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As for cellulose‐based aerogels, a feature of inadequate mechanics and easy‐flammability seriously restricts their practical applications. To address this issue, herein a lightweight, mechanical elastic and flame‐retardant phosphorylated lignin‐based cellulose nanofiber (PLCNF‐B) aerogel with the aid of boric acid was successfully obtained by freeze‐drying method. Due to the uniform and tough network structure benefitting by strong hydrogen bond between phosphorylated fibers and boric acid, the resultant aerogel showed excellent mechanical performance, that is, high compressive strength of 8.9 kPa (strain: 50%) and outstanding cyclic reliability (remain 90% after 10 cycles). Meanwhile, PLCNF‐B aerogel possesses highly improved flame‐retardant property, that is, a high LOI value (up to 46%), significantly reduced peak heat release rate (11.2 W/g) and total heat release rate (0.47 kJ/g). Based on structural observation and analysis, the flame‐retardant behavior should be attributed to the formation of PxOy/amorphous boron oxide protective layer, which is derived from the phosphorus containing group of PLCNF and boric acid. The splendid overall performance of aerogel material offers a potential material tactic for design and development of advanced bio‐based aerogels for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Castor oil‐based polyurethane has been researched for its utility in heavy metal adsorption. To improve the adsorptive performance, the polymer can be incorporated with cellulose—a renewable and widely available biopolymer. The aim of this research was to synthesize a film composite prepared from castor oil‐based polyurethane and cellulose for adsorptive removal of aqueous Cd and Pb. One‐shoot synthesis method was employed by mixing cellulose filler with castor oil and toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Characterization was carried out by FT‐IR, SEM, TGA, DSC, and contact angle analyses. Batch adsorption was carried out for the Cd and Pb with variations in contact time and initial pH, before analyzed for the adsorptive performance using 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser spectroscopy. The resulted adsorbents had improved thermal stability, and lower hydrophobicity. Adsorption of Pb and Cd increased 2 and 35 times after the addition of 0.1 g cellulose, respectively. Batch adsorption test revealed that the optimum conditions are 120‐min contact time and pH of 9 and 7 (for Cd and Pb, respectively). In conclusion, incorporation of cellulose could modify the characteristics of castor oil‐based polyurethane film and improve the adsorption of Cd and Pb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous rise in global demand for wood products has led to an increase in prices and a surge in research into alternative resources. As a byproduct of the timber industry, bark has emerged as a promising supplement in particleboard (PB) production. However, its anatomical structure, the presence of extractives, and its inferior mechanical properties complicate the production process, which have not yet been fully overcome at a commercial scale. This study proposes a paradigm shift, advocating for separate and specialized bark constituent processing in a wet state. Three bark-based raw materials—namely, outer bark particles, bark fiber clumps, and bark fibers—were investigated under varying wood content scenarios. PBs with a target density of 0.7 g/cm3 and a thickness of 16 mm were produced using mixtures of these bark-based materials and wood particles in different ratios bonded with a urea–formaldehyde adhesive. The results demonstrated that these bark constituents exhibit distinct properties that can be optimized through tailored processing techniques. Compared to bark fibers, outer bark particles displayed about 40% lower water absorption and thickness swelling. However, bark fibers improved the internal bond by about 50% due to their favorable morphology compared to outer bark. These findings highlight the potential of bark as a valuable resource for particleboard production and pave the way for its efficient utilization through specialized processing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the current demand of wood products and industrial requirements, plantation owners need to re-think ways in which harvesting is carried out and identify the most efficient harvesting system that also utilizes small diameter parts of stem per industry's product specifications. This paper contributes to the discussion by comparing the harvesting productivity and stem recovery between conventional harvesting (CH) and integrated harvesting (IH) systems. CH is harvesting which does not necessarily align with the log dimensional requirements of the customer and only recovers logs with big diameters while IH is based on harvesting and sorting logs according to need in a single operation so that as much volume and value as possible of the stands is realized. The study was carried out at the Sao Hill Forest Plantation in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. The harvested compartment was purposively selected and divided into IH and CH plots. A total of 39 trees were randomly selected to be harvested from each plot. The findings portray a significant difference in the stem recovery of 75% for IH and 60% for CH. CH had an average cutting productivity of 16 m3/h as compared to 14 m3/h for IH while skidding productivity was 15.3 m3/h and 24.9 m3/h for IH and CH, respectively. In this study, the IH system resulted in higher production in terms of volume recovered, meaning IH had a significant impact on the production and stem recovery of the standard stem-wood for use in different industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the continued dominance of detrimental formaldehyde‐based binders in the wood reconstituted products, there is a growing push to develop more environmentally friendly alternatives. Cellulose‐based biomass adhesives have been extensively researched and documented. However, their industrial application is limited due to inadequate water resistance and suboptimal coating ability. In this study, a cellulose‐derived wood binder with a hyperbranched entangling structure was synthesized by covalently cross‐linking branched polyethylenimine and oxycellulose through Schiff base formation. The dry/wet bonding strength of the prepared plywood was 2.07 and 1.52 MPa, respectively, exhibiting a remarkable increase and breakthrough compared to that of pure oxidized cellulose binder. This can be attributed to the formation of a water‐resistant Schiff base tangle network, which enhances the toughness of the adhesive. Notably, the pure cellulose adhesive tends to agglomerate on the wood surface, whereas the hyperbranched modified cellulose adhesive exhibits a more uniform coating ability. This study further demonstrates the reliable potential of tangle structures based on Schiff base reactions in the development of biomass‐based adhesives. Highlights: A high bonding strength cellulose‐based wood adhesive was prepared.The Schiff base reactions have been used to construct cross‐linked structures.The cross‐linked network structure provides excellent water resistance.The cured cellulose‐based adhesive has excellent dry/wet bonding strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural sawn timber, sourced from softwood plantations, is widely used in lightweight timber-framed residential housing and in engineered wood products for contemporary mass timber construction. However, a significant proportion of milled timber boards are considered ‘out-of-grade’, failing to attain a structural grade under existing classifications systems due to various stiffness, strength, and/or utility-limiting features. This study investigates the potential of controlled lamination techniques to produce structurally usable laminated timber products from out-of-grade timber, using a minimal number of requisite boards. Numerical and experimental methods were employed to compare different board assignment heuristics, in terms of reducing the stiffness variability in laminated board populations. The results indicate that controlled board locations produced remarkably consistent laminated products, achieving very low variability even with a minimum lamination of only two boards. The findings of this paper suggest that controlled lamination techniques have the potential to transform low-value out-of-grade timber into a valuable resource for value-added applications, challenging the existing market perception that out-of-grade timber lacks structural usability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wounds infected by resistant microbes have become a cost and health problem worldwide. In modern wound care, healing mechanisms require particular strategies, such as adding natural antioxidants and antimicrobials in a biocompatible biopolymer matrix mimicking extracellular tissue such as cellulose. Here, ascorbic acid or Vitamin C is a promising bioactive as a topical drug loaded in a cellulose‐based composite matrix for skin tissue repair. Ascorbic acid, cellulose, or cellulose composites enriched with ascorbic acid have shown better biocompatibility and biological effects for accelerating wound healing, making them promising