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Abstract The failure of water pipes in Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) is associated with environmental, economic, and social consequences. It is essential to mitigate these failures by analyzing the historical data of WDNs. The extant literature regarding water pipe failure analysis is limited by the absence of a systematic selection of significant factors influencing water pipe failure and eliminating the bias associated with the frequency distribution of the historical data. Hence, this study presents a new framework to address the existing limitations. The framework consists of two algorithms for categorical and numerical factors influencing pipe failure. The algorithms are employed to check the relevance between the pipe’s failure and frequency distributions in order to select the most significant factors. The framework is applied to Hong Kong WDN, selecting 10 out of 21 as significant factors influencing water pipe failure. The likelihood feature method and Bayes’ theorem are applied to estimate failure probability due to the pipe materials and the factors. The results indicate that galvanized iron and polyethylene pipes are the most susceptible to failure in the WDN. The proposed framework enables decision-makers in the water infrastructure industry to effectively prioritize their networks’ most significant failure factors and allocate resources accordingly.

This paper describes an experimental and analytical study that examined the effects of soil on leakage rate from defective water pipes. An experimental model was designed and constructed to simulate idealized cracks in defective water pipes discharging into a bed of granular materials. Tests were run on three different materials: LBS-B, LBS-A, and glass ballotini with different characteristics. The results reveal that the presence of bedding material surrounding a leaking pipe causes a significant change in the leakage rate versus free flow conditions. The bedding has a greater impact on larger defect openings. There was a significant drop in the values of the coefficient of discharge (Cd) when the pipe discharged into a soil bed versus free flow conditions; this value was 38% lower for coarse particles and 70% for finer particles. The results also showed that high leakage rates could flow from the defective pipe without fluidization of the bedding materials. An analytical model based on the method of fragments was presented to predict the leakage rate after which the predicted results were compared with values measured experimentally. HIGHLIGHTS An analytical model has been presented to predict the leakage rate, in the presence of soil, that provides reasonable estimates of the leakage rate.; Soil with different characteristics (permeability, particle size, particle shape, and bed height) was tested.; Influence of the surrounding soil on the hydraulic behaviour of leakage was examined.;

Unlike other civil engineering works, water pipe works require digging out before construction because the construction site is buried. The AR application is a system that displays buried objects in the ground in three dimensions when users hold a device such as a smartphone over the ground, using images from the smartphone. The system also registers new buried objects when they are updated. The target of this project is water pipes, which are the most familiar of all buried structures. The system has the following functions: "registration and display of new water pipe information" and "acquisition and display of current location coordinate information." By applying the plane detection function to data acquired from a camera mounted on a smartphone, the system can easily register and display a water pipe model horizontally to the ground. The system does not require a reference marker because it uses GPS and the plane detection function. In the future, the system will support the visualization and registration of not only water pipes but also other underground infrastructures and will play an active role in the rapid restoration of infrastructure after a large-scale disaster through the realization of a buried-object 3D MAP platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background and aim Exposure to lead can harm a child’s health, including damage to the nervous system, delayed growth, hearing loss, and many other adverse health effects, as well as implications for social, economic, educational and social well-being. Lead exposure in children is still a concern and cases require public health management to find the exposure source and interrupt the exposure pathway. Housing characteristics can indicate the presence of lead-contaminated paint and leaded water supply pipes. We aimed to explore the relationship between housing characteristics and elevated blood lead concentration (BLC) in children in England. Methods We used a retrospective cohort design and included all cases of lead exposure in children reported to the UK Health Security Agency between 2014 and 2020 via surveillance. A case was a child aged under 16 years, resident in England, BLC of ≥ 0.48 μmol/L (10 µg/dL) and referred for public health management. We collected case demographic details and housing characteristics (age and type). We explored associations between elevated BLC and risk factors, using generalised linear mixed effects models and compared cases’ housing type to that expected nationally. Results Two hundred and sixty-six out of 290 cases met the case definition. There was no difference in BLCs between genders, age groups, deprivation, and housing type. After adjusting for reporting source, housing age and type, cases residing in housing built pre-1976 had a BLC of 0.32 (95%CI 0.02, 0.63) µmols/L (6.63 (95%CI 0.42, 13.0) µg/dL) higher than cases living in housing built after this time. Cases were 1.68 times more likely to be living in terraced housing (housing adjoined to one another) than other children and less likely to live in apartments and detached properties. Conclusion This study suggests an association between housing characteristics and BLC in children. Housing age and type may act as a proxy for lead exposure risk through exposure to leaded paint, lead water pipes, and lead contaminated dust from indoor and outdoor sources. Public health action should consider targeting families more at risk in older housing by raising awareness of the potential presence of lead pipes and paint. Interventions should include working with wider stakeholders including other housing and environmental professionals, the private sector, as well as parents and carers.

