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Verschleißerscheinungen an Verzahnungsschleifmaschinen treten oft unerwartet erst nach Jahren der Nutzung auf – und wirken sich schlagartig auf die Verzahnungsqualität aus. Eine zyklische Diagnose des Maschinenzustands kann für Abhilfe sorgen. Hierfür gibt es jetzt „Argus“.

Mit über 1000 ausgelieferten Schleifmaschinen hat sich das Zweispindel-Konzept der Baureihe „RZx60“ auf dem Markt bestens bewiesen – inzwischen wurde es erfolgreich an die Forderungen des Marktes nach Industrie 4.0-Konformität angepasst.

Nur hochgenau bearbeitete Zahnräder garantieren die optimale Funktion von Getrieben in Fahrzeugen aller Art. Moderne Getriebe verlangen eine zuverlässige Drehmomentübertragung bei hoher Leistungsdichte, niedrigem Gewicht und minimaler Geräuscherzeugung. Aus betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht stehen geringste Stück- und Lebenszykluskosten im Zentrum und die Produktion fordert herausragende Qualität sowie höchste Konstanz.

The United States is critically dependent upon more than 5 million miles of pipeline (lifeline) infrastructure systems to transport water, natural gas, oil, and nuclear facility coolant and waste. Pipelines provide the lifeblood to society by transporting energy, water, waste, and other critical services; yet, the pipeline infrastructure in North America is inadequately prepared to support a growing economy dependent on sustainable growth, public health, and community resilience. Approaching pipeline systems installation, operation, and retrofitting by continuing to use the same 20th century processes, practices, technologies, and materials will likely yield the same results: increasing instances of service disruptions, higher operating and repair costs, and the possibility of catastrophic, cascading failures. How a nation operates, retrofits, and expands its pipeline infrastructure will help determine the quality of life for future generations and that nation’s competitiveness in the global economy. If a nation is to meet important challenges of the 21st century, a new paradigm for the building and retrofitting of critical pipeline infrastructure system is required, one that addresses the conflicting goals of diverse economic, environment, societal, and policy interests. This paper presents the workshop outcome focused on transforming the nation’s capability to plan, design, install, monitor, control, retrofit, and asset manage energy and water pipeline infrastructure systems to be both resilient and sustainable.

The key to implementing infrastructure asset management strategies is to have a comprehensive understanding of the asset performance, and how this performance changes over time. The rate of deterioration of pipes is affected by a number of factors. Although there are many condition assessment technologies and accelerated testing methods available, these techniques do not provide all of the required data on the factors effecting deterioration. Earlier efforts have been made to capture data on pipe failure and as described in the literature, these data have been used to develop of some prediction models. However, failure data alone are limited in terms of understanding pipeline deterioration. Forensic analyses of pipe samples extracted while in service as well as after failure are crucial in acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the rate of deterioration over time. Water sector utilities need feasible and sound protocols to analyze these pipe samples. This paper presents methods and protocols for failure and forensic analyses and collecting data on the deteriorated or failed pipe samples. These proposed protocols contain guidelines on capturing the environmental (soil, groundwater, climate, etc.), and structural (corrosion, fracture, fatigue, etc.) data for drinking water and wastewater pipelines with field and laboratory tests. Furthermore, a Web-based and GIS driven platform called PIPEiD (Pipeline Infrastructure Database) has been developed to collect and share the data produced following these failure and forensic analysis. The objectives of the PIPEiD is to unite the nation's water pipeline infrastructure data and information, to make it universally accessible and useful, and to provide access to the data sources, tools, and models that enable the analysis, simulation, visualization, and evaluation of the behavior of water pipeline infrastructure systems for advanced asset management. PIPEiD is envisioned to be “a Living Database Platform for Advanced Asset Management” addressing all three major asset management levels including strategic, tactical, and operational that will assist drinking water and wastewater utilities of all sizes to sustain targeted levels of service with acceptable risk.

We present a hedonic framework to estimate U.S. households' preferences over local climates, using detailed weather and 2000 Census data. We find that Americans favor an average daily temperature of 65 degrees Fahrenheit, will pay more on the margin to avoid excess heat than cold, and are not substantially more averse to extremes than to temperatures that are merely uncomfortable. These preferences vary by location due to sorting or adaptation. Changes in climate amenities under business-as- usual predictions imply annual welfare losses of 1 to 3 percent of income by 2100, holding technology and preferences constant.

