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A family-resemblance approach to categorisation, such as that developed by Wittgenstein, provides a basis for conceiving how various historical types of ‘anger’ can be recognised as similar despite their variability and lack of core defining features. Thomas Dixon’s essay applies this approach in a way that avoids radical relativism and acknowledges general human emotional capabilities. His approach may arguably be extended to commonalities between emotions of humans and animals, which would have interesting implications for the history of emotion.

De nombreuses familles utilisent aujourd’hui le chat video pour aider leur bebe a developper ou a maintenir des relations avec des membres de la famille eloignes ; cependant, il existe tres peu de recherches qui comparent de facon systematique l’engagement emotionnel du nourrisson lors d’interactions en face a face et par video. Une experience a ete realisee en laboratoire avec 49 nourrissons âges de 6 a 12 mois. Les bebes et les meres ont joue a coucou soit en face a face, soit par chat video, soit par video sans contenu. L’engagement des bebes a ete evalue par le temps passe a sourire et a regarder, et l’activite physiologique a ete simultanement enregistree. Les resultats montrent des niveaux d’engagement similaires dans les trois conditions de presentation. Les bebes sourient tout aussi frequemment et regardent leur mere pendant le meme laps de temps, et leurs reponses physiologiques sont differenciables. Les sourires des bebes apparaissent de facon legerement plus rapide lors d’une interaction en face a face que lors d’un chat video. Enfin, les estimations globales de la sensibilite maternelle pendant les interactions semblent jouer un role plus important dans l’obtention de reponses positives de la part des bebes que le moyen par lequel ils interagissent. Ces resultats et les orientations futures de recherche sont discutes.

We provide a 0.8%-accurate determination of Vcs from combining experimental results for the differential rate of D→K semileptonic decays with precise form factors that we determine from lattice QCD. This is the first time that Vcs has been determined with an accuracy that allows its difference from 1 to be seen. Our lattice QCD calculation uses the highly improved staggered quark (HISQ) action for all valence quarks on gluon field configurations generated by the MILC Collaboration that include the effect of u, d, s, and c HISQ quarks in the sea. We use eight gluon field ensembles with five values of the lattice spacing ranging from 0.15 fm to 0.045 fm and include results with physical u/d quarks for the first time. Our calculated form factors cover the full q2 range of the physical decay process and enable a Standard Model test of the shape of the differential decay rate as well as the determination of Vcs from a correlated weighted average over q2 bins. We obtain |Vcs|=0.9663(53)latt(39)exp(19)ηEW(40)EM, where the uncertainties come from lattice QCD, experiment, short-distance electroweak, and electromagnetic corrections, respectively. This last uncertainty, neglected for D→Kℓν hitherto, now needs attention if the uncertainty on Vcs is to be reduced further. We also determine Vcs values in good agreement using the measured total branching fraction and the rates extrapolated to q2=0. Our form factors enable tests of lepton flavor universality violation. We find the ratio of branching fractions for D0→K− with μ and e in the final state to be Rμ/e=0.9779(2)latt(50)EM in the Standard Model, with the uncertainty dominated by that from electromagnetic corrections.

We present the results of a lattice QCD calculation of the scalar and vector form factors for the unphysical $B_s\to\eta_s$ decay, over the full physical range of $q^2$. This is a useful testing ground both for lattice QCD and for our wider understanding of the behaviour of form factors. Calculations were performed using the highly improved staggered quark (HISQ) action on $N_f = 2 + 1 + 1$ gluon ensembles generated by the MILC Collaboration with an improved gluon action and HISQ sea quarks. We use three lattice spacings and a range of heavy quark masses from that of charm to bottom, all in the HISQ formalism. This permits an extrapolation in the heavy quark mass and lattice spacing to the physical point and nonperturbative renormalisation of the vector matrix element on the lattice. We find results in good agreement with previous work using nonrelativistic QCD $b$ quarks and with reduced errors at low $q^2$, supporting the effectiveness of our heavy HISQ technique as a method for calculating form factors involving heavy quarks. A comparison with results for other decays related by SU(3) flavour symmetry shows that the impact of changing the light daughter quark is substantial but changing the spectator quark has very little effect. We also map out form factor shape parameters as a function of heavy quark mass and compare to heavy quark effective theory expectations for mass scaling at low and high recoil. This work represents an important step in the progression from previous work on heavy-to-heavy decays ($b\to c$) to the numerically more challenging heavy-to-light decays., Comment: published version; 18 pages, 14 figures