A water pipe used underwater is required as a method of supplying domestic water to remote islands. In order to ensure this safety, it is necessary to develop maintenance technology for underwater structures. In this research, the deterioration state of the water pipe is clarified, and the remaining life is judged by electromagnetic non-destructive inspection. This method uses the pulse ECT technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self-assembly and self-organization of water molecules are relevant in many fields of research. When water spontaneously reacts with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP) to form colourless and crystalline discrete needles, only in the exact ratio of 2:1, it is important to understand the phenomenon. Single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction data have unveiled that TMP self-assembles around columns of water molecules, and as such, the resulting adduct may be described as a series of molecular water pipes.

Background and Aim: Exposure to lead can harm a child's health, including damage to the nervous system, delayed growth, hearing loss, and many other adverse health effects, as well as implications for social, economic, educational and social well-being. Lead exposure in children is still a concern and cases require public health management to find the exposure source and interrupt the exposure pathway. Housing characteristics can indicate the presence of lead-contaminated paint and leaded water supply pipes. We aimed to explore the relationship between housing characteristics and elevated blood lead concentration (BLC) in children in England.Methods: We used a retrospective cohort design and included all cases of lead exposure in children reported to the UK Health Security Agency between 2014 and 2020 via surveillance. A case was a child aged under 16 years, resident in England, BLC of ≥ 0.48 μmol/L (10 µg/dL) and referred for public health management. We collected case demographic details and housing characteristics (age and type). We explored associations between elevated BLC and risk factors, using generalised linear mixed effects models and compared cases' housing type to that expected nationally.Results: Two hundred and sixty-six out of 290 cases met the case definition. There was no difference in BLCs between genders, age groups, deprivation, and housing type. After adjusting for reporting source, housing age and type, cases residing in housing built pre-1976 had a BLC of 0.32 (95%CI 0.02, 0.63) µmols/L (6.63 (95%CI 0.42, 13.0) µg/dL) higher than cases living in housing built after this time. Cases were 1.68 times more likely to be living in terraced housing (housing adjoined to one another) than other children and less likely to live in apartments and detached properties.Conclusion: This study suggests an association between housing characteristics and BLC in children. Housing age and type may act as a proxy for lead exposure risk through exposure to leaded paint, lead water pipes, and lead contaminated dust from indoor and outdoor sources. Public health action should consider targeting families more at risk in older housing by raising awareness of the potential presence of lead pipes and paint. Interventions should include working with wider stakeholders including other housing and environmental professionals, the private sector, as well as parents and carers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal water pipe corrosion is a complicated problem due to the interaction of water quality parameters with the pipe wall. This study presents investigations of internal pipe surface corrosion mechanisms related to water physicochemical. Samples of water and corrosion-damaged ductile cast iron (30+ years) and galvanized steel pipe (15-20 years) were collected under in-situ condition from Addis Ababa city water distribution system. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy were used to examine the pipes' corrosion morphology and microstructures, respectively. Additionally, Mountains 9 surface analysis software was used for further pitting corrosion characterization. To identify the causes of internal pipe corrosion, water physicochemical analyses were conducted by using inoLab pH 7310P, DR 900, Palintest Photometer 7100, and Miero 800. Water physicochemical test indicates: CaCO3 is 77-215 ppm, pH is 7.05 - 7.86, total dissolved solids (TDS) is 84.10-262.8 ppm, ClO2 is 0-0.5 ppm, and dissolved oxygen (80-81 ppb). From water test results, major causes of internal pipe corrosion damage mechanisms were identified as dissolved oxygen, CaCO3, TDS, ClO2,and resistivity of water which initiates a differential cell that accelerates pipe corrosion. Using Mountain 9 surface analysis software, corrosion morphology and pitting features were characterized. The outputs of this paper will be helpful for water distribution and buried infrastructure owners to investigate corrosion damage mechanisms at an early stage. To manage corrosion mechanisms, water supply owners need to conduct frequent inspections, recording of pipe data, testing of water quality, periodic pipelines washing, and apply preventative maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pipelines have a widely spread applications in industry. Water, sewage, flammable liquid, high pressure gasses and oil are transported using pipelines. These pipelines are long, interconnected and may be constructed underground or underwater. This makes their monitoring, periodic maintenance and repair a hard job when done by human operators. Hence, a robot system capable of carrying out these complicated operations in pipelines is extremely requested.in this papers a mechanical design and a prototype of an in-pipe robot system for cleaning 0.5 m inner diameter water pipes is presented. The proposed robot system is designed to perform cleaning operations for straight horizontal water pipes based on abrasion concept. The in-pipe robot system have three modules; forward and backward motion module, two identical cleaning modules which can move in rotational motion and radial motion (in and out) module. These three modules are designed to have the robot's two main positions: open position (for cleaning) and closed position (while entering and getting out of the pipe). A 3D model has been built using Solid works software, then a finite element analysis was carried out on robot’s frame using two materials: Steel and Aluminium. However, the Steel material has been selected due to its high rigidity. The robot control system was done using Adriano software. Robot dynamics were simulated in Simulink environment. The real time robot testing and measurements showed that the proposed robot mechanism can complete the cleaning operations effectively. The developed robot is expected to minimize maintenance time, effort, and cost.

