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Durante as aulas, é comum surgirem questionamentos curiosos sobre o conteúdo apresentado. Este artigo foi motivado pelas seguintes perguntas: Ao considerar um conjunto finito U munido de uma ordem parcial G contida em U x U, qual seria a maior (e menor) quantidade de elementos em G? Existe uma relação entre essa quantidade de elementos e a característica do par (U, G) ser um conjunto totalmente ordenado? Este artigo demonstra que (U, G) é totalmente ordenado se, e somente se, (U, G) é parcialmente ordenado e G possui n(n + 1)/2 elementos, sendo n a quantidade de elementos em U.

RESUMO Diante da importância da diversificação produtiva para o setor industrial, o presente estudo busca avaliar se o nível de diversificação da estrutura produtiva influencia na adoção de políticas industriais. Para tanto, utiliza-se dados de 5.570 municípios brasileiros no ano de 2015, e o método das reflexões. A abordagem das estatísticas descritivas, bem como a metodologia dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO) é utilizada para verificar as hipóteses testadas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que existe uma relação positiva e significante entre a Diversidade Efetiva de Atividades e a adoção de políticas industriais em todos os cenários analisados. Portanto, os resultados reforçam o argumento de que a política industrial é adotada em resposta à presença de atividades produtivas específicas, sendo condicionada pela diversificação da estrutura produtiva dos municípios.

The PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways play an important role in the acquisition of the malignant phenotype in cancer. However, there are few data regarding the role of the interplay between both pathways in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. The mutational status and the clinicopathological characteristics of PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were accessed by bioinformatic analysis whereas that the impact of the interplay between the activity of both pathways to explain tumorigenic potential was performed in vitro using IGF-1 and Wnt3a treatments in CRC cell models. The mutational status of these pathways did not influence the survival of CRC patients, but an association between clinicopathological characteristics in patients with mutations in one, but not in both pathways was observed. A potentiating effect on the activation of both pathways and enhanced cellular migration and proliferation was observed when both pathways were activated simultaneously with IGF-1 and Wnt3a. In addition, these effects were hindered after pretreatment with LY294002, a specific PI3K inhibitor, suggesting some dependence between these two signaling cascades. Our findings show that, regardless of mutational status, there is an interplay between the activity of PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways that contributes to events related to CRC progression and that the reversal of such events using a PI3K inhibitor highlights the value of targeting these pathways for potential directed therapies in CRC patients.

Insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é caracterizada por dispneia, intolerância ao esforço e comprometimento da qualidade de vida. A IC é considerada uma epidemia mundial, atingindo aproximadamente 26 milhões de pessoas e com gasto estimado em US$ 108 bilhões para o tratamento em todo o mundo. O tratamento envolve estratégias farmacológicas e não-farmacológicas, destacando-se o exercício físico. Desta forma, o objetivo desta revisão é detalhar os mecanismos fisiopatológicos que promovem a intolerância ao esforço e o papel do exercício físico na melhora da capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida. Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos da IC envolvidos na intolerância ao esforço são aumento da atividade simpática, alterações hormonais, em destaque a angiotensina II, aumento da resposta inflamatória e prejuízos no transporte, difusão e utilização de oxigênio no músculo esquelético. Esta cascata de eventos promove reduções na capacidade funcional, força muscular e qualidade de vida. Entre as estratégias não farmacológicas para o tratamento da intolerância ao esforço na IC, o exercício físico parece ser a única capaz de promover melhoras clínicas importantes, devido a melhora na capacidade de utilização de oxigênio pelo músculo esquelético.

In monetary economies the dynamics of the economy are determined by firms that make decisions based on the level of production and investment, according to expectations. The paper aims to evaluate the impact of uncertainty on the Bra-zilian economy for the period from 2003 to 2015. It discusses the impact and the way of conducting economic policy with reference to conventional behavior the-ory. The results show that the uncertainty persists on average between 4 and 5 months, and can reach 7 months. Moreover, the political dimension can be a source of stability or uncertainty, which through conventions reduces or prolongs the impulses arising from uncertainties.

At present, ophthalmic drug delivery remains a major challenge, given the eye's prot ective structure and susceptibility to irritation, resulting in poor patient adherence. In order to overcome these constraints, new formulations are continually being developed. The inclusion of Galactoxyloglucan (Tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) in such formulations, a natural substance extracted from the seeds of Tamarindus indica, has shown great potential due to its physico - chemical properties, high biocompatibility and safety profile. Such properties, have led to its use in formulations for the treatment of dry eye disease, glaucoma, and bacterial keratitis, as well as in dilating eye drops used in eye examinations. In this article, we highlight the most recent TSP - based ophthalmologic formulations, which indicate that this polymer is a strong candidate to reduce adverse effects, improve patient tolerability and drug bioavailability.

