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El uso de recursos virtuales se ha convertido en una herramienta útil para el diseño de contenidos docentes. Además, en los últimos años, se ha constatado que los alumnos interactúan mejor con material realizado con nuevas tecnologías porque adquieren un mayor grado de motivación. Esta experiencia educativa se basa en la creación de material docente mediante imágenes interactivas. Las imágenes interactivas han sido creadas para permitir al alumno familiarizarse con los instrumentos utilizados en Óptica Oftálmica. Para su elaboración se ha utilizado la herramienta Genially y se han diseñado imágenes interactivas asociadas a tres instrumentos. Por otro lado, las imágenes interactivas cuentan con la descripción detallada sobre el funcionamiento del instrumento y con pequeños cuestionarios de autoevaluación. Por último, después de llevar a cabo esta experiencia educativa, se han analizado los resultados de la misma mediante un cuestionario diseñado para tal fin en la plataforma Moodle. Principalmente se valoran tres categorías: satisfacción, motivación e implicación del alumnado y aprendizaje significativo de los conceptos. En general, puede decirse que el alumnado valora positivamente este tipo de recursos al disponer de una herramienta que les ayuda en el aprendizaje para enfrentarse a las prácticas de laboratorio con más garantías de éxito.

[EN] Sustainable and green materials have been studied in dye and pigment productions to reduce their environment impacts from being produced and applied. Although natural dyes are an excellent choice to move from agrowaste, some improvements must be made before they are applied given their poor fastness. One way of improving natural dye properties is their adsorption into nanoclay structures to give hybrid pigments. This work used tubular halloysite and laminar laponite to adsorb and stabilize natural copper chlorophyll. With a statistical design of experiments, we observed interactions between synthesis factors, such as pH, ionic strength, and surfactant or silane modification. Cool hybrid pigments with high TSR (%) values and a wide color range were obtained by using dispersions with only distilled water at room temperature. Successful chlorophyll adsorption on both nanoclay surfaces took place by XRD and DTA analyses. The maximum natural dye absorption for both nanoclay types took place under acid conditions, pH 3¿4, and in the presence of mordant. The TSR (%) improved by the silane pH interaction, and halloysite hybrid pigments obtained higher TSR values than the laponite ones. Finally, a wide chromatic green color range was obtained with the surfactant modification in both nanoclays, and the color fastening was also improved in the hybrid pigments application. The samples generated with 10% of hybrid pigments from both nanoclays and an Epoxy bioresin, show higher colorfastness than the sample with the natural chlorophyll, due to the nanoclays¿dye interaction and protection.

[EN] C-Phycocyanin (PC) and B-phycoerythrin (PE) are light-harvesting water-soluble phycobiliproteins from microalgae that belong mainly to the cyanobaceria and rhodhophytes families. Different methods have been developed for PC and PE extraction and purification from microalgae, and offer a high potential for their use as additives in sectors such as food and cosmetics. However, the main limitations of using these dyes are the sensitivity of their environmental factors, such as light fastness, temperature, and pH. We successfully employed safe lamellar nanoclays such as montmorillonite (M) and Laponite (L) for phycobiliproteins stabilization, as we did before with other natural dyes. We obtained a wide color gamut from blues to pink by combining four different factors under synthesis conditions: three dye concentrations; two laminar nanoclay sizes; a two nanoclay surface modifiers combination with cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) and a coupling agent (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane. The experimental conditions were defined according to a multilevel factorial design of experiment (DOE) to study the factors interacting in the final hybrid pigment characteristics. In both M and L, the d001 distance (nm) increased due to PC and PE adsorption. The best conditions to increase the basal space depend on the nanoclay structure, and it is better to use the surfactant for M, and silane modification for L. In addition, optical and thermal PE and PC properties significantly improved. We show the optimal synthesis conditions to increase PC and PE adsorption using the high dye concentration, with surfactant and silane depending on the nanoclay. The hybrid pigments from these phycobiliproteins offer the opportunity to perform several industrial applications, including in polymer additives, cosmetics, and packaging.

