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Considering the evolving and unpredictable job market, adaptability is an important skill for young adults. Such adaptability implies that schools need to teach key social competences, like communication, collaboration, or problem-solving. In this area, a gender gap has consistently been found, showing that boys display social competences less than girls. A large-scale nationwide multilab longitudinal experiment--the ProFAN project--was conducted in France among more than 10,000 vocational high-school students. Its primary goal was to develop and test an intervention promoting a range of psychological and psychosocial variables in vocational high schools, including social competences. This 2-year long, three-wave field experiment compared the effects of a cooperative learning method--the jigsaw classroom, that entails positive goal and resource interdependence--to two control conditions: one that involves cooperation with resource independence, and the other that remains business-as-usual. This article focuses on the differential development of perceived social competences of adolescent boys and girls over time, comparing the three pedagogical methods. Results of longitudinal multilevel modeling replicate the gender gap in perceived social competences and show that this gap widens with time. However, and most importantly, the analyses revealed that such widening of the gender gap was greater in the two control conditions than in the jigsaw condition, in which the evolution of boys' and girls' perceptions of social competences remained similar over time. Contributions to the understanding of the development and teaching of social competences in education settings are discussed.

Abstract Population screening for breast cancer (BC) is currently offered in the UK for women aged 50 to 71 with the aim of reducing mortality. There is additional screening within the national programme for women identified as having a very high risk of BC. There is growing interest in further risk stratification in breast screening, which would require a whole population risk assessment and the subsequent offer of screening tailored to the individual’s risk. Some women would be offered more intensive screening than others or no screening. This might provide a better balance of screening benefits and harms for each individual than the current population age-based programme alone. The UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC) is considering using decision-analytic and other models to evaluate different risk stratification screening strategies and identify remaining gaps in evidence. This paper reports the proceedings of a UK NSC workshop where experts in the field discussed both risk prediction models, as well as decision-analytic models providing a benefit-harm analysis/economic evaluation of risk-stratified screening programmes (see Table 1). The aim of the meeting was to present and discuss the current work of experts, including some data which had not been published at the time of the meeting, to inform the UK NSC. The workshop was not intended to present a balanced evaluation of how to deliver screening in future. Areas for further work identified included methods for comparing models to assess accuracy, the optimum risk assessment tools, the digital screening infrastructure, acceptability of stratification, choice of screening test and reducing inequalities. A move to risk stratification of the whole programme would require a careful phased introduction with continuing assessment of real-world evidence during deployment.

INTRODUZIONE Nel contesto italiano, la collaborazione interprofessionale nel settore della riabilitazione ha acquisito notevole rilievo negli ultimi cinque anni, sottolineando l'efficacia di un approccio collaborativo nel trattamento dei pazienti con disabilità complesse. Il riconoscimento di otto professioni della riabilitazione delle L/SNT2 ha gettato le basi per un modello di cura incentrato sul paziente e multiprofessionale. Tuttavia, mancano studi dettagliati che esplorino come la collaborazione interprofessionale sia percepita e attuata in Italia, lasciando un significativo vuoto nella letteratura e presentando numerose opportunità per future ricerche. OBIETTIVO Questo studio mira a colmare questo vuoto esplorando la percezione della collaborazione interprofessionale tra i professionisti sanitari, identificando barriere e facilitatori alla collaborazione efficace e valutando l'impatto dell'educazione al lavoro in team previsto nel modello di cura interprofessionale. MATERIALI E METODI Utilizzando metodologie qualitative, specificamente Gruppi di Discussione e Teoria Fondata, sono state analizzate le esperienze condivise di un gruppo di professionisti all’interno dell’Università Degli Studi di Padova. Questa analisi ha facilitato la generazione di teorie basate sui dati, fornendo dettagli approfonditi sulle dinamiche interprofessionali. RISULTATI I risultati evidenziano l'importanza critica della collaborazione interprofessionale e del lavoro di squadra interdisciplinare, mostrando la necessità di migliorare la comunicazione e la condivisione delle conoscenze per ottimizzare l'assistenza ai pazienti. Le priorità emergenti includono la formazione incentrata sulla collaborazione e l'adattamento organizzativo per gestire la complessità e le risorse limitate, suggerendo un'espansione dei modelli di collaborazione e una riorganizzazione degli ambienti di riabilitazione. L'analisi ha sottolineato la complessità della collaborazione interprofessionale come realtà in continua evoluzione, che necessita dello sviluppo di strategie educative e organizzative che superino le barriere esistenti e valorizzino la diversità professionale. CONCLUSIONI In conclusione, la collaborazione interprofessionale è essenziale per un approccio riabilitativo efficace e centrato sul paziente, evidenziando la necessità di politiche sanitarie che incoraggino pratiche interdisciplinari innovative. Lo studio conferma l'importanza della collaborazione interprofessionale nel migliorare l'assistenza ai pazienti, promuovendo una comunicazione e collaborazione efficace tra le varie discipline sanitarie nel contesto della riabilitazione.