This paper presents a national database project title “WATERiD: WATER infrastructure DATABASE” for Water and Wastewater Pipelines. This project is funded by the Water Environmental Research Foundation (WERF) through the Environmental Protection Agency’s Aging Water Infrastructure Research Program, a research agenda that supports efforts to put the nation’s aging infrastructure on a pathway toward sustainability and resiliency. This paper describes in detail methodology for design and development of the WATERiD and its two major thrust areas: (a) Condition Assessment and (b) Renewal Engineering. Condition Assessment (CA) is the collection of data and information through direct and/or indirect methods, followed by analysis of the data and information to make a determination of the current and/or future structural and hydraulic condition of the pipeline. Renewal Engineering (RE) includes a wide range of repair, rehabilitation, replacement techniques that bring the pipeline system at acceptable levels of performance within budgets. The decision-making process for the proper balance of repair, rehabilitation and replacement is a function of the condition assessment of the pipe, the life-cycle cost of the various renewal engineering options, and the related risk reductions. Due to the deteriorating and aging infrastructure nationwide, it is critical that water and wastewater utility managers and others have access to current and relevant information on condition assessment and renewal engineering technologies so that resources can be utilized most effectively. The WATERiD project aims to provide an open source, common foundation upon which not only can basic information be shared, but to also support the evolution of new functionality through the development of novel web applications and services. WATERiD consists of four main modules: 1) Pipeline Condition Assessment Technologies and Management Practices; 2) Renewal Engineering Technologies and Management Practices; 3) Subsurface Utility Engineering Technologies and Management Practices; and 4) Cost Information related to Technologies Use. All components are implemented using Content Management System to encourage cross-platform deployment. To demonstrate the usage of WATERiD, a detailed webapplication supporting data/information storage, update, retrieval, and dissemination has been developed with 87 participating utilities in U.S. and 25 international. Ultimately, the goal of Web-based Knowledgebase is to promote the wide-scale development and usage of WATERiD and applications within utilities, consultants, and research communities.

Sustainable Infrastructure Management Program Learning Environment (SIMPLE) is a web based asset management knowledge tool set hosted by the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF). It is an intuitive and user-friendly set of on-line process and practice guidelines, templates and decision support tools designed for asset management practitioners, SIMPLE can: (1) Simplify and guide the development of effective Enterprise-Wide Asset Management plans, and (2) provide practical implementation guidelines for agencies to assess and drive meaningful improvements in asset management for Water and Wastewater Infrastructure. As a knowledge management system, it also makes asset management principles and practices comprehensible and promotes information exchange among practitioners with various needs and experience levels (through chat rooms, technical forums etc.). The SIMPLE on line knowledge base has undergone a favourable peer-review and validation process through a beta testing program involving utility agencies from around the world. WERF and the Water Research Foundation (WRF) have also partnered to create an Asset Management Self Assessment Tool (SAM-GAP) tailored to the North American water utility industry. Through the Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC), WERF and the Water Research Foundation have partnered with other international research organisations, United Kingdom Water Industry Research (UKWIR) and the Water Services Association Australia (WSAA) to create a Benefit-Cost Tool and a Risk Management Tool now incorporated into SIMPLE. Life Cycle Costing, Capital Investment Planning, Asset Registers and Hierarchies, Condition Assessment, Valuation and Failure Mode Analysis are also in development for the future.

This paper presents on-going research work titled “A Web-based Interactive National Database of Condition Assessment and Renewal Engineering Technologies for Water and Wastewater Pipelines.” This project is funded by the Water Environmental Research Foundation (WERF) through the Environmental Protection Agency’s Aging Water Infrastructure Research Program, a research agenda that supports efforts to put the nation’s aging infrastructure on a pathway toward sustainability. The development of this research program stems from EPA’s Sustainable Water Infrastructure Initiative. This research project will evaluate existing, new, and emerging technologies that address the nation’s aging water and wastewater infrastructure.

Three different procedures for intramolecular alkoxy-alkylation of 19-hydroxy-testosterone-acetate (4) are described each yielding a mixture of two products monoalkylated either at position C(2), C(4) or C(6). In all cases the alkoxy groups are introduced stereospecifically from the β-side. Treatment of 4 with I2/(CH3)2CO leads to 5 and 6. Reaction of 4 with HgCl2/ClCH2SCH3 gives rise to 12 and 13 whereas treatment with HC(OCH3)3/CH3C6H4SO3H affords 15, 16 and 17.

Treatment of the (Z)-isomers 6 and 7 of the four isomeric 16-acetoxy-17-hydroxyimino-steroids 6–9 with DCC/DMSO/CF3COOH (Moffat fragmentation of oximes) yielded the seco-α-acetoxy-nitriles 10 and 11, respectively, while similar treatment of both (E)-isomers 8 and 9 gave the formyl-carbonitrile 14. The mechanism of these fragmentations is discussed. 13C-NMR. data of oximes are presented which show the γ-gauche effect being associated with σ (CH)-bond polarization.

