Search

The contamination of grape berries by Botrytis cinerea can drastically damage wine quality, in particular causing colour degradation. In musts obtained from botrytised grapes, SO2 addition is the main means of avoiding oxidation damage due to laccases excreted by the pathogen. However, consumers are becoming increasingly reluctant to accept SO2 addition to wine. Oenological tannins are used for fining wines because of their colloidal properties, and for wine colour stabilisation due to their ability to condense with anthocyanins. They are also known for their antioxidant and antioxidasic properties. They were thus investigated in the present study for their potential as an alternative to SO2 against laccase oxidation.The impact of various types of oenological tannins on musts and wines was studied once added to musts obtained from the Merlot cultivar, comprising 20 % and 50 % botrytised grapes. Laccase activity, antioxidant capacity, composition of phenolic compounds, spectrophotometric and CIELAB colour parameters were assessed in the musts and wines. Sensory analyses were also performed on 3-month-old wines to evaluate the visual, olfactory and gustative consequences of tannin addition. At a 50 % botrytisation rate, the addition of any type of oenological tannins (at a concentration of 100 g/hL) had no effect on laccase activity and did not protect phenolic compounds. However, at the same concentration and at a 20 % botrytisation rate, proanthocyanidin tannins from grape skin were found to be the most promising tannins with simultaneous protective effects, such as an inhibitory effect on laccase enzymes, protection of colour from complete degradation and preservation of some procyanidin compounds.Oenological tannins are promising candidates for protecting wines from Botrytis damage and they induce a differential effect according to their origin and structure. They could be used to reduce the amount of SO2 that is added during vatting. More research is needed to confirm and better understand the mode of action of various tannins at levels lower than the 20 % botrytised rate tested in the present study.

International audience; Bisphenol A (BPA), a plasticizer and endocrine disruptor, has been substituted by bisphenol S (BPS), a structural analogue that had already shown adverse effects on granulosa cell steroidogenesis. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of chronic exposure to BPS, a possible endocrine disruptor, on steroid hormones in the ovary, oviduct and plasma using the ewe as a model. Given the interaction between steroidogenesis and the metabolic status, the BPS effect was tested according to two diet groups. Eighty adult ewes were allotted to restricted (R) and well-fed (WF) groups, that were further subdivided into two subgroups. Ewes were exposed to 50 µg BPS/kg/day in their diet (R50 and WF50 groups) or were unexposed controls (R0 and WF0 groups). After at least 3 months of BPS exposure, preovulatory follicular fluid, oviduct fluid and plasma were collected and steroid hormones were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). A deleterious effect of restricted diet on the volume of oviduct fluid and numbers of pre-ovulatory follicles was observed. Exposure to BPS impaired estradiol concentrations in both follicular and oviduct fluids of well-fed ewes and progesterone, estradiol and estrone concentrations in plasma of restricted ewes. In addition, a significant interaction between metabolic status and BPS exposure was observed for seven steroids, including estradiol. In conclusion, BPS acts in ewes as an endocrine disruptor with differential actions according to metabolic status.

