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Objective: This integrative review aimed to identify the phenolic compounds present in pitayas (dragon fruit). Methods: We employed a comprehensive search strategy, encompassing full-text articles published between 2013 and 2023 in Portuguese, English, and Spanish from databases indexed in ScienceDirect, Capes Periodics, Scielo, and PubMed. The study’s selection was guided by the question, “What are the main phenolic compounds found in pitaya fruits?”. Results: After screening 601 papers, 57 met the inclusion criteria. The identified phytochemicals have been associated with a range of health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic properties. Additionally, they exhibit promising applications in the management of cancer, diabetes, and obesity. These 57 studies encompassed various genera, including Hylocereus, Selenicereus, and Stenocereus. Notably, Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus emerged as the most extensively characterized species regarding polyphenol content. Analysis revealed that flavonoids, particularly kaempferol and rutin, were the predominant phenolic class within the pulp and peel of these fruits. Additionally, hydroxycinnamic and benzoic acid derivatives, especially chlorogenic acid, caffeic, protocatechuic, synaptic, and ellagic acid, were frequently reported. Furthermore, betalains, specifically betacyanins, were identified, contributing to the characteristic purplish-red color of the pitaya peel and pulp. These betalains hold significant potential as natural colorants in the food industry. Conclusion: Therefore, the different pitayas have promising sources for the extraction of pigments for incorporation in the food industry. We recommend further studies investigate their potential as nutraceuticals.

The baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.), a fruit native to the Cerrado biome, is well-known for its almonds, which are extensively exploited and exported. Unfortunately, the remaining parts of this fruit are often discarded. This study investigates the fixed chemical constituents of the baru, including the bark, pulp, endocarp, and almonds, using the PS–MS technique in positive and negative ionization modes. Notably, this research presents the first chemical profile of baru almonds in both their raw and roasted states. The analysis identified 57 compounds reported for the first time in a baru and 24 common compounds. The majority of these compounds are classified as flavonoids. In both ionization modes, the peel exhibited a higher proportion of phenolic compounds, although the chemical compounds varied among the peel, pulp, almond, and endocarp. These findings highlight the perspective of bioeconomy and biotechnology. By staggering baru fruit production alongside extractivists, we can optimize the utilization of all parts of the fruit. Furthermore, given the knowledge of the biological properties of flavonoids and the baru composition, we recommend additional studies to analyze their potential in preventing chronic non-communicable diseases.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of edible coating and films based on ripe banana peel flour and cornstarch, with and without extract of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) leaves, in sliced and cut mozzarella cheese during 28 days of storage at 4 °C. During storage, weight loss was observed across all treatments. Increase in pH and reduction in titratable acidity during storage were verified for all cheeses, although milder in those treated with edible formulations. The cheeses submitted to coating or film were less moist than the others. Cheeses treated with the formulation containing the extract were less light and had more intense yellowish coloring. The hardness of the evaluated cheeses did not change during storage. Therefore, the use of edible films and coatings of ripe banana peel flour and loquat leaf extract has potential as an alternative material for the conservation of cheeses.

Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) can be used for craft chocolate production, which arouses consumer interest due to their perceived better quality. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile of 80% artisanal chocolate samples produced with cocoa beans subjected to different maturation conditions. In the first maturation process, beans were matured under no-oxygen conditions, and in the second, the toasted beans were matured in oak barrels. The volatile compounds of the chocolate samples were extracted by the solid-phase microextraction method in headspace mode and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The non-volatile compounds were extracted with methanol and analyzed through paper spray mass spectrometry. Overall, 35 volatile compounds belonging to different chemical classes (acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and pyrazines) were identified, such as propanoic acid and butane-2,3-diol. In addition, 37 non-volatile compounds, such as procyanidin A pentoside and soyasaponin B, were listed. Tannins, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids were the main chemical classes observed, varying between the two samples analyzed. Therefore, it was possible to verify that maturation conditions affected the metabolomic profile of the 80% artisanal chocolate samples, being able to influence the sensory characteristics and bioactive compounds profile. Given these results, the sensory evaluation of these chocolates is suggested as the next step.