Freud’s underlying model was that repression involved the splitting of instinctual energy from an unacceptable idea so that it could not reach consciousness. This objectless energy could still achieve expression, however, by attaching itself to an associated but harmless idea, which would then be propelled into consciousness. In the present chapter, this model are extrapolated from the domain of affective experience to the domain of cognitive experience more generally. The chapter shows that the mood-as-information model can serve as a more general model of judgment in which various kinds of cognitive experience act as information. It reviews the implications of an informational interpretation of the effects of mood on evaluative judgment, and they have extended the hypothesis to cover the role of what might be called “cognitive feelings” on judgments about knowing.

OBJECTIVE: Adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) in breast cancer survivors is suboptimal. Using the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study aimed to identify the strongest predictors from the TPB of AET intentions and past behavior and assessed whether ambivalence and anticipatory emotions increased the predictive capacity of TPB. METHODS: Two hundred eighty women diagnosed with hormone positive (HR+) breast cancer who filled at least one prescription of AET responded to a survey measuring TPB constructs, attitudinal ambivalence, and anticipatory emotions. The outcomes were intentions to adhere to AET and past medication adherence (previous 2 weeks). RESULTS: The TPB explained 66% of intentions to adhere to AET (P < 0.001). Ambivalence did not improve the TPB model’s predictive value. When emotions were included with TPB, the model explained 70% of adherence intentions F (11,226) = 52.84, P < 0.001 (R(2)(c) = .70). This increase of 4% in predictability was statistically significant (ΔR(2) = 0.04), F(6, 226) = 7.90, P < 0.001. Women who self-reported nonadherence in the past 2 weeks differed significantly in the TPB variables, ambivalence, and anticipatory emotions from adherent women. Nonadherent participants reported lower-future intentions to adhere F (1, 236) = 5.63, P = 0.018. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest key concepts, such as anticipatory positive emotions that should be addressed in future interventions to enhance AET adherence and survivorship.

Emotions can signal moral character because emotions can be linked to morality in three ways: one by being intrinsically moral themselves, another by arising from moral judgments of oneself or of another, and a third by being morally appropriate or inappropriate in the context in which they occur. An emotion’s morality rests on the moral appropriateness of its appraisal, motivation, feeling, expression, and regulation. The emotions that a person does not have can be as informative about their morality as do emotions that actually occur. Emotions express character better than mere beliefs because emotions convey conviction, prioritization, and resolve. The uncontrollability of some emotions can convey sincerity and reliability, but even voluntary verbal expressions are speech acts that constitute a public commitment to a moral position. The full range of human emotionality can provide information about moral character.

The American Academy of Pediatrics has historically discouraged media exposure for children under two due to the absence of evidence supporting its benefits and the potential for negative effects (AAP, 2011); however, the AAP has begun to recognize that all screen time may not be equal (Brown etźal., 2015). For example, many young children today are geographically separated from family members, and video chat in particular may allow them to develop and maintain relationships with remote relatives (Ballagas etźal., 2009). Do babies and toddlers use this technology, or have their parents discouraged its use because it is a form of media exposure? An online media usage survey was distributed to 183 parents of children between 6 and 24 months in the D.C. metro area. There were high levels of video chat usage reported across all children, regardless of whether they were exposed to high or low levels of other types of media. Furthermore, some parents explicitly reported viewing video chat as an exception to otherwise restrictive media rules. The changing landscape of traditional and non-traditional media sources and the implications of increased access to video chat technology for family communication are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to examine cultural influences on shame. In particular, the focus was to assess the influence of the following factors on the object of shame (specifically, personal vs. vicarious shame): (1) the effect of individualism/collectivism, measured by a widely used standardized measurement; (2) the role of tightness/looseness (based on ecological factors); and (3) the patterns of within- and between-cultural differences and similarities. Data were collected from two American and two Japanese universities to test within- and between-cultural influences on the object of shame. Participants were asked to describe and rate three autobiographical experiences of shame, with each successive request being increasingly specific in asking for shame about something for which the participant did not feel responsible. Cultural differences in tightness and looseness, both within and between the two nations, were predictive of the likelihood that participants would report vicarious shame. In contrast, standard measures of individualism-collectivism did not predict these differences. These findings suggest that culture affects the object of shame. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, attitudinal measures of individualism/collectivism were not a significant predictor. Rather, tightness/looseness determined by ecological factors was the better predictor of some cultural differences on the object of shame. Furthermore, these findings imply that attitudinal measures of individualism/collectivism may not agree with ecological measures, and that including multiple samples from each language/nation effectively reduces the confound between culture and language.

