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The current research focuses on developing and characterizing Itraconazole-loaded niosomes in vitro to improve drug delivery and effectiveness. Niosomes, which are vesicles made of non-ionic surfactants, offer significant benefits by enhancing the absorption of drugs that have low solubility in water. Itraconazole, an antifungal medication with limited water solubility was encapsulated in niosomes using the thin-film hydration technique. The niosomes underwent analysis for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release and stability. Findings showed that the niosomes had a uniform size distribution, high encapsulation efficiency and released the drug steadily over time. Stability tests demonstrated that the niosomes remained stable under different storage conditions. This study suggests that Itraconazole-loaded niosomes could potentially improve the drug's absorption and effectiveness, setting the stage for future in vivo and clinical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine-derived bioactive compounds have emerged as promising candidates for drug discovery and biomedical research due to their diverse pharmacological properties and potential therapeutic applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of marine-derived compounds on diverse diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases. We discuss the mechanisms of action underlying the therapeutic effects of marine compounds, focusing on their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, we explore the challenges and future perspectives in marine-derived compound research, including extraction and purification techniques, bioprospecting, clinical translation, synergies with other therapeutic approaches, and future directions in marine-derived bioactive compound research. By addressing these challenges and embracing emerging opportunities, researchers can unlock the full therapeutic potential of marine biodiversity and pave the way for innovative healthcare solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver disorders represent a significant global health burden, necessitating the exploration of innovative therapeutic interventions. Vaccaria pyramidata, a perennial plant with rhizomatous roots, has a rich history in traditional medicine, exhibiting diverse pharmacological activities. This study delved into the hepatoprotective potential of an ethanolic extract derived from Vaccaria pyramidata roots using a CCl4-induced liver injury model in Wistar albino rats. Pretreatment with the ethanolic extract of Vaccaria pyramidata roots demonstrated remarkable hepatoprotective effects, significantly attenuating CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Notably, the extract exhibited superior efficacy in reducing elevated serum enzyme levels, including serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, compared to untreated toxic rats. Furthermore, administration of the extract led to a substantial decrease in direct bilirubin levels, highlighting its potential in ameliorating liver dysfunction. Intriguingly, the ethanolic extract of Vaccaria pyramidata roots exhibited potent antioxidant activity, as evidenced by its ability to scavenge free radicals in DPPH and ABTS assays, along with a high total flavonoid content. Additionally, the extract demonstrated efficacy in reducing triglyceride levels, suggesting potential lipidlowering effects. These findings underscore the promising therapeutic potential of Vaccaria pyramidata root ethanolic extract as a novel hepatoprotective agent. Further research is warranted to elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action and explore its clinical applications in the management of liver disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsponges are porous microspheres ranging in size from 5 to 300 micrometers used in a polymeric delivery system. They have been studied for biomedical applications, including targeted medicine delivery, transdermal drug delivery, anticancer drug delivery, and bone substitutes. This research aims to conduct a detailed examination of existing trends and future prospects for a microsponge-based medicine delivery system. The current study investigates the Microsponge Delivery System's design, operation, and possible therapeutic uses (MDS). The therapeutic potential of microsponge-based formulations, as well as patent data, were thoroughly investigated. The authors discuss several efficient methods for producing microsponges, including liquid-liquid suspension polymerization, quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion, water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion solvent diffusion, oil-in-oil emulsion solvent diffusion, the lyophilization method, the porogen addition method, the vibrating orifice aerosol generator method, the electrohydrodynamic atomization method, and the ultrasound-assisted microsponge. Microsponge may reduce undesired side effects and increase drug stability by boosting drug release. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs can be loaded into a microsponge and transported to a specific target. When compared to traditional distribution methods, microsponge delivery technology offers numerous advantages. Microsponges, which are spherical, sponge-like nanoparticles with porous surfaces, can help increase drug stability. They efficiently alter drug release while also reducing adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is an extensive skin disease affecting 2-3 per cent of the world's population. Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes inflammation and is characterized by aberrant proliferation and differentiation. As an excipient cholesterol and non-ionic surfactant are primarily used to generate noisome a non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle. Tacrolimus commonly known as FK-506 or Fujimycin is an immunosuppressive drug used primarily to prevent organ discharge after organ transplantation by lowering the patient's immune system activity that is the possibility of organ discharge. Plaques from psoriasis typically affect the scalp and outer skin surfaces. Less frequently, inverse psoriasis can harm more delicate skin such as that on the neck, genitalia, and intertriginous areas. Although psoriasis cannot be cured there are several drug options that can be used to manage the condition. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate the tacrolimus niosomal gel and evaluate its pharmacological activity for the topical treatment of psoriasis. To accomplish this niosomal gel preparation was applied to a single product tacrolimus. Nine batches in total were produced by using drug 100 mg and Surfactant: Cholesterol Ratio (0.5: 0.5-1.5) for Niosome Preparation Using Film Hydration method. The drug's compatibility with HPMC, SPAN, Carbapol, sodium alginate, guar gum, and xanthan gum was pre-evaluated. The sizes ranged from 67.8 nm to 121.6 nm which was discovered. The formed niosomal batches were evaluated to determine the best batch and it became clear that as the formulation's hydrophobicity increased the number of vesicles increased due to an increase in cholesterol concentration. Span 20 provided drug content 83.1±1.1 to 91.8±2.6 mg; Span 60 provided 90.3±1.6 to 93.9±1.5 mg and Span 80 provided 93.1±1.5 to 85.1±1.0 mg. The evaluation method was repeated throughout the greater drug content and entrapment effectiveness for the NF5 formulation. The NF5 formulation was used to continue forming gel formulations. A total of 10 formulations (F1 to F10) were formed and evaluated. The gel-formed F5 and F6 formulations were discovered to be the clearest, with the best spreadability and uniformity among all the formulations. Out of all the formulation batches tested F6 had the highest viscosity 8166 cPs. It was found that batch F-6 had an optimized formulation which is now being put through stability and pharmacological tests. Animals were separated into 4 groups for 4 in vivo anti-psoriatic trials which were evaluated. Group I is the Negative Control (No Disease), Group II is the Positive Control (Disease but No Treatment), Group III is the Treatment (Blank Gel) and Group IV is the Treatment (Best Formulation). Tacrolimus niosomal gel exhibited the lowest PASI score of the therapy group. Additionally, when compared to that of the negative group. It is clear from the research that the Tacrolimus formulation's niosomal gel which contains carbapol 934, 4 mg demonstrated good results for the treatment of psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a promising class of cancer therapeutics, uniquely combining the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the potency of cytotoxic drugs. Central to their success is the design of linkers that connect antibodies to drug payloads, influencing stability, drug release kinetics and specificity. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted landscape of ADCs, categorizing linkers as cleavable and non-cleavable, elucidating factors influencing linker selection, and uncovering strategies to enhance stability while achieving precise drug release. Case studies of FDAapproved ADCs and promising candidates in development showcase linker design’s transformative potential. Lessons learned from clinical trials emphasize the intricate balance between efficacy and safety. Looking forward, linker design holds the key to advancing ADC therapies, with precision linkers, innovative technologies and personalized medicine approaches promising a brighter future in the fight against cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocatalysis has emerged as a transformative approach in sustainable drug synthesis. This article provides an extensive overview of key enzymes harnessed in biocatalysis and their diverse applications in eco-friendly drug development. Cytochrome P450 enzymes enable the hydroxylation of drug precursors, metabolite generation for toxicity assessment and chiral drug intermediate synthesis. Lipases contribute to asymmetric ester prodrug synthesis and racemic mixture resolution, while proteases are instrumental in peptide bond formation and peptide-based drug synthesis. Transaminases facilitate chiral amine synthesis and amino acid derivative production for drugs. Dehydrogenases allow stereoselective ketone reduction and chiral alcohol production. Aldolases enable enantioselective aldol reactions and key drug intermediate formation. DNA ligases aid in DNA-based drug development and targeted drug delivery. Nitrilases promote nitrile hydrolysis and green amide synthesis. Kinases play roles in prodrug activation and drug target validation. Methyltransferases are vital for small molecule methylation and epigenetic drug discovery. Oxidoreductases enable redox reactions and aldehyde-ketone interconversion. Glycosyltransferases contribute to drug candidate glycosylation and bioconjugation. Biocatalysis offers a sustainable