as sustainable medical textiles. Future challenges relate to the ideal engineered wound dressing design, raw material toxicity, and 3D printing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocellulose‐reinforced composites hold great promise for outperforming the original polymer matrix by offering exceptional properties, including outstanding barrier characteristics achieved through the establishment of convoluted pathways for the diffusion of water vapor and gases, as well as superior mechanical and thermal properties. Nevertheless, a significant challenge when employing nanocelluloses as reinforcements in polymers arises from their limited compatibility with the polymer matrix, primarily attributed to the abundance of surface hydroxyl groups.To address this limitation, this study focuses on the acetylation modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibers (CNF) to enhance their compatibility with the polymer matrix. Poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) nanocomposites were developed by incorporating 1 wt% of both untreated and acetylated cellulose. The process involved the molten state mixing of these components using a twin‐screw mini extruder, conducted at 160°C for 7 min. The efficacy of the acetylation process was verified through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the favorable interaction and dispersion of nanocelluloses within the polymer matrix. Importantly, introducing these fillers did not compromise thermal stability but notably enhanced the hydrophobic characteristics of the samples, as confirmed by contact angle measurements. Dynamic mechanical analyses further demonstrated the compatibility and effective interaction between the polymer and fillers. This research uniquely provides a comparative analysis of the effects of acetylated CNC and CNF within a PBAT matrix, unveiling distinct interactions and performance enhancements. Each type of nanocellulose exhibits its own characteristic ways of bonding and dispersing, leading to varying performance improvements for the material. This comparison elucidates the nuanced roles that these nanocelluloses play in reinforcing composites, offering insights into optimizing their contribution to polymer matrices. By demonstrating the differential impact of CNC and CNF post‐acetylation, our study contributes significantly to the field of polymer science, guiding future applications of nanocellulose‐reinforced materials in advanced engineering and sustainability efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most prevalent cancers affecting women globally is breast cancer. Consequently, the development of cost‐effective and low‐risk treatment options remains a critical pursuit. This study describes the synthesis via water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) of a pH‐responsive nanocarrier for curcumin delivery, a promising anticancer drug. The nanocarrier comprises carboxymethyl starch (CMS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and gamma alumina (γ‐Al2O3) nanoparticles. The molecular interactions between the nanocomposite components, its crystalline structure, surface morphology, size distribution, and surface charge were assessed via Fourier‐transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential, respectively. The nanocarrier showed a size ranging from 150 to 280 nm, zeta potential of +35.4 mV, drug loading of 47% and an encapsulation efficiency of 87%, which are among the maximum values reported to date for curcumin nanocarriers. A gradual drug release was observed, with 51% and 90% released after 72 h at pH 7.4 and 5.4, respectively, which corroborates the pH‐sensitivity of the nanocarrier. The cytotoxic effects of the curcumin‐loaded nanocomposite on MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and normal cells were investigated using methylthiazolyldiphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that loading curcumin onto the hydrogel significantly enhances its penetration into MCF‐7 cells. Overall, this novel nanocomposite offers a promising approach for curcumin delivery in breast cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of decorative wood veneers in contemporary design is increasingly emphasized as society becomes more aware of quality of life and environmental protection. This article explores in detail four key aspects of decorative wood veneers as a contemporary design medium: visual perceptual elements, multisensory interaction, sustainability and environmental impact, and technology and innovation. Through its unique aesthetic attributes and multisensory experience, decorative wood veneers enhance the aesthetics and user experience of interior design, respond to the global trend of sustainability, and promote innovation and environmental responsibility in the design industry through the use of environmentally friendly materials and advanced technologies. This article aims to provide insights for designers, researchers and related industries to stimulate further exploration of the application of decorative wood veneers in design innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of scrimber composites and other engineered wood products from low-value wood and wood waste provides an effective opportunity to preserve natural resources, minimize waste, and innovate the production of higher-performance, environment-friendly construction materials. In this study, peeler cores, which are the center of poplar logs remaining after the peeling process in the veneer production, were utilized to develop scrimber composites. This study investigated the effects of different resins, including phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and urea formaldehyde (UF), as well as hydrothermal treatments at various temperatures (60 °C and 130 °C), on the physical and mechanical properties of the scrimber composites. Chemical changes in wood components and morphological changes in wood cell walls resulting from hydrothermal treatment were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. To clarify how resin type and hydrothermal treatment affect structural performance, several physical and mechanical properties of scrimber composites, including thickness swelling, water absorption, internal bond strength, bending modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture, were measured. The test results revealed that hydrothermally treated wood scrims at 130 °C, when bonded with PF resin, produced scrimber composites with superior structural performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing demand for wood products from forests located in dry regions, which includes the Caatinga, a biome in Northeast Brazil. This study evaluates the relationship between volumetric production, energy potential, and the rotation cycle. Information was collected from forest stands in different stages of regeneration located in an arid region of Brazil. Based on the forest management plan, four fields were selected with post-logging ages of 9, 11, 13, and 16 years. This inventory recorded circumference at chest height, circumference at base height, total height, volume, stored energy, technical cutting age, and rainfall index. The results showed that the species that presented the most significant quantity of stems did not always correspond to those that obtained the most significant amount of biomass. The technical cutting age was determined at 16 years, aiming to maximize wood utilization. Regarding energy density, the 9-year-old field reached 7,281 kcal ha-1, the 11-yearold field obtained 14,448 kcal ha-1, the 13-year-old field recorded 41,526 kcal ha-1, and the 16-year-old field reached 98,190 kcal ha-1. The species that contributed most to energy accumulation included Mimosa tenuiflora with 3,740 kcal m-³, Piptadenia stipulacea with 3,271 kcal m-3, and Cenostigma pyramidale with 3,101 kcal m-3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood as a renewable material is relevant for climate change mitigation: Carbon sequestration in forests and carbon storage in harvested wood products (HWPs) contribute to carbon reduction in the atmosphere, and the substitution of carbon‐intensive products with wood products can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Since wood is a limited resource, it must be used efficiently and sustainably. Shifting wood from one application to another might result in decreased GHG emissions due to substitution effects. However, which wood application will lead to a GHG emission reduction is currently unknown. This study investigates the effects of shifting wood between applications and the resulting substitution effects from a system perspective. A system dynamics model describes the wood utilization system of Austria, including the value chains from the forest to wood‐processing industries and the substitution that takes place in these industries. These value chains are associated with the global warming potential. Seven wood utilization scenarios shifting between material use and use for energy are simulated. The results show that wood shifts lead to both a substitution effect (emission reduction) in industries where wood utilization is increased and a counter effect (emission increase) where wood is replaced. The two effects potentially outweigh each other partly, leading to comparatively small