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The article discusses the use of the sustainable value perspective in the development of a framework that extends the green information technology/information science (IT/IS) discourse beyond ecological considerations to include social, environmental and economic value as worth and value as norms. An analysis of the path-dependent nature and the sociomateriality of sustainable value creation in the automotive industry is presented. It is also suggested that sustainable value creation necessitates a concerted effort among all stakeholders to reshape existing norms and values, to create new standards, and to reshape work systems for diffusing sustainable technologies.

Social media refer to technology artefacts that support various actors in a multiplicity of communication activities for producing user-generated content, developing and maintaining connections and social relationships, or enabling other computer-mediated interactions and collaborations. Despite the growing proliferation of social media articles, the topic of Organization Social Media (OSM) has hitherto received little attention despite the fact that social media technologies are likely to have a tremendous effect on various organizational processes of communication and collaboration. To set the stage for future OSM research, we review the full set of existing literature on social media to date -- 618 journal and conference articles -- in general, as well as papers on OSM, in particular. We augment these with insights from general organization science and management literature that addresses collaboration in order to develop a comprehensive research framework, identify important research gaps and present crucial research topics to guide future OSM research.

The variation in the duration of gestation, defined as the period from mating to parturition, was studied in 113 bitches of six breeds (31 Dobermans, 31 Labrador retrievers, 14 German shepherds, 13 Bernese mountain dogs, 12 golden retrievers and 12 West Highland white terriers). The bitches were mated once on the optimal day for mating, which was established by measuring the plasma concentration of progesterone. The duration of gestation varied between 58 and 65 days with a mean of 61.4 +/- 1.5 days (+/- SD). The mean duration of gestation in West Highland white terriers (62.8 +/- 1.2 days) was significantly longer than that of German shepherds (60.4 +/- 1.7; P0.001), Labrador retrievers (60.9 +/- 1.5; P0.001) and Dobermans (61.4 +/- 1.0; P0.025). The variation in the duration of gestation in any one of the six breeds was low, ranging from 4 to 7 days, or less when litters of one pup (n = 4) were excluded. The number of pups per litter varied between one and 15 with a median of eight pups. In the total population, the duration of gestation was negatively correlated with litter size (r = -0.73; P = 0.005) for litters (n = 112) containingor = 13 pups. However, within each breed multiple regression analysis failed to show any influence of litter size on the duration of gestation. The median litter size of different breeds and the mean duration of gestation were negatively correlated (r = -0.78; P = 0.03; n = 6). Therefore, although it was not conclusively proven, the results indicate that the breed is a major determinant of the duration of gestation in bitches and that the influence of breed may be ascribed to breed-related differences in litter size.