El futuro óptico-optometrista debe adquirir competencias básicas como evaluar e identificar alteraciones oculares mediante el correcto manejo del biomicroscopio o lámpara de hendidura durante la exploración del estado de la superficie ocular. El objetivo de esta red es desarrollar un recurso educativo digital acerca de un protocolo de atención para la exploración del estado ocular con el fin de fomentar el aprendizaje de las técnicas de iluminación directa, y la detección y evaluación de posibles alteraciones de la córnea, del cristalino y del film lagrimal. Se formaron 7 grupos de 6-8 estudiantes de la asignatura de Contactología II (Grado en Óptica y Optometría) a los que se les asignó una parte del protocolo a desarrollar y se les facilitó recursos bibliográficos y digitales para ampliar conocimientos. Se estableció un cronograma para cumplir con las siguientes etapas: 1) seleccionar los contenidos y redactarlos, 2) decidir las imágenes y realizar fotografías o vídeos, 3) diseñar el formato de la presentación e implementarla, 4) exponer la presentación, 5) mejorar la presentación, 6) agrupar las presentaciones en una única y 7) publicar el protocolo en RUA. Finalmente, una vez generado el protocolo, los estudiantes respondieron una encuesta online para valorar la experiencia educativa.

C-Phycocyanin (PC) and B-phycoerythrin (PE) are light-harvesting water-soluble phycobiliproteins from microalgae that belong mainly to the cyanobaceria and rhodhophytes families. Different methods have been developed for PC and PE extraction and purification from microalgae, and offer a high potential for their use as additives in sectors such as food and cosmetics. However, the main limitations of using these dyes are the sensitivity of their environmental factors, such as light fastness, temperature, and pH. We successfully employed safe lamellar nanoclays such as montmorillonite (M) and Laponite (L) for phycobiliproteins stabilization, as we did before with other natural dyes. We obtained a wide color gamut from blues to pink by combining four different factors under synthesis conditions: three dye concentrations; two laminar nanoclay sizes; a two nanoclay surface modifiers combination with cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) and a coupling agent (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane. The experimental conditions were defined according to a multilevel factorial design of experiment (DOE) to study the factors interacting in the final hybrid pigment characteristics. In both M and L, the d001 distance (nm) increased due to PC and PE adsorption. The best conditions to increase the basal space depend on the nanoclay structure, and it is better to use the surfactant for M, and silane modification for L. In addition, optical and thermal PE and PC properties significantly improved. We show the optimal synthesis conditions to increase PC and PE adsorption using the high dye concentration, with surfactant and silane depending on the nanoclay. The hybrid pigments from these phycobiliproteins offer the opportunity to perform several industrial applications, including in polymer additives, cosmetics, and packaging.

La experiencia educativa está basada en píldoras educativas para fomentar el autoaprendizaje de las sesiones de prácticas de la asignatura Óptica Oftálmica II. Para la creación de las píldoras educativas se trabajó con el programa Filmora y la plataforma web Edpuzzle. La experiencia educativa fue evaluada mediante dos cuestionarios: al inicio de la sesión, todos los alumnos completaron un cuestionario digital usando la herramienta Quizizz para valorar conocimientos previos y un segundo cuestionario físico tras finalizar la sesión presencial para valorar la satisfacción de la experiencia. De los resultados obtenidos de la monitorización del visionado de la píldora, se desprende que muchos alumnos la visionan en más de una ocasión y la repiten hasta alcanzar el número máximo de aciertos, por tanto, la píldora permite autorregular su aprendizaje. Del análisis de resultados del cuestionario en Quizziz se desprende que los alumnos con motivación e implicados en la experiencia educativa alcanzaron mejores resultados. Referente a la satisfacción con la experiencia educativa, se obtiene una ligera mejor satisfacción de los alumnos del grupo experimental. La eficacia del uso de píldoras fue también analizada comparando el rendimiento académico medio en este curso académico con cursos anteriores. Existe un aumento significativo del rendimiento académico asociado a las sesiones prácticas, lo que pone de manifiesto que las píldoras educativas son un buen recurso como material docente.