Abstract Aims: Patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy (ChC) could have a significant reduction in functional capacity (FC). This study aimed to report the effect of a 24-week combined physical exercise program on the FC of a patient with ChC. Methods: A woman, 44 years old, with positive serology for ChC in stage B2 has submitted the following assessments: i) Physical assessment: ii) Cardiopulmonary exercise test; iii) Test of 1-maximum Repetition, iv) Evaluation of cardiac autonomic modulation by heart rate variability (HRV). Results: The results obtained revealed a reduction in the anthropometric parameters and the SBP after training. Additionally, we observed an improvement in FC (aerobic and strength condiction) and cardiac autonomic modulation after 24 weeks of combined training. Conclusion: Our findings show that of a 24-week combined physical exercise program improved either FC or HRVof the patient with ChC.

Fusion has often been billed as the ultimate 21st century sustainable energy source. However, not only is the pace of the program glacially slow, it seems to recede further and further into the future. One way to speed up the delivery of economical fusion could be to change the objective from pure fusion, that is the use of the 14 MeV fusion neutron's kinetic energy to boil water; to fusion breeding, that is the former, but also making use of the neutrons 'potential energy' to breed ten times its energy in the form of nuclear fuel to be burned in separate reactors. The requirements of a fusion breeder are greatly relaxed from the requirements for a pure fusion reactor. For instance, ITER, the large tokamak being built by an international consortium in France, could well be the basis of an economical fusion breeder, but would have to clear many more scientific and technical hurdles before it could become the basis for a pure fusion reactor; hurdles it may or may not be able to clear. Even if it clears them, ITER is unlikely to evolve into an economical pure fusion power supply this century. A fusion breeder as could be alternate approach to speed the delivery of economical of fusion power.

As plumas de poluição atmosférica originadas nas áreas industriais respondem por considerável parte dos compostos que entram na atmosfera. A movimentação destes poluentes é condicionada por variáveis que incluem as propriedades do material emitido, condições meteorológicas e características da superfície. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da circulação da pluma de particulados atmosféricos emitidos no distrito industrial de Pirapora-MG. A metodologia inclui o estudo da direção e velocidade dos ventos; levantamento da extensão e direção da pluma em imagens de satélite e avaliação do condicionamento geomorfológico baseado em levantamentos de campo e dados SRTM. A dinâmica atmosférica regional histórica é marcada por ventos de nordeste (NE) e direciona a movimentação preferencial da pluma para sudoeste (SW). A geomorfologia atua no controle da dispersão por meio de dois corredores geomorfológicos (NE-SW) e (E-W), estes delimitados por barreiras orográficas nas cotas médias de 600m e 800m. Foi verificado no quadrante oeste (W) perfil de pluma com extensão de 128,5 km, sendo este o de maior risco ambiental devido à deposição de poluentes transportados por ventos de leste (E). As imagens de satélite associadas à dinâmica dos ventos e feições do relevo permitiram a identificação das áreas com maior possibilidade de degradação da qualidade do ar e acúmulo de material particulado. Estes resultados serão importantes no direcionamento dos estudos de contaminação nos compartimentos ambientais receptores (solo e vegetação) na área de deposição da pluma e poderão subsidiar ações de gestão ambiental, bem como auxiliar na tomada de decisões por parte dos gestores públicos.

Fusion has often been billed as the ultimate 21st century sustainable energy source. However, not only is the pace of the program glacially slow, it seems to recede further and further into the future. For instance, when the ITER Tokamak was approved in 2005, the date for the first plasma was 2016. As this is written in 2018, the date has moved back to 2025. It has receded nearly one year for every calendar year! Furthermore, even if ITER is successful, there are many, many fundamental obstacles between it and a commercial, sustainable pure fusion reactor. This paper shows that fusion breeding is a better way, one that could lead to substantial fusion power not too long after midcentury. The reason is that the requirements for a fusion breeder reactor are much relaxed from those of a pure fusion reactor. Fusion breeding is the use of fusion neutrons both to boil water and to breed nuclear fuel for thermal nuclear reactors. Pure fusion is only the former. Fusion breeding’s transition to a power source for the economy could follow rapidly a success by ITER, the National Ignition Facility or both. This paper summarizes years of effort and advocacy for fusion breeding instead of conventional fusion.

