

We estimated the long-term carbon balance [net biome production (NBP)] of European (EU-25) croplands and its component fluxes, over the last two decades. Net primary production (NPP) estimates, from different data sources ranged between 490 and 846 gC m-2 yr-1, and mostly reflect uncertainties in allocation, and in cropland area when using yield statistics. Inventories of soil C change over arable lands may be the most reliable source of information on NBP, but inventories lack full and harmonized coverage of EU-25. From a compilation of inventories we infer a mean loss of soil C amounting to 17 g m-2 yr-1. In addition, three process-based models, driven by historical climate and evolving agricultural technology, estimate a small sink of 15 g C m-2 yr-1 or a small source of 7.6 g C m-2 yr-1. Neither the soil C inventory data, nor the process model results support the previous European-scale NBP estimate by Janssens and colleagues of a large soil C loss of 90 +/- 50 gC m-2 yr-1. Discrepancy between measured and modeled NBP is caused by erosion which is not inventoried, and the burning of harvest residues which is not modeled. When correcting the inventory NBP for the erosion flux, and the modeled NBP for agricultural fire losses, the discrepancy is reduced, and cropland NBP ranges between -8.3 +/- 13 and -13 +/- 33 g C m-2 yr-1 from the mean of the models and inventories, respectively. The mean nitrous oxide (N2O) flux estimates ranges between 32 and 37 g C Eq m-2 yr-1, which nearly doubles the CO2 losses. European croplands act as small CH4 sink of 3.3 g C Eq m-2 yr-1. Considering ecosystem CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes provides for the net greenhouse gas balance a net source of 42-47 g C Eq m-2 yr-1. Intensifying agriculture in Eastern Europe to the same level Western Europe amounts is expected to result in a near doubling of the N2O emissions in Eastern Europe. N2O emissions will then become the main source of concern for the impact of European agriculture on climate.

Published
2010

44. Management effects on European cropland respiration

Author

Eugster, W., Moffat, A.M., Ceschia, E., Aubinet, M., Ammann, C., Osborne, B., Davis, P.A., Smith, P., Jacobs, C., Moors, E., Le Dantec, V., Béziat, P., Saunders, M., Jans, W., Grünwald, T., Rebmann, Corinna, Kutsch, W.L., Czerný, R., Janouš, D., Moureaux, C., Dufranne, D., Carrara, A., Magliulo, V., Di Tommasi, P., Olesen, J.E., Schelde, K., Olioso, A., Bernhofer, C., Cellier, P., Larmanou, E., Wattenbach, M., Marloie, O., Sanz, M.J., Søgaard, H., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., Moffat, A.M., Ceschia, E., Aubinet, M., Ammann, C., Osborne, B., Davis, P.A., Smith, P., Jacobs, C., Moors, E., Le Dantec, V., Béziat, P., Saunders, M., Jans, W., Grünwald, T., Rebmann, Corinna, Kutsch, W.L., Czerný, R., Janouš, D., Moureaux, C., Dufranne, D., Carrara, A., Magliulo, V., Di Tommasi, P., Olesen, J.E., Schelde, K., Olioso, A., Bernhofer, C., Cellier, P., Larmanou, E., Wattenbach, M., Marloie, O., Sanz, M.J., Søgaard, H., and Buchmann, N.

Abstract

Increases in respiration rates following management activities in croplands are considered a relevant anthropogenic source of CO2. In this paper, we quantify the impact of management events on cropland respiration fluxes of CO2 as they occur under current climate and management conditions. Our findings are based on all available CarboEurope IP eddy covariance flux measurements during a 4-year period (2004–2007). Detailed management information was available for 15 out of the 22 sites that contributed flux data, from which we compiled 30 types of management for European-scale comparison. This allowed us to address the question of how management activities influence ecosystem respiration. This was done by comparing respiration fluxes during 7, 14, and 28 days after the management with those observed during the matching time period before management. Median increases in respiration ranged from +83% (early season tillage) to −50% (rice paddy flooding and burning of rice residues) on the 28 days time scale, when only management types with a minimum of 7 replications are considered. Most management types showed a large variation among events and between sites, indicating that additional factors other than management alone are also important at a given site. Temperature is the climatic factor that showed best correlation with site-specific respiration fluxes. Therefore, the effect of temperature changes between the time periods before and after management were taken into account for a subset of 13 management types with adequate statistical coverage of at least 5 events during the years 2004–2007. In this comparison, late-season moldboard ploughing (30–45 cm) led to highest median increase in respiration on the 7 days timescale (+43%), which was still +15% in the 28 days comparison. On average, however, management-induced increases in respiration losses from croplands were quite moderate (typically <20% increase over 2