Although many relatives use video chat to keep in touch with toddlers, key features of adult–toddler interaction like joint visual attention (JVA) may be compromised in this context. In this study, 25 families with a child between 6 and 24 months were observed using video chat at home with geographically separated grandparents. We define two types of screen-mediated JVA (across- and within-screen) and report age-related increases in the babies’ across-screen JVA initiations, and that family JVA usage was positively related to babies’ overall attention during video calls. Babies today are immersed in a digital world where formative relationships are often mediated by a screen. Implications for both infant social development and developmental research are discussed.

The ways that emotions affect the perception of risk are grounded in a conception of emotion as involving appraisals, feelings, and preparations for behavioral and cognitive action that are manifest on biological, individual, and social levels of analysis. Because these components are evoked and modulated in accordance with goal-relevant properties of the environment, emotions typically adjust responses, including the perception of risk, in ways that are functional. This chapter explicates this approach to emotions and describes how it is employed in the two major theories of how emotions influence risk perception. One, the appraisal-tendency framework, accounts for how emotional appraisals and action tendencies modify the perception of risk. The other, feelings-as-information theory, accounts for how emotional feelings may serve as a heuristic for a person’s overall assessment of situational risks and benefits.

Previous research has documented that Asians tend to somatize negative experiences to a greater degree than Westerners. It is posited that somatization may be a more functional communication strategy in Korean than American context. We examined the effects of somatization in communications of distress among participants from the US and Korea. We predicted that the communicative benefits of somatic words used in distress narratives would depend on the cultural contexts. In Study 1, we found that Korean participants used more somatic words to communicate distress than US participants. Among Korean participants, but not US participants, use of somatic words predicted perceived effectiveness of the communication and expectations of positive reactions (e.g., empathy) from others. In Study 2, we found that when presented with distress narratives of others, Koreans (but not Americans) showed more sympathy in response to narratives using somatic words than narratives using emotional words. These findings suggest that cultural differences in use of somatization may reflect differential effectiveness of somatization in communicating distress across cultural contexts.

This article sets out to replace the concept of basic emotions with the notion of “ur-emotions,” the functionally central underlying processes of action readiness, which are not emotions at all. We propose that what is basic and universal in emotions are not multicomponential syndromes, but states of action readiness, themselves variants of motive states to relate or not relate with the world and with oneself. Unlike emotions, ur-emotions can be held to be universal and biologically based.

We present 2 studies on being envied. Study 1 used an emotional narrative methodology. We asked 44 Spanish (23 women, 21 men) and 48 European American (36 women, 12 men) participants to tell us about a recent experience in which others envied them. We classified the antecedents, relationship context, markers of envy, coping strategies, and positive and negative implications of being envied. In Study 2, 174 Spanish (88 women, 86 men) and 205 European American (106 women, 99 men) participants responded to a situation in which they had something someone else wanted. We manipulated the object of desire (academic achievement or having "a better life"). We measured individual differences in orientation to achievement (i.e., vertical individualism), cooperation and interpersonal harmony (i.e., horizontal collectivism), a zero-sum view of success, beliefs that success begets hostile coveting, fear of success, and dispositional envy. We also measured participants' appraisals, positive and negative emotions, and coping strategies. The findings from both studies indicate that being envied has both positive (e.g., increased self-confidence) and negative consequences (e.g., fear of ill will from others). Being envied had more positive and more negative psychological and relational consequences among those participants who were achievement oriented (European Americans) than among participants who were oriented to cooperation and interpersonal harmony (Spanish).

The term ur-emotion is proposed to replace basic emotion as a name for the aspects of emotion that underlie perceived similarities of emotion types across cultures and species. The ur- prefix is borrowed from the German on analogy to similar borrowings in textual criticism and musicology. The proposed term ur-emotion is less likely to be interpreted as referring to the entirety of an emotional state than is the term basic emotion. Ur-emotion avoids reductionism by indicating an abstract underlying structure that accounts for similarities between emotions without implying that the differences are unimportant. This article is dedicated to the memory of Bob Solomon, and is framed in terms of his decades-long analysis and critique of the concept of basic emotions.