Pipe failure prediction has become a crucial demand of operators in daily operation and asset management due to the increase in operation risks of water distribution networks. In this paper, two machine learning algorithms, namely, random forest (RF) and logistic regression (LR) algorithms are employed for pipe failure prediction. RF algorithm consists of a group of decision trees that predicts pipe failure independently and makes the final decision by voting together. For the LR algorithm, the mapping relationship between existing data and decision variables is expressed by the logistic function. Then, the prediction is made by comparing the conditional probability with the fixed threshold value. The proposed algorithms are illustrated using an actual water distribution network in China. Results indicate that the RF algorithm performs better than the LR algorithm in terms of accuracy, recall, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The effects of seven characteristics on pipe failures are analyzed, and diameter and length are identified as the top two influential factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of diagnostic examinations conducted on the water pipe made of grey cast iron that were operated in conditions for 260 thousand hours. The tube was exposed in a soil. The phase composition of the deposit layers formed on both sides of the tube walls (outside and inside) was examined using optical and confocal microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The obtained XRD test results showed that mainly ?-FeOOH) and 1-FeOOH is formed on the inside of the pipe wall. In turn, on the outside, in addition to the above-mentioned compounds, also SiO2 is formed. The results of these examinations have shown a higher degradation of pipe on the outer side. The arithmetic mean deviation of the profile from the mean line was 6.23 µm and 8.07 µm for the inner and outer side of the pipe wall, respectively. The work demonstrates the usefulness of material science, especially X-ray structure, topography and surface studies, in characterizing the degradation processes of layers formed on gray cast iron exploited in the water supply industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Study of the state of drinking water supply to the population of MBAD of the Republic of Tajikistan Methods: Materials of surveys of 16 water structures and laboratory researches of 108 samples of drinking water on chemical and microbiological indices for 2016-2017 are used. Results: The urban population of the region is 18.7% provided with piped drinking water, the rest of the population of the region (81.3%) uses water from various sources of hazardous epidemiological relations (rivers, springs, aryks, houses, wells, etc.). To address water-related problems, over the past seven years (2010-2017), a number of projects on the provision of drinking water to the population were adopted at the regional and district levels by Khukumat. Conclusion: In the MBAD, the provision of safe drinking water to the population is still low, especially in rural localities. Positive changes in the provision of drinking water to the population will create satisfactory social and sanitary, epidemiological conditions and improve the quality of life population.

Underground potable water pipes are essential infrastructure assets for any country. A significant proportion of those assets are deteriorating due to pipe corrosion which results in premature failure of pipes causing enormous disruptions to the public and loss to the economy. To address such adverse effects, the water utilities in Australia exploit advanced pipelining technologies with a motive of extending the service life of their pipe assets. However, the linings are prone to defects due to improper liner application and unfavorable environmental conditions during the liner curing phase. To monitor the imperfections of the pipe linings, in this article, we propose a mobile robotic sensing system that can scan, detect, locate and measure pipeline internal defects by generating three-dimensional RGB-Depth maps using stereo camera vision combined with infrared laser profiling unit. The system does not require complex calibration procedures and it utilizes orientation correction to provide accurate real-time RGB-D maps. The defects are identified and color mapped for easier visualization. The robotic sensing system was extensively tested in laboratory conditions followed by field deployments in buried water pipes in Sydney, Australia. The experimental results show that the RGB-D maps were generated with millimeter (mm) level accuracy with demonstrated liner defect quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesTo describe perceptions of smoking in men hospitalized with cardiovascular disease (CVD).BackgroundSmoking is a major risk factor and associated with the high prevalence of CVD in Jordan.MethodsThe study design was cross-sectional with a convenience sample. A structured interview was conducted in 112 men who were hospitalized with CVD.ResultsThe study showed that 91% of men hospitalized with CVD smoked daily. The majority (83%) had attempted to quit smoking in the past without help from others, and intended to quit in the future using the same previously unsuccessful method. They were unaware of the hazards of smoking such as stroke; or the long term health benefits of quitting smoking. Logistic regressions showed that men were more confident in quitting smoking if they had a high income (OR: 7.7; 95% CI: 2.7, 22.3), longer hospitalizations (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.3, 5.3), or were hospitalized in acute cardiac settings (OR: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.2, 12.7), and admitted with a diagnosis of MI or angina (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 8.3).ConclusionAssessment of smoking status with smoking cessation counseling is paramount in hospitalized men with CVD who smoke.