Published
2010

45. The carbon balance of European croplands: A cross-site comparison of simulation models

Author

Wattenbach, M, Sus, O, Vuichard, N, Lehuger, S, Gottschalk, P, Li, L, Leip, A, Williams, M, Tomelleri, E, Kutsch, WL, Buchmann, N, Eugster, W, Dietiker, D, Aubinet, M, Ceschia, E, Béziat, P, Grünwald, T, Hastings, A, Osborne, B, Ciais, P, Cellier, P, Smith, P, Wattenbach, M, Sus, O, Vuichard, N, Lehuger, S, Gottschalk, P, Li, L, Leip, A, Williams, M, Tomelleri, E, Kutsch, WL, Buchmann, N, Eugster, W, Dietiker, D, Aubinet, M, Ceschia, E, Béziat, P, Grünwald, T, Hastings, A, Osborne, B, Ciais, P, Cellier, P, and Smith, P

Abstract

Croplands cover approximately 45% of Europe and play an important role in the overall carbon budget of the continent. However, the estimation of their carbon balance remains uncertain due to the diversity of crops and cropping systems together with the strong influence of human management. Here, we present a multi-site model comparison for four cropland ecosystem models namely the DNDC, ORCHIDEE-STICS, CERES-EGC and SPA models. We compare the accuracy of the models in predicting net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco) as well as actual evapo-transpiration (ETa) for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) derived from eddy covariance measurements on five sites along a gradient of climatic conditions from eastern to south-westerly Europe. The models are all able to simulate daily GPP. The simulation results for daily ETa and Reco are, however, less accurate. The resulting simulation of daily NEE is adequate except in some cases where models fail due to a lack in phase and amplitude alignment. ORCHIDEE-STICS and SPA show the best performance. Nevertheless, they are not able to simulate full crop rotations or the multiple management practices used. CERES-EGC, and especially DNDC, although exhibiting a lower level of model accuracy, are able to simulate such conditions, resulting in more accurate simulation of annual cumulative NEE. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Published
2010

46. The net biome production of full crop rotations in Europe

Author

Kutsch, Werner, Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N, Smith, P., Osborne, B., Eugster, W., Wattenbach, M., Schrumpf, M., Schulze, E.D., Tommelleri, E., Ceschia, E., Bernhofer, C., Béziat, P., Carrara, A., Di Tommasi, P., Grünwald, T., Jones, M., Magliulo, V., Marloie, O., Moureaux, C., Olioso, A., Sanz, M.J., Saunders, M., Søgaard, Henrik, Ziegler, W., Kutsch, Werner, Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N, Smith, P., Osborne, B., Eugster, W., Wattenbach, M., Schrumpf, M., Schulze, E.D., Tommelleri, E., Ceschia, E., Bernhofer, C., Béziat, P., Carrara, A., Di Tommasi, P., Grünwald, T., Jones, M., Magliulo, V., Marloie, O., Moureaux, C., Olioso, A., Sanz, M.J., Saunders, M., Søgaard, Henrik, and Ziegler, W.

Published
2010

47. Management effects on net ecosystem carbon and GHG budgets at European crop sites

Author

Ceschia, Eric, Bêziat, P, Dejoux, J.F., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, Ch., Bodson, B., Buchmann, N, Carrara, A., Cellier, P., Di Tommasi, P., Elbers, J.A., Eugster, W., Grünwald, T., Jacobs, C.M.J., Jans, W.W.P., Jones, M., Kutsch, W., Lanigan, G., Magliulo, E., Marloie, O., Moors, E.J., Moureaux, C., Olioso, A., Osborne, B., Sanz, M.J., Saunders, M., Smith, P., Søgaard, Henrik, Wattenbach, M., Ceschia, Eric, Bêziat, P, Dejoux, J.F., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, Ch., Bodson, B., Buchmann, N, Carrara, A., Cellier, P., Di Tommasi, P., Elbers, J.A., Eugster, W., Grünwald, T., Jacobs, C.M.J., Jans, W.W.P., Jones, M., Kutsch, W., Lanigan, G., Magliulo, E., Marloie, O., Moors, E.J., Moureaux, C., Olioso, A., Osborne, B., Sanz, M.J., Saunders, M., Smith, P., Søgaard, Henrik, and Wattenbach, M.

