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Objective To preliminarily summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of functional movement disorder (FMD) based on movement disorders clinic in China. Methods and Results A total of 593 patients with movement disorders newly diagnosed in movement disorders clinic of 22 clinical medical centers from August to September in 2023 were included, including 37 patients (6.24%) with FMD and 556 patients (93.76%) with organic movement disorder. Comparison of the epidemiological characteristics of the 2 groups, the proportions of corona virus disease (COVID⁃19) infection (χ2 = 4.217, P = 0.040) and psychopsychological symptoms (χ2 = 18.694, P = 0.000) in the FMD group were higher than those in the organic movement disorder group, while age (t = 3.757, P = 0.000), age of onset (t = 3.720, P = 0.000) and proportion of hypertension (χ2 = 4.736, P = 0.030) were lower than those in the organic movement disorder group. Comparison of the clinical characteristics of the 2 groups, the FMD group had higher proportions of tremor (χ2 = 3.955, P = 0.047) and myoclonus (Fisher′s exact probability: P = 0.011) than the organic movement disorder group, and the proportions of parkinsonism (χ2 = 8.491, P = 0.004) and gait disorder (χ2 = 5.028, P = 0.025) were lower than those in the organic movement disorder group. Conclusions The age and age of onset, as well as the proportions of COVID⁃19 infection, hypertension, psychopsychological symptoms, tremor, myoclonus, parkinsonism and gait disorder with FMD were different from those with organic movement disorder in China.

Objective To investigate the autonomic nervous dysfunction in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its relationship with cognitive function. Methods A total of 160 AD patients were enrolled in Shanghai Jinshan Zhongren Aged Care Hospital from July 2020 to June 2021. Min⁃Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment⁃Basic (MoCA⁃B) and Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease⁃Autonomic (SCOPA⁃AUT) were used to assess the cognitive and autonomic nervous function of AD patients, and the occurrence of orthostatic hypotension (OH) in AD were evaluated with the lying and standing blood pressure testing. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between autonomic nervous function and cognitive function. Results Compared with the mild AD group, the scores of MMSE, MoCA⁃B and their subitems were lower (P=0.000, for all), and SCOPA⁃AUT score (P=0.000) and its subitem of digestive system (P=0.000), urinary system (P=0.000) and body temperature (P=0.001) were increased in the severe AD group. The incidence of OH was 32.22% (29/90). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that the SCOPA⁃AUT sore (rs=⁃2.980, P=0.000; rs=⁃3.580, P=0.000) and its subitem of digestive system (rs=⁃2.730, P=0.000; rs=⁃3.160, P=0.000), urinary system (rs=⁃3.000, P=0.000; rs=⁃3.240, P=0.000) and body temperature (rs=⁃0.244, P=0.005; rs=⁃3.270, P=0.000) were negatively correlated with MMSE and MoCA⁃B scores. Conclusions The autonomic nervous dysfunction and its subitem of digestive system, urinary system and body temperature were significant correlated with the cognitive impairment in AD patients. However, there is a lower incidence of OH in AD.

Functional tremor (FT) is the most common manifestation of functional movement disorder (FMD), but its clinical recognition is insufficient, and there is no clear diagnostic standard and effective treatment method at present. The diagnosis mainly depends on the medical history, clinical examination, physical signs, neuroelectrophysiological examinations. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve the prognosis of the patients. The etiology and pathogenesis of FT have not been clarified. This article reviews the progress in diagnosis and treatment of FT in order to improve the clinicians' understanding of the disease and provide the possibility for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety and depression are common in Parkinson disease and both are important determinants of quality of life in patients. Several risk factors are identified but few research have investigated general and Parkinson's disease (PD)-specific factors comprehensively. The aim of this work was to explore PD-specific and -non-specific risk factors for PD with depression or anxiety.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed in 403 patients with PD. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for the depression and anxiety in PD. The data of patients included demographic information, medicine history, disease duration, age at onset (AAO), family history, anti-parkinsonism drug, modified Hoehn and Yahr staging (H-Y) stage, scales of motor and non-motor symptoms and substantia nigra (SN) echogenic areas.Results: 403 PD patients were recruited in the study. Depression and anxiety were present in 11.17% and 25.81% respectively. Marital status, tumor, higher Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) II score, dyskinesia, higher Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) score and lower the Parkinson's disease sleep scale (PDSS) score were associated with depression in PD. female gender, higher rapid eye movement behavior disorder Questionnaire-Hong Kong (RBD-HK) score, higher Hamilton Deprssion Rating Scale (HAMD) score, higher the scale for outcomes in PD for autonomic symptoms (SCOPA-AUT)score and larger SN echogenic areas were associated with anxiety. Neither depression nor anxiety was related to any anti-parkinsonism drugs.Conclusions: The prevalence of depression and anxiety in the current PD patients was 11.17% and 25.81% respectively. Disease of tumor, currently having no partner, severer motor function, dyskinesia, poorer sleep quality and anxiety were risk factors for PD with depression. Female, depression, rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD), autonomic dysfunction and larger SN area were risk factors for PD with anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormal cholesterol metabolism is an established feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the fluid surrounding the central nervous system, and the protein and lipid content alterations in the CSF could be biomarkers for degenerative changes in the brain. The laboratory diagnosis of AD is limited to the analysis of three biomarkers in CSF: Aβ42, total tau, and phospho-tau. The purpose of this analysis is to systematically analyze the available data describing the biomarkers of cholesterol and its metabolites in the CSF of subjects with AD. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central database were systematically queried to collect studies that have evaluated the markers of cholesterol and its metabolites in the CSF of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD and age-matched controls. Analysis of the published data shows that the levels of cholesterol are increased in MCI subjects; 24-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol are elevated in AD and MCI subjects compared to controls. There is a significant dysfunction of cholesterol metabolism in the CSF of AD subjects. This analysis indicates that in addition to the available biomarkers in the CSF, such as Aβ42, total tau, and phospho-tau, 24-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, and cholesterol appear to be sensitive biomarkers for the evaluation of MCI and AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaphylactoid reaction (AR) is the most common adverse reaction of injection formulations, however, there are obvious drawbacks in available methods for AR detection. A novel in vitro detection method for AR was established based on fluorescent labeling and high content screen (HCS) system in present study. With the use of RBL-2H3 cells degranulation model, positive cell count was determined with specific cellular membrane fluorescent dye FM4-64 labeling vesicle recycle, and total cells count was determined with specific nucleus fluorescent dye Hochest 3334, and then the ratio of cells degranulation after drug stimulation was calculated. In order to verify the reliability of this HCS method, positive drug Compound 48/80 was first used to confirm the consistence of HCS method with the traditional β-hexosaminidase release test and the Evans blue staining ears test in mice. The results showed high consistence between HCS method and traditional testing methods, and the HCS method showed higher sensitivity than the other two tests. Then 30 samples of Danhong injection (DHI) with clinical allergy symptoms further were used to confirm the reliability of this HCS method. The HCS results showed high consistence with the clinical report, and the HCS method had the advantage in reducing the interference by drug color. Therefore, this HCS method is reliable, sensitive, simple and high-throughput method in detection of AR, applicable for the AR evaluation of injection formulations, and can provide guidance for safety of clinical application in clinical practice., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)