Historians who study emotions in the cultural and intellectual context of eighteenth-century Britain confront many issues that also preoccupy psychologists of emotion. Historical topics that might attract the interest of psychologists include emotional communication in the eighteenth-century British public sphere, emotional reportage in eighteenth-century newspapers, the analysis of sympathy by philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment, and the development of group identity through consumption of sentimental novels. These topics overlap subjects studied by cultural and social psychologists, such as the contagion of emotions from one person to another, the characterisation of the emotional climate of a culture at a particular point in history, the ways that emotions pervade groups, and the relation between sympathy and empathy. The purpose of this chapter is to share ideas and research from psychology that might pertain to the topics being addressed from the more humanities-based perspectives in this book.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute an essential family of pattern recognition molecules that, through the direct recognition of conserved microbial components, initiate inflammatory responses after infection. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that vertebrate TLRs are under strong purifying selection for the maintenance of function. Our lab is focused on a related group of vertebrate TLRs that comprise the TLR2 subfamily. The most closely related members, TLRs 1 and 6, appear to have arisen from a recent gene duplication event and have acquired differential microbial recognition specificity. We have characterized two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), P315L, and I602S, in human TLR1 that effect receptor function through different mechanisms. The 315L variant is associated with deficient recognition of microbial products whereas the 602S variant is associated with aberrant trafficking of the receptor to the cell surface. It is surprising to note that the 602S allele is associated with a decreased incidence of leprosy suggesting that Mycobacterium leprae subverts the TLR system as a mechanism of immune evasion. TLR1 I602S exhibits strikingly different allele frequencies among different races suggesting that if strong purifying selection took place, it was restricted by either additional genetic or environmental factors that were geographically constrained.High expression of transgenes is desired for molecular farming. However, transgenes are often subjected to gene silencing pathways in plant cells. Gene silencing may be triggered by the production of aberrant (hairpin) RNA molecule from a complex integration locus in plant genome or by the overexpression of transgene. Excessively transcribed RNA are subject to gene silencing even if they are produced from a single-copy locus. Therefore, we sought to determine how highly a transgene can be expressed before its transcript is subjected to gene silencing. In a previous study, we demonstrated that precise single-copy locus generated by Cre/lox-mediated site-specific integration (SSI) in rice is stably expressed at predictable levels through subsequent generations, and that its expression invariably doubled in homozygous progenies. To further explore the stability of the SSI locus and determine the expression-threshold of rice genomic sites, we generated transformation vectors containing 1–3 copies of 35S-GUS and 35S-GFP transgenes. These vectors were used to develop SSI locus containing 1–3 copies of each transgene in two different varieties of rice, Nipponbare and Taipei 309. SSI lines will be analyzed by PCR and Southern blotting to ascertain the presence of precise integration structures consisting of 1–3 copies of each trans-gene. The precise SSI lines will be subjected to quantitative GUS and GFP assay to determine if gene expression indeed increased with the increase in gene dosage. Molecular and expression data of SSI lines will be presented.Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were transformed with a construct based on pCAMBIA 2301 containing a “hairpin” inverted repeat of 598 nucleotides derived from the Potato Virus Y (PVY) replicase (NIb gene) of the N strain (Robaglia et al., J. Gen. Virol. 70, 935, 1989). Such constructs confer virus resistance by a post translational gene silencing mechanism. Homozygous (T3) plants were challenged with a range of PVY strains and resistance was measured by symptom expression, ELISA titer, and back inoculation of controls with extracts from resistant plants. The nucleotide homology of PVY strains to the transgene was: WP (99.5%) PVY-NTN (96.3), PVY-H (95.6%), PVY-O (88.9%), strain 52 (88.3%), and local field isolates from tomato (86.8%), and pepper (86.3%). A transgenic tobacco line was immune to the five PVY strains with which the transgene had the greatest homology (WP, NTN, H, O, 52). Infection with the PVY isolates from tomato and pepper, which had the lowest degree of homology with the transgene, caused delayed symptom appearan

Although scholarly traditions assume that shame results more from the public exposure of a transgression or incompetence than guilt does, this distinction has little empirical support. Four studies, using either undergraduate participants' responses to hypothetical scenarios, their remembered experiences, or the coding of literary passages, reexamined this issue. Supporting traditional claims, public exposure of both moral (transgressions) and nonmoral (incompetence) experiences was associated more with shame than with guilt. Shame was also more strongly linked with nonmoral experiences of inferiority, suggesting 2 core features of shame: its links with public exposure and with negative self-evaluation. The distinctive features of guilt included remorse, self-blame, and the private feelings associated with a troubled conscience.