net effects. However, carbon sequestration in HWPs and future changes in substitution effects might lead to additional effects. To substantially contribute to climate change mitigation, alternatives other than shifting wood between material and energy value chains need to be found within the wood utilization system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food contact paperboard poses a potential risk of food contamination due to the possible release of chemicals (intentionally added or not), particularly in recycled paperboard. Water extractions were performed, according to wet food procedures, of paperboard samples collected from a manufacturer at the beginning and the end of a recycling production chain. Chemical analysis and hormonal activities in vitro of water extracts were studied. ICP–MS analysis confirmed the presence of 15 trace elements with lower concentrations after the recycling process, with the exception of chlorine. The chromatographic analyses demonstrated that the identified substances in the starting paperboard, before the recycling process, were approximately twice as high as in the end paperboard, after the recycling process. These substances included also natural wood products, chemical additives, and undesirable substances such as phthalates. Two major products (3,5-di-tert-butylphenol and methyl-2-pyrrolidone) were found in the starting and the end paperboard extracts, respectively. Two common substances were identified in both extracts: 2,4-di-tert-buthylphenol and dehydroabietic acid. Evaluation of potential endocrine disruption showed that the starting paperboard extract exhibited oestrogenic and antiandrogenic effects, while these effects nearly disappeared in the end paperboard extract. These results confirmed that the recycling process was effective in removing most of the contaminant substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global demand for sustainable building materials has fuelled research into composite panels from wood waste. Despite their potential, the widespread adoption of this practice is hindered by the absence of quality standards, inconsistent material properties, and uncertainties about durability and strength. This paper critically reviews existing standards, manufacturing processes, and the suitability of panels from wood waste. A systematic review is conducted to identify the influencing processes and parameters affecting panel performance, from waste collection to the finishing stages. The findings indicate that incorporating 10–30% of wood waste can enhance the mechanical and physical properties, with particularly improved hygroscopic properties and greater dimensional stability. By establishing comprehensive standards and optimizing manufacturing processes, wood waste-based panels can emerge as a viable and eco-friendly alternative. Furthermore, the potential for repeated recycling in a closed-loop process offers promising environmental benefits, though it necessitates balancing resource conservation with product quality. By addressing these challenges, wood waste-based panels can significantly contribute to environmental conservation and resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poplar (PopulusL.) is one of the most widely distributed tree species planted in the plains of China and plays an important role in wood products and ecological services. Accurate estimation of poplar Growing Stock Volume (GSV) is crucial for better understanding the ecological functions and economic values in plain regions. However, the striped distribution feature of poplar forests in plain regions makes traditional grid-based GSV modeling methods highly uncertain. This research took Lixin County and Yongqiao District as case studies to examine the advantages of using object-based GSV modeling approach over the traditional grid-based approaches for poplar GSV estimation. The canopy height variables and density variables were extracted from airborne LIDAR-derived Canopy Height Model (CHM) data through different grid sizes and segmentation unit for constructing the poplar GSV estimation models using the linear regression. The results indicate that (1) Significantly linear relationships exist between GSV and height percentile variables; (2) The estimation accuracy in Lixin can be effectively improved by incorporating the CHM density variables into height variables, with the coefficient of determination (R2) increasing from 0.46 to 0.71 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) decreasing from 20.23 to 14.94 m3/ha when a grid-based approach was implemented at grid size of 26 m by 26 m (plot size). However, CHM density variables have no effect on estimation modeling in Yongqiao district. The patch sizes and shapes considerably affect the selection of modeling variables and accuracy of modeling prediction; (3) The object-based mapping approach outperforms the grid-based approach in solving the mixed plot problem. This is especially valuable in the study areas with striped forest distribution. This study shows that differences in poplar stand structure affect the selection of modeling variables and GSV modeling performance, and an object-based modeling approach is recommended for GSV estimation in the plain areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately measuring the moisture content (MC) of square timber is crucial for ensuring the quality and performance of wood products in wood processing. Traditional MC detection methods have certain limitations. Therefore, this study developed a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) model based on the first 8 nanoseconds of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) signals to predict the MC of square timber. The study found that the mixed-species model exhibited effective predictive performance (R2 = 0.9864, RMSE = 0.0393) across the tree species red spruce, Dahurian larch, European white birch, and Manchurian ash (MC range 0%–133.1%), while single-species models showed even higher accuracy (R2 ≥ 0.9876, RMSE ≤ 0.0358). Additionally, the 1D-CNN model outperformed other algorithms in automatically capturing complex patterns in GPR full-waveform amplitude data. Moreover, the algorithms based on full-waveform amplitude data demonstrated significant advantages in detecting wood MC compared to those based on a traditional time–frequency feature parameter. These results indicate that the 1D-CNN model can be used to optimize the drying process and detect the MC of load-bearing timber in construction and bridge engineering. Future work will focus on expanding the dataset, further optimizing the algorithm, and validating the models in industrial applications to enhance their reliability and applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the world's largest importer of logs, possessing the scale to exert significant influence in the international market. This paper uses a fixed-effect variable coefficient Pricing-to-Market panel model to measure China's market power in log import trade. It also utilizes the Almost Ideal Demand System model from an elasticity perspective to explore the market behavior characteristics of various source countries in China's log import trade, thereby validating the mechanism of market power. The results indicate that: ① China's main trading partners can be categorized into four groups according to their market power in the log import trade. Specifically, China holds superlative market power in log imports from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Myanmar; holds strong market power in log imports from Russia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Mozambique; holds weak market power in log imports from Papua New Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, France, Germany, Australia, and New Zealand; and holds no market power in Japan, Cameroon, and the United States. ② As China's expenditure on log imports increases, there is a tendency to purchase high-quality precious wood and a greater concern for the legality of market transactions. Consequently, China is anticipated to augment its imports from source countries with no or weak market power. ③ The simple price elasticity of log imports from each source country is negative. Source countries with stronger market power tend to increase prices to achieve higher total revenue, while those with weaker market power are more inclined to lower prices to achieve the same. ④ Log products from various source countries are complementary in the Chinese market, indicating that China's substantial demand for logs relies on the simultaneous supply from multiple countries and diverse wood types. Based on the existence or absence of market power in China's log import trade, this paper provides targeted insights into enhancing international market power and reducing trade losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, the control of Coptotermes curvignathus populations as living tree termite pests has been carried out since the early 20th century. Recently, C. curvignathus has been considered the main termite pest and designated as the only species model for wood and wood products resistance tests against subterranean termite attack testing protocol in the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). However, the species distribution range of