In the present work, anthocyanin (ACN) hybrid nanopigments were synthetized by using a natural pomegranate dye (PD) and calcined hydrotalcite (HT) and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays. A wide colour gamut was obtained with MMT-based nanopigments ranging from reddish to bluish hues caused by structural transformations of ACNs at different pH values. However, a buffer effect was observed with HT obtaining samples a similar final colour regardless of the synthesis conditions. Nanopigments added with a biomordant extracted from pomegranate peels showed a different colour compared to the incorporation of a commercial mordant due to the intrinsic colouring properties of the pomegranate bioadditive. The developed nanopigments were incorporated at 7 wt% loading to produce novel polyester-based bionanocomposites which were characterized in terms of thermal, mechanical and colour properties. The encapsulation of PD into the nanoclays improved its thermal stability, in particular for MMT-based nanopigments. The pH changes observed during the nanofillers synthesis affected the final colour of the MMT-based nanocomposites, inducing a general increase in ∆E* and a decrease in gloss values. Slight improvements were obtained in terms of elastic modulus for MMT-based polymer samples confirming the applicability of the developed bionanocomposites as colouring and reinforcement materials. A very similar environmental profile was obtained for MMT and HT-based nanofillers showing MMT-based nanopigments a slightly better general behaviour. The results of the LCA study evidenced the suitability of the processes used in this work to the circular bioeconomy approach through sustainable food waste management and the production of bioplastics using waste substrates.

The aim of this study is to measure color changes caused by two regenerative protocols over 3 months, and the effectiveness of internal bleaching. Twenty extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were used. The apex and canal were prepared to reproduce immature teeth. Teeth were divided: group 1: Triple-antibiotic-paste was applied for 3 weeks and then changed for blood until 3 months. Group 2: Blood was inoculated and sealed at cemento-enamel junction level with Biodentine for 3 months. Both groups were subjected to three sessions of internal bleaching. Color assessments were taken at baseline and at 2 and 3 weeks, 2 and 3 months, and 1, 2, and 3 weeks from the beginning the bleaching phase. Statistical significance was considered at P = .05. Both techniques produce color changes above the acceptability limit at 2 weeks. Chromatic variation caused by Triple-antibiotic-paste was intense and progressive over time. Replacement of the Triple-antibiotic-paste with blood made the color change more intense and progressive, with significant statistical differences at 2 and 3 months (T4 > T3; P = .028). The internal bleaching technique was statistically more effective in the Triple-antibiotic-paste group at 1 week (P = .002). Both techniques cause unacceptable color changes, causing Triple-antibiotic-paste more staining than Biodentine. Two sessions of internal bleaching recovered clinically perceptible color in both regenerative endodontic procedures without returning the original color.

Sustainable and green materials have been studied in dye and pigment productions to reduce their environment impacts from being produced and applied. Although natural dyes are an excellent choice to move from agrowaste, some improvements must be made before they are applied given their poor fastness. One way of improving natural dye properties is their adsorption into nanoclay structures to give hybrid pigments. This work used tubular halloysite and laminar laponite to adsorb and stabilize natural copper chlorophyll. With a statistical design of experiments, we observed interactions between synthesis factors, such as pH, ionic strength, and surfactant or silane modification. Cool hybrid pigments with high TSR (%) values and a wide color range were obtained by using dispersions with only distilled water at room temperature. Successful chlorophyll adsorption on both nanoclay surfaces took place by XRD and DTA analyses. The maximum natural dye absorption for both nanoclay types took place under acid conditions, pH 3–4, and in the presence of mordant. The TSR (%) improved by the silane pH interaction, and halloysite hybrid pigments obtained higher TSR values than the laponite ones. Finally, a wide chromatic green color range was obtained with the surfactant modification in both nanoclays, and the color fastening was also improved in the hybrid pigments application. The samples generated with 10% of hybrid pigments from both nanoclays and an Epoxy bioresin, show higher colorfastness than the sample with the natural chlorophyll, due to the nanoclays–dye interaction and protection.

