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Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are the most common causes of foodborne illness. Candida tropicalis is also found in the faeces of chronic diarrhoea patients. Biofilms can form on the surfaces of living or inanimate objects. Biofilm formation contributes to various infections and makes their eradication difficult. The Nephelium mutabile plant is known to have active substances that are antibacterial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and anti-carcinogenic. The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of Nephelium mutabile leaf extract in inhibiting biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida tropicalis. This study used a Completely Randomized Design [CRD] with two sample groups: the sample group with the addition of Nephelium mutabile extract before biofilm formation and the group sample without any treatment. The concentration of Nephelium mutabileleaf extract for the biofilm inhibition test was 25%. Distilled water is used for negative control. Nephelium mutabile extract was most effective in inhibiting the formation of a Candida tropicalis biofilm [92.24%], and the lowest effectiveness inhibited the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm [35.76%]. Nephelium mutabile leaf extract has the potential to be an antibiofilm for bacteria and fungi [Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida tropicalis]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This research is investigate antibacterial activity of Coffea canephora extract against Gram-Positive Escherichia coli. Methods: An experimental laboratory with post-test only group design, investigating antibacterial activity of Coffea canephora extract in concentrations 4%, 16%, 25%, 33%, 39% and 44% were observed and measured mean diameter inhibitory zone then analysed by statistical and sensitivity test. Sensitivity criteria according standard of Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institiute (CLSI). Statistical test using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney Test. Conclusion: In The Coffea canephora extract showed lowest concentration to inhibit Escherichia coli was 33% (Mean: 9mm) although categorized as resistant. Greatest concentration 44% (Mean: 13.75mm) was categorized as intermediate. Statistical analysis using Kruskal-Wallis showed significant difference in all concentration and Mann-Whitney showed significant mean diameter inhibitory zone in concentration 33%, 39% and 44%. In this study we showed Coffea canephora extract perform antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli although in current study no sensitive concentration found. Increase concentration correlated with increase mean diameter inhibitory zone which indicated antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections. Inappropriate antibiotic use for UTI treatment may lead to antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to provide an updated bacterial and antibiogram profile from urine specimens of patients diagnosed with UTI. This study was a retrospective study using urine culture and antibiotic susceptibility test results obtained from Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in a tertiary general hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia for a two-month period patients. Most aged more than and/or equal to 59 years, in both sexes. Gram-negative bacteria, particularly, was being the most between June to July 2019. There were 215 patients with significant urine culture results of 54.4% from Escherichia coli female bacteria were carbapenem antibiotics and amikacin, while teicoplanin and vancomycin were some antibiotics susceptible to gramcommon bacteria that caused UTI, followed by K. pneumoniae. Some antibiotics with the highest susceptibility to gram-negative positive bacteria. This study result indicated that there was an urge to conduct local antibiogram profile investigation due to the low susceptibilities shown in recent empirical therapy recommendations, such as trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolone, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective - This study aimed to analyze the proportion of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from urine samples of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTI) patients at the General Hospital at Province of West Nusa Tenggara. Also measured the pattern of sensitivity to several antibiotics. Methods -This study is a descriptive observational with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 60 samples were used in this study. Bacterial identification was carried out according to standard bacteriological culture techniques. Furthermore, the antibiotic sensitivity test following the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using several antibiotics, including amoxycillin (AMP), ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftriaxone (CRO), and sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim (SXT). Results -The results showed that bacteria causing CA-UTI were Staphylococcus aureus (43.33%), Escherichia coli (21.67%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (10%), Proteus mirabilis (6.67%), Enterobacter aerogenes (6.67%), Serratica marcescens (5%), Klebsiella sp (3.33%), and Pseudomonas sp (3.33%). The antibiotic susceptibility test found that 4.58%, 11.25%, 9.16%, and 3% of bacteria were resistant to amoxycillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim, respectively. Conclusion -Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the most gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria causing CA-UTI, respectively. The most resistant antibiotic was ciprofloxacin, and the most sensitive antibiotic is sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of garlic against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Method: Dilution test