In order to analyse failures of an ageing water pipe, some methods such as the loss-of-section require remaining wall thickness (RWT) along the pipe to be fully known, which can be measured by the magnetism based non-destructive evaluation sensors though they are practically slow due to the magnetic penetrating process. That is, fully measuring RWT at every location in a water pipe is not really practical if RWT inspection causes disruption of water supply to customers. Thus, this paper proposes a new data prediction approach that can increase amount of RWT data of a corroded water pipe collected in a given period of time by only measuring RWT on a part (e.g. 20%) of the total pipe surface area and then employing the measurements to predict RWT at unmeasured area. It is proposed to utilize a marginal distribution to convert the non-Gaussian RWT measurements to the standard normally distributed data, which can then be input into a 3-dimensional Gaussian process model for efficiently predicting RWT at unmeasured locations on the pipe. The proposed approach was implemented in two real-life in-service pipes, and the obtained results demonstrate its practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion evaluation of buried cast iron pipe of fire hydrant system in a nuclear power station exposed to raw water for 30 years was carried out. The samples from cast iron pipe section were characterised by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and laser Raman spectroscopy. Metallographic examination revealed typical flake graphite microstructure with uniform distribution, randomly oriented graphite structure, rosette grouping, for pipes of different diameters. The presence of microbes in water side of the pipes and in contact with soil was seen. SEM examination revealed loose spherical deposits, rust layers comprising of iron oxide, silica and spherical nodules covered with network structures. EDS analysis of rust layers revealed the presence of Si, Ca, S and P apart from Fe and O. XRD analysis revealed that the rust on the surfaces comprised of SiO2 and Fe2O3. The results of the study indicated that the external corrosion of cast iron pipes was due to sand and gravel type of soil in contact with pipes. EDS elemental X-ray maps revealed regions rich in Si indicating localised graphitic corrosion. Detailed corrosion characterisation studies revealed that despite signatures of graphitic corrosion, microbes and rust formation, there was no substantial reduction in the pipe thickness, and hence, the service life of buried cast iron pipes can be further extended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cast iron pipes have been extensively utilised in water supply networks worldwide. Many of these pipes are either at the onset or within their wear-out phase, during which failure rates rapidly increase, and the pipes should be repaired or replaced. However, the replacement and rehabilitation of these pipes might require extensive resources and time. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the effects of operational practices that might reduce failure rates for ageing cast iron pipes. In this paper, we investigate the conditions under which water pressure fluctuations may impact and accelerate fatigue failures in cast iron pipes. We carried out a systematic review of the mechanical properties of cast iron pipes and conducted sensitivity analyses to estimate fatigue crack propagation using fracture mechanics. Our investigation suggests that cast iron pipes which are affected by reduced wall thickness due to corrosion may experience a significant decrease in their operational life when subjected to water pressure fluctuations. Moreover, this negative influence of pressure fluctuations is exacerbated with an increase in the mean operating pressure. As an example, a 150 mm pipe featuring a corrosion patch of about 7 mm depth could extend its remaining fatigue life by over fourfold through a minor reduction of both mean pressure and pressure fluctuations of approximately 10 m H 2 O each. The manuscript further explores various pressure reduction combinations and trends, demonstrating the beneficial effects of reducing both mean pressure and pressure fluctuations. Consequently, the presented analysis suggests that water operators should proactively manage (reduce) the magnitude of both pressure components to extend the operating life of ageing cast iron pipes. • Investigate the relevance of pressure-induced fatigue failures in cast iron pipes. • Review and present published literature on the material properties of cast iron pipes. • Study fracture mechanics phenomena for pit and spun cast iron pipes. • Determine conditions for pressure-induced fatigue failures in cast iron pipes. • Define methods to reduce fatigue in aged cast iron pipes through pressure management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Low-frequency ultrasound was studied on drinking water biofilms and CaCO 3 deposits. • Ultrasounds affect both biofilm and planktonic cell number and activity. • US treatment did not prevent initial bacterial adhesion and CaCO 3 deposition. • Low-frequency ultrasounds markedly limit biofilm formation and scaling. Abstract A device generating low-frequency and low-intensity ultrasound waves was used for mitigating biofilm accumulation and scaling. Two systems were tested: a lab-scale plate heat exchanger operated with continuously recycled water and a continually fed flow-through drinking water pilot used for mimicking water circulation in pipes. Initial deposition of bacterial cells was not prevented by ultrasound wave treatment. However, whatever the tested system, both further calcium carbonate deposition and biofilm growth were markedly inhibited. Biofilms formed in reactors subjected to low-frequency and low-intensity ultrasound waves were weakly attached to the material. Even though the activity of bacteria was affected as shown by their lower cultivability, membrane permeability did not appear compromised. Ultrasound technology sounds very promising in both the mitigation of drinking water biofilm and carbonate accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper MARSplines method was presented to model failure rate of water pipes in years 2015-2016 in the selected Polish city. The output parameters were chosen as three dependent variables - three values of failure rate of water mains, distribution pipes and house connections. Diameter, season, material and kind of the conduit were selected as independent variables. At the beginning of modelling 21 basis (splines) function were assumed. On a final note two functions were selected (after reduction of negligible functions). The model consists of three factors: β0, β1 and β2. The penalty for adding basis function was assumed at the level of 2. The correlation was equalled to 0.44. Relatively huge discrepancies between real and predicted values of failure rate of water mains and house connections were observed. In the future investigations concerning this problem the three separated models for each kind of conduit should be created. The calculations using MARSplines method were carried out in the program Statistica 13.