[EN] In our society, objects' visual appearance is an essential factor because it allows us to recognize and differentiate one object from another. In different industrial sectors like cosmetics, textiles and automotive, special-effect pigments are largely used to achieve attractive visual features. These pigments provide a color change with viewing and illumination direction, and visually provide texture. Depending on a finish's properties, and also on the viewing and illumination conditions, coatings exhibit sparkle or a graininess-like texture. Currently, not many scientific works on the visual perception of these texture effects can be found in the literature. In addition, choice of experimental method can influence the measurement scale obtained from visual data. For this reason, the purpose of this work was to analyze graininess visual scaling constructed by two different psychophysical methods. The experimental design was based on the rank-order and paired-comparison methods. The data analysis was conducted by following the law of comparative judgments to obtain a visual scale of the graininess attribute to compare it to instrumental data. A good correlation appeared between both magnitudes with a correlation coefficient close to 0.9. Both methods provided useful results with a reasonable correspondence between them, which ensures that data can be considered reliable, while the visual obtained scale can act as a good graininess scale perceived by the human visual system.

[EN] Natural dyes obtained from agro-food waste can be considered promising substitutes of synthetic dyes to be used in several applications. With this aim, in the present work, we studied the use of chlorophyll dye (CD) extracted from broccoli waste to obtain hybrid nanopigments based on calcined hydrotalcite (HT) and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays. The synthesized chlorophyll hybrid nanopigments (CDNPs), optimized by using statistical designed experiments, were melt-extruded with a polyester-based matrix (INZEA) at 7 wt% loading. Mechanical, thermal, structural, morphological and colour properties of the obtained bionanocomposites were evaluated. The obtained results evidenced that the maximum CD adsorption into HT was obtained when adding 5 wt% of surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate) without using any biomordant and coupling agent, while the optimal conditions for MMT were achieved without adding any of the studied modifiers. In both cases, an improvement in CD thermal stability was observed by its incorporation in the nanoclays, able to protect chlorophyll degradation. The addition of MMT to INZEA resulted in large Delta E* values compared to HT incorporation, showing bionanocomposite green/yellow tones as a consequence of the CDNPs addition. The results obtained by XRD and TEM revealed a partially intercalated/exfoliated structure for INZEA-based bionanocomposites, due to the presence of an inorganic filler in the formulation of the commercial product, which was also confirmed by TGA analysis. CDNPs showed a reinforcement effect due to the presence of the hybrid nanopigments and up to 26% improvement in Young's modulus compared to neat INZEA. Finally, the incorporation of CDNPs induced a decrease in thermal stability as well as limited effect in the melting/crystallization behaviour of the INZEA matrix. The obtained results showed the potential use of green natural dyes from broccoli wastes, adsorbed into nanoclays, for the development of naturally coloured bi

En este trabajo se trabaja con la gamificación basada en el juego Escape Room para aumentar la motivación e implicación del alumnado. En primer lugar, se diseñó la experiencia centrándose en la narrativa o historia del Escape Room, y en el diseño de los retos. Para ello, se hizo uso de las herramientas educativas “Genially” y “Flippity”. En concreto, se plantearon 5 retos asociados a diferentes objetivos didácticos. La experiencia se llevó a cabo por equipos en una sesión de una hora. Después de llevar a cabo esta experiencia educativa, se analizaron los resultados mediante las aportaciones de los alumnos/as. De los 36 alumnos que participaron en la actividad, 21 respondieron a la encuesta. El nivel de satisfacción conseguido fue muy alto (76%), todos los alumnos valoraron la experiencia muy positivamente y además todos los alumnos coinciden que su participación fue equitativa al resto de compañeros, por lo que se consiguió un gran nivel de implicación. La colaboración entre ellos también fue valorada de manera positiva. Por tanto, en general, se ha conseguido una mayor motivación e implicación por parte del alumnado, lo que avala que la gamificación en una buena herramienta en el proceso de aprendizaje.