C. curvignathus has been long questioned as Coptotermes gestroi is commonly reported as a species found in urban areas of Southeast Asian region, particularly in Indonesia. One of the reasons for the species distribution discrepancies is the lack of morphological markers to distinguish both species in the field. Thus, limiting the field inspection effectiveness in termite pest management in Indonesia. This study reexamined and clarified the morphological differences between C. curvignathus and C. gestroi , based on soldier caste. The head shape, mandible shape, and distribution of genal setae on the ventro-anterior head part and pronotum marked the difference between the 2 species. These current results support previous findings of C. curvignathus as the forest dweller while clarifying C. gestroi as the common urban dweller in Indonesia. The putative benefit of morphological features related to the head, mandible, and setae distribution to the defensive adaptation in their common habitat was discussed. Ultimately, the inclusion of C. gestroi into the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) as an alternative species for efficacy tests against subterranean termites is highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing global demand for wood and wood products for a growing diversity of applications. Even-aged plantation forests are efficient in providing goods and services from relatively small areas of land. Eucalypt plantations have been an important component of wood supply worldwide and planted area expansion and productivity improvements have increased significantly over three decades, yet the opportunity may still exist for yield improvements per unit of land area. Increases in eucalypt productivity have resulted largely from an extensive network of field trials and studies published by researchers across the world and particularly in Brazil. This study collates eucalypt yield data primarily from studies of planting density and site factors, both as trials and as plantation sample plots. Studies selected for inclusion are those planted with successful genotypes and under conditions of standard silvicultural practice at the time. The final dataset comprises 309 records of eucalypt mean annual increment (MAI) at rotation age from 61 published sources across 129 locations in 18 countries worldwide. The MAI data are used to derive a benchmark eucalypt yield for high, moderate and low site quality in Kӧppen–Geiger climate zones across a stand density gradient from 200 to 2 500 trees ha−1. The benchmark provides a comparison for plantation eucalypt growers to gauge their own productivity. A gap between benchmark and yield flags the opportunity for improvement and provides a focus for strategies to improve yield. Gap analysis can help foster co-operation, shared solutions and technology transfer across geographically separated growers sharing similar climatic conditions. Of particular significance is support for small-scale and medium-scale tree farmers who are becoming increasingly important in the supply chain. In places where expansion of a eucalypt plantation area is contemplated, it is envisaged that the yield benchmark will provide input to the cost benefit, risk analysis and sustainability planning considerations that are essential before planting starts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the content of lignin, pitch, and PAN as well as the preparation process would be systematically controlled in order to prepare carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with cross‐linked structure, high specific surface area, and good flexibility. The evolution of nanofibers with different lignin contents during stabilization and carbonization were explored, and the properties of the resultant CNFs as supercapacitor self‐supported electrodes were compared. The results indicated that with the increase of lignin content, not only cross‐linked structures were introduced in CNFs, but also the flexibility were obviously improved, accomplishing for supercapacitor self‐supported electrodes. Moreover, CNFs with different content of lignin varied in fiber morphology and microstructure, harvesting developed porous structure in CNFs. PPL3‐CNF prepared with adding lignin at a mass ratio of 3/7 into a concentration of 10 wt.% pitch/PAN solution presented the highest specific surface area of 949 m2 g−1, exhibiting an excellent specific capacitance of 190.7 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a group pest categorisation for the EU territory of non‐EU Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on non‐coniferous hosts, which total 6495 known species. Most species attack apparently healthy, weakened or dead trees, either feeding on the phloem ('bark beetles' subgroup) or on fungi inoculated into the sapwood ('ambrosia beetles' subgroup). Smaller subgroups feed and reproduce in seeds and fruits, or in herbaceous plants. Some species are polygynous, the males initiate a gallery or a chamber on or in a new host and attract females. Others are monogamous, and the females initiate the new galleries. Many species respond to primary volatile attractants emitted by the hosts, and some produce aggregation pheromones that attract conspecifics of both sexes. The species attacking living hosts are often associated with fungi that contribute to weakening the host defences and provide nutrients to the insects. Some are inbreeding; the males in the offspring mate with their sisters and rarely leave their natal tree. The larvae of all species develop and pupate within their hosts. Based on catalogues and other published data, a database was constructed providing information on hosts, feeding and reproductive habits, geographic distribution and the Köppen–Geiger climate types in countries where species occur. The Scolytinae were screened to exclude species in the following categories: (i) 708 species attacking conifers; (ii) 127 species present in at least four EU Member States and (iii) 440 species occurring in areas with climatic conditions not occurring in the EU. Among the remaining 5220 species, 88 species known for their mobility, occupying at least two landmasses separated by geographical barriers and some of which had impact levels documented in literature, were extracted. They were grouped into four subcategories: (i) 12 species with high impact on plant health; (ii) 16 species with low or doubtful impact; (iii) 48 species with no impact; (iv) 12 species with no impact and which had never been recorded as 'introduced' in the consulted catalogues but occurring on at least two landmasses. All 88 species could enter the EU with wood or wood products, or with plants for planting, and could establish because host plants are available, and climate is suitable in parts of the EU. Control measures to inhibit introduction are available. There is considerable uncertainty regarding the potential impact of many species. Methods for the reliable identification of many species are lacking. For some species of non‐EU Scolytinae on non‐coniferous hosts, all criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential quarantine pest are met. Nevertheless, the Panel was not able to develop a method to discriminate confidently between species that clearly meet the criteria for potential quarantine pest status and those that do not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While extreme weather events are often localized, the potential effects on global forests can be far reaching due to the interconnected nature of forest product markets. To better understand these dynamics, this study leverages historical forest‐based wind damage data in the United States and applies this information as shocks within a global forest sector outlook model. A large, localized wind event modeled as a shock to the US South creates a one‐time increase of 18.7 million m3 from salvage harvest operations, equal to over 4% of national harvest. This crowds out traditional harvest activities, leading to downward pressure on prices in the short run, followed by a persistent effect that could take approximately 25 years to dissipate from markets. Average annual wind damage contributes downward pressure on roundwood prices between 1% and 4% in the United States, and this effect is distributed to other countries. The findings suggest that large, localized shocks reverberate across regions and wood product markets due to their interconnected supply chains and trade patterns, and these impacts have important temporal dynamics. Another key result is that the magnitude of these effects are offset by endogenous market reactions in other markets. In other words, unaffected regions change their harvesting patterns in order to compensate for changes in the availability of fiber, shedding light on the importance of capturing global channels as large shocks materialize in changes in market dynamics internationally. Monte Carlo simulations suggest a wide confidence band on salvage harvest rates and prices. Plain Language Summary: Extreme weather events can have significant impacts on global forests despite being localized, thanks to the interconnected nature of forest product markets. This study investigates this relationship by analyzing historical wind damage data from US forests. It finds that a major wind event in the US South led to