Warm-up is broadly used to increase performance and protect against injury in sports. However, the effects of different models of warm-up on maximal exercise and the subsequent recovery period are undetermined. This study aimed to assess the effects of different warm-ups on performance, blood pressure and autonomic control. Fifity three subjects rested for 5 minutes and then were randomly allocated to one of four experimental groups: Control (CTR), Aerobic Warm-up (AER), Static (SST) or Ballistic (BST) stretch. Immediately after warm-up, they performed a maximal cycling test and rested for 30 minutes. Heart rate variability (HRV), Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were assessed throughout the entire experiment. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-test or two-way ANOVA followed by either Bonferroni or Dunnet post-test, when appropriate. Warm-up did not change test performance or HRV (p>.05), however, when compared between-groups, SBP was higher in BST against all groups (p.05). When compared to baseline values SST showed increased SBP in recovery (p

Business and industry are currently focused on increasing employee productivity, reducing employee injuries and lost work time, and minimizing costs. Absence from work due to either injury or health-related leave negatively affects both direct and indirect costs. Absenteeism, regardless of reason, negatively impacts company profit. To decrease the multiple costs of unplanned absences, the occupational health nurse can collaborate with Human Resources professionals and management to create cost-saving short- and long-term disability programs, manage Family and Medical Leave Act programs, and case manage the care of all employees with workers' compensation claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexuality is a continuing human concern, regardless of a person's age. Even as normal and pathologic changes affect their sexual health, older adults have an ongoing interest in sexual activity, which holds many benefits for them. Nurses have a role in assessing sexual health and in developing plans for managing sexual problems. Watch a free video demonstrating the best practices for assessing sexual health in older adults at http://links.lww.com/A276. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Systems-of-systems (SoS) are alliances of independent and interoperable software-intensive systems. SoS often support critical domains, being required to exhibit a reliable operation, specially because people’s safety relies on their services. In this direction, simulations enable the validation of different operational scenarios in a controlled environment, allowing a benchmarking of its response as well as revealing possible breaches that could lead to failures. However, simulations are traditionally manual, demanding a high level of human intervention, being costly and error-prone. A stimuli generator could aid in by continuously providing data to trigger a SoS simulation and maintaining its operation. Methods We established a model-based approach termed Stimuli-SoS to support the creation of stimuli generators to be used in SoS simulations. Stimuli-SoS uses software architecture descriptions for automating the creation of such generators. Specifically, this approach transforms SoSADL, a formal architectural description language for SoS, into dynamic models expressed in DEVS, a simulation formalism. We carried out a case study in which Stimuli-SoS was used to automatically produce stimuli generators for a simulation of a flood monitoring SoS. Results We run simulations of a SoS architectural configuration with 69 constituent systems, i.e., 42 sensors, 9 crowdsourcing systems, and 18 drones. Stimuli generators were automatically generated for each type of constituent. These stimuli generators were capable of receiving the input data from the database and generating the expected stimuli for the constituents, allowing to simulate constituent systems interoperations into the flood monitoring SoS. Using Stimuli-SoS, we simulated 38 days of flood monitoring in little more than 6 h. Stimuli generators correctly forwarded data to the simulation, which was able to reproduce 29 flood alerts triggered by the SoS during a flooding event. In particular, Stimuli-SoS is almost 65 times more productive than a manual approach to producing data for the same type of simulation. Conclusions Our approach succeeded in automatically deriving a functional stimuli generator that can reproduce environmental conditions for simulating a SoS. In particular, we presented new contributions regarding productivity and automation for the use of a model-based approach in SoS engineering.

