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Science communication is often confined to spoken, written or graphical form, neglecting the integration of other tools that would open inclusive scientific dialog to the low-vision community. To address this barrier, members from the Monash Rheumatology clinical and laboratory research groups formed a Lupus Sensory Science team to create a breakout room at the 2023 Monash Sensory Science Exhibit on Autoimmunity. Our goal was to develop multimodal displays and artworks to engage participants with blindness and low vision with the immunological underpinnings of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here I describe how we created several stations using a combination of tactile posters and models to communicate disease manifestations and immune system dysregulation in SLE. I reflect on how participants keenly engaged with our artworks, asking thoughtful questions that stimulated interesting discussions about treatment options in SLE. In addition, I analyze how our exhibit could be improved to further increase accessibility for the low-vision community. Overall, we learned a lot about how to be inclusive in scientific communication methods and we will strive to continue to engage all members of our community in scientific discussion., (© 2024 The Authors. Immunology & Cell Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of the Australian and New Zealand Society for Immunology, Inc.)

Art is a powerful tool for conveying scientific discovery. Despite the perceived gap between art and science, as highlighted by CP Snow and others, examples of art communicating science can be found in the ancient world, the Renaissance and contemporary data visualization, demonstrating an enduring and historic connection. However, much of science relies on visual elements, excluding those with blindness, low vision and diverse needs, resulting in their low representation in STEM discourse. This paper introduces a novel science and art collaboration in the form of an exhibition program exploring the concepts of Immunology and Biomedicine to blind and vision-impaired audiences, capitalizing on the lived experience of a legally blind artist. Employing multisensory design, art and co-creation methodologies, it transcends traditional vision-based science communication, showcasing the potential for multisensory art to bridge the gap at the intersection of science and inclusion., (© 2024 The Authors. Immunology & Cell Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of the Australian and New Zealand Society for Immunology, Inc.)

Immunology for all: Most scientific communication has historically been limited to visual imagery and the written or spoken word, often in the form of dense articles obscured by jargon. Clear communication of science is vital to enable the public to engage with important scientific discoveries and to limit medical distrust. However, scientific communication is often executed in a way which neglects people with blindness, low vision and diverse needs. Our aim for the exhibit at the Monash Sensory Science Exhibition on Autoimmunity 2023 at Monash University was to develop novel, tactile and informative models to help better communicate the scientific principles that underpin autoimmune disease and immunology. As B-cell biologists, we decided to focus our exhibit for this workshop on antibody-mediated autoimmunity. Antibodies are key components of the immune system, providing protection against a range of diverse pathogens. However, in the context of autoimmunity, they can also drive pathology., (© 2023 The Authors. Immunology & Cell Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of the Australian and New Zealand Society for Immunology, Inc.)

Purpose: To identify potential predictors of permanent vision loss in patients with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27-associated uveitis in a tertiary referral center., Design: Retrospective case-control study., Methods: The charts of 212 patients (338 eyes) with HLA-B27-associated uveitis that visited the University Medical Center Utrecht with a follow-up of at least 6 months were retrospectively studied. Clinical features at presentation and during follow-up were compared to final visual outcome in quiescent state. Eyes with (sub-) normal vision (>20/50) were compared with visually impaired (≤20/50) and blind (≤5/50, or a visual field of <10 degrees) eyes, using survival analysis. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to analyze potential predictors for permanent vision loss., Results: Median follow-up was 10.4 years (range, 0.5-44.7 years). During follow-up 226 eyes (66%) experienced vision loss up to 20/50, but most recovered. Twenty patients (9%) became permanently visually impaired or blind in at least 1 eye because of uveitis, after a median of 9.7 years (range, 0-20.9 years). The main cause was secondary glaucoma or related to glaucoma surgery (12/22 eyes, 55%). Survival analysis showed, after adjustment for age and sex, an ocular pressure of >21 mm Hg, hypotony, and panuveitis to be potential predictors at presentation, and the development of secondary glaucoma or hypotony to be predictors of blindness or visual impairment during follow-up., Conclusions: The long-term visual prognosis of HLA-B27-associated uveitis is relatively good, but the true incidence of permanent vision loss is probably still underestimated. Our findings highlight the importance of proper control of intraocular pressure., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Autoimmune hypophysitis very rarely spreads to nearby organs outside the pituitary tissue, for unknown reasons, with only 5 reported cases of hypophysitis spreading over the cavernous sinus., Case Presentation: Three patients presented with cases of non-infectious hypophysitis spreading outside the pituitary tissue over the cavernous sinus. All three cases were diagnosed with histological confirmation by transsphenoidal surgery, and the patients showed remarkable improvement with postoperative pulse dose steroid therapy, including disappearance of abnormal signal intensities in the bilateral hypothalami on magnetic resonance imaging, resolution of severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery, and normalization of swollen pituitary tissues. Two of 3 cases fulfilled the histological criteria of immunoglobulin G4-related disease, although none of the patients had high serum immunoglobulin G4 level., Conclusion: The true implications of such unusual spreading of hypophysitis to nearby organs are not fully understood, but the mechanism of occurrence might vary according to the timing of inflammation in this unusual mode of spreading. Pulse dose steroid therapy achieved remarkably good outcomes even in the patient with progressive severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery and rapid visual deterioration.