Introduction: In the past five years, interprofessional collaboration within the rehabilitation sector has gained significant prominence in the Italian context, emphasizing the efficacy of collaborative methodologies in the treatment of patients with complex disabilities. The recognition of eight rehabilitation professions classified under the first cycle degree class L/SNT2 (Health Professions) has established a foundation for a patient-centered and multiprofessional model of care. However, comprehensive studies regarding the perceptions and implementations of interprofessional collaboration in Italy are notably absent, creating a substantial gap in academic literature and presenting numerous avenues for future inquiry. Aim: The aim of this study is to fill this gap by exploring the perception of interprofessional collaboration among healthcare professionals, identifying barriers and facilitators to effective collaboration and assessing the impact of education on team working provided for in the interprofessional model of care. Tools and Methods: The shared experiences of a cohort of professionals from the University of Padua were analyzed utilizing qualitative methodologies, specifically Focus Groups and Grounded Theory. This analysis facilitated the development of theory grounded in empirical data, providing nuanced insights into interprofessional dynamics. Results: The results highlight the critical importance of interprofessional collaboration and teamwork, showing the need to improve communication and knowledge sharing in order to optimize patient care. Emerging priorities include collaboration-centered education and organizational adaptation in order to handle complexities and limited resources, suggesting the expansion of collaboration models and the reorganization of rehabilitations environments. The analysis highlighted the intricate nature of interprofessional collaboration as an ever-evolving phenomenon that necessitates the formulation of educational and organizational strategies capable of transcending existing barriers while embracing professional diversity. Conclusion: In conclusion, interprofessional collaboration is essential for a rehabilitative and patient-centered approach, highlighting the need for health policies the encourages innovative interdisciplinary practices. This study confirms the importance of interprofessional collaboration in improving patient care, promoting effective communication and collaboration among the different healthcare disciplines in the rehabilitation environment.

ABSTRACT Introduction Transdifferentiation is the conversion of a specific somatic cell into another cell type, bypassing a transient pluripotent state. This implies a faster method to generate cells of interest with the additional benefit of reduced tumorigenic risk for clinical use. Objective We describe protocols that use small molecules as direct conversion inducers, without the need for exogenous factors, to evaluate the potential of cell transdifferentiation for pharmacological and clinical applications. Methods In this systematic review, using PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a personalized search strategy in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web Of Science), looking for experimental works that used exclusively small molecules for transdifferentiation of non-neural cell types into neural lineage cells. Results We explored the main biological mechanisms involved in direct cell conversion induced by different small molecules used in 33 experimental in vitro and in vitro transdifferentiation protocols. We also summarize the main characteristics of these protocols, such as the chemical cocktails used, time for transdifferentiation, and conversion efficiency. Conclusion Small molecules-based protocols for neuronal transdifferentiation are reasonably safe, economical, accessible, and are a promising alternative for future use in regenerative medicine and pharmacology.

Combinatorial strategies, such as targeting different immune checkpoint receptors, hold promise to increase the breadth and duration of the response to cancer therapy. Here we describe the preclinical evaluation of CTX-8371, a protein construct which combines PD-1 and PD-L1 targeting in one bispecific, tetravalent antibody. CTX-8371 matched or surpassed the activity of anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 benchmark antibodies in several in vitro T cell activation assays and outperformed clinically approved benchmarks in the subcutaneous MC38 colon and the B16F10 lung metastasis mouse tumor models. Investigation into the mechanism of action revealed that CTX-8371 co-engagement of PD-1 and PD-L1 induced the proteolytic cleavage and loss of cell surface PD-1, which is a novel and non-redundant mechanism that adds to the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling axis blockade. The combination of CTX-8371 and an agonistic anti-CD137 antibody further increased the anti-tumor efficacy with long-lasting curative therapeutic effect. In summary, CTX-8371 is a novel checkpoint inhibitor that might provide greater clinical benefit compared to current anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies, especially when combined with agents with orthogonal mechanisms of action, such as agonistic anti-CD137 antibodies.

Abstract Objective Based on the premise that the diagnosis of a genetic mutation related to breast cancer causes emotional distress for the patient and their family members, a systematic literature review was conducted to clarify this relationship commonly observed in oncologic clinical practice. Method In total, 18 articles confirmed through bias analysis were reviewed. The articles were retrieved from the PubMed, Cochrane Wiley, SciELO, and APA-PsycInfo databases. Results These studies confirmed the hypothesis that a positive result in the genetic test triggers significant distress for both the patient and their family members, although each individual reacts in a unique way. The researchers recommend that the diagnosis should not be considered the sole factor for the studied outcome. It should be related to personal or family history of illness, previous experiences, and previous mental health. Conclusion We conclude, by a slight tendency, to include qualitative studies as a way to evaluate experiences in a more in-depth manner.