Dialysis and transplantation bring new hope and life to thousands of patients with end-stage renal disease. Renal transplantation restores reasonably normal health to patients whose kidneys no longer function and frees them from the limitations imposed by dialysis. Improved graft survival rates have further enhanced the desirability of transplantation. Currently in the United States, more than 80,000 people are living with a functioning renal transplant. The introduction of laparoscopic and laparoscopy-assisted techniques has proven to be a major improvement to living donation. This less invasive method of donating a kidney has more than doubled the chance that a patient with kidney failure will receive a transplant from a friend or loved one. New immunosuppressant medications, improved success rates, and the proliferation of transplantation centers have made renal transplantation a viable choice for many patients. The future will be dependent upon a marked increase in organ donation, which in turn will bring about earlier transplantation for patients with end-stage organ failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: O alongamento muscular é uma prática popularmente realizada com o propósito de melhorar a qualidade de vida e o desempenho em atividades físicas. Alguns estudos científicos relatam efeitos deletérios desta prática relacionadas às respostas mecânicas e neurais para a realização do movimento, os quais poderiam ser diretamente interferentes em variáveis como o tempo de reação manual (TRM), visto que, rapidez e precisão nesta variável são fundamentais em diversas atividades da vida diária, em algumas profissões e, especialmente, para o desempenho em exercício. Objetivo: O presente comentário teve por objetivo examinar e discutir o efeito das diferentes técnicas e volumes de alongamento muscular sobre o TRM e suas consequências. Conclusão: O baixo volume de alongamento (≤ 30s), independentemente da técnica ou intensidade, não interfere sobre o TRM. Face ao que se apresenta na literatura sobre o tema, não é possível realizar julgamento conclusivo da associação de alto volume de alongamento (duração > 30s) com a resposta motora manual. Adicionalmente, é imperativo estudos que objetivem avaliar o efeito do alongamento sobre o TRM, em mulheres ou associado ao dimorfismo sexual. Influence of Muscle Stretching on Hand Reaction TimeIntroduction: Muscle stretching is a popular practice with the purpose of improving quality of life and performance in physical activities, although some scientific studies report negative effects related to mechanical and neural responses to the movement, which could directly interfere in variables such as hand reaction time (HRT). Since, speed and precision in this variable are fundamental in several activities of daily living, in some professions, and especially for performance in exercise. Objective: This commentary aims to examine the state of the art on the effect of different techniques and volumes of muscle stretching on HRT and its consequences. Conclusion: Literature suggests that stretching volume (≤ 30s), regardless of technique or intensity, is not able to interfere on HRT. On the other hand, it´s not possible to make a conclusive judgment on whether high stretching volume (> 30s) is able to compromise hand motor response. Additionally, other studies are imperative to evaluate the stretching effect on HRT for women, or its association to sexual dimorphism.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as especificidades da mudança estrutural em três estados da região Sudeste – São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais – visando contribuir para o debate sobre a desindustrialização no Brasil entre os anos de 1996 e 2013. Para tanto, resgatam-se os estudos empírico-analíticos acerca da mudança estrutural na indústria brasileira. Utilizaram-se indicadores tradicionais de estudo sobre desindustrialização para os estados federativos selecionados por intensidade tecnológica. Contribui-se para a literatura sobre o tema ao utilizar o Índice de Desindustrialização Relativa Regional – DRR, visando mitigar os problemas relacionados à variação do câmbio que afetam a razão VTI/VBPI. Constatou-se a existência de um processo de desindustrialização relativa com impactos distintos na estrutura industrial de cada estado analisado. Apesar disso, os estados de São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais têm avançado, em níveis diferenciados, ainda que lentamente, de uma indústria de baixa intensidade tecnológica para uma indústria de média baixa e média alta intensidades tecnológicas.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os possíveis mecanismos de atuação da leptina no organismo, com o exercício na fisiopatologia da obesidade. A leptina é o hormônio sintetizado principalmente pelos adipócitos, responsável pelo controle do balanço energético. Concentrações séricas de leptina em indivíduos obesos são superiores quando comparadas com indivíduos magros, correlacionando-se diretamente ao percentual de gordura corporal, caracterizando o quadro de resistência a leptina. Estratégias não farmacológicas que tem por objetivo a redução do peso corporal utilizam a dieta e o exercício físico como principais ferramentas. Estudos realizados em indivíduos obesos apontam que o exercício físico crônico (> 8 semanas) é capaz reduzir a concentração plasmática de leptina, independente do gênero e da modalidade (aeróbio ou resistido). Entretanto, esta redução está associada com reduções em diversos índices antropométricos (peso corporal, percentual de gordura, massa gorda, IMC, circunferência de cintura e relação cintura-quadril). Os estudos que avaliaram a concentração plasmática de leptina após uma sessão de exercício moderado em indivíduos obesos não identificaram alterações significativas. Desta forma, parece que é necessário que o exercício físico promova mudanças significativas na composição corporal para que sejam observadas mudanças na concentração plasmática de leptina. Este fato pode ser atribuído a uma menor secreção de leptina pelo tecido adiposo devido a redução na quantidade de gordura corporal associada ao exercício. ABSTRACT Leptin and physical exercise: mechanisms to control the body weight The aim of this study was to identify possible mechanisms of action of leptin in the body, with the exercise of obesity path physiology. Leptin is a hormone synthesized mainly by adipocytes, responsible for the control of energy balance. Serum leptin levels are higher in obese compared with lean subjects, correlating directly to body fat percentage, characterizing resistance to leptin. Non-pharmacological strategies that aims at reducing body weight using diet and exercise as primary tools. Studies show that obese individuals exercise chronic (> 8 weeks) is able to reduce the plasma concentration of leptin, independent of gender and the type (aerobic or resistance). However, this reduction is associated with reductions in various anthropometric index (body weight, body fat percentage, fat mass, BMI, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio). Studies evaluating the plasma concentration of leptin after a session of moderate exercise in obese subjects did not identify significant changes. Therefore, it seems necessary that physical exercise promotes significant changes in body composition that are observed changes in plasma leptin. This fact can be attributed to reduced secretion of leptin by adipose tissue due to a reduction in body fat associated with exercise.