a substantial increase in salvage harvest, equivalent to over 4% of the national harvest. This surge in harvest disrupted traditional activities, causing short‐term price drops and long‐lasting effects over about 25 years due to tree loss. Wind damage annually contributes to 1%–4% price decreases in US roundwood, affecting other countries too. The study emphasizes how such shocks ripple across regions and markets due to intertwined supply chains and trade patterns. It also highlights how unaffected regions adapt their harvesting to balance fiber availability, underscoring the importance of understanding global dynamics. Monte Carlo simulations reveal wide confidence bands on salvage harvest rates and prices, underlining the uncertainty surrounding these estimates. Key Points: Extreme weather events, while localized, but can have far reaching consequences on forests due to the interconnected wood product marketsThe effect of extreme weather events on wood product markets is mitigated through endogenous market reactions in other regions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIGHLIGHTS This systematic review underscores the global contributions to veneer and plywood research, focusing on wood waste utilization, bio-based adhesives, and utilization of younger age plus-size falcata trees or other wood species, particularly in the Philippines' Caraga Region. A Veneer and Plywood Circular Bioeconomy System (VPCBES) diagram was developed for the first time, adopting circular bioeconomy principles to foster sustainable practices, enhance product value, and create eco-friendly products and employment opportunities. The study demonstrates the potential of the veneer and plywood industry to harness the circular bioeconomy through innovative wood waste recycling and sustainable practices. Findings reveal a critical challenge in the Philippine veneer and plywood sector: the inability to meet annual log requirements, posing sustainability risks due to domestic log shortages for domestic production. The study identifies significant barriers, such as limited investment in innovation and regulatory complexities, which hinder the effective integration of the Philippine veneer and plywood sector into the circular bioeconomy. Using harvested wood products (HWPs) in a circular bioeconomy, such as veneer and plywood, is a promising approach to addressing environmental concerns and ensuring sustainable resource management. This paper attempts to conceptualize a veneer and plywood circular bioeconomy system (VPCBES) model and analyse the opportunities and challenges these wood-based industries face in contributing to the circular economy of the Philippines. A systematic literature review and contextualized SWOT analysis were employed to explore potential pathways for sustainable development and circular practices in the country. It adopts the butterfly framework and presents the VPCBES model, exploring the continuous flow of materials, emphasizing waste reduction, products and materials circulation, and nature regeneration. The opportunities for the veneer and plywood industry in the circular bioeconomy include using recycled wood waste, adopting resin as a binding agent, and cascading wood waste in time and value. However, challenges persist, including meeting demands while ensuring regeneration goals, low innovation investments, harvesting practices, waste routes issues, non-compliance to cleaner production and industrial symbiosis, and policy-related barriers. Addressing these challenges and capitalizing on opportunities will enable the veneer and plywood industry to play a vital role in the Philippine circular bioeconomy. L'utilisation des produits du bois récoltés (HWPs) dans une bio économie circulaire, tels que le placage et le contreplaqué, offre une approche prometteuse pour faire face aux soucis environnementaux et assurer une gestion durable des ressources. Ce papier s'efforce de conceptualiser le modèle d'un système de bio économie circulaire de placage et de contreplaqué (VPCBES) et analyse les défis et les opportunités auxquels ces industries basées sur le bois font face dans leur effort pour contribuer à l'économie circulaire des Philippines. Un examen systématique de la littérature et une analyse SWOT contextualisée ont été employés pour explorer les voies potentielles d'un développement durable et de pratiques circulaires dans le pays. Il adopte le cadre papillon et présente le modèle VPCBES, explorant le flot continu des matériaux, renforçant la réduction des pertes, la circulation des produits et matériaux et la régénération naturelle. Les opportunités émergentes pour l'industrie du placage et du contreplaqué dans la bio économie circulaire incluent un recyclage des débris du bois, l'adoption de la sève comme agent adhésif, et la mise en place d'une cascade des débris de bois en termes de temps et de valeur. Les défis persistent toutefois, tels que celui de répondre à la demande tout en respectant les objectifs de régénération, ceux des investissements faibles dans l'innovation, des pratiques de récolte, des problèmes des voies d'échappées des déchets, du non respect de la production plus propre et de la symbiose industrielle, ainsi que celui des barrières liées à la politique. Faire face à ces défis et capitaliser sur les opportunités vont permettre à l'industrie du contreplaqué et du placage de jouer un rôle vital dans la bioéconomie industrielle des Philippines. El uso de productos de madera de aprovechamientos (PMA) en una bioeconomía circular, como la chapa y el contrachapado, es un enfoque prometedor para abordar los problemas medioambientales y garantizar una gestión sostenible de los recursos. Este artículo intenta conceptualizar un modelo de sistema de bioeconomía circular de chapa y contrachapado (SBECCC) y analizar las oportunidades y retos a los que se enfrentan estas industrias de la madera para contribuir a la economía circular de Filipinas. Se hizo una revisión bibliográfica sistemática y un análisis DAFO contextualizado para explorar posibles vías de desarrollo sostenible y prácticas circulares en el país. Se adoptó el marco de la mariposa y se presenta el modelo de SBECCC, con los que se explora el flujo continuo de materiales, haciendo hincapié en la reducción de residuos, la circulación de productos y materiales y la regeneración de la naturaleza. Las oportunidades para la industria de la chapa y el contrachapado en la bioeconomía circular incluyen el uso de residuos de madera reciclada, la adopción de la resina como aglutinante y el aprovechamiento en cascada de los residuos de madera en tiempo y valor. Sin embargo, persisten algunos retos, como la satisfacción de la demanda al tiempo que se garantizan los objetivos de regeneración, la escasa inversión en innovación, las prácticas de aprovechamiento, los problemas con los flujos de residuos, el incumplimiento de una producción más limpia y la simbiosis industrial, y las barreras relacionadas con las políticas. Abordar estos retos y aprovechar las oportunidades permitirá a la industria de la chapa y el contrachapado desempeñar un papel vital en la bioeconomía circular filipina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIGHLIGHTS The paper assesses the impact of China's legal restrictions on the global forest industry. Results demonstrate log and sawn timber output of high-risk countries will decrease. High-risk countries' production and export of processed wood products will increase. China's total timber imports will decline and will be replaced by domestic timber production. Increasing imports of processed Chinese timber products is beneficial for high-risk countries. Utilizing the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM), this paper analyzes the potential impacts of China's timber import legality requirement policies. Two alternative scenarios are compared with the baseline scenario: (1) China requires that imported timber must comply with the requirements of Verified Legal Compliance (VLC), (2) China imposes tighter requirements for imported timber, which must come from sustainably managed forests and meet Forest Certification (FC) requirements. The results show a decline in log production but an increase in processed wood exports to high-risk countries, suggesting a move towards more valuable wood processing. Both high- and low-risk countries are expected to see an increase in forest stocks. Welfare analysis indicates that high-risk countries will benefit from industrial upgrades, while China might face welfare losses. Nevertheless, the enforcement of legal standards for timber imports into China is likely to enhance the perceived legitimacy of the sources of domestic timber materials, thereby facilitating the re-entry of processed timber products into developed markets. This study proposes that China's timber import regulations could offer mutual advantages, aiding in the fight against illegal logging and encouraging the legal timber trade. Utilisant le Modèle global des produits forestiers (GFPM), ce papier analyse les impacts potentiels des politiques d'exigence légale dans les importations de bois en Chine. Deux scénarios alternatifs sont comparés avec ces scénarios de base: 1) la Chine requiert que le bois importé soit en accord avec les exigences légales de la Verified Legal Compliance (VLC), 2) la Chine impose une