Partial Synthesis of Quassin: Synthesis of a Key Intermediate with an Angular 8β-Methyl Group from Testosterone A key intermediate in the partial synthesis of quassin (1) was synthesized in 28 steps starting from testosterone (9) (Scheme 3). The key features are: (i) The conversion of testosterone (9) into the 1α, 2β, 3β-O-substituted 4α-methylandrostane 19(Scheme 3) and its transformation into an intermediate 26 with the ring A partial structure of quassin (Scheme 4). (ii) The conversion of 19 to the vinylogous α-hydroxyketone 5(Scheme 6 and 7). (iii) The photochemically induced [2+2]-cycloaddition of allene to hydroxyenone 5, affording the 8β, 14β-cyclobutano-derivative 6(Scheme 2 and 8). (iv) The conversion of 6 into the key compound 7. In connection with this last transformation a new method for the degradation of phenylselenoesters of carboxylic acids to the corresponding nor-alkanes was developed (see Scheme 8). Details of this reaction will be published elsewhere [18].

The conversion of α-hydroxythioacetals to ketene thioacetals possessing an unprotected carbonyl function is described. Besides the intrinsic utility of this transformation it is of interest to recognize that ketene thioacetals are protected carboxyl groups.

Synthetic Application of Epoxynitrones I. Nitrone, a New α-Methylidene-γ-lactone Annelating Reagent The N-(2, 3-epoxypropyliden)-cyclohexylamine-N-oxide/CF3SO3SiR3 reagent descried in this communication opens a new and interesting entry to the versatile N-substituted N-propenylnitrosonium ions of type b(Scheme 6). One of the uses of this reagent is shown to be the synthesis of α-methylidene-γ-lactones from olefins. This new method shows similar features as the method based on 2, 3-dichloropropylidenamine-oxide/AgBF4 originally developed for the same purpose by Petrzilka, Felix and Eschenmoser. Epoxynitrone 18 can be transformed to the positively charged heterodiene of type b(Scheme 5) using the highly electrophilic reagents CF3SO3SiMe3 (23) and CF3SO3Si (t-Bu)Me2 (24), respectively. Low temperature 1H- and 13C-NMR. spectroscopy at −78° showed the sole formation of the nitrone-O-silyl-ethers a(Scheme 5). Epoxid opening leading to the diene b and subsequent reactions are observed only at about −30°. The diene b prepared in situ, adds to isolated double bonds by way of an inverse Diels-Alder reaction to afford cycloadducts of type 27(Scheme 7). Their stable cyanoderivatives, e.g.28(Scheme 7), can be isolated and transformed via31, 44 and 54 into cis annelated α-methylidene-γ-lactones of type 55(Scheme 11). Using trisubstituted olefins, substitution at the lower substituted olefinic C-atom competes efficiently with the cycloaddition (e.g.34, Scheme 8).

The anomeric effect as a conformation determining factor for 3-cyano-perhydro-1,2-benzoxazines An unusual population of conformer II is found by 1H-NMR. spectroscopy in the conformation equilibrium I⇄ II of 1b(Fig. 3) in which the non-bonding nitrogen electronpair is anti-periplanar to the CCN bond. This finding is interpreted in terms of a generalized anomeric effect operating in the α-cyano-hydroxylamin-ether structural unit.

Esters of carboselenoic acids, formed from carboxylic acids by conventional methods, undergo reaction with tributyltin hydride in inert aromatic solvents, either by heating to give the corresponding aldehyde or the corresponding alkane depending on reaction temperature and the structure of the parent carboxylic acid, or by ultraviolet irradiation at ambient temperature when the aldehyde is formed predominantly in high yield. In the case of esters of α, β-unsaturated carboselenoic acids the thermal reaction leads only to the corresponding aldehyde. The above stannane reduction can also be applied to selenocarbonates of primary and secondary alcohols (prepared from the corresponding chloroformates), to give the alkane, the parent alcohol and the corresponding formate, in relative amounts depending on the reaction temperature. These reactions thus constitute preparatively useful and high-yield degradation methods compatible with the presence of many other functional groups.

Starting from the known formyl ketene thioacetal 6, model compound 11 was synthesized. The key intermediates, the epimeric furylmethanols 7a and 7b, were converted into the same dithioortholactone 8b(Scheme 1) and further elaborated into the model compound 11(Scheme 2), a versatile compound in the synthesis of limonin (1). The acid catalyzed conversion of the epimers 7a and 7b into 8b may probably involve a hydride-transfer reaction with inversion of configuration at C(17) of alcohol 7a (Scheme 4, row b).

The chiroptical properties of the C(5)-epimeric 4,4-dimethyl-steroidderivatives 6, 7 and 8, recently prepared [1], are reported.

Synthetic application of epoxynitrones. II. Syntheses of steroidal α-methylidene-γ-lactones This communication describes the application of the epoxynitrone/CF3SO3SiR3 1,2-oxazine annelation-reaction [1] to the syntheses of steroidal α-methylidene-γ-lactones from olefines, e.g.12 14a/b 16a/b 18a/b 20 22(Scheme 2).