The kidneys are complex organs, and they are vital in maintaining normal body functions. A human being's survival depends, to a large degree, on the crucial functions and processes performed by the kidneys. The renal system affects all parts of the body by keeping body fluids in balance and other organ systems functioning normally. Renal and urologic disorders may strike anyone at any age and at any time. An estimated 20 million Americans are affected with renal disorders each year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic materials specifically permanent magnets are critical for the efficient performance of many renewable energy technologies. The increased reliance on renewable energy sources has accelerated research in energy-related technologies the world over. The use of rare-earth (RE) metals in permanent magnets continues to be a source of greater concern owing to the limited RE supply coupled with dwindling reserves on the globe. This review focuses on how this has impacted on the state-of-the-art magnetic materials that continue to play a pivotal role in driving renewable energy technologies. Magnetic materials are perceived as key in driving the 21st century industrial revolution, and the participation of South Africa in this energy paradigm is critical in driving a new industrial revolution within the African continent. A number of opportunities are highlighted, and clarity is given on the several ubiquitous misconceptions and the risks on the heavy reliance on a single source for RE magnetic materials.

Background: This study’s primary aim was to assess the safety and performance of second-generation all-soft suture anchors following arthroscopic labral tear repair. Methods: This prospective, multicenter study was conducted by 6 surgeons at 6 sites in Europe and the United States between November 2018 and August 2020. Patients who required shoulder arthroscopic repair, for a range of labral injuries, were treated with a second-generation all-soft suture anchor. The primary outcome was clinical success rate (percentage of patients without signs of failure and/or reintervention) at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included clinical success rate at 12 months, intraoperative anchor deployment success rate, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) at 6 and 12 months, including visual analog scale (VAS) pain assessment, VAS satisfaction assessment, EQ-5D-5L Index Score, EQ-5D-5L VAS Health Score, Rowe Shoulder Score for Instability, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, and Constant-Murley Shoulder Score. Serious adverse events and serious adverse device effects were collected throughout the study. Results: Forty-one patients were enrolled (mean age, 28.2 years; 87.8% male, 12.2% female). Clinical success was achieved in 27/28 and 31/32 patients at 6 months and 12 months, respectively. Anchor deployment had a 100% success rate. Significant improvements over baseline were reported for all PROs except Constant-Murley Shoulder (6 months) and VAS Satisfaction Score (12 months). One patient experienced 1 serious adverse event and 1 patient experienced 1 serious adverse device effect. Conclusion: Second-generation all-soft suture anchors used in this study demonstrated a high clinical success rate, a favorable safety profile, and patients exhibited significant improvement in PROs.

We describe a possible association between pulmonary hemosiderosis (PH) and a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Both patients were born at 28-week gestation and presented with PH at ages 22 months and 6 years, respectively. Both initially presented with cough and tachypnea, and bronchoalveolar lavage showed evidence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Initial hemoglobin levels were < 4 g/dL and chest radiographs showed diffuse infiltrates that cleared dramatically within days after initiation of intravenous corticosteroids. In the first case, frank pulmonary blood was observed upon initial intubation, prompting the need for high frequency ventilation, immediate corticosteroids, and antibiotics. The mechanical ventilation wean was made possible by the addition of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and hydroxychloroquine. Slow tapering off of medications was accomplished over 6 years. These cases represent a possible correlation between prematurity-associated BPD and PH. We present a review of the literature regarding this possible association. In addition, MMF proved to be life-saving in one of the PH cases, as it has been in pulmonary hemorrhage related to systemic lupus erythematosus. Further studies are warranted to investigate the possible association between PH and prematurity-related BPD, as well as the use of MMF in the treatment of PH.