Abstract

The greenhouse gas budgets of 15 European crop sites covering a large climatic gradient and corresponding to 41 site-years were estimated. The sites included a wide range of management practices (organic and/or mineral fertilisation, tillage or ploughing, with or without straw removal, with or without irrigation, etc.) and were cultivated with 15 representative crop species common to Europe. At all sites, carbon inputs (organic fertilisation and seeds), carbon exports (harvest or fire) and net ecosystem production (NEP), measured with the eddy covariance technique, were calculated. The variability of the different terms and their relative contributions to the net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) were analysed for all site-years, and the effect of management on NECB was assessed. To account for greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes that were not directly measured on site, we estimated the emissions caused by field operations (EFO) for each site using emission factors from the literature. The EFO were added to the NECB to calculate the total GHG budget (GHGB) for a range of cropping systems and management regimes. N2O emissions were calculated following the IPCC (2007) guidelines, and CH4 emissions were estimated from the literature for the rice crop site only. At the other sites, CH4 emissions/oxidation were assumed to be negligible compared to other contributions to the net GHGB. Finally, we evaluated crop efficiencies (CE) in relation to global warming potential as the ratio of C exported from the field (yield) to the total GHGB. On average, NEP was negative (-284±228gCm-2 year-1), and most cropping systems behaved as atmospheric sinks, with sink strength generally increasing with the number of days of active vegetation. The NECB was, on average, 138±239gCm-2 year-1, corresponding to an annual loss of about 2.6±4.5% of the soil organic C content, but with high uncertainty. Management stro

Published
2010

48. Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe's terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance

Author

Schulze, E. D., Luyssaert, S., Ciais, P., Freibauer, A., Janssens, I. A., Soussana, J. F., Smith, P., Grace, J., Levin, I., Thiruchittampalam, B., Heimann, M., Dolman, A. J., Valentini, R., Bousquet, P., Peylin, P., Peters, W., Rodenbeck, C., Etiope, G., Vuichard, N., Wattenbach, M., Nabuurs, G.J., Poussi, Z., Nieschulze, J., Gash, J.H., and the CarboEurope Team, CET, Schulze, E. D., Luyssaert, S., Ciais, P., Freibauer, A., Janssens, I. A., Soussana, J. F., Smith, P., Grace, J., Levin, I., Thiruchittampalam, B., Heimann, M., Dolman, A. J., Valentini, R., Bousquet, P., Peylin, P., Peters, W., Rodenbeck, C., Etiope, G., Vuichard, N., Wattenbach, M., Nabuurs, G.J., Poussi, Z., Nieschulze, J., Gash, J.H., and and the CarboEurope Team, CET

Abstract

Climate change negotiations aim to reduce net greenhouse-gas emissions by encouraging direct reductions of emissions and crediting countries for their terrestrial greenhouse-gas sinks. Ecosystem carbon dioxide uptake has offset nearly 10% of Europe's fossil fuel emissions, but not all of this may be creditable under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol. Although this treaty recognizes the importance of methane and nitrous oxide emissions, scientific research has largely focused on carbon dioxide. Here we review recent estimates of European carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes between 2000 and 2005, using both top-down estimates based on atmospheric observations and bottom-up estimates derived from ground-based measurements. Both methods yield similar fluxes of greenhouse gases, suggesting that methane emissions from feedstock and nitrous oxide emissions from arable agriculture are fully compensated for by the carbon dioxide sink provided by forests and grasslands. As a result, the balance for all greenhouse gases across Europe's terrestrial biosphere is near neutral, despite carbon sequestration in forests and grasslands. The trend towards more intensive agriculture and logging is likely to make Europe's land surface a significant source of greenhouse gases. The development of land management policies which aim to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions should be a priority.

Published
2009

49. Uncertainty in Environmental Decision Making: Issues, Challenges and Future Directions

Author

Maier, H. R., Ascough, J. C., Wattenbach, M., Renschler, C. S., Labiosa, W. B., Ravalico, J. K., Maier, H. R., Ascough, J. C., Wattenbach, M., Renschler, C. S., Labiosa, W. B., and Ravalico, J. K.

Abstract

There has been an increase in the use of formal approaches to environmental management. Jakeman and Letcher (2003) and Jakeman et al. (2006) have demonstrated the importance of integrated models as a means of assessing the response of environmental systems to proposed enlargement options. Gunderson and Holling (2000), Cowie and Borrett (2005), Curtis et al. (2005) and Pahl-Wostl (2005) have highlighted the need for the incorporation of social and institutional aspects into decision-making processes.

Published
2008

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