Increases in oxidative stress have been reported to play a central role in the vulnerability to depression, and antidepressant drugs may reduce increased oxidative stress in patients. Among the plants exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, saffron, a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, is also known for its positive effects on depression, potentially through its SSRI-like properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects and their health benefits for humans are currently unclear. Using an original ex vivo clinical approach, we demonstrated for the first time that the circulating human metabolites produced following saffron intake (Safr’InsideTM) protect human neurons from oxidative-stress-induced neurotoxicity by preserving cell viability and increasing BNDF production. In particular, the metabolites significantly stimulated both dopamine and serotonin release. In addition, the saffron’s metabolites were also able to protect serotonergic tone by inhibiting the expression of the serotonin transporter SERT and down-regulating serotonin metabolism. Altogether, these data provide new biochemical insights into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial impact of saffron on neuronal viability and activity in humans, in the context of oxidative stress related to depression., Il a été rapporté que l'augmentation du stress oxydatif joue un rôle central dans la vulnérabilité à la dépression, et les antidépresseurs peuvent réduire l'augmentation du stress oxydatif chez les patients. Parmi les plantes exerçant des propriétés anti-inflammatoires et anti-oxydantes, le safran, épice dérivée de la fleur de Crocus sativus , est également connu pour ses effets positifs sur la dépression, potentiellement par ses propriétés ISRS-like. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à ces effets et leurs avantages pour la santé humaine ne sont pas encore clairs. Grâce à une approche clinique ex vivo originale, nous avons démontré pour la première fois que les métabolites humains circulants produits suite à la consommation de safran (Safr'Inside TM) protègent les neurones humains de la neurotoxicité induite par le stress oxydatif en préservant la viabilité cellulaire et en augmentant la production de BNDF. En particulier, les métabolites ont significativement stimulé la libération de dopamine et de sérotonine. De plus, les métabolites du safran étaient également capables de protéger le tonus sérotoninergique en inhibant l'expression du transporteur de sérotonine SERT et en régulant à la baisse le métabolisme de la sérotonine. Au total, ces données apportent de nouvelles connaissances biochimiques sur les mécanismes sous-jacents à l'impact bénéfique du safran sur la viabilité et l'activité neuronale chez l'homme, dans le contexte du stress oxydatif lié à la dépression.

International audience; The aim of this paper is to develop a synthetic model reproducing more realistically the conditions of grape juice to study browning caused by laccase from Botrytis cinerea. The laccase browning kinetics were measured by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 420 nm over time in the presence of different substratesone monophenol: 4-hydroxybenzoic acid; three orthodiphenols: caftaric acid, (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin; and one triphenol: gallic acid. The results indicate that orthodiphenols are better substrates than triphenols and that monophenols do not appear to be reactive. Of the orthodiphenols, (+)-catechin showed the greatest browning intensity, followed in decreasing order by (−)-epicatechin and caftaric acid. These results confirm that sulfur dioxide, ascorbic acid and glutathione really do protect grape juice against laccase browning. The effectiveness of ascorbic acid and glutathione also confirm that both antioxidants can be useful tools for reducing doses of sulfur dioxide in winemaking, especially when grey rot is present.

International audience; Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, has been replaced by structural analogues including bisphenol S (BPS). BPA and BPS exhibited similar effects regarding reproductive functions. Moreover, metabolic status and lipid metabolism are related to female fertility and could worsen BPS effects. The objective was to determine BPS in vivo effects on folliculogenesis and embryo production after chronic exposure through diet, and the influence of metabolic status in adult ewes. Sixty primiparous 2.5 year-old ewes, undergoing a restricted or well fed diet, were exposed to BPS (0, 4 or 50 µg/kg/day) for at least three months. After hormonal oestrus synchronisation and ovarian stimulation, ewes were subjected to ovum pickup (OPU) procedures to collect immature oocytes, that underwent in vitro maturation, fertilisation and embryo production. Body weight, body condition score and plasma glucose were higher in well-fed compared to restricted ewes, while plasma NEFA was lower during the 4-5 months after the beginning of the diets. Plasma progesterone levels increased on day 5 before OPU session in well-fed compared to restricted ewes. No effect of BPS dose was observed on follicle population, plasma AMH levels and embryo production numbers and rates. However, a significant diet x BPS dose interaction was reported for cleaved embryos, > 4-cell embryos, blastocyst and early blastocyst numbers, and plasma triiodothyronine levels. Our study showed that a contrasted diet did not affect follicle population nor embryo production in adult ewes but could affect the quality and progesterone secretion of the corpus luteum. Chronic low BPS exposure had no effect on follicular population and oocyte competence. Nevertheless, the significant diet x dose interactions observed on embryo production suggest that BPS effect is modulated by metabolic status. Further studies are required to assess the risk of BPS exposure for public reproductive health.