Multiple sclerosis is an important chronic disorders of central nervous system that can lead to severe disability because of the presence of multiple demyelinating lesion. We report a 20-year-old woman with relapsing-remitting MS, with pediatric onset of MS, who developed aggressive disease with visual acuity lost (1/60 in both eyes). Frequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detected persisting inflammatory activity and increase of lesion burden so she was submitted to natalizumab treatment with stability of MRI. After about 10 administrations of natalizumab, she improved her visual acuity in left eye (visual acuity 1/10); visual evocate potential show mild improvement of latency in left eye.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that causes severe attacks of optic neuritis and myelitis. Abnormal CSF findings are one of the characteristics of NMO that help to distinguish it from classical multiple sclerosis. Here we describe two cases of Devic's syndrome with CSF findings suggestive of bacterial meningomyelitis.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between vitreous levels of cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and visual prognosis after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with arteriovenous sheathotomy in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) associated with macular oedema., Methods: We studied 60 patients with logMAR visual acuity (VA) scores of < 0.3 and visual impairment secondary to BRVO-associated macular oedema. All patients underwent PPV with arteriovenous sheathotomy. At the time of PPV, vitreous samples were collected from the operated eye and vitreous levels of VEGF and IL-6 were measured. Best corrected VA (BCVA) (using a logMAR chart) and foveal thickness (FT) (using optical coherence tomography) were monitored for up to 6 months after PPV., Results: Both BCVA and FT significantly improved after PPV. According to multiple regression analysis, both the improvement in BCVA and decrease in FT were closely related to the vitreous level of IL-6 but not to that of VEGF. The vitreous level of VEGF was strongly correlated with duration of BRVO., Conclusions: Both improvement in BCVA and decrease in FT were observed after PPV in BRVO patients with macular oedema. Interestingly, these visual prognoses strongly correlate with the vitreous level of IL-6, whereas the duration of BRVO strongly correlates with the vitreous level of VEGF.

Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy (PON) is a rare syndrome usually associated with small cell lung carcinoma. In the 27 rigorously reported cases, neurologic manifestations other than visual loss have been present in all but 2. In the single case in which vision improved in response to treatment of the cancer, the collapsin response-mediating protein (CRMP)-5 titer did not change, and the ophthalmic examination was not detailed. We describe a patient with optic neuropathy and vitritis as the only clinical manifestations of PON marked by an extremely high titer of CRMP-5 antibody. Treatment of the underlying small cell lung cancer coincided with resolution of the visual abnormalities and a dramatic decrease in the CRMP-5 titer.

Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) is a rare disorder characterized by photopsias, shimmering vision, nyctalopia, and dysfunction of rod photoreceptor cells. We describe a 56-year-old man with metastatic cutaneous melanoma to the lymph nodes and MAR. He underwent resection of the metastasis followed by radiation therapy. Over the ensuing 2 months, visual function worsened so he was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Visual fields, but not electroretinography, improved steadily over the next year. No evidence of recurrence or metastatic disease has been found. Our patient indicates that even after a reduction or elimination of melanoma tumor burden and presumably the attenuation of the antigenic stimulus driving MAR, this disorder can continue to progress. In this setting, IVIg therapy should be considered a viable treatment option.