In this study, the peels of the yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) were used to develop a flour that was evaluated in terms of its physicochemical, microscopic, colorimetric, and granulometric characteristics, its total phenolic compound and carotenoid contents, and its antioxidant capacity. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements were employed to investigate the constituent functional groups, compounds’ chemical profiles were assessed by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (PS-MS), and the compound’s chemical profiles were evaluated by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). This flour presented a light color, heterogeneous granulometry, high carbohydrate, carotenoid, and total phenolic compound contents with high antioxidant capacity. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed a particulate flour, which is supposed to contribute to its compactness. FTIR demonstrated the presence of functional groups corresponding to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, constituents of insoluble dietary fiber. The PS-MS analysis suggested the presence of 22 substances, covering diverse component classes such as organic, fatty, and phenolic acids, flavonoids, sugars, quinones, phenylpropanoid glycerides terpenes, and amino acids. This research demonstrated the potential of using Passion Fruit Peel Flour (PFPF) as an ingredient for food products. The advantages of using PFPF comprise the reduction of agro-industrial waste, contribution to the development of a sustainable food system, and increment of food products’ functional profile. Moreover, its high content of several bioactive compounds can benefit consumers’ health.

Pereskia aculeata Miller, is an unconventional food plant native to South America. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different ultrasonic extraction times (10, 20, 30, and 40 min) on the phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts obtained from lyophilized Pereskia aculeate Miller (ora-pro-nobis) leaves, an under-researched plant. Morphological structure and chemical group evaluations were also conducted for the lyophilized P. aculeate leaves. The different extraction times resulted in distinct phenolic content and Antioxidant Activity (ATT) values. Different extraction time conditions resulted in phenolic compound contents ranging from 2.07 to 2.60 mg EAG.g−1 of extract and different ATT values. The ATT evaluated by DPPH was significantly higher (from 61.20 to 70.20 μM of TE.g−1 of extract) in extraction times of 30 and 40 min, respectively. For ABTS, it varied between 6.38 and 10.24 μM of TE.g−1 of extract and 24.34 and 32.12 μM ferrous sulp.g−1 of extract. All of the obtained extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, particularly the treatment employing 20 min of extraction at the highest dilution (1.56 mg.mL−1). Although liquid chromatography analyses showed that chlorogenic acid was the primary compound detected for all extracts, Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (PS-MS) suggested the extracts contained 53 substances, such as organic, fatty, and phenolic acids, sugars, flavonoids, terpenes, phytosterols, and other components. The PS-MS proved to be a valuable technique to obtain the P. aculeate leaves extract chemical profile. It was observed that the freeze-drying process enhanced the conservation of morphological structures of P. aculeate leaves, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified carboxyl functional groups and proteins between the 1000 and 1500 cm−1 bands in the P. aculeate leaves, thus favoring water interaction and contributing to gel formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate different times (10, 20, 30 and 40 min) for ultrasound extraction of P. aculeate leaves. The polyphenols improved extraction, and high antioxidant activity demonstrates the potential for applying P. aculeate leaves and their extract as functional ingredients or additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora) and jambolan (Syzygium cumini) fruits are rich in phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties, mostly concentrated in the peel, pulp, and seeds. Among the techniques for identifying these constituents, paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) stands out as a method of ambient ionization of samples for the direct analysis of raw materials. This study aimed to determine the chemical profiles of the peel, pulp, and seeds of jabuticaba and jambolan fruits, as well as to assess the efficiency of using different solvents (water and methanol) in obtaining metabolite fingerprints of different parts of the fruits. Overall, 63 compounds were tentatively identified in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of jabuticaba and jambolan, 28 being in the positive ionization mode and 35 in the negative ionization mode. Flavonoids (40%), followed by benzoic acid derivatives (13%), fatty acids (13%), carotenoids (6%), phenylpropanoids (6%), and tannins (5%) were the groups of substances found in greater numbers, producing different fingerprints according to the parts of the fruit and the different extracting solvents used. Therefore, compounds present in jabuticaba and jambolan reinforce the nutritional and bioactive potential attributed to these fruits, due to the potentially positive effects performed by these metabolites in human health and nutrition.