was performed on 9 different concentration of ethanol extract of garlic (1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4 mg/mL) dissolved in DMSO 10% and MRSA suspension on Mueller Hinton broth medium to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration was determined by the result of streaking of MRSA inoculation on the nutrient agar plate. Results: The observation through Mueller Hinton broth medium has shown turbidity both before and after incubation because of garlic ethanol extract color which is blackish-brown and thick, while in the nutrient agar medium, MRSA bacteria grew on the media with concentrations 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, & 128 mg/ mL and unable to grow at concentrations of 256, 512, and 1024 mg/mL. Conclusion: The MIC of ethanol extract of garlic on MRSA could not be determined, and the MBC in this study was 256 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces cellular necrosis that could promote spread of infection. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of Vitamin D3 supplementation to improve the effectiveness of 2nd-line anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug therapy, especially in relation with cell death pathways. Methods: Mus musculus C3HeB/FeJ was randomly divided into four groups containing eight animals each. The 1st group (G1), consisting of mice that were intratracheally infected with multidrug-resistant strain of M. tuberculosis and sacrificed on 2-week postinfection to confirm successful infection. (G2) was a group of TB mice without therapy. Then, (G3) was a group of mice with the 2nd-line anti-TB therapy. The last group (G4) was a group of mice receiving not only the 2nd-line anti-TB therapy but also daily oral Vitamin D3 supplementation. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure expression of nuclear Vitamin D receptor, apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-3, cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) and LC3B autophagy markers, necrosis marker RIPK3, and collagenase matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1). The number of bacteria in the lung was calculated by colony forming units. The partial least square structural equation modeling with SmartPLS 3.2.6 software was used to analyze structural models among the variables. Results: Supplementation of Vitamin D3 on the 2nd-line anti-TB therapy increases Vitamin D3 receptor, CRAMP, LC3B, caspase-3 (P = 0.026, P = 0.000, P = 0.001), presses MMP1, and the number of bacteria (P = 0.010 and P = 0.000, respectively). The structural equation modeling analysis shows that increasing autophagy pathways reduces necrosis by lowering MMP1, whereas apoptosis reduces necrosis by decreasing the number of bacteria (each with indirect effects - 0.543 and - 0.544). Conclusion: A comprehensive analysis with the partial least square structural equation modeling shows decreasing necrosis requires increasing autophagy and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: HIV infection attacks the immune system, thus making a person vulnerable to various secondary diseases. Various secondary infections trigger systemic endothelium activation and lead to sepsis. Comorbid diseases cause high morbidity and mortality rates in HIV patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence of secondary diseases in HIV patients. Methods: Analytic and descriptive study with crossectional study design. Data were obtained from medical records of hospitalized patients at RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya from August 2019 - February 2020. Results: Patients are dominated by the 30-39-year-old age group (48.8%) with male gender (69.4%), high school graduates (69.4%), private employees (44.7%), Muslim (90.3%), married (53.1%), CD4 <100 cells/µL (28.1%). From 392 patients, there were 46 2-time inpatients, seven 3-time inpatients times, and four 4-time inpatients, which brings a total of 320 HIV patients during the inclusion period. The highest prevalence of secondary disease was candidiasis oris (56.3%), tuberculosis (40.9%), and anemia (39.7%). There was association between age to complications (p= 0.042) and CD4 counts to complications (p= 0.022). Conclusion: HIV patients with CD4 counts of less than 200 cells / µL are very susceptible to various secondary diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the cause of significant health and death problems worldwide. Indonesia is known as the second highest country with TB burden in the world after India. The incident of TB is further increasing in diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes mellitus disrupts the body's immune function; thus, patients are more susceptible to infection, including TB. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus history (DM) among newly diagnosed TB patients in Surabaya. Methods: 160 patients were grouped into two groups; the first group (67 patients) was positive for TB and diabetes mellitus, and the second group (93 patients) was positive for TB only. Data were collected from TB patients based on acid-fast bacilli stain (AFB) and positive Xpert MTB/RIFF. Blood glucose level was collected from 2hrPPG, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Results: The prevalence of TB related with DM history was 42% from 55 ± 9.52 years old. Patients with TB-DM showed poor glucose blood level, their 2hrPPG was 301.43 ± 126.80 mg/dl, and the HbA1c result (> 6.5%) was 82%. The rifampicin resistant level result was not significantly different between TB and TB-DM (4.4% and 3% respectively). Conclusions: Our results highlight the incidence of DM history in TB positive patient that was hospitalized in Hajj Hospital. Therefore, it is important to monitor the prevalence of DM in TB newly diagnosed cases to assist practitioner to choose better treatment while considering the risk of DM interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]