Objective: To determine whether IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) reverses chronic visual impairment in MS patients with optic neuritis (ON)., Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II trial, 55 patients with persistent acuity loss after ON were randomized to receive either IVIg 0.4 g/kg daily for 5 days followed by three single infusions monthly for 3 months, or placebo., Results: The trial was terminated by the National Eye Institute because of negative results when 55 of the planned 60 patients had been enrolled. Fifty-two patients completed the scheduled infusions, and 53 patients completed 12 months of follow-up. Analysis of this data indicated that a difference between treatment groups was not observed for the primary outcome measure, improvement in logMAR visual scores at 6 months (p = 0.766). Exploratory secondary analyses suggested that IVIg treatment was associated with improvement in visual function (including logMAR visual scores at 6 months and visual fields at 6 and 12 months) in patients with clinically stable MS during the trial., Conclusions: IVIg administration does not reverse persistent visual loss from ON to a degree that merits general use.

Objective: To identify clinical and biochemical parameters that have good predictive value for identifying giant cell (temporal) arteritis (GCA) patients who are at high or low risk of developing cranial ischemic events., Methods: In this multicenter study, records of patients at 3 university hospitals in Barcelona were reviewed retrospectively. Two hundred consecutive patients with biopsy-proven GCA were studied., Results: Thirty-two patients developed irreversible cranial ischemic complications. The duration of clinical symptoms before diagnosis was similar in patients with and those without ischemic events. Patients with ischemic complications less frequently had fever (18.8% versus 56.9%) and weight loss (21.9% versus 62%) and more frequently had amaurosis fugax (32.3% versus 6%) and transient diplopia (15.6% versus 3.6%). Patients with ischemic events had lower erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) (82.7 mm/hour versus 104.4 mm/hour) and higher concentrations of hemoglobin (12.2 gm/dl versus 10.9 gm/dl) and albumin (37.4 gm/liter versus 32.7 gm/liter). Clinical inflammatory status and biologic inflammatory status were defined empirically (clinical: fever and weight loss; biologic: ESR > or =85 mm/hour and hemoglobin < 11.0 gm/dl). Patients not showing a clinical and biologic inflammatory response were at high risk of developing ischemic events (odds ratio [OR] 5, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.05-12.2). The risk was greatly reduced among patients with either a clinical (OR 0.177, 95% CI 0.052-0.605) or a biologic (OR 0.226, 95% CI 0.076-0.675) inflammatory reaction. No patient with both a clinical and a biologic response developed ischemic events., Conclusion: The presence of a strong acute-phase response defines a subgroup of patients at very low risk of developing cranial ischemic complications. Our findings provide a rationale for testing less aggressive treatment schedules in these individuals. Conversely, a low inflammatory response and the presence of transient cranial ischemic events provide a high risk of developing irreversible ischemic complications and require a prompt therapeutic intervention.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Physiopathology includes small vessel occlusion and auto-antibody production. Neuro-ophthalmic complications can be detected in 10-30% of SLE cases. Further, some patients can present with neuro-ophthalmic complications prior to diagnosis of SLE., Patients and Methods: We report seven cases of neuro-ophthalmic complications of SLE demonstrating lesions from the retina to the brain. The other possible manifestations of SLE will be reviewed., Results: Two cases were not yet diagnosed with SLE when neuro-ophthalmic disease occurred. Anti-double stranded DNA antibodies were detected at a very high titer, suggesting SLE, later confirmed by rheumatologists., Conclusions: Ophthalmologists should be aware of the unusual patient presenting with a neuroophthalmic disorder prior to the diagnosis of SLE. In such cases, autoantibodies should be sought. Antinuclear antibodies are very sensitive but non specific for SLE. Anti-double stranded DNA antibodies are specific for SLE and elevated titer should raise the suspicion of undiagnosed SLE.