The Annonaceae family is widely distributed in subtropical and tropical regions. Several species of this family are known for their pharmacological and beneficial properties to human health, mainly attributed to flavonoids. The objective of this work was to carry out an integrative review in order to identify the main flavonoids found in some plant parts belonging to the Annona genus: araticum tree (Annona crassiflora Mart.), graviola tree (Annona muricata), atemoya tree (Annona cherimolia Mill × Annona squamosa L.), pinha tree (Annona squamosa), bananinha tree (Annona leptopetala), and marolinho tree (Annona coriacea). Only articles published between the years 2016 to 2021 that answered the guiding question were considered, in order to obtain recent data. Then, search strategies were designated for each database used: Science Direct, CAPES Periodicals, and Scielo. Most of the studies retrieved from the databases are related to fruits. The results showed that the number of flavonoids identified varies according to the analytical methodology used to identify and quantify the compounds. Quercetin was the most commonly found compound in all fruits of the Annona genus studied, and epicatechin, rutin, and kaempferol were also found to a lesser extent. The presence of these compounds in Annona makes the fruit promising, with potential applicability in the pharmaceutical and food industry.

This integrative review aims to identify the main flavonoids present in some species of the Myrtaceae family. Studies published between 2016 and 2022 were selected, specifically those which were fully available and written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish, and which were related to the fruits araçá (Psidium cattleianum), cambuí (Myrciaria floribunda), gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa), jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora), and jambolan (Syzygium cumini). Scientific studies were gathered and selected in Google Scholar, Scielo, and Science Direct indexed databases, out of which 14 were about araçá, 7 concerned cambuí, 4 were about gabiroba, 29 were related to jabuticaba, and 33 concerned jambolan, when we observed the pre-established inclusion criteria. Results showed that the anthocyanins, such as cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin, and delphinidin, were the mostly identified class of flavonoids in plants of the Myrtaceae family, mainly relating to the purple/reddish color of the evaluated fruits. Other compounds, such as catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, and rutin were also identified in different constituent fractions, such as leaves, peel, pulp, seeds, and in developed products, such as jams, desserts, wines, teas, and other beverages. It is also worth noting the positive health effects verified in these studies, such as anti-inflammatory qualities for jambolan, antidiabetic qualities for gabiroba, antioxidant qualities for araçá, and cardioprotective actions for jabuticaba, which are related to the presence of these phytochemicals. Therefore, it is possible to point out that flavonoids are important compounds in the chemical constitution of the studied plants of the Myrtaceae family, with promising potential in the development of new products by the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries due to their bioactive properties.

The objectives of this study were to hydrolyze whey proteins using a pancreatin and an Aspergillus oryzae protease; to evaluate the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and the peptide profile; and to establish the correlations among the analytical methods. Ten hydrolysates were prepared at different reaction times and the highest DH was obtained by the protein content method. Good correlations (r > 0.87) between the methods of formaldehyde and orthophthalaldehyde (OPA), formaldehyde and osmometry as well as osmometry and OPA were observed using pancreatin. Similar results were obtained between OPA and soluble protein content for the A. oryzae protease. The action of pancreatin produced the highest contents of di- and tripeptides (9.07, 7.12 and 6.46%) and the lowest of large peptides (42.43, 41.33 and 41.13%), after 3, 4 and 5 h of hydrolysis, respectively. Using pancreatin, the DH measured by formol titration and OPA was positively correlated with medium peptide content and negatively correlated with large peptide content. For the A. oryzae protease, a strong negative correlation was observed between the large peptide content and the DH measured by the OPA method.

This study was designed to evaluate and compare the percentage of body fat (% BF) in women with % BF over 30% by three different methods: skinfolds (SKF), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition, the behavior of quantitative variables such as body mass index (BMI) and DXA was evaluated. Twenty-eight volunteers who averaged 27.7 years old, 76.2 kg, 1.63 m tall and with a BMI of 28.5 kg/m² participated in this study. The assessment of body fat by DXA, SKF and BIA gave means of 44.1%, 39.8% and 34.3%, respectively. The BMI data, used to classify obesity, ranged from 22.22 to 37.5 kg/ m². Statistical differences were found among the values obtained using the three methods (P < 0.001). It can be inferred that different results may be obtained depending on the technique used for measuring fat percentage, DXA showed the highest sensitivity, followed by SKF and BIA. All techniques provided values strongly associated with BMI, however, some subjects with % BF over 30% were classified as normal weight by BMI.