Este artigo teve com objetivo caracterizar a morfologia cárstica desenvolvida em rochas silicatadas – quartzitos da Gruta do Salitre em Diamantina-MG, inserida nos domínio litológicos do Supergrupo Espinhaço – Grupo Guinda (Formação Sopa Brumadinho). Três etapas de trabalho compuseram as bases metodológicas: revisão bibliográfica e cartográfica, interpretação de imagens satélite; pesquisas de dados secundários no Cadastro Nacional de Cavernas (CNC) e Sociedade Brasileira de Espeleologia (SBE); tabulação de dados. A segunda etapa consistiu em três campanhas de campo – 2009, 2010 e 2011 – prospecção; levantamento da morfologia cárstica e feições espeleológicas, observação e interpretação entre fatores litoestruturais, o carste e a deposição espeleológica. A terceira etapa ficou por conta da interpretação dos resultados obtidos, uso do software ArcGis 9.3. Constatou-se que a gênese da gruta do Salitre encontra-se relacionada ao processo de dissolução química. A deposição e o desenvolvimento das microfeições estão associadas ao direcionamento das linhas estruturais (SW-NE), que contribuíram para a percolação hídrica no maciço e esta, juntamente com os demais agentes intempéricos, ocasionaram a dissolução química do quartzito. As semelhanças entre as características cársticas desenvolvidas em rochas carbonáticas e não carbonáticas demonstram que a geomorfologia da área de estudo deve ser considerada carste e não pseudocarste. Afinal, a diferença corresponde apenas ao tamanho dos espeleotemas, devido às propriedades e composição mineralógica da rocha, uma vez que, litologias carbonáticas possuem maior friabilidade.

Registra-se, pela primeira vez, a ocorrência de Brachymeria (B.) incerta (Cresson, 1865) (Hym., Chalcididae) e Clydonium sp. (Hym., Ichneumonidae) como parasitos de Hypsipy/a grandella (Zeller, 1848) (Lep., Pyralidae), aconhecida broca-do-cedro, cuja ação limitante, na cultura da Meliaceae, é notória.

Registra-se pela primeira vez a ocorrência do geometrídeo Eupithecia, provavelmente espécie nova, atacando acículas das coníferas nativas brasileiras, Araucaria angustifo/ia (pinheiro-do-paraná) e Podocarpus /ambertii (pinheiro-bravo), em regiões montanhosas da Serra da Mantiqueira, entre os estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais.

Abstract Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) represent the most widespread type of DNA sequence variation in the human genome and they have recently emerged as valuable genetic markers for revealing the genetic architecture of complex traits in terms of nucleotide combination and sequence. Here, we extend an algorithmic model for the haplotype analysis of SNPs to estimate the effects of genetic imprinting expressed at the DNA sequence level. The model provides a general procedure for identifying the number and types of optimal DNA sequence variants that are expressed differently due to their parental origin. The model is used to analyze a genetic data set collected from a pain genetics project. We find that DNA haplotype GAC from three SNPs, OPRKG36T (with two alleles G and T), OPRKA843G (with alleles A and G), and OPRKC846T (with alleles C and T), at the kappa-opioid receptor, triggers a significant effect on pain sensitivity, but with expression significantly depending on the parent from which it is inherited (p = 0.008). With a tremendous advance in SNP identification and automated screening, the model founded on haplotype discovery and statistical inference may provide a useful tool for genetic analysis of any quantitative trait with complex inheritance.

Abstract Understanding differences in the genetic architecture of complex traits between the two sexes has significant implications for evolutionary studies and clinical diagnosis. However, our knowledge about sex-specific genetic architecture is limited largely because of a lack of analytical models that can detect and quantify the effects of sex on the complexity of quantitative genetic variation. Here, we derived a statistical model for mapping DNA sequence variants that contribute to sex-specific differences in allele frequencies, linkage disequilibria, and additive and dominance genetic effects due to haplotype diversity. This model allows a genome-wide search for functional haplotypes and the estimation and test of haplotype by sex interactions and sex-specific heritability. The model, validated by simulation studies, was used to detect sex-specific functional haplotypes that encode a pain sensitivity trait in humans. The model could have important implications for mapping complex trait genes and studying the detailed genetic architecture of sex-specific differences.