légalité plus serrée pour le bois importé, qui devrait être issu de forêts à gestion durable et respecter les canons de la Certification forestière (CF). Les résultats indiquent un déclin de la production de bois de coupe mais une croissance de l'exportation de bois transformé vers des pays à haut risque, suggérant un glissement vers une transformation du bois plus exclusive. Il est prévu que les pays à haut risque, tout comme ceux à bas risque, vont être témoins d'une croissance de leur stock forestier. Les analyses de bien-être social indiquent que les pays à haut risque vont bénéficier d'un progrès industriel, alors que la Chine pourrait connaître une diminution de son bien-être social. Toutefois, la mise en force des standards légaux pour les importations de bois en Chine va probablement renforcer la légitimité perçue des sources de matériaux de bois domestique, facilitant ainsi la réinsertion des produits de bois transformés dans les marchés développés. Cette étude avance que les régulations des importations de bois par la Chine pourraient résulter en avantages mutuels, aidant ainsi le combat contre la coupe de bois illégale et encourageant en revanche le commerce légal du bois. Utilizando el Modelo Global de Productos Forestales (MGPF), este artículo analiza las posibles repercusiones de las políticas chinas sobre requisitos de legalidad para la importación de madera. Se comparan dos escenarios alternativos con el escenario de línea de base de referencia: (1) China exige que la madera importada cumpla los requisitos de Conformidad Legal Verificada (CLV) y (2) China impone requisitos más estrictos para la madera importada, que debe proceder de bosques gestionados de forma sostenible y cumplir requisitos de Certificación Forestal (CF). Los resultados muestran un descenso de la producción de troncos rollizos, pero un aumento de las exportaciones de madera transformada a países de alto riesgo, lo que sugiere un cambio hacia una transformación de mayor valor de la madera. Se espera que tanto los países de alto como de bajo riesgo experimenten un aumento de las reservas forestales. El análisis del bienestar indica que los países de alto riesgo se beneficiarán de las mejoras industriales, mientras que China podría sufrir pérdidas de bienestar. No obstante, es probable que la aplicación de normas legales a las importaciones de madera en China aumente la percepción de legitimidad de las fuentes de productos maderables nacionales, lo que facilitaría la reintroducción de productos madereros transformados en los mercados desarrollados. Este estudio propone que la normativa china sobre importación de madera podría ofrecer ventajas mutuas, ayudando en la lucha contra la tala ilegal y fomentando el comercio legal de madera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for tropical timber is expected to rise due to an increased global need for sustainable renewable materials. However, sustainable tropical timber production remains a challenge for the global wood product supply chain, especially for high-value tropical hardwoods. Restoration of degraded lands through enrichment planting of native hardwood species could provide a solution, but the financial viability of using native tropical tree species remains largely unknown. We evaluated the financial viability of 22 hardwood tree species native to northern Borneo in enrichment plantings of a degraded forest in Sabah, Malaysia. We investigated how the species' financial value, expressed as an internal rate of return (IRR) based on land expectation value, varied with their functional trait composition. We found that high financial value was positively correlated with trait values associated with a conservative growth strategy, i.e., financial value was negatively correlated with leaf calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen content, as well as with leaf pH and specific leaf area. Trees with these traits showed a high IRR, partly explained by relatively fast growth and high survival rates. For the most economically promising species, Shorea macrophylla, we estimated that enrichment planting for forest restoration could reach IRRs up to 7.8%. Our results showed that enrichment planting for high-value hardwood production in degraded forests can be financially viable, with variation among species, and that various traits associated with a more conservative growth strategy were linked to high financial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current demand for wood products is growing globally. Hybrid poplars are fast growing trees and it is beneficial to expand their cultivation area. Digital mapping techniques based on land suitability assessment can effectively support land use decision-making processes in this perspective. The aim of this study was to develop a model to produce land suitability maps to determine the potential production area of hybrid poplar (Populus × canadensis Moench) in Italy. The evaluation was based on a fuzzy logic procedure to generate a raster map with a pixel resolution of 250 m over the country. The modelling approach is planning-oriented: the objective is to predict, on a national scale, the suitability of the land for poplar cultivation by taking into account environmental factors for which geodatabases with adequate and comparable spatial resolution are available on a national scale in Italy. Georeferenced databases of experimental poplar plantations were used as calibration dataset. The assessment identified around 145,000 hectares of highly suitable land and around 1,926,500 hectares of suitable land for hybrid poplar cultivation in Italy. These areas are mainly located in northern Italy (around 36% of the territory) and, to a lesser extent, in central Italy (around 19%) and in southern Italy and the islands (less than 3%). The modelling approach adopted can be easily replicated in other geographical areas or at finer scales, provided that appropriate data are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the static resilience of global wood forest products trade networks across upstream, midstream, downstream, and recycling sectors using a complex directed weighted network approach. By examining topological features and resilience from 2002 to 2021, this study reveals significant structural evolution and scale expansion in these networks. It finds improvements in network efficiency and resilience, alongside an increase in weighted hierarchy highlighting the prominent roles of core countries like China, the US, and Germany. While these countries bolster network resilience, they also introduce certain vulnerabilities. This study finds notable disassortative mixing without trade volume weights and diversified trends with weights, offering new insights into network dynamics. Core nodes must address disruption risks, enhance diversity, and establish emergency response mechanisms. In the recycling sector, this paper highlights weak trade connections and low resilience, with the US maintaining dominance, China's influence waning, and India's rapid ascent. This paper concludes by emphasizing the need for refined indicator systems and deeper explorations into resilience enhancement strategies for operational and targeted suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the development of new composite material by integrating Azadirachta Indica (AI) with LLDPE to create wood‐plastic composites using the rotational molding process. By examining various proportions of AI wood flour blended with LLDPE, we investigated their impact on mechanical and physical properties. Our tests elucidate a clear correlation between mechanical properties and composite morphologies. Despite identical molding conditions, higher wood particle concentrations reduced mechanical properties compared to lower concentrations. Remarkably, a 12% wood content emerges as optimal, yielding a tensile modulus of 3.69 MPa and a flexural modulus of 468.5 MPa, with an acceptable reduction of 11% density and 13% porosity versus pure LLDPE. Additionally, we observed declines in tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness by up to 23%, 62%, and 11%, respectively, compared to neat LLDPE. Natural fillers enhance aesthetics, making these materials ideal for consumer products like garden equipment and furniture accessories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass timber (MT) is an engineered wood product that has been widely used in Europe and is rapidly gaining popularity in the United States (US). MT structural members consist of multiple wood components connected using adhesives and/or mechanical fasteners. Although wood is a common material in the US, MT is not readily available in the US. Some US structural engineers are reluctant to include MT as a potential construction material in their building designs due to limited MT material availability, cost, and unfamiliarity with MT as a construction material. This unfamiliarity stems from limited US MT education and lack of MT experience at the professional level. This paper attempts to provide a broad-brush MT review for architects and structural engineers interested in incorporating MT in their designs on relevant standards and specifications. Guidelines for designing with MT are provided in the International Code Council's 2024 International Building Code (2024 IBC) under "Type IV