Objetivo: Desarrollar un recurso educativo audiovisual digital en el que se presente un protocolo de atención para la exploración del estado de la superficie ocular con biomicroscopio, con el fin de fomentar el aprendizaje de la técnica de iluminación difusa y la identificación y evaluación de posibles alteraciones oculares empleando escalas gráficas. Método: Protocolo realizado por los estudiantes de Contactología II (Grado en Óptica y Optometría) a partir de los conocimientos adquiridos en el aula, en las prácticas y en el trabajo personal. Se formaron grupos de 4-5 estudiantes a los que se le asignó aleatoriamente una parte del protocolo. Se les facilitó los recursos bibliográficos y digitales para ampliar conocimientos y se estableció un calendario con las siguientes etapas: 1) seleccionar contenidos y redactarlos, 2) decidir las imágenes a incluir, 3) diseñar formato de presentación e implementarla, 4) grabar la presentación con voz, 5) agrupar las presentaciones de todos los grupos en un único vídeo y 6) subir el vídeo al RUA. Al finalizar, los estudiantes respondieron una encuesta para valorar la experiencia. Conclusiones: La experiencia ha tenido muy buena aceptación entre los estudiantes, gran parte considera que les ha ayudado aprender más y la repetirían en el futuro.

In this work, polyester-based nanocomposites added with laminar nanoclays (calcined hydrotalcite, HT, and montmorillonite, MMT) loaded with lemon waste natural dye (LD) and essential oil (LEO) were prepared and characterized. The optimal conditions to synthetize the hybrid materials were obtained by using statistically designed experiments. The maximum LD adsorption with HT was found using 5 wt% of surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), 5 wt% of mordant (aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate) and 50% (v/v) ethanol. For MMT, 10 wt% of surfactant (cetylpyridinium bromide), 5 wt% of mordant, 1 wt% of (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane and 100% distilled water were used. LEO adsorption at 300 wt% was maximized with MMT, 10 wt% of surfactant and 50 °C following an evaporation/adsorption process. The obtained hybrid nanofillers were incorporated in a polyester-based matrix (INZEA) at different loadings (3, 5, and 7 wt%) and the obtained samples were characterized in terms of thermal stability, tensile behavior, and color properties. HT_LEM-based samples showed a bright yellow color compared to MMT_LEM ones. The presence of lemon hybrid pigments in INZEA-based systems produced a remarkable variation in CIELAB color space values, which was more visible with increasing the nanofillers ratio. A limited mechanical enhancement and reduced thermal stability was observed with the nanopigments addition, suggesting a limited extent of intercalation/exfoliation of MMT and HT in the polymer matrix. MMT_LEM pigments showed higher thermal stability than HT_LEM ones. A significant increase in Young’s modulus of nanocomposites loaded with hybrid LEO was observed compared to the biopolymer matrix. The LEO inclusion into the nanoclays efficiently improved its thermal stability, especially for MMT.

In our society, objects’ visual appearance is an essential factor because it allows us to recognize and differentiate one object from another. In different industrial sectors like cosmetics, textiles and automotive, special-effect pigments are largely used to achieve attractive visual features. These pigments provide a color change with viewing and illumination direction, and visually provide texture. Depending on a finish’s properties, and also on the viewing and illumination conditions, coatings exhibit sparkle or a graininess-like texture. Currently, not many scientific works on the visual perception of these texture effects can be found in the literature. In addition, choice of experimental method can influence the measurement scale obtained from visual data. For this reason, the purpose of this work was to analyze graininess visual scaling constructed by two different psychophysical methods. The experimental design was based on the rank-order and paired-comparison methods. The data analysis was conducted by following the law of comparative judgments to obtain a visual scale of the graininess attribute to compare it to instrumental data. A good correlation appeared between both magnitudes with a correlation coefficient close to 0.9. Both methods provided useful results with a reasonable correspondence between them, which ensures that data can be considered reliable, while the visual obtained scale can act as a good graininess scale perceived by the human visual system.