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor drinking water quality can affect pigs’ health and performance. The disinfection of water may enhance microbial water quality. In this study, bacteria and endotoxins in sodium hypochlorite-treated and -untreated water from one pig nursery were analyzed. Water samples were taken from incoming water and from compartments with treated and untreated water at the beginning and end of pipes and from nipples. The farm was visited 14 times to measure total bacteria counts and concentrations of Pseudomonas spp. and endotoxins. Additionally, the occurrence of coliform bacteria was analyzed. A mixed model analysis revealed significant reductions in total bacteria counts and Pseudomonas spp. in treated water at the beginning of pipes and at nipple drinkers. The differences between bacteria concentrations at the end of pipes had no clear trend. Endotoxin concentrations were approximately equal at the beginning of pipes and at nipple drinkers but were found to have differences at the end of pipes. The occurrence of coliform bacteria was significantly reduced in treated water. The application of sodium hypochlorite can significantly reduce bacteria in water pipes. Endotoxin concentrations were mostly unaffected by water treatment. Disinfection of the dead-end pipe sections failed, and thus these parts should be regarded as potential contamination sources.

Background In developing countries, the number of adults who develop myocardial infarction (MI) at a young age is high. The popularity of waterpipe smoking (WPS) has increased among the same age group. It is unknown if WPS contributes to the incidence of early-onset MI. Objective To study the association of WPS with early-onset MI, which is defined as first MI occurring in individuals 18 ≥ age ≤ 45 years compared to those older than 45 years. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. The association of WPS with first-time MI was compared between younger and older adults (N = 225). Results Twenty-five percent of all participants developed an acute MI before the age of 46 years. Both cigarette and WPS were more common among younger first-time MI patients than older first-time MI patients. Conclusions WPS is one risk factor that distinguishes the risk profile of young adults with early-onset MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the use of acoustic correlation methods for water leak detection, sensors are placed at pipe access points either side of a suspected leak, and the peak in the cross-correlation function of the measured signals gives the time difference (delay) between the arrival times of the leak noise at the sensors. Combining this information with the speed at which the leak noise propagates along the pipe, gives an estimate for the location of the leak with respect to one of the measurement positions. It is possible for the structural dynamics of the pipe system to corrupt the time delay estimate, which results in the leak being incorrectly located. In this paper, data from test-rigs in the United Kingdom and Canada are used to demonstrate this phenomenon, and analytical models of resonators are coupled with a pipe model to replicate the experimental results. The model is then used to investigate which of the two commonly used correlation algorithms, the Basic Cross-Correlation (BCC) function or the Phase Transform (PHAT), is more robust to the undesirable structural dynamics of the pipe system. It is found that time delay estimation is highly sensitive to the frequency bandwidth over which the analysis is conducted. Moreover, it is found that the PHAT is particularly sensitive to the presence of resonances and can give an incorrect time delay estimate, whereas the BCC function is found to be much more robust, giving a consistently accurate time delay estimate for a range of dynamic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the water restriction in the Valley of Mexico, where population groups do not have access to water distribution networks or access is restricted, a market for water supplied by tank cars (pipes) is generated. The objective was to analyze the marketing and supply chain of the water distributed by pipes in the East of the Valley of Mexico with data obtained in 2017, as well as the participating agents. The direct method of the marketing channel was used following the product since it is extracted from the well, sold to the “piperos", who transport it and sell it to the final consumer. The owner of a well was interviewed and fifty interviews were conducted with piperos, with the information the costs incurred by each agent, as well as the respective profit margins and rates, were calculated. It was found that the highest absolute margin per m³ is obtained by piperos ($52.63) while the pocero is smaller ($14.75). However, when weighting the margins for the respective costs, the highest profit rate (1 180%) is obtained by the pocero, while that of the piperos is lower (206%). It is concluded that the water market supplied by pipes is extremely profitable, because it is not a regulated market, and that if public policies were established through regulation, liquid prices could be reduced in favor of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of ageing and rehabilitation on water residence times was evaluated in a looped drinking water distribution network, using hydraulic modeling and flow characterization. A reference scenario representing the best state of knowledge of the studied area was created and realistic scenarios were applied to evaluate the impact of ageing and rehabilitation of water pipes on residence times. Results showed that the ageing of infrastructures, with consideration for pipe corrosion and a 20% leakage loss increase, lead to an overall 10% water residence time reduction. Considering a non-uniform ageing of water pipes results in localized impacts brought by changes in hydraulic patterns. Considering pipe rehabilitation scenarios coupled with a 20% flow reduction leads to small water residence time increases (2--8 h), with the local pipe rehabilitation having the least impact on water residence times. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The corroded external surfaces of older cast iron water mains buried in soils for many decades usually show a rough undulating topography. Sometimes, there also are areas of relatively smooth topography similar to uniform corrosion but over undulating surfaces. Investigations show this pattern is associated with localised pipe-wall perforation and sometimes pipe fracture. It is proposed that corrosion pitting from the outside surface of the pipe perforates the pipe-wall, allowing fresh oxygenated drinking water from inside the pipe to effuse through the orifice. This then causes a high rate of localised general corrosion under the graphitised layer. The resulting thinning of the pipe-wall may then lead to pipe fracture under high water pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the most recent advances in the time-domain reflectometry (TDR)-based system for leak-localization in underground pipes are described in detail. More specifically, a new design of sensing element and the use of a new connection modality are proposed. Thanks to these new features, the practical implementation of the system becomes much quicker and its use more effective. Additionally, the present work also describes all the practical aspects and technical details (from installation to functional tests), related to the practical implementation of the system. Finally, to assess the possibility of further increasing the cost-effectiveness of the TDR-based leak localization system, experimental tests were carried out by comparatively using two TDR instruments, differing in specifications and costs, to identify the position of a leak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deterioration of water pipes causes significant socio-economic and environmental burdens. Many predictors/factors are used to mitigate such problems by modelling the water pipe deterioration. However, these predictors have not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. This study adopts mixed systematic and scientometric analyses to review the predictors used in modelling water pipe deterioration. Within the study context, the predictors are categorised into pipe-related, soil and corrosion-induced, operational, and environmental. The results reveal that the pipe-related predictors have received the most attention in the reviewed studies, whereas further investigations are required to study long-term changes in the environmental-induced predictors. Accordingly, future research directions are recommended to fill these gaps (e.g., considering sustainability issues, and deploying real-time monitoring, and IoT facilities to enhance data availability. These directions greatly benefit practitioners and researchers from multidisciplinary backgrounds in research directions related to water pipes. [Display omitted] • The article reviews the predictors of the water pipe deterioration models. • A three-tier methodology is used to perform the review process. • Binary response statistic is used to extract the predictors and analysis them. • The fault tree diagram captures the logic behind the effect of the predictors on the water pipe deterioration. • Research gaps are discussed, and future direction are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Socializing is one of the main motivations for water pipe smoking. Restrictions on social gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic might have influenced water pipe smokers' behaviors. As one of the most popular social media platforms, Reddit has been used to study public opinions and user experiences., Objective: In this study, we aimed to examine the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on public perception and discussion of water pipe tobacco smoking using Reddit data., Methods: We collected Reddit posts between December 1, 2018, and June 30, 2021, from a Reddit archive (PushShift) using keywords such as "waterpipe," "hookah," and "shisha." We examined the temporal trend in Reddit posts mentioning water pipes and different locations (such as homes and lounges or bars). The temporal trend was further tested using interrupted time series analysis. Sentiment analysis was performed to study the change in sentiment of water pipe-related posts before and during the pandemic. Topic modeling using latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was used to examine major topics discussed in water pipe-related posts before and during the pandemic., Results: A total of 45,765 nonpromotion water pipe-related Reddit posts were collected and used for data analysis. We found that the weekly number of Reddit posts mentioning water pipes significantly increased at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic ( P <.001), and gradually decreased afterward ( P <.001). In contrast, Reddit posts mentioning water pipes and lounges or bars showed an opposite trend. Compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic, the average number of Reddit posts mentioning lounges or bars was lower at the beginning of the pandemic but gradually increased afterward, while the average number of Reddit posts mentioning the word "home" remained similar during the COVID-19 pandemic ( P =.29). While water pipe-related posts with a positive sentiment were dominant (12,526/21,182, 59.14% before the pandemic; 14,686/24,583, 59.74% after the pandemic), there was no change in the proportion of water pipe-related posts with different sentiments before and during the pandemic ( P =.19, P =.26, and P =.65 for positive, negative, and neutral posts, respectively). Most topics related to water pipes on Reddit were similar before and during the pandemic. There were more discussions about the opening and closing of hookah lounges or bars during the pandemic., Conclusions: This study provides a first evaluation of the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public perceptions of and discussions about water pipes on Reddit., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: MG received a research grant from Pfizer and also served as a member of the scientific advisory board of Johnson & Johnson., (©Zihe Zheng, Zidian Xie, Maciej Goniewicz, Irfan Rahman, Dongmei Li. Originally published in JMIR Infodemiology (https://infodemiology.jmir.org), 20.04.2023.)