Study question Do plastic laboratory consumables and cell culture media used in human ART contain bisphenols? Summary answer Human embryo development media contained bisphenols close to the nanomolar concentration range while no release of bisphenols by plastic consumables was detected under routine conditions. What is known already The deleterious effect of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) on female fertility raised concerns regarding ART outcome. BPA was detected neither in media nor in the majority of plastic consumables used in ART, however it might have already been replaced by its structural analogs, including bisphenol S (BPS). Study design, size, duration Seventeen plastic consumables and 18 cell culture and ART media were assessed for the presence of bisphenols. Participants/materials, setting, methods Ten different bisphenols (bisphenol A, S, AF, AP, B, C, E, F, P, and Z) were measured using an isotopic dilution according to an on-line solid phase extraction / liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method. Main results and the role of chance While all the plastic consumables of this study did contain bisphenols, none of them did release bisphenols under routine conditions. Moreover, 16 of the 18 cell culture and ART media assessed contained bisphenols, including 8 among the 10 media used in human ART. Five human ART media exhibited bisphenol concentrations higher than 0.8 nM and reached up to 3.2 nM (799 ng/L). Limitations, reasons for caution Further studies are required to investigate a greater number of ART media to identify less potentially harmful ones, in terms of bisphenol content. Wider implications of the findings As BPS has already been reported to impair oocyte quality at nanomolar concentrations, its presence in ART media, at a similar concentration range, could contribute to a decrease in the ART success rate. Thus far, there has been no regulation of these compounds in the ART context. Trial registration number Not applicable

Onologische Tannine werden aus unterschiedlichen Grunden in der Weinherstellung verwendet (Versari et al., 2013; Vignault et al., 2018), insbesondere jedoch wegen ihrer hemmenden Eigenschaften gegenuber der Aktivitat der Laccase. Die Verwendung ist besonders in denjenigen Jahrgangen sinnvoll, die von der Botrytis-Traubenfaule betroffen sind, um die Weine vor Braunfarbung zu schutzen. Dieser Anti-Laccase-Effekt der Tannine beruhte bis vor Kurzem nur auf Beobachtungen, ohne wissenschaftliche Beweise. Die OIV hatte aus diesem Grund eine spezielle Arbeitsgruppe gegrundet, die sich mit der praktischen Anwendung onologischer Tannine beschaftigt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen werden in diesem Artikel vorgestellt und zeigen die Effektivitat, mit der onologische Tannine die Laccaseaktivitat inhibieren und somit die Farbe der Weine schutzen (Vignault et al., 2019; Vignault et al., 2020).

Los taninos enológicos se utilizan habitualmente en la elaboración del vino por diversos motivos (Versari et al., 2013; Vignault et al., 2018), entre los que destacan su acción inhibitoria de la actividad lacasa en las vendimias afectadas por la podredumbre gris y la protección del color del vino frente al pardeamiento. No obstante, hasta hace muy poco este efecto anti-lacasa era tan solo empírico sin que existieran pruebas científicas de ello. Por esta razón, la OIV creo un grupo de trabajo específico para estudiar las verdaderas aplicaciones de los taninos enológicos. Fruto de sus investigaciones son los resultados que se presentan a continuación que demuestran la efectividad de los taninos enológicos para inhibir la actividad lacasa y proteger de este modo el color del vino (Vignault et al., 2019; Vignault et al., 2020).

International audience; The contamination of grape berries by Botrytis cinerea can drastically damage wine quality, in particular causing colour degradation. In musts obtained from botrytised grapes, SO2 addition is the main means of avoiding oxidation damage due to laccases excreted by the pathogen. However, consumers are becoming increasingly reluctant to accept SO2 addition to wine. Oenological tannins are used for fining wines because of their colloidal properties, and for wine colour stabilisation due to their ability to condense with anthocyanins. They are also known for their antioxidant and antioxidasic properties. They were thus investigated in the present study for their potential as an alternative to SO2 against laccase oxidation.The impact of various types of oenological tannins on musts and wines was studied once added to musts obtained from the Merlot cultivar, comprising 20 % and 50 % botrytised grapes. Laccase activity, antioxidant capacity, composition of phenolic compounds, spectrophotometric and CIELAB colour parameters were assessed in the musts and wines. Sensory analyses were also performed on 3-month-old wines to evaluate the visual, olfactory and gustative consequences of tannin addition. At a 50 % botrytisation rate, the addition of any type of oenological tannins (at a concentration of 100 g/hL) had no effect on laccase activity and did not protect phenolic compounds. However, at the same concentration and at a 20 % botrytisation rate, proanthocyanidin tannins from grape skin were found to be the most promising tannins with simultaneous protective effects, such as an inhibitory effect on laccase enzymes, protection of colour from complete degradation and preservation of some procyanidin compounds.Oenological tannins are promising candidates for protecting wines from Botrytis damage and they induce a differential effect according to their origin and structure. They could be used to reduce the amount of SO2 that is added during vatting. More research is needed to confirm and better understand the mode of action of various tannins at levels lower than the 20 % botrytised rate tested in the present study.