The aim of this study was to prepare enzymatic hydrolysates from whey protein concentrate with a nutritionally adequate peptide profile and the ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. The effects of the type of enzyme used (pancreatin or papain), the enzyme:substrate ratio (E:S ratio=0.5:100, 1:100, 2:100 and 3:100) and the use of ultrafiltration (UF) were investigated. The fractionation of peptides was performed by size-exclusion-HPLC, and the quantification of the components of the chromatographic fractions was carried out by a rapid Corrected Fraction Area method. The ACE inhibitory activity (ACE-IA) was determined by Reverse Phase-HPLC. All parameters tested affected both the peptide profile and the ACE-IA. The best peptide profile was achieved for the hydrolysates obtained with papain, whereas pancreatin was more advantageous in terms of ACE-IA. The beneficial effect of using a lower E:S ratio on the peptide profile and ACE-IA was observed for both enzymes depending on the conditions used to prepare the hydrolysates. The beneficial effect of not using UF on the peptide profile was observed in some cases for pancreatin and papain. However, the absence of UF yielded greater ACE-IA only when using papain.O objetivo deste estudo foi preparar hidrolisados enzimáticos do concentrado proteico do soro de leite com perfil peptídico nutricionalmente adequado e com capacidade para inibir a atividade da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA). Os efeitos do tipo de enzima usado (pancreatina ou papaína), da relação enzima:substrato (E:S=0,5:100, 1:100, 2:100 e 3:100) e do uso da ultrafiltração (UF) foram investigados. O fracionamento dos peptídeos foi feito por CLAE de exclusão molecular e a quantificação dos componentes das frações cromatográficas foi realizada pelo método da Área Corrigida da Fração. A atividade inibitória da ECA (AI-ECA) foi determinada por CLAE de fase reversa. Todos os parâmetros testados afetaram tanto o perfil peptídico quanto a AI-ECA. O melhor perfil peptídico foi atingido para os hidrolisados obtidos com papaína, enquanto a pancreatina foi mais vantajosa em termos da AI-ECA. O efeito benéfico do uso de menor relação E:S sobre o perfil peptídico e a AI-ECA foi observado para ambas as enzimas dependendo das condições usadas para o preparo dos hidrolisados. O efeito benéfico da ausência da UF sobre o perfil peptídico foi observado em alguns casos para pancreatina e papaína. No entanto, a ausência da UF produziu maior AI-ECA somente quando a papaína foi usada.

Considerando-se a importância do feijão na dieta do brasileiro e, ainda, que este alimento não é permitido na alimentação de fenilcetonúricos, é fundamental promover a extração de suas proteínas, visando à posterior remoção de fenilalanina. No intuito de se otimizar a extração proteica do feijão, dois métodos enzimáticos foram, inicialmente, empregados. Para aquele que produziu o maior rendimento de extração proteica (REP), foi realizado um estudo do efeito de diversos parâmetros, tais como velocidade de centrifugação, tempo de reação, pH inicial e tipo de enzima (uma de Bacillus licheniformis, duas de Bacillus subtilis, uma de Aspergillus sojae e uma de Papaya carica). Os resultados indicaram que o melhor método foi o que empregou uma concentração de matéria-prima de 1:10 (p v-1), pH inicial de 10,5, temperatura de 50°C, e ausência de agitação em ultraturrax. Com relação aos parâmetros testados, o maior REP (93,1%) foi obtido ao se utilizar a enzima de Bacillus licheniformis, na velocidade de centrifugação de 10.640 x g, tempo de reação de 3h e pH inicial de 10,5.

Considerando-se a importância do feijão na dieta do brasileiro e, ainda, que este alimento não é permitido na alimentação de fenilcetonúricos, é fundamental promover a extração de suas proteínas, visando à posterior remoção de fenilalanina. No intuito de se otimizar a extração proteica do feijão, dois métodos enzimáticos foram, inicialmente, empregados. Para aquele que produziu o maior rendimento de extração proteica (REP), foi realizado um estudo do efeito de diversos parâmetros, tais como velocidade de centrifugação, tempo de reação, pH inicial e tipo de enzima (uma de Bacillus licheniformis, duas de Bacillus subtilis, uma de Aspergillus sojae e uma de Papaya carica). Os resultados indicaram que o melhor método foi o que empregou uma concentração de matéria-prima de 1:10 (p v-1), pH inicial de 10,5, temperatura de 50ºC, e ausência de agitação emultraturrax. Com relação aos parâmetros testados, o maior REP (93,1%) foi obtido ao se utilizar a enzima de Bacillus licheniformis, na velocidade de centrifugação de 10.640 x g, tempo de reação de 3h e pH inicial de 10,5. Considering the importance of beans in the Brazilian diet and the fact that it is forbidden in phenylketonuric feeding, it is relevant to promote the extraction of its proteins, for phenylalanine removal. Aiming for the optimization of protein extraction from beans, twoenzymatic methods were initially employed. For the one that produced the highest protein extract yield (PEY), a study was conducted to assess de effect of several parameters, such as centrifugation velocity, reaction time, initial pH and type of enzyme (one of Bacillus licheniformis, two of Bacillus subtilis, one of Aspergillus sojae and one of Papaya carica). The results showed that the best method was the one that employed a concentration of raw material of 1:10 (w v-1), initial pH of 10.5, temperature of 50°C, in the absence of ultraturrax treatment. With regard to the parameters tested, the largest PEY (93.1%) was obtained by using the enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis, the centrifugation velocity of 10,640 x g, the reaction time of 3h and initial pH of 10.5.