Cast iron water mains represent a significant component of the water pipe networks in many cities across Australia. Such pipes are usually furnished with an internal cement mortar lining, mainly to act as a physical barrier to flowing liquids to reduce internal corrosion and to reduce energy losses. Although the lining is not intended to resist internal and external loadings to the pipe, recent observations of corroded cast iron water mains showed that the cement lining can withstand some internal water pressure on its own. This reveals that the lining may contribute to the structural capacity of deteriorated pipes, although the level of this contribution is unknown. This paper investigates the likely contribution of cement lining to the structural capacity of deteriorated pipes. This research is undertaken through numerical modeling of pipe-liner-soil interactions. The properties of cement linings were obtained by testing actual specimens obtained from field pipes and casting simulated lining specimens of cement-sand mixtures. The study revealed that, depending on the level of pipe corrosion, cement lining can reduce pipe stress by as much as 5 to 12% or 10 to 25% if the lining tensile strength is 1 or 4 MPa (145 or 580 psi), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is a failure analysis of water supply failure frequency in one of the cities in Poland. Operating data on the failure rate of water supply pipelines in the city were used. The analysis of water pipes' failures, including pipes diameters, their age, the material they are made from and their function in the water supply subsystem in the city was made. There is a noticeable downward trend in both the number of failures as well as the failure rates of water pipes. The value of failure rate indexes corresponds to national and international trends. The average failure rate for the main pipelines is λ Mavg = 0.98 km − 1 a − 1 , the distribution pipelines λ Ravg = 0.42 km − 1 a − 1 and the water connections — λ Pavg = 0.35 km − 1 a − 1 . The majority of failures (45.62%) happen in the distribution pipelines, representing about 53% of the total length of the pipelines. Detailed analysis of the water network failure should be a main element of the managing system of the urban water networks, particularly in strategic modernization plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To discuss product-wide implementation of WHO FCTC Article 9 by applying lessons learned from routine measurement of cigarettes to roll-your-own tobacco, cigars, water pipes, and snus. Methods: A qualitative review of existing peer-reviewed and grey literature from science, industry, and government was performed. Results: We recommend: (1) monitoring prevalence to decide whether the tobacco product is a priority for emission measurements; (2) using 2 machine regimens globally; (3) validating machine measurements with actual exposure; (4) optimizing collection of emission and exposure samples to ensure compound stability; (5) measuring compounds as provided by WHO FCTC and FDA for all tobacco products; (6) lowering compound concentration; (7) evaluating impact of harm reduction strategies with validated toxicity testing methods; and (8) regulating contents that influence attractiveness and addictiveness of tobacco products, as outlined in the new European Tobacco Product Directive. Conclusions: We provide basic principles for product-wide implementation of WHO FCTC Article 9 that serve as a basis for in-depth discussions per product class defining specific action plans towards regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead contamination remains a persistent global environmental problem, the hazards of which are often difficult to identify without specific and targeted research. This study examines environmental contamination arising from the widespread use of lead solder in the joints of large gravity water supply pipelines. Contamination of adjacent grazing lands and subsequent poisoning of domestic livestock are evaluated. In particular, the study demonstrates that replacement of lead joints along an above ground 70 km water supply pipeline in central New South Wales (NSW), Australia, has caused soil lead contamination of up to 20,600 mg/kg. Contamination either side of the pipeline corridor extends to ∼10 m before surface soil lead values correspond more closely to natural background concentrations of 26 mg/kg. The estimated total volume of contaminated soil requiring remediation is 21,000 m. Contamination is linked to toxicity and mortality in several farm animals and to elevated contamination of grass fodder (up to 50 mg/kg of lead) close to the pipeline. Other similar large-scale above ground reticulation systems in the Sydney (NSW) Metropolitan region and adjacent to the 560 km long Kalgoorlie (Western Australia) Golden Pipeline are shown to present similar environmental hazards. The use of lead solder joints in other international large scale reticulation networks are also identified, demonstrating that this specific anthropogenic hazard is likely to be a more global problem, which has not has been detailed in the research literature to any significant extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many mechanisms and processes can cause deterioration and ultimately failure of water distribution pipes during in-service operation, amongst these is damage caused by metal fatigue. This paper summarises an attempt at formalising a novel methodology suitable for estimating the number of years taken for a through thickness fatigue crack to form in this complex scenario. The devised method is based on the so-called modified Wöhler curve method and can be applied to estimate fatigue damage of water pipes independently from the degree of multiaxiality and non-proportionality of the load history. The computational approach of the proposed fatigue life estimation technique makes full use of an