In this work, we built a multi‐primary display model based on the new quantum dots (QD) technology to enlarge the display color gamut. In this way, first the emission spectral radiance curves of the three RGB channels of a commercial QD display were fitted to a four‐parameter function. From this modeling, it is possible to gain new theoretical color primaries by selecting new spectral peaks (cyan, yellow, magenta, and/or additional RGB primaries) and imposing some colorimetric conditions for the resulting white of this proposed theoretical multi‐primary display. Proper characterization to assess the performance of the display was conducted to know if the basic “gain‐offset‐gamma” (GOG) model can be used for direct and inverse color reproduction (from RGB to CIE‐XYZ, and vice versa). The GOG model was found to well characterize this display. The spatial uniformity of the display was also evaluated in luminance and color chromaticity terms. Finally, with the primaries modeling and color characterization based on the GOG model, a 5‐primary model (RGBYC) was tested. The evaluation of this theoretical RGBYC display model confirms the gamut enlargement, which can also improve goniochromatic color reproduction.

[EN] In order to consider 3D objects from suitable Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printers as prototypes for the automotive sector, this sample must be able to reproduce textural effects (sparkle or graininess) or metallic or gonio-appearance to reinforce the attractive appeal of these materials. This study worked with two different commercial filaments: grey metallic PLA (poly(lactic acid)) and ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer) with diffractive pigments. For both materials, a statistical design of experiments (DoE) was carried out to find the printing parameters effect on the final 3D-objects gonio-appearance. The selected printing parameters were printing speed (2 levels), layer height (2 levels) and sample thickness (3 levels). Twelve smooth square objects were printed from each material. The ABS-diffractive filaments achieved the most significant flop and higher sparkle values than metallic PLA. Graininess was high when working with PLA filaments instead of ABS. Layer height was the most significant parameter to maximize PLA objects' flop or sparkle effects. The best result was found when printing at 0.1 mm. For the ABS samples, the stronger flop and sparkle effects were achieved with the 50 mm/s printing speed, the 0.1 mm layer height and the lowest thickness level. This study shows the methodology to study the printing parameters effects and interactions to maximize the FDM-3D-objects gonio-appearance.

El objetivo de la experiencia educativa planteada en este proyecto es promover la autoevaluación como un instrumento de aprendizaje y motivación. El profesorado involucrado diseñó una rúbrica de evaluación mediante Corubrics. La autoevaluación fue realizada sobre un trabajo colaborativo entre los alumnos. La rúbrica está dividida en 8 ítems que evalúan tanto aspectos sobre el contenido como aspectos relacionados con su actitud (postura corporal, contacto visual, etc.). Cada categoría fue descrita con cuatro niveles, desde 4 (muy correcto) a 1 (muy flojo). En primer lugar, respecto a los resultados académicos, el 73% de los alumnos obtuvieron una calificación de notable, y el 27% restante la calificación de apto, que es un buen indicador del grado de involucración del alumnado. Cabe destacar que se encontraron desviaciones máximas del 84% y mínimas del 10% entre las calificaciones otorgados por el profesorado y los alumnos. Por ello, se creyó oportuno modular la nota final mediante diferentes porcentajes entre profesor (60%) y alumno (40%). Por último, se realizó la evaluación de la propia innovación educativa, que fue valorada de manera positiva por el alumnado. Por tanto, puede considerarse la autoevaluación como una herramienta muy útil de aprendizaje y motivación.

In order to consider 3D objects from suitable Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printers as prototypes for the automotive sector, this sample must be able to reproduce textural effects (sparkle or graininess) or metallic or gonio-appearance to reinforce the attractive appeal of these materials. This study worked with two different commercial filaments: grey metallic PLA (poly(lactic acid)) and ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer) with diffractive pigments. For both materials, a statistical design of experiments (DoE) was carried out to find the printing parameters effect on the final 3D-objects gonio-appearance. The selected printing parameters were printing speed (2 levels), layer height (2 levels) and sample thickness (3 levels). Twelve smooth square objects were printed from each material. The ABS-diffractive filaments achieved the most significant flop and higher sparkle values than metallic PLA. Graininess was high when working with PLA filaments instead of ABS. Layer height was the most significant parameter to maximize PLA objects’ flop or sparkle effects. The best result was found when printing at 0.1 mm. For the ABS samples, the stronger flop and sparkle effects were achieved with the 50 mm/s printing speed, the 0.1 mm layer height and the lowest thickness level. This study shows the methodology to study the printing parameters effects and interactions to maximize the FDM-3D-objects gonio-appearance.