Construction." The Type IV construction description was initially greatly expanded in the 2021 IBC to allow for tall MT buildings and continues to be included in the 2024 IBC. This paper identifies and reviews the 2024 IBC criteria related to MT. Additionally, discussion is included on military standards pertinent to MT. The composite action of an MT element is highly dependent on the adhesive behavior used to attach the MT member laminations. Consequently, adhesives used with MT members and the testing protocol to validate satisfactory adhesive behavior are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concern over environmental impact and the significant improvement in the quality of engineered wood products have led to the rapid growth of the timber building industry in the last decades. Although traditional, yet recent, mass timber structural systems, such as cross‐laminated timber walls, can provide satisfactory seismic performance during earthquakes in terms of life‐safety, the crucial need for more resilient timber buildings has prompted the development of low‐damage high‐performance self‐centring and dissipative solutions based on unbonded post‐tensioned hybrid connections, referred to as Pres‐Lam technology. The flexibility of design and construction speed, combined with the enhanced seismic performance, create a unique potential towards an earthquake‐proof sustainable building system. Despite the growing popularity of the technology, a comprehensive framework for the fragility analysis, to be used in risk and loss modelling applications, has not yet been developed for both component and building levels. This article aims to develop a framework for assessing the fragility curves of moment‐resisting Pres‐Lam frame systems, at both structural system and connection levels, by using and comparing different approaches that involve nonlinear static (pushover) and time history dynamic analyses. A Python‐based parametric workflow was developed to evaluate fragility curves for a wide range of case‐study buildings. Particularly, three distinct structures were selected, and their fragility curves were evaluated utilizing alternative methodologies at a building structural‐system level. Finally, fragility models were fitted for individual structural connections using the results of time‐history analyses. These models are intended for use in a component‐based loss assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent requirement of carbon reduction in the world provides wood products a historical opportunity to play a crucial role to fix carbon dioxide and reduce carbon emission. It is essential to reveal the in situ growth mechanism of copper nanoparticles on eucalyptus scrimber surface. Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 nanoflowers are in situ synthesized successfully on the surface of eucalyptus scrimber via a simple hydrothermal process in this work. The detailed nucleation and in situ growth process of Cu4(OH)6SO4 nanoparticles on the surface of eucalyptus scrimber, characterized by the trajectory of size evolution, are revealed first in this work. According to the classical nucleation theory, the nucleation stage of as prepared Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 nanoflowers includes nucleus formation and nucleus growth. Although the same initial precursor reactant is obtained at the nucleation stage, there are two types of early nanoparticles, with morphology of fusiform and strip shape being self assembled to nanoflower structure during the growth stage. Further, the modified eucalyptus scrimber exhibits excellent superhydrophobicity, UV durability, mold and moisture resistance, as well as reversible property. Therefore, the proposed in situ growth kinetics related to Cu4(OH)6SO4 nanoparticles on wood surface have potential to be a reference to develop multifunctional superhydrophobic wood‐based material for variable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood degradation by termites is a major concern for researchers, builders of timber-frame houses and stored wood products. This study aimed to determine the wood-degrading Isopterofauna in the cities of Yaoundé and Douala, Cameroon. Woods deposits and joineries workshops in the two cities were investigated monthly over 12 months, and termites were collected from wood species identified by their vernacular names. A total of 44 samples of wood-attacking termites were collected, grouped into two families (Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae), six subfamilies (Rhinotermitinae, Apicotermitinae, Coptotermitinae, Macrotermitinae, Nasutermitinae and Termitinae) and nine species. The species Nasutitermes arborum (14 samples) and Schedorhinotermes putorius (12 samples) were the most common in the city of Yaoundé. Only three species were found in Douala, mainly Coptotermes sp. (three samples). Of the 21 wood species examined in the two cities, Entandrophragma cylindricum hosted the highest termite species richness (six species). These findings are a milestone in the study of termites on lumber in storage and could be used by researchers and agents in the timber industry to make decisions regarding the application of pesticides on wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we quantify wood flows from raw materials to end‐uses for the United Kingdom in a robust way using a new material flow analysis (MFA) model with uncertainty. This is important to identify opportunities for efficiency given constraints on wood supply. We have developed a new "ProbPACTOT" MFA model which introduces a systematic method to handle mixed units during reconciliation and uncertainty in data observations, conversion factors, and process recipes. This makes it possible to track material flows all the way to end‐uses, which is otherwise difficult because the diverse materials, data types, and units used to quantify end‐products are hard to integrate into standard allocation‐based MFA models. We apply the model for the case of wood in the United Kingdom by defining 56 process recipes and reconciling 117 data observations from various sources. The results quantify upstream production and trade flows, through to 19 specific end‐uses of wood fibers. We use this to show the potential scale of savings by enhancing material efficiency; for example, if pallets were used 25% more intensively, 0.49 ±$\pm$0.2 Mm3${\rm M}\mathrm{m^3}$ of wood fibers could be saved, corresponding to 4%–7% of the total soft sawnwood consumption of the United Kingdom. Judging the scale of opportunities for wood material efficiency in the United Kingdom is important domestically, and has global significance as the United Kingdom is the second largest net importer of wood products in the world. Moreover, this study proposes an important advancement in MFA giving a structure for modeling uncertain material flows up to end‐uses, applicable to any material. This article met the requirements for a gold‐gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical hardwoods, often used as outdoor wood products, are frequently exposed to the hot and humid conditions in Malaysia. This has led to many studies attempting to develop suitable coatings and establishing maintenance cycles so that product service life can be extended. The objective of this study was to evaluate the surface quality and mechanical properties of both uncoated and coated three Malaysian hardwood species, namely dark red meranti (Shorea spp.), keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) and keranji (Dialium spp.) after exposure to outdoor condition at different time spans. Surface quality of uncoated and coated with exterior transparent alkyd finished of the samples was evaluated visually as well as employing a profilometer-type equipment. Bending characteristics of outdoor exposed samples were also tested. The results showed that the surface of all coated samples degraded after 48 months of exposure. In addition, after 48 months of outdoor exposure, the modulus of rupture (MOR) values for dark red meranti, keruing and keranji decreased by more than 15% while the modulus of elasticity (MOE) values decreased by approximately 20% for both uncoated and coated samples. Generally, refinishing and maintenance should be performed within 2 years, and the cost of the maintenance should be calculated to ensure that the condition of the wood remains suitable for use as a building material in Malaysia's climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Coconut plantations throughout the Asia–Pacific region are generally characterised by the presence of low-productivity senile palms over the age of 60, which have negative impacts on farming communities, coconut processors, and the wider economy. In Fiji, despite numerous senile coconut replacement programs, 60% of coconut palms are considered senile. The purpose of this study is to provide preliminary estimates of the financial viability of a market-based approach to senile coconut palm replacement in Fiji by utilising the palms as a feedstock, for the manufacture of rotary peeled veneer, along with plantation pine and mahogany. A mathematical model capable of supporting deterministic and stochastic dynamic optimisation was developed with an objective function to maximise the gross margin of marketable veneer manufacture per hour ( G M p z ) by procuring the optimal allocation of logs throughout the landscape. The majority of facility location and log processing scale scenarios evaluated found that utilising large volumes of senile coconut palms for the manufacture of veneer was optimal, whilst veneering mills situated near the coconut plantations in Vanua Levu were found to maximise G M p z . Overall, the results indicate that a coconut veneer and engineered wood product (EWP) value chain could present a financially viable opportunity to support large-scale senile coconut palm replacement in Fiji. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to evaluate changes in Italy's competitiveness in the global wood products market, with a particular focus on wooden furniture and wood panels, both final and intermediate products of the crucial wooden furniture supply chain. The analysis is conducted through a cross-country comparison using trade flow matrices and various descriptive indices: Market Share, Trade Competitiveness Index, Balassa's Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, and the Symmetric Balassa Index. Furthermore, this study also examines intra-industry trade using the Grubel–Lloyd Index. While each index has its limitations when used individually, their combined analysis can provide a more comprehensive view. The study covers the period from 1996 to 2019, using data from FAO and COMTRADE sources. The results show that Italy maintains a significant position in the international furniture market, although this position has deteriorated over time. Conversely, Italy remains a net importer of wood panels. Trade flows have become more concentrated, with Canada and Germany still holding importance in the international market. However, Asian countries have now become the core of the commercial network. China has emerged as the leading exporting country in all product categories considered, with Vietnam and Malaysia also increasing in importance. Noteworthy progress has also been recorded by Russia and Poland in Europe. Additionally, the study discusses the implications of these findings for rural development, particularly in regions dependent on the wood-product sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce defects in wood laser processing, this study establishes a multi-field coupling model that reflects the coupling relationship between laser energy, auxiliary gas, and slit quality. It reveals the temperature field distribution and heat transfer during this process at a macroscopic level. Using the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 software to simulate laser processing with or without helium gas assistance, we show that helium-assisted laser processing positively affects the quality of wood processing. We further researched the influence of different laser powers and spot radii on ablation damage volume and gasification volume, and the results indicate that the adopted model effectively simulates the influence of laser power and auxiliary gas on laser cutting ability, accurately reflecting the impact of different process parameters on cutting depth and kerf width. The accuracy and effectiveness of this model were validated through comparison with experimental data. This research enhances process reliability and economic benefits through numerical simulation and prediction, expands theoretical research and engineering applications in the laser processing field, and optimizes and innovates wood processing technology. It provides a promising method for enhancing the added value of wood products and efficiently using wood resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing importance of wood as a sustainable material and addressing challenges facing the wood products industry, there is an emerging need for innovation and collaboration across all industry sectors. The mapping of the wood products industry has become crucial for gaining an overview and overall understanding of material flow. It also proved beneficial for educational and research purposes. The outcome of this study should help seek new economic opportunities and promote sustainable resource management. A Generic Map was developed to navigate the entire wood products industry as well as Dive-in Chain Maps will guide the four major production chains: sawmill (I), veneer mill (II), reconstituted wood manufacturing (III), and pulp and paper mills (IV). In addition, a By-products Management Wheel Diagram was introduced to clarify waste management practices within these chains. Our approach sheds light on efficient material flow and utilization, revealing opportunities for innovation and the development of high-value products. It also offers strategies for minimizing waste and making informed end-of-life decisions. Ultimately, this study enhances the understanding and potential for circularity and sustainability in the wood products industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pterocarpus erinaceus, sourced from natural stands, is famed for producing naturally durable heartwood for several outdoor wood products, which has contributed to overharvesting and threats of extinction. The species coppices could offer essential strategy in curbing timber over-exploitation towards sustainable management. This study aimed to establish confidence in utilizing the coppiced wood in accordance with the EN 252 standard (European Committee for Standardization). Mass loss of wood specimens and appearance grading were used to evaluate termite resistance within the coppiced and non-coppiced stems. Mass loss due to termites was much lower in heartwood than in sapwood, this was true for wood coming from the non-coppiced and coppiced stands. It generally decreased from the butt to the top/crown of both trees. Heartwood and sapwood along each tree species would be highly and moderately resistant against termite attack respectively. Due to their high durability, the rosewood trees would be suitable for engineering applications. Thus the promotion of the coppiced P. erinaceus wood production would supplement the use of its non-coppiced counterpart to increase the wood market base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The furniture industry is one of the industrial sectors that has a potential market in Indonesia. This industry requires a lot of wood raw materials but is faced with a wood legality verification system that limits raw materials. Industrial players still need to start using waste as raw materials, which will reduce the use of primary raw materials. The circular economy concept can be applied to waste treatment. This study aims to design a pump-gallon product made from waste, considering the relatively high level of gallon container consumption. With this design, it is hoped to utilize waste into economically valuable products while reducing the environmental impact it causes. The product design process uses an integrated QFD-TRIZ method combined with circular economy principles. QFD functions to determine consumer desires and make technical responses, while TRIZ resolves contradictions in technical responses. The circular economy attribute is used as a reference in making gallon pump products from wood waste. After the design process is complete, it is followed by an economic feasibility analysis using the cost-benefit ratio. The result of this research is the design of multifunctional and modular products for gallon pumps. The gallon storage is designed to store not only gallons but also a small table for placing dirty glass and a drawer at the bottom that can be used to keep the glass or other items. There is a detachable system between the upper and lower components, making it easier to repair and use. At the bottom, they mounted castor wheels to facilitate product movement. Designing products made from waste will increase the income of furniture SMEs. In addition, it is expected that this will overcome waste management problems and shortages of raw materials experienced by furniture SMEs. Future research can utilize powder and smaller pieces of wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present an input-output model of the forest-based bioeconomy, enabling insight into its contribution to total gross value added (GDP), employment, and CO2 emissions in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland. To quantify this contribution, the paper utilizes input-output tables of the four countries. The forest-based bioeconomy includes forestry, the processing of forestry products (forward linkages), and the direct and indirect use of inputs (backward linkages) from forestry and processing industries. Our analysis reveals that while forestry itself is a small industry, contributing minimally to GDP (ranging from 0.40% in Lithuania to 1.90% in Finland), and the forest-based bioeconomy is considerably larger. For instance, its contribution to GDP ranges from 3.59% in Lithuania to 7.22% in Estonia. Moreover, the forestry-based bioeconomy exhibits negative net CO2 emissions, primarily due to CO2 sequestration by forest lands and harvested wood products. Despite the substantial negative CO2 emissions associated with forestry activities, without sequestration, the forestry-based bioeconomy's share in total emissions ranges from 5.14% in Lithuania to 14.88% in Finland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]