Visando ao preparo de farinha de trigo com baixo teor de fenilalanina (Phe), extraiu-se, enzimaticamente as proteínas, empregando-se uma protease alcalina de Bacillus licheniformis. Em seguida, os extratos protéicos foram hidrolisados pela ação de enzimas comerciais (pancreatina e bromelina) e de extratos enzimáticos obtidos da casca de abacaxi (bruto e purificado), avaliando-se alguns parâmetros enzimáticos, tais como tipo de enzima, tipo de ação enzimática, tipo de associação enzimática e ordem de ação enzimática. O carvão ativado (CA) foi empregado como meio adsorvente e a eficiência da remoção de Phe foi avaliada por espectrofotometria derivada segunda, determinando-se o teor de Phe na farinha de trigo e em seus hidrolisados, após tratamento com CA. O melhor resultado foi encontrado ao se empregar a associação sucessiva do extrato bruto seguida da pancreatina, tendo atingido 66,28% de remoção e o teor final de Phe de 522,44 mg/100 g de hidrolisado.With the aim of producing wheat flour with low phenylalanine (Phe) content to be introduced in phenylketonuric's diet, the proteins were enzymaticaly extracted, using an alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis. Then, the protein extracts were hydrolyzed by the action of commercial enzymes (pancreatin and bromelain) and of enzymatic extracts obtained from pineapple peel (crude and purified). Some enzymatic parameters were evaluated, such as type of enzyme, type of enzyme action, type of enzymatic association and order of enzyme action. The activated carbon (AC) was used as adsorbent and the efficiency of Phe removal was evaluated by second derivative spectrophotometry measuring the Phe content in wheat flour and in their hydrolysates after AC treatment. The best result was found for the successive association of crude extract followed by pancreatin obtaining 66.28% of removal and a final Phe content of 522.44 mg/100 g of hydrolysate.

A partir do extrato protéico obtido em meio alcalino, empregou-se a corolase PP no preparo de seis hidrolisados enzimáticos de arroz, visando o desenvolvimento de formulações dietéticas para fenilcetonúricos. O procedimento de passagem por coluna contendo carvão ativado foi utilizado na remoção de fenilalanina (Phe) dos hidrolisados. O teor de Phe nos extratos protéicos de arroz e seus hidrolisados, após tratamento com carvão, foi determinado por espectrofotometria derivada segunda. O teor final de fenilalanina nos hidrolisados variou de 0,39 a 68,34 mg 100 g-1, o que corresponde a uma remoção de 84 a 100%. A distribuição dos peptídeos nas amostras, de acordo com o tamanho da cadeia, foi estudada como um dos critérios para a avaliação da qualidade nutricional dos hidrolisados. O fracionamento dos peptídeos foi realizado por CLAE de exclusão molecular e, para a quantificação empregou-se o método rápido da área corrigida da fração. Os resultados indicaram que o maior teor de oligopeptídeos foi obtido quando se empregou a corolase PP em uma relação E:S de 1%, e uma concentração protéica inicial de 1,56 g 100 mL-1.Starting with alkaline protein extract, the Corolase PP was used for preparing six enzymatic rice hydrolysates, with the aim of producing dietary formulations for phenylketonuria treatment. A column containing activated pure charcoal was used for removing phenylalanine (Phe). The Phe contents of rice protein extract and hydrolysates were determined by second derivative spectrophotometry. The final Phe content of the hydrolysates varied from 0.39 to 68.34 mg 100 g-1, corresponding to removal levels from 84% to 100%. The distribution of peptides according to their size was used as an approach for the nutritional evaluation of the hydrolysates. The fractionation of peptides was performed by size-exclusion HPLC, and the rapid correct fraction area method was used for the their quantification. The results indicated that the higher oligopeptide content was obtained when corolase PP was used with an enzyme:substrate ratio of 1% and the initial protein concentration of 1,56 g 100 mL-1.