The first edition of the Master's Degree in "Color Technology for the Automotive Sector" was held during the last academic year. The academic results in terms of qualifications, achievement and learning were good. In spite of the good sensations, there are aspects to be improved, both in methodology and the development of the subjects, timing of the contents, organization or communication channels. Following this line, the Academic, agreed on a plan of continuous improvement based on the feedback provided by the graduate surveys. A specific survey was carried out to gather their specific experience of the course in order to be able to modify the general strategy of the master's degree at the teaching and organisational level. The objectives were to adapt the teaching methodology to facilitate a more reflexive, participative and autonomous learning with a high degree of involvement and motivation of the students, to improve the academic results in terms of learning and satisfaction, to simplify and improve the logistic management of the course, etc. Thus, the survey included questions relating to the usefulness of the master's degree, methodology, organisation and planning of teaching, as well as a final question relating to the overall satisfaction of the course. A short survey was chosen with only 10 questions that the student rated from 1 to 5 on a scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree". From the analysis of the responses, some important weaknesses were detected, such as the lack of content developed in video format, and the slowness of feedback on the results obtained in the proposed tasks. Based on these results, it was proposed an improvement plan that included the incorporation of videos to teaching materials, flexibility in the deadlines for activities, and the periodic monitoring of student learning and concerns through "Adobe Connect".

In recent years, the use of porcelain stoneware in building envelopes has opened new lines of research and innovation favoring energy efficiency and the reduction of environmental impacts. However, there has been little research on its relationship with light vibration and reflectivity, visual perception, and integration in the urban environment and landscape. In this study, an analysis was conducted on the production and application of crafted pieces of porcelain stoneware, shaped in spherical caps, at the headquarters of the Botín Foundation in Santander (Spain). Various enamels with an iridescent-nacreous finish and metallic reflection were applied to the stoneware to generate a vibrant skin that would constantly change with natural light and the environment. A vitrification and metal deposition process were designed through successive applications of enamels and firings. The physico-chemical properties of the enameling and the microcracking factors that produced the iridescent effect were characterized. A colorimetric characterization was performed evaluating the goniochromatic or iridescent colors, measuring the spectral radiance factor of the light, and comparing these results with other ceramic pieces.

A validation of the graininess attribute was made by means of a psychophysical experiment and the multidimensional scaling algorithm. A visual experiment was designed to obtain graininess differences to be used like the dissimilarity matrix in the MDS algorithm. The results revealed that two dimensions are needed to characterize the graininess effect. The BYK-mac-i instrument and a gonio-hyperspectral imaging system were employed to evaluate the statistical dimensions. On one hand, the first dimension correlated well with the graininess value provided by the BYK-mac-i (r2 = 0.9566). However, we were unable to find a relationship with dimension 2 and any parameter measured by this instrument. Furthermore, the images captured by the gonio-hyperspectral imaging system were processed. A good relationship with the correlation parameter was observed (r2 = 0.8958). However, no relationship was established with dimension 2. Based on these conclusions, further research is necessary that focuses on the new imaging processes and a new visual experiment.