incremental procedure: fatigue damage is evaluated year by year by assuming that all variable involved in the process can change over time. The detrimental effect of corrosion pits is directly accounted for by treating them as conventional notches whose size increases with time. Finally, by taking as reference information the number of years for a blowout hole to form, the proposed approach is used to show how the lifetime of grey cast iron pipes can be remarkably shortened by fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Smart lining System was developed to restore and improve water quality, hydraulic, and structural function of water large transmission pipes through the construction of the high quality lining in the study. Smart lining System consists of smart cleaning, smart spray-on lining, and smart CIPP 2+ . Smart cleaning is the pre-process of lining process, and could ensure SSPC SP-10 and surface roughness 50 μm (Rz) as the quality of surface preparation for the lining by removing effectively deposited slime, residual lining, tuberculation, graphitization of pipe wall with the high pressure water jet, mechanical scraper, and air spin-head blasting equipment step by step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a study conducted to develop a method to facilitate more reliable determination of the rehabilitation priority order for water pipes by taking into account the pipes' hydraulic importance. Existing methods use only the pipeline deterioration rate to determine the rehabilitation priority order. Accordingly, the deterioration rate under normal conditions and the hydraulic importance under abnormal conditions of water distribution pipelines were classified according to two different attributes. The deterioration rate of a water distribution pipeline was calculated in terms of the deterioration rate due to pipeline information factors and the deterioration rate resulting from the installation environment/external factors. The hydraulic importance of water distribution pipelines was calculated by considering the importance of a single pipe failure caused by water leakage or an accident and that of a multiple pipe failure caused by a disaster, such as an earthquake. These four attribute factors were employed in a multi-criteria decision-making process called a weighted utopian approach, developed in this study, that determines the final rehabilitation priority order for each pipeline. The study results indicate that the rehabilitation priority order can be determined more easily using this approach than with previously-developed methods and that the model developed is easier and more convenient to apply than existing rehabilitation priority order models that require a large amount of data, as well as complex failure probabilities and mathematical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autori nadväzujú na štúdiu o keramických dlaždiciach spred dvoch rokov publikovanú v tomto zborníku. Predmetom ich záujmu sú tentoraz keramické potrubia, ktoré nielen na Slovensku, ale aj v okolitých krajinách patria medzi doposiaľ podrobnejšie nezhodnotený druh archeologických nálezov a v užšom zmysle aj keramických výrobkov. Pri potrubiach rozlišujú, či ide o vodovodné, alebo dymovodné potrubia. Predstavujú doposiaľ známe nálezy zo Slovenska v kontexte s ich nálezovými okolnosťami a excerptmi z histórie samotných lokalít, čo do značnej miery napomáha datovaniu nálezov. Vodovodné keramické potrubia pochádzajú z Borinky (19. storočie), Bratislavy (18.–19. storočie), Častej – hradu Červený Kameň (17. storočie), Hronského Beňadiku (16.–17. storočie), Nitry (18.–19. storočie), Smoleníc (19.–20. storočie), Svätého Jura (hradisko Neštich, hrad Biely Kameň, intravilán mesta, 13.–18. storočie) a Trnavy (17. storočie). Nálezy dymovodných potrubí sú známe z Banskej Štiavnice (18.–19. storočie), Bratislavy (16.–19. storočie), Bratislavy – hradu Devín (16.–17. storočie) a Fiľakova (16.–17. storočie). Publikovaním tohto druhu keramiky sa autori snažia vzbudiť záujem aj o ďalšie aspekty štúdia s nimi spojeného (stavebný kontext, výroba, datovanie, argumenty pre ich používanie v konfrontácii s inomateriálovými výrobkami a pod.).

The influence of built urban infrastructure on stream chemistry was quantified throughout the drainage network of the tropical Río Piedras watershed, San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico. Urbanization and failing domestic wastewater infrastructure appeared to drive changes in surface water chemistry throughout the watershed. Mean baseflow concentrations of chloride (Cl), ammonium (NH), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and phosphate (PO) all increased with urban infrastructure, while nitrate (NO) and dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased. These patterns in stream chemistry suggest that sewage effluent from failing or illegally connected sewer pipes has a major impact on surface water quality. Concentrations of Cl, DO, and NH in stream water were most strongly related to sewer pipe volume, demonstrating the tight connection between urban infrastructure and stream chemistry. The loading and transformation of NO and NH were modeled along the river network and NH loading rates from the landscape were strongly related to urban infrastructure, whereas NO loading rates showed only weak relationships, highlighting the importance for incorporating NH dynamics into river network models in urban environments. Water quality appears to be severely impacted by sewage in this tropical basin, despite large investments in built infrastructure. The high temperatures in the Río Piedras exacerbate water quality problems by reducing saturation DO levels in streams, and intense rainstorms tax the ability of built infrastructure to adequately manage overland flows. These problems are likely typical of much of the urbanized humid tropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]