Tendo como objetivo a redução de custos do processo de fabricação dehidrolisados protéicos, estudou-se neste trabalho a imobilização da pancreatina, por adsorção, em carvão ativado e em alumina. Para isso, foram testadas diferentes condições de imobilização (30, 60 e 90min a 25°C, e 12h a 5°C). Para verificar a taxa de imobilização, determinou-se indiretamente a enzima não adsorvida nos suportes. Ao se utilizar o carvão ativado, não foi observada diferença significativa entre as condições testadas, tendo-se obtido 100% de imobilização enzimática. Para a alumina, a melhor condição foi a de 90min, na qual se obteve 37% de imobilização. A medida do grau de exposição da fenilalanina, pela espectrofotometria derivada segunda, foi empregada para a determinação da estabilidade operacional da enzima, tendo sido mostrado que a imobilização em carvão ativado e emalumina permitiu a reutilização da pancreatina por até 5 vezes e 2 vezes, respectivamente.Immobilization of pancreatin in activated carbon and in alumina was studied for producing protein hydrolysates, in order to reduce the process costs. Different immobilization conditions were tested (30, 60 and 90min at 25°C, and 12h at 5°C). For estimating the immobilization rate the amount of the non-adsorbed enzyme on the supports was indirectly determined. When activated carbon was used, no significant difference was observed among the tested conditions, obtaining 100% of enzymatic immobilization. In case of alumina, the best condition showed to be the 90min treatment which produced 37% of immobilization. The evaluation of the degree of exposition ofphenylalanine, by second derivative spectrophotometry, was used for the determination of the enzyme operational stability, and showed that the immobilization in activated carbon and in alumina allowed the reusability of the pancreatin for 5 times and 2 times,respectively.

Visando à produção de hidrolisados de caseína para uso como suplemento dietético, estudou-se a otimização das condições hidrolíticas, empregando-se a pepsina para elevar os teores de di e tripeptídeos. Os hidrolisados foram fracionados pela CLAE de exclusão molecular, seguida da quantificação dos peptídeos nas frações cromatográficas pelo método rápido da Área Corrigida da Fração. Pelos resultados obtidos, infere-se que a obtenção do melhor perfil peptídico, para uso em dietas especiais, depende da definição de alguns parâmetros, tais como, pH, relação enzima:susbtrato e temperatura. Além disso, o custo envolvido na preparação deve ser considerado.With the aim of producing casein hydrolysates for dietary use, the optimization of the hydrolysis conditions, using pepsin, for increasing di- and tripeptide contents was studied. The hydrolysates were fractionated by size-exclusion HPLC and the rapid Correct Fraction Area method was used for quantifying the peptides. The results showed that in order to have the best peptide profile for special diets, certain parameters, such as pH, enzyme:substrate ratio and temperature need to be fixed. Also, the production costs must be taken into account.