Consensus that emotions are functional and adaptive has reached such a level that contradictory evidence is no longer seriously considered, and the complex determinants of functionality are not fully appreciated. To remedy this complacency, the author draws attention to the nontrivial amount of dysfunctional emotion in everyday life, as well as to the many long-standing philosophical and religious traditions that counsel dispassion. This exercise is useful for tempering functionalist zeal and restoring scientific skepticism. It also demonstrates that the functionality of emotions depends critically on the appraisals that give rise to emotions, the choice and control of the behaviors motivated by emotions, and the socialization and training of emotions. These parameters, whether or not they are considered part of an emotion, must be considered part of what makes emotions functional.

American and Japanese university students’ shame (haji)-related reactions across a number of diverse situations, and the personality correlates of these reactions, were studied. With age, shame ratings decreased significantly in situations describing defects in the “private selffiamong American students, and haji ratings decreased significantly in situations in which the “public selffiwas ridiculed or discomforted among Japanese students. Also with age, individual differences in personality, particularly internal self-introspection, played an increasingly important role in predicting shame reactions among American students, whereas among Japanese students, individual personality differences became increasingly unimportant in determining haji-related phenomena. Finally, American students showed an increasing, and Japanese students a decreasing, integration of internal- and external-oriented elements of personality with development. Results are discussed in terms of theories of emotional development and cultural differences in self-concept.

The death of Princess Diana in August, 1997 was followed by a remarkable outburst of mass emotion throughout the world, but particularly in Britain. This included visits to London by more than two million people. Several interpretations and explanations of this mass public phenomenon are examined, including the idea of a pilgrimage. After comparing this phenomenon with classical accounts of collective acts we develop our own explanation in terms of changing norms of emotional display, emotionology, which links the Diana mourning with parallel political changes in the United Kingdom. The ephemeral character of the “Diana phenomenon” is evident in the marked decline of interest in the course of a year.

Although many scholars have argued that individual differences in proneness to envy can have wide-ranging implications for social interactions, the empirical testing of these claims is largely undeveloped. We created a single-factor Dispositional Envy Scale (DES) to measure individual differences in tendencies to envy, and examined some of the implications of such differences. Study 1 indicated that the DES is a reliable, stable measure, containing items suiting theoretical criteria for the makeup of dispositional envy. Study 2 supported the construct validity of the DES by showing that it is correlated with other individual difference measures in theoretically compatible ways. Studies 3 and 4 supplied diverse ways of establishing the criterion-related validity of the DES by showing that it moderated envious responses to another person’s superiority and that it predicted envy beyond other correlated individual measures of neuroticism, self-esteem, cynical hostility, and socially desirable responding.

Soil acidity and aluminum (Al) toxicity are major problems limiting performance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in many parts of the world, but neither an effective screening procedure nor a tolerant cultivar is available. The objective of this study was to evaluate different screening methods for selection of acid soil tolerant alfalfa germplasms in the greenhouse during 1991-1994. The general screening methods included selection in unlimed soil, selection in unlimed soil containing a limed germination layer, selection for either tolerance or sensitivity to acid soil stress with Al toxicity in tissue culture, selection in unlimed soil with tandem selection for Al tolerance in tissue culture, and selection in unlimed soil containing a limed, fertilized germination layer with tandem selection for Al tolerance in tissue culture. All selected populations and checks were evaluated during 1994 in greenhouse cups containing the following soil treatments : (i) cups filled with unlimed soil, (ii) cups filled with limed soil, and (iii) cups filled with unlimed soil containing a germimation layer of limed soil. Most of the selected populations possessed better root and shoot growth than the original base population (GA-TE) in unlimed soil, but only the population selected in unlimed soil showed better root and shoot growth in unlimed soil with a limed germination layer. No population had poorer performance than GA-TE in limed soil. Selection ih cell culture for Al toxicity tolerance did not improve tolerance per se, but selection for Al sensitivity enhanced sensitivity. In terms of success, resources, and time, screening in unlimed soil was the most effective method to improve acid soil stress tolerance.