alternative, aligning with pharmaceutical industries’ commitment to environmentally responsible drug discovery and production, as supported by the referenced literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores the challenges and strategies in oral delivery of peptide and protein therapeutics. Physiological barriers such as the gastrointestinal tract, enzymatic degradation, poor permeability and proteolytic environment hinder effective delivery. Formulation approaches including bioavailability enhancement, mucoadhesive systems, nanoparticle-based, lipid-based, and polymer-based delivery systems have shown promise in improving solubility, stability, and permeability. Innovative technologies like nanotechnology-based delivery, targeted approaches, drug-device combinations, and bioadhesive/mucoadhesive technologies offer new avenues for overcoming challenges. Strategies to combat enzymatic degradation involve protease inhibitors, enzyme-resistant formulations, chemical modifications, and encapsulation strategies. Enhancing permeability across the intestinal epithelium can be achieved through absorption enhancers, carrier-mediated transport systems, tight junction modulators, and nanotechnology-based approaches. Preclinical and clinical studies provide insights into oral delivery efficacy, safety and patient acceptance. Future directions include advances in delivery, emerging technologies, regulatory considerations and patient compliance. This review offers a comprehensive overview for researchers and clinicians in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, researchers have put a lot of time and effort into making new pharmaceuticals. As a result, there are now a huge number of pharmacological chemicals that can be used to treat a wide range of diseases that are a problem for the healthcare system. More than 50% of these medications are classed as BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System) class II/IV, indicating that they have limited therapeutic value and are not further studied. In this way, it has been shown that lipoidal manufacturing is a good way to distribute these kinds of medicines. This suggests that a method based on nanotechnology has a lot of potential. Nanoemulgel, a gel composed of diverse nano-lipoidal compositions, has been shown to be an effective method for applying topical drugs. Nanoemulgel is an emulsion-based topical gel product. The correct gelling ingredient is added to emulsion globules made using high energy or low energy processes to form nanoemulgel. Nanoemulgels can be made from all kinds of polymeric polymers, surfactants, and fats that range in size from 5 nm to 500 nm. Nanoemulgel has several topical treatments for both short-term and long-term problems. The widespread use of nanoemulgel formulations of recently patented drugs in a variety of healthcare settings has once again shown that topical administration is better than other methods. Toxicological studies of the chemicals used in these formulations must, however, take into account how safe they are, since the way they are given has changed a lot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present investigation was to develop and evaluate microemulsifying drug delivery system for improving the delivery of a BCS class II antidiabetic agent, glyburide (GLY). The solubility of glyburide in oils, surfactants and co-surfactants (Capmul MCM: Tween80: Span20) was evaluated to identify the components of the microemulsion. Pseudoternary phase diagrams diagram was utilized to identify the optimal excipient composition to formulate the microemulsion system and the area of microemulsion existence. Glyburide microemulsion was characterized by refractive index, optical clarity, assay, dye solubility, viscosity, surface tension, pH, drug content, polydispersity index, drug loading, entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta Potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry measurements (DSC) and viscosity. The in vitro dissolution profile of glyburide microemulsion was evaluated the pure drug in pH 7.4 buffers. The chemical stability of glyburide in microemulsion was determined as per the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the current information, using nano gels in the eyes have therapeutic benefits. Industry growth in the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors has been filled by nanotechnology. Traditional ocular preparations have a short retention duration and restricted drug bioavailability because of the eye's architectural and physiological barriers, a big issue for physicians, patients, and chemists. In contrast, nano gels can encapsulate drugs within threedimensional cross-linked polymeric networks. Because of their distinctive structural designs and preparation methods, they can deliver loaded medications in a controlled and sustained manner, enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. Due to their excellent drugloading capacity and biocompatibility, nano-gels outperform other nano-carriers. This study focuses on using nano gels to treat eye diseases and provides a brief overview of their creation and response to stimuli. Our understanding of topical drug administration will be advanced using nano gel developments to treat common ocular diseases such as glaucoma, cataracts, dry eye syndrome, bacterial keratitis, and linked medication-loaded contact lenses and natural active ingredients., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)