On the Stereochemistry of the C(8)-Alkylation of 7-Oxo-13,17-secosteroids It is shown that the title compounds, e.g.10, can be alkylated with methyl iodide under strongly basic conditions to afford 8α-methylated products, e.g.11(Scheme 1). The configuration was assigned by 13C-NMR.-spectroscopy, CD. measurements, and finally proved by a X-ray crystallographic structure analysis.

3β, 19-Epoxy-3 α-methoxy-steroids (e.g.1, Scheme 1) are converted into the corresponding 3 α-methoxy-19-oxo compounds (e.g.3) in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate, via an intramolecular hydride ion transfer from C (19) to (3) which is shown to be an equilibrium process. By subjecting the specifically deuteriated (19 S)- and (19 R)-compounds 1b and 1c to this reaction it was shown to be highly stereoselective.

Starting from 19-hydroxytestosteroneacetate (1) a high yield preparation of 3-oxo-4,4-dimethyl-19-hydroxy-5α-steroids (e.g.7, 9, 13 and 33) is described.

A two-dimensional heteronuclear multiple-quantum NMR experiment, based on the DEPT pulse sequence, for the simultaneous determination of the nature of proton-bearing chemical groups together with the measurement and correlation of carbon and proton chemical shifts is presented. Time and computer memory requirements for the proposed experiment are comparable to the acquisition of a two-dimensional C,H shift correlation spectrum. The data evaluation of the proposed zero-quantum carbon-shift correlated spectrum provides a list of chemical groups corroborated with their carbon and proton chemical shifts.

Applying the HgCl2/ClCH2SCH3-reaction 1. to 4,4-dimethyl-Δ5-7-oxo-19-hydroxy-androstene (9) one observes an intramolecular rearrangement of the «Westphalen-Lettre»-type (11). A related rearrangement is observed by treating 3-oxo-4,4-dimethyl-17β-acetoxy-Δ5-androstene (12) with HgCl2/ClCH2SCH3-reagent (13). Reaction of 3β, 17β-diacetoxy-4,4-dimethyl-19-(methoxymethyl)-Δ5-androstene (7) with hydrogenfluoride/urea-reagent gives rise to a similar rearranged product (15).

Two different synthetic approaches towards compound 16 with the ring A/A'-partial structure of limonin (1) are described.

Starting from 3-oxo-17β-hydroxy-Δ1-5α-androstene (2b) the preparation of 1-oxo-2-methoxy-4α-methyl-17β-hydroxy-Δ2-5α-androstene (9), a compound with the ring A structure of quassine (1) is described. The key problem of the reaction sequence is shown to be the monomethylation at C(4).

The course of the catalytic hydrogenation and isomerization (H2/Raney-Ni/dioxane or H2/Pd/C/EtOH) of Δ5.7-, Δ7-, Δ8-, and Δ8(14)-steroid olefins was shown to depend strongly on the configuration at C(13). The known hydrogenation/isomerization of reactions of Δ5.7-dienes in the 13β-series to Δ7-(H2/Raney-Ni/dioxane) and Δ8(14)-olefins (H2/Pd/C/EtOH) were also confirmed in the 3β, 19-epoxy-13β- and 3-Oxo-19-acetoxy-13β-steroid series (e.g. 32 35 37, Scheme 3). On the other hand, in the corresponding 13α-steroid series the same reactions afforded the Δ7-. and the Δ8-olefins (mixture of products with H2/Raney-Ni/dioxane; quantitatively the Δ8-compounds with H2/Pd/C/EtOH; s. e.g. Scheme 3). A similar dependence on the C(13) configuration was observed in the allylic oxidation of these olefins with SeO2 (Fieser's test, see Table), and in the acid catalyzed opening of the 7α, 8α-epoxides (e.g.60 62 + 63 in the 13β-series, and 56 64 + 65 in the 13α-series, Scheme 8).

The preparation of the title compounds 11, 37, and 39 is described. 37 will serve as starting material for a partial synthesis of the steroidal alkaloid batrachotoxinin A (1).

The synthesis of the title compound 3 is described. The reaction sequence will serve as a model for a partial synthesis of batrachotoxinin A (2).

A novel method for the reductive epoxide opening in a 14β, 15β-epoxy-20-oxo-Δ16-pregnene 4 affords an almost quantitative yield of the 14β-hydroxy-20-oxo-Δ16-pregnene 5. This leads to a considerable improvement of the formerly published synthesis of 3-O-methyl 17 α, 20ξ-tetrahydrobatrachotoxinin A (2) [3].

A novel synthesis leading to the C(20) epimeric 7,8-dihydroderivatives 16 [1] and 34 of batrachotoxinin A (1) [5] is described.