Objectives: The principal objective of our study was to document the short-term impact of the legalization of recreational cannabis on active cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and various psychotic disorders. Methods: We carried out a retrospective observational study of patients who were at least 12 years old and who had visited a psychiatrist in the emergency unit of the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS). We included all the consultations of this type over a 5-month period, immediately following the legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada. We then divided our population into an adult (over 18) and teenager group (12 to 17) compared the data to the data from consultations made 2 years earlier, using a generalized linear mixed model. Results: We examined consultations in patients over 18 years old in prelegalization ( n = 1,247) and postlegalization ( n = 1,368) groups. We observed a statistically significant increase in the use of cannabis (28.0% to 37.1%; odds ratio [ OR] = 1.81 [1.34 to 2.44], P = 0.00011) as well as an increase in diagnoses of active cannabis use disorder (17.7% to 24.3%; OR = 1.53 [1.13 to 2.08], P = 0.0064). The increase in cannabis use disorder was more prominent among patients between 18 and 24 years old (17.3% to 25.9%; OR = 2.27 [1.17 to 4.40], P = 0.015). We observed no statistically significant difference in terms of psychotic disorder diagnoses (27.4% to 29.2%; OR = 1.17 [0.84 to 1.63], P = 0.35)]. Conversely, we identified a greater proportion of patients who had a personality disorder diagnosis in the postlegalization period (39.6% to 44.9%; OR = 1.35 [1.02 to 1.80], P = 0.038). Examination of pediatric (under 18 years old) consultations revealed no statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Although an affirmative conclusion is tentative, the current findings suggest a first link between the legalization of cannabis in Canada and increased diagnoses of cannabis use disorder, as well as cannabis use in general among patients in a university hospital psychiatric emergency department.

International audience; Los taninos enológicos se utilizan habitualmente en la elaboración del vino por diversos motivos (Versari et al., 2013; Vignault et al., 2018), entre los que destacan su acción inhibitoria de la actividad lacasa en las vendimias afectadas por la podredumbre gris y la protección del color del vino frente al pardeamiento. No obstante, hasta hace muy poco este efecto anti-lacasa era tan solo empírico sin que existieran pruebas científicas de ello. Por esta razón, la OIV creo un grupo de trabajo específico para estudiar las verdaderas aplicaciones de los taninos enológicos. Fruto de sus investigaciones son los resultados que se presentan a continuación que demuestran la efectividad de los taninos enológicos para inhibir la actividad lacasa y proteger de este modo el color del vino (Vignault et al., 2019; Vignault et al., 2020).

Objectives To review the known impacts of recreational cannabis legalization on mental health and substance use, in the context of recent changes in the status of cannabis laws in Canada. Methods PubMed database was systematically searched using various terms regarding mental health and cannabis legalization. Two independent investigators then assessed a total of 272 titles and abstracts and 11 articles were ultimately found eligible for review. Results Most studies measuring the impact of legalization on cannabis use showed an increase in cannabis use after the legalization. Moreover, no study demonstrated a reduction of cannabis use after legalization of recreational cannabis. All three studies regarding health care contacts demonstrated an increase in the number of cannabis-related emergency department visits after cannabis legalization. Two studies revealed reduction of perceived risks associated with cannabis after legalization, while another study offered opposite results. To interpret these observational results accurately, we also need to consider the long-term trends that prevailed before the changes in cannabis laws. Conclusions The quantity of evidence on the impacts of recreational cannabis legalization on mental health and substance use is limited. Further research is needed to strengthen these results and explore the effects of cannabis legalization on other mental health issues such as psychosis.