In an attempt to reduce the consumption of natural resources, much research has focused on the development of mix designs with waste aggregates. While this research has demonstrated feasibility, investigations into the broader mechanical properties of concrete with various types of waste aggregates have been limited. To this end, this paper studies a wide variety of concrete properties with plastic, rubber, slag, glass and recycled concrete aggregates by analysing a large database of 5321 concrete mixes. The effects of waste aggregate type and replacement ratio on mechanical properties, workability and durability are investigated and relationships between the mechanical properties of concrete with various types of waste aggregates are quantified and compared to the existing design codes. The findings from this study can be used to assist in identifying optimum waste aggregate type and replacement ratio based on intended use and the databases compiled will assist in future data-driven modelling approaches.

Background: Early detection of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has the potential to significantly reduce the impact of the condition, however previous reviews have found little evidence to support screening programs for ASD in young children. Methods: We conducted a review with the aim of updating evidence on 3 aspects: (a) diagnostic stability of ASD in young children; (b) accuracy of ASD screening tools in young children; and (c) the benefits of early interventions in screen-detected young children with ASD. Results: A total of 33 studies were included in our review. Five studies looking at diagnostic stability reported estimates ranging from 71.9% to 100%, however the majority only included a follow-up of 24 months and all studies raised concerns regarding the risk of bias due particularly to lack of blinding, sample size, and patient flow. A total of 25 studies, reported in 26 articles, were identified that reported accuracy data on 11 screening tools. Most of the reports were concerned with versions of M-CHAT, reporting sensitivity estimates from 0.67 to 1.0; however, many of these were deemed to be of high risk of bias due to lack of blinding and follow-up. Four studies reported on early interventions in screen-detected children; however, the majority did not find significant improvements on the relevant outcomes. Conclusions: Overall, the evidence on screening for ASD in young children captured by this review is not conclusive regarding the 3 aspects of screening in this population. Future studies should attempt to ensure blinded diagnostic assessments, include longer follow-up periods and limit attrition.

The growing environmental crisis requires innovative educational strategies to promote pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. In this context, ecomedia literacy, which combines ecological education and media to enhance pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, stimulate sustainable actions, and foster critical thinking, represents a promising approach. In this research, we evaluated the effectiveness of an ecomedia literacy-based lesson. Participants (N = 106) were randomly assigned to either an ecomedia literacy group or a control group. Those in the ecomedia literacy group first attended the lesson and then completed a questionnaire to assess pro-environmental attitudes and behavioral intentions, while those in the control group completed the questionnaire before the lesson. The lesson focused on the use of plastic water bottles, and attitudes and intentions were assessed both in general toward the environment and specifically regarding the consumption of plastic bottles. The intervention was not successful in changing intentions or attitudes toward plastic bottles, but some facets of pro-environmental attitudes were better in the ecomedia literacy group than in the control group. The limited effectiveness of the lesson indicates the need for significant changes in content and future strategies to better achieve sustainability goals.

This paper studies the performance of the communication link between a ground station and the satellites of a LEO constellation, employing code division multiplexing and a non-linear high-power amplifier. The analysis shows that the input power selection at the high-power amplifier of the ground station has a significant impact on overall system performance. The results concerning output power, the challenge of adjusting the back-off with a continuously changing number of satellites, and improved energy efficiency suggest operating in saturation. In this scenario, we can choose to transmit directly the sign of the sum of the signals directed to individual satellites. Analytical exact and simplified results are derived, enabling the estimation of performance as a function of the number of satellites being served when the amplifier operates at saturation. These analytic results are further validated through simulations. A formula to compute the loss across different numbers of satellites is also presented. The performance under saturated amplifier conditions is evaluated, compared, and discussed, providing valuable insights for simplifying the design and operation of satellite uplink communication systems under power amplifier constraints.

Abstract The genus Flavivirus comprises approximately 80 different viruses. Phylogenetic relationships among its members indicate a clear ecological separation between those viruses transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, with no known vector, and insect-specific Flaviviruses. The diversity and phylogenetic relationships among insect-specific flaviviruses circulating in the central and northern regions of Argentina were studied by performing molecular detection and characterization of the NS5 protein gene in mosquitoes collected in Córdoba, Chaco and Tucumán provinces. Overall, 68 out of 1776 pools were positive. CxFV, KRV and CFAV circulate in the 3 studied provinces. Several mosquito species (Aedes aegypti, Culex bidens, Cx. dolosus, Cx. interfor, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. saltanensis, Haemagogus spegazzini) were found infected. A wide circulation of CxFV was observed in the central-northern region of Argentina. CxFV strains detected in our study clustered with strains circulating in Santa Fe and Buenos Aires provinces (Argentina), and other countries such as Indonesia, Mexico, Uganda and Taiwan. The presence of these viruses in mosquitoes could play an important role from the public health perspective, because it has been shown that previous CxFV infection can increase or block the infection of the mosquito by other pathogenic flaviviruses.