Protein hydrolysates have been increasingly used in specific formulations. This study aimed to obtain protein hydrolysates from wheat flour with appropriate peptide profile, from a nutritional point of view, i.e., containing high di-tripeptide and free amino acid contents, as well as low amounts of large peptides. Different hydrolytic conditions and sample treatments were tested, with the successive association of a commercial pancreatin and a raw enzymatic extract from the pineapple skin (RE). The order of enzyme addition, reaction temperature, enzyme:substrate ratio (E:S), and the effect of homogenization with ultra-turrax were evaluated, aiming the cost reduction on a large scale process. The peptide profile was evaluated by using a fractionation method, with size-exclusion-HPLC, followed by a Corrected Fraction Area method, for quantifying peptides and free amino acids. The best peptide profile was found for the hydrolysate obtained when pancreatin (E:S = 4:100) acted firstly for 3 hours and 30 minutes, followed by RE (E:S = 10:100), for 1 hour and 30 minutes, at optimal pH and temperature conditions of each enzyme, reaching higher di-tripeptide contents (16,98%), one of the highest free amino acids contents (42,70%), and the lowest large peptides content (13,09%). The use of ultra-turrax had no effect on the peptide profile.A utilização de hidrolisados proteicos, em formulações específicas, é uma área de crescente interesse. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu na obtenção de hidrolisados proteicos de farinha de trigo com perfil peptídico adequado, do ponto de vista nutricional, ou seja, contendo elevado teor de di-tripeptídeos e aminoácidos livres e reduzida quantidade de grandes peptídeos. Foram avaliadas diferentes condições hidrolíticas e de tratamento da amostra, empregando-se a associação sucessiva de uma pancreatina comercial e de um extrato enzimático bruto da casca de abacaxi (EB). Avaliou-se a ordem de adição das enzimas, temperatura de reação, relação enzima:substrato (E:S) e o efeito da homogeneização com ultraturrax, visando à redução de custos para adaptação em larga escala. A análise do perfil peptídico foi realizada pelo fracionamento, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de exclusão molecular, seguido pela quantificação dos peptídeos e aminoácidos livres, pelo método da Área Corrigida da Fração. O melhor perfil peptídico foi encontrado para o hidrolisado obtido quando a pancreatina (E:S = 4:100) atuou primeiro por 3 horas e 30 minutos, seguida da ação do EB (E:S = 10:100), durante 1 hora e 30 minutos, nas condições ótimas de pH e temperatura de cada enzima, promovendo, assim, maior quantidade de di-tripeptídeos (16,98%), um dos maiores teores de aminoácidos livres (42,70%) e o menor conteúdo de grandes peptídeos (13,09%). Observou-se, ainda, que o emprego do ultraturrax não afetou o perfil peptídico.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar hidrolisados enzimáticos de WPC quanto ao grau de hidrólise e perfi l peptídico. Foi avaliado o efeito dos seguintes parâmetros: tipo de enzima (subtilisina; papaína; pancreatina; proteases do A. sojae, B. amyloquefaciens, A. oryzae e B. stearothermophillus), relação E:S (1:100, 2:100 e 4:100) e concentração da matéria-prima (7%, 8%, 9% e 10%). Além disso, foi estudada a correlação entre o grau de hidrólise e o perfi l peptídico, utilizando-se o coefi ciente de correlação de Pearson. Concluiu-se que a pancreatina e a protease do A. oryzae levaram à obtenção dos maiores valores de grau de hidrólise (30% e 27%, respectivamente). Em relação ao perfi l peptídico, a utilização da protease do A. oryzae e da pancreatina foi a mais vantajosa, uma vez que levou à obtenção do maior conteúdo de di-tripeptídeos (16,14% e 9,12%, respectivamente) e do menor teor de grandes peptídeos (média de 20%). Além disso, foi observada a existência de correlação entre o grau de hidrólise e o perfi l peptídico.

O efeito da substituição parcial de gordura, cerca de 38,2%, por globina bovina (GL), plasma bovino (PL) ou globina e plasma 1:1 (GP) sobre a qualidade do patê de presunto foi estudado. Avaliou-se na massa crua o teor de proteínas sal-solúveis (SSP) e as propriedades ligantes representadas pela capacidade de retenção de água (WHC) e pela estabilidade da massa crua (RBS). A incorporação de GL resultou em valores de SSP similares aos do controle. O uso de PL, isoladamente ou em associação com GL, promoveu um aumento significativo de SSP, quando comparado ao controle. Resultados similares também foram observados para RBS, em que a incorporação GL resultou em maiores valores (p < 0,05) do que nas formulações contendo PL ou GP. No caso de WHC, todas as formulações estudadas foram inferiores ao controle, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos para GL, e os piores quando foi utilizado PL

Tendo como objetivo a redução de custos do processo de fabricação de hidrolisados protéicos, estudou-se neste trabalho a imobilização da pancreatina, por adsorção, em carvão ativado e em alumina. Para isso, foram testadas diferentes condições de imobilização (30, 60 e 90min a 25°C, e 12h a 5°C). Para verificar a taxa de imobilização, determinou-se indiretamente a enzima não adsorvida nos suportes. Ao se utilizar o carvão ativado, não foi observada diferença significativa entre as condições testadas, tendo-se obtido 100% de imobilização enzimática. Para a alumina, a melhor condição foi a de 90min, na qual se obteve 37% de imobilização. A medida do grau de exposição da fenilalanina, pela espectrofotometria derivada segunda, foi empregada para a determinação da estabilidade operacional da enzima, tendo sido mostrado que a imobilização em carvão ativado e em alumina permitiu a reutilização da pancreatina por até 5 vezes e 2 vezes, respectivamente