International audience; STUDY QUESTION: Do plastic laboratory consumables and cell culture media used in ART contain bisphenols?SUMMARY ANSWER: The majority of human embryo culture media assessed contained bisphenol S close to the nanomolarconcentration range, while no release of bisphenols by plastic consumables was detected under routine conditions.WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The deleterious effect of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) on female fertility raised concernsregarding ART outcome. BPA was detected neither in media nor in the majority of plastic consumables used in ART; however, it mighthave already been replaced by its structural analogs, including bisphenol S (BPS).STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Seventeen plastic consumables and 18 cell culture and ART media were assessed for thepresence of bisphenols.PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Ten different bisphenols (bisphenol A, S, AF, AP, B, C, E, F, P and Z) weremeasured using an isotopic dilution according to an on-line solid phase extraction/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method.MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: While the plastic consumables did not release bisphenols under routine conditions,16 of the 18 cell culture and ART media assessed contained BPS. Six media exhibited BPS concentrations higher than 1 nM and reached upto 6.7 nM (1693 ng/l).LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A.LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Further studies are required to investigate a greater number of ART media to identifyless potentially harmful ones, in terms of bisphenol content.WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: As BPS has already been reported to impair oocyte quality at nanomolar concentrations,its presence in ART media, at a similar concentration range, could contribute to a decrease in the ART success rate. Thus far, therehas been no regulation of these compounds in the ART context.STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This study was financially supported by the ‘Centre-Val de Loire’ Region (Bemolproject, APR IR 2017), INRAE, BRGM, the French National Research Agency (project ANR-18-CE34-0011-01 MAMBO) and theBioMedicine Agency (Project 18AMP006 FertiPhenol). The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest that could be perceived asprejudicing the impartiality of the reported research.

Article dans une revue professionnelle

International audience; Increases in oxidative stress have been reported to play a central role in the vulnerability to depression, and antidepressant drugs may reduce increased oxidative stress in patients. Among the plants exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, saffron, a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, is also known for its positive effects on depression, potentially through its SSRI-like properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects and their health benefits for humans are currently unclear. Using an original ex vivo clinical approach, we demonstrated for the first time that the circulating human metabolites produced following saffron intake (Safr’InsideTM) protect human neurons from oxidative-stress-induced neurotoxicity by preserving cell viability and increasing BNDF production. In particular, the metabolites significantly stimulated both dopamine and serotonin release. In addition, the saffron’s metabolites were also able to protect serotonergic tone by inhibiting the expression of the serotonin transporter SERT and down-regulating serotonin metabolism. Altogether, these data provide new biochemical insights into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial impact of saffron on neuronal viability and activity in humans, in the context of oxidative stress related to depression.; Il a été rapporté que l'augmentation du stress oxydatif joue un rôle central dans la vulnérabilité à la dépression, et les antidépresseurs peuvent réduire l'augmentation du stress oxydatif chez les patients. Parmi les plantes exerçant des propriétés anti-inflammatoires et anti-oxydantes, le safran, épice dérivée de la fleur de Crocus sativus , est également connu pour ses effets positifs sur la dépression, potentiellement par ses propriétés ISRS-like. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à ces effets et leurs avantages pour la santé humaine ne sont pas encore clairs. Grâce à une approche clinique ex vivo originale, nous avons démontré pour la première fois que les métabolites humains circulants produits suite à la consommation de safran (Safr'Inside TM) protègent les neurones humains de la neurotoxicité induite par le stress oxydatif en préservant la viabilité cellulaire et en augmentant la production de BNDF. En particulier, les métabolites ont significativement stimulé la libération de dopamine et de sérotonine. De plus, les métabolites du safran étaient également capables de protéger le tonus sérotoninergique en inhibant l'expression du transporteur de sérotonine SERT et en régulant à la baisse le métabolisme de la sérotonine. Au total, ces données apportent de nouvelles connaissances biochimiques sur les mécanismes sous-jacents à l'impact bénéfique du safran sur la viabilité et l'activité neuronale chez l'homme, dans le contexte du stress oxydatif lié à la dépression.