We describe the association between postpartum depression and the quantity and content of infant media use. Households with depressed mothers viewed twice as much television as households with non-depressed mothers did, and depressed mothers appeared to derive comparatively greater pleasure from television viewing. Maternal depression was associated with an increased exposure to child-directed content by 6–9-month-old infants, although it was not associated with an increased exposure to adult-directed programming. Depressed mothers also reported being less likely to sit and talk with their children during television use or to consult outside sources of information about media. This increase in television exposure without corresponding parental involvement could negatively affect developmental outcomes.

In two studies, we examined how expressions of guilt and shame affected person perception. In the first study, participants read an autobiographical vignette in which the writer did something wrong and reported feeling either guilt, shame, or no emotion. The participants then rated the writer's motivations, beliefs, and traits, as well as their own feelings toward the writer. The person expressing feelings of guilt or shame was perceived more positively on a number of attributes, including moral motivation and social attunement, than the person who reported feeling no emotion. In the second study, the writer of the vignette reported experiencing (or not experiencing) cognitive and motivational aspects of guilt or shame. Expressing a desire to apologise (guilt) or feelings of worthlessness (private shame) resulted in more positive impressions than did reputational concerns (public shame) or a lack of any of these feelings. Our results indicate that verbal expressions of moral emotions such as guilt and shame influence perception of moral character as well as likeability.

In two studies, subjects read and rated how well they understood a poem. Beforehand, however, they had participated under hypnosis in an exercise designed to induce feelings of being uncertain about something. For half of the subjects hypnosis was made salient as a cause for the feelings; for the other half the feelings remained unexplained. The results showed that when left unexplained, the feelings of uncertainty were interpreted by subjects as indications that they did not understand the poem. When attributed to the hypnosis, however, the feelings had no effect on ratings of comprehension. In one experiment, subjects were also studied who were not susceptible to hypnosis, and who, therefore, did not feel uncertain in the first place. The results suggest that just as positive and negative affective feelings serve as information for making evaluative judgments, feelings of certainty and uncertainty serve as information for making cognitive judgments (t. e. judgments of knowing).

In the 25 years since its foundation, Cognition and Emotion has become a leading psychological journal of research on emotion. Here we review some of the ways in which this has occurred. Questions have included how parallel systems of cognition and emotion can operate in emotion regulation and psychological therapies (including the issue of free will), how the cognitive approach to emotion works, how emotion affects attention, memory, and decision making, and how emotion research is moving beyond the individual mind into the space of the interpersonal.

Lines of transgenic cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., that contain a truncated version of the delta endotoxin gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki were tested in the laboratory for effects on growth and survival of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). Five transgenic lines contained the cryIA (b) gene from bacterial strain HD-l and one cotton line (MON-249) had the cryIA (c) gene from the strain HD-73. Neonate larvae of tobacco budworm were grown for 6 d on 10 different kinds of plant structures of the six transgenic, field-grown cotton lines and the nontransgenic, parental ‘Coker 312’. Mean growth and survival of neonate larvae to 6 d for the transgenic lines as a group were significantly less than ‘Coker 312’ for every plant structure. Among the six transgenic lines, significant variation in survival of neonate larvae to 6 d on terminal leaves, small squares, and on bracts were observed; however, insect weights were very low and not different among transgenic lines. When larvae were fed on artificial diet before they were placed on mature leaves they tended to have higher survival on one transgenic line (MON-62) than on the others. No larvae pupated on transgenic lines. These laboratory assays using field-grown plant struchues indicate that cotton transgenic for delta endotoxin has great potential in controlling tobacco budwonll larvae under field conditions.

We examine and criticise some interpretations of the neuropsychology of the emotions, arguing that emotion and cognition should not be distinguished as distinct entities that can occur independently or be separated physiologically. In the twentieth century the separation of the cognitive from the emotional and the sensory has been challenged within philosophy, psychology, and now neuroscience. Centrifugal anatomical wiring suggests that emotion and sensation cannot be independent from cognition. For emotions to function adaptively, they must incorporate interpretation, anticipation, and problem-solving, a view we call functionalism. Neuropsychological data on the emotions are consistent with these assertions.