[ES] The first edition of the Master's Degree in "Color Technology for the Automotive Sector" was held during the last academic year. The academic results in terms of qualifications, achievement and learning were good. In spite of the good sensations, there are aspects to be improved, both in methodology and the development of the subjects, timing of the contents, organization or communication channels. Following this line, the Academic, agreed on a plan of continuous improvement based on the feedback provided by the graduate surveys. A specific survey was carried out to gather their specific experience of the course in order to be able to modify the general strategy of the master's degree at the teaching and organisational level. The objectives were to adapt the teaching methodology to facilitate a more reflexive, participative and autonomous learning with a high degree of involvement and motivation of the students, to improve the academic results in terms of learning and satisfaction, to simplify and improve the logistic management of the course, etc. Thus, the survey included questions relating to the usefulness of the master's degree, methodology, organisation and planning of teaching, as well as a final question relating to the overall satisfaction of the course. A short survey was chosen with only 10 questions that the student rated from 1 to 5 on a scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree". From the analysis of the responses, some important weaknesses were detected, such as the lack of content developed in video format, and the slowness of feedback on the results obtained in the proposed tasks. Based on these results, it was proposed an improvement plan that included the incorporation of videos to teaching materials, flexibility in the deadlines for activities, and the periodic monitoring of student learning and concerns through "Adobe Connect".

Color tolerances of curved gonio‐apparent panels have been studied in this work. To achieve that, an experimental set‐up of the illumination and tilt variation of two identical coated panels was designed for simulation of curved panels with both concave and convex borders and with and without effect pigments (perceived as solid and gonio‐apparent colors, respectively). Finally, visual and instrumental measures were collected with both curvatures. The results show that the relationship of the instrumental color difference with the tilt angle can be modeled by a second‐order and the vertex did not depend on illumination, but on coating type. The critical angles (the angle marked when the color discrepancy between two identical samples is merely perceived) assessed by the observers showed that they were not equal according to border, nor according to coating type. The color tolerances at these angles were clearly higher than the conventional chromatic thresholds of industrial color comparisons.

Los resultados académicos de la primera edición del Máster en “Tecnología del Color para el sector de automoción” fueron buenos a nivel de calificaciones y aprendizaje, con un alto grado de satisfacción con sus contenidos y su organización. Sin embargo, siempre hay aspectos que mejorar y para tal fin se elaboró una encuesta dirigida a los alumnos egresados para recoger su experiencia y poder modificar la estrategia general del máster a nivel docente y organizativo para maximizar el rendimiento académico del nuevo alumnado. En particular, se diseñó una encuesta con 10 cuestiones relativas a la utilidad del máster, la metodología, la planificación docente y una pregunta final sobre su satisfacción general. La valoración era de 1 a 5 en una escala desde “totalmente en desacuerdo” a “totalmente de acuerdo”. A partir del análisis de las respuestas, se detectaron algunos puntos débiles tales como la falta de contenidos desarrollados en formato video, y la lentitud en la retroalimentación de los resultados obtenidos en las tareas propuestas. A partir de estos resultados, se propuso un plan de mejora que incluía la incorporación de vídeos, flexibilización en los plazos de presentación de actividades, y el seguimiento periódico mediante conexión por “Adobe Connect” del aprendizaje del alumnado.

El Máster en Tecnología del Color para el Sector Automoción (ColTAS) se oferta en modalidad semipresencial mediante Moodle. La metodología de aprendizaje está basada en una metodología adaptativa que combina b-learning y flipped classroom considerando diferentes estilos de aprendizaje para obtener el máximo rendimiento y la máxima satisfacción. En este proyecto se ha trabajado en la implementación de esta metodología mediante la elaboración de actividades, tanto grupales como individuales. Las actividades individuales han sido diseñadas con tres perfiles de participación: básico, medio y alto. Así, se incentiva la motivación del alumnado y se tiene en cuenta su objetivo. Las actividades grupales permiten combinar alumnos con diferentes características, de esta forma los grupos se complementan para alcanzar mejores resultados. El primer análisis de los resultados obtenidos tras la finalización del curso indican una gran satisfacción por parte del alumnado. Su participación ha sido activa, tanto en los foros planteados, como en la realización de las tareas, ya que todos ellos completaron los tres niveles de dificultad planteados. La evaluación de los resultados obtenidos mediante esta metodología ha aportado datos válidos para mejorar esta metodología para futuras ediciones y conseguir así un mayor éxito de esta titulación propia.