An improved Heliothis virescens F. egg harvester was designed, constructed, and evaluated. The machine automatically removes eggs oviposited on screens, recycles the wash solution (sodium hypochlorite) for reuse, and rinses the eggs with tap water. Results showed that H. virescens eggs removed mechanically with the egg harvester hatched as well as eggs removed manually. Daily collection rates over a 60-d test period averaged 360,000 eggs. On peak day of egg collection, ≈700,000 eggs were collected in ≈20 min. The improved machine has built-in features for limiting the time eggs are exposed to the sodium hypochlorite solution, immediately rinsing the eggs with tap water, and a feature to prevent harvest of eggs if the collection screen is not properly in place.

In 1987 and 1989, cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., plants at different developmental stages were artificially infested with five neonate tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae per plant. The position of each open boll on the plant was recorded at harvest. Infestations, regardless of the developmental stage of the plant, reduced boll numbers at the first fruiting position on the branch. Boll distributions at position 1 on plants infested at the 5th-node stage of growth were similar to plants infested at the 15th-node stage. However, plants infested at the 15th-node stage set a greater number of bolls at position 2 than plants infested at the 5th-node stage. Only plants infested at the 5th-node stage had fewer total bolls than the control. DES-119, an earlymaturing cotton, produced more bolls at positions 1 and 2 on the lower nodes than ST-825 when plants were infested at the 7th-node stage of growth. When plants were infested at the 12th-node stage, DES-119 produced more bolls at position 1 on the lower nodes, whereas ST-825 produced more on the upper nodes. There was no varietal difference in boll production at position 2 of plants infested at the 12th-node stage.

Female moths of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), oviposit in terminals of the cotton plant, Gossypium hirsutum (L.). The hatched larvae feed in the terminal area, then migrate to small squares (buds) where they feed and finally burrow into and feed on the anthers, where they grow rapidly. They attempt to avoid feeding on gossypol glands during the first 48 h after hatching. When tobacco bud worm neonate larvae were fed squares of highly glanded lines, growth was decreased by 25–75%. The number of glands in calyx and bract tissues of squares of resistant lines was significantly higher than in susceptible lines. The difference was greatest in the calyx crown where the ratio in resistant to susceptible lines was 10–20 fold. The calyx crown of highly glanded resistant lines also was high in terpenoid aldehydes. High pressure liquid chromatography data showed that the gossypol content of susceptible and resistant glanded lines is equal, whereas three other terpenoid aldehydes, hemigossypolone and heliocides H1 and H2, are greatly increased in resistant lines, and they are presumably more closely associated with resistance.

Asiatic cottons [Gossypium arboreum (L.)] have been investigated as a source of resistance to the tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (Fab.)] because their diversely colored petals have been presumed to contain various allelochemicals. However, we found that larvae fedG. arboreum squares (buds) grew about equally compared with those fed squares from commercialG. hirsutum lines. The best source of resistance was found in severalG. hirsutum double-haploid (DH) lines. In our investigation of allelochemicals, G.arboreum lines were found to contain much less gossypol in leaves, squares (buds), and petals thanG. hirsutum L. lines. Flavonoids were significantly higher inG. arboreum lines only in petals. Of 22G. arboreum lines from which squares were gathered and fed to tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae in the laboratory, larval growth was not significantly decreased on any, but larval survival was decreased on six. When the square flavonoids were isolated and incorporated in laboratory diets for the TBW, moderate toxicity was observed. However, the estimated toxicities were not greater than those of the same flavonoid isolates fromG. hirsutum lines. The most prevalent flavonoids, all previously found in G.arboreum plant tissues, were gossypetin 8-0-glucoside and gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside, neither of which were present inG. hirsutum tissue. Quercetin 3-0-glucoside, quercetin-3'-0-glucoside, and quercetin 7-0-glucoside were also present in significant amounts in both species. Gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside and gossypetin 8-0-glucoside were the most toxic flavonoids tested (the ED50% was estimated to be 0.007 and 0.024) and therefore may prove to be contributing factors of resistance to TBW feeding.

At Vulcan Chemicals, total quality requires auditing and auditing ensures total quality. This article details the continuing integration of the two processes and describes some of the audits—and their measured regulate.