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Despite the increasing complexity and scale of people’s online activities, browser interfaces have stayed largely the same since tabs were introduced in major browsers nearly 20 years ago. The gap between simple tab-based browser interfaces and the complexity of users’ tasks can lead to serious adverse effects – commonly referred to as “tab overload.” This paper introduces a Chrome extension called Tabs.do, which explores bringing a task-centric approach to the browser, helping users to group their tabs into tasks and then organize, prioritize, and switch between those tasks fluidly. To lower the cost of importing, Tabs.do uses machine learning to make intelligent suggestions for grouping users’ open tabs into task bundles by exploiting behavioral and semantic features. We conducted a field deployment study where participants used Tabs.do with their real-life tasks in the wild, and showed that Tabs.do can decrease tab clutter, enabled users to create rich task structures with lightweight interactions, and allowed participants to context-switch among tasks more efficiently.

College students lack fact-checking skills, which may lead them to accept information at face value. We report findings from an institution participating in the Digital Polarization Initiative (DPI), a national effort to teach students lateral reading strategies used by expert fact-checkers to verify online information. Lateral reading requires users to leave the information (website) to find out whether someone has already fact-checked the claim, identify the original source, or learn more about the individuals or organizations making the claim. Instructor-matched sections of a general education civics course implemented the DPI curriculum (N = 136 students) or provided business-as-usual civics instruction (N = 94 students). At posttest, students in DPI sections were more likely to use lateral reading to fact-check and correctly evaluate the trustworthiness of information than controls. Aligning with the DPI’s emphasis on using Wikipedia to investigate sources, students in DPI sections reported greater use of Wikipedia at posttest than controls, but did not differ significantly in their trust of Wikipedia. In DPI sections, students who failed to read laterally at posttest reported higher trust of Wikipedia at pretest than students who read at least one problem laterally. Responsiveness to the curriculum was also linked to numbers of online assignments attempted, but unrelated to pretest media literacy knowledge, use of lateral reading, or self-reported use of lateral reading. Further research is needed to determine whether improvements in lateral reading are maintained over time and to explore other factors that might distinguish students whose skills improved after instruction from non-responders.

Background The rat genome was sequenced in 2004 with the aim to improve human health altered by disease and environmental influences through gene discovery and animal model validation. Here, we report development and testing of a probe set for whole exome sequencing (WES) to detect sequence variants in exons and UTRs of the rat genome. Using an in-silico approach, we designed probes targeting the rat exome and compared captured mutations in cancer-related genes from four chemically induced rat tumor cell lines (C6, FAT7, DSL-6A/C1, NBTII) to validated cancer genes in the human database, Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) as well as normal rat DNA. Paired, fresh frozen (FF) and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver tissue from naive rats were sequenced to confirm known dbSNP variants and identify any additional variants. Results Informatics analysis of available gene annotation from rat RGSC6.0/rn6 RefSeq and Ensembl transcripts provided 223,636 unique exons representing a total of 26,365 unique genes and untranslated regions. Using this annotation and the Rn6 reference genome, an in-silico probe design generated 826,878 probe sequences of which 94.2% were uniquely aligned to the rat genome without mismatches. Further informatics analysis revealed 25,249 genes (95.8%) covered by at least one probe and 23,603 genes (93.5%) had every exon covered by one or more probes. We report high performance metrics from exome sequencing of our probe set and Sanger validation of annotated, highly relevant, cancer gene mutations as cataloged in the human COSMIC database, in addition to several exonic variants in cancer-related genes. Conclusions An in-silico probe set was designed to enrich the rat exome from isolated DNA. The platform was tested on rat tumor cell lines and normal FF and FFPE liver tissue. The method effectively captured target exome regions in the test DNA samples with exceptional sensitivity and specificity to obtain reliable sequencing data representing variants that are likely chemically induced somatic mutations. Genomic discovery conducted by means of high throughput WES queries should benefit investigators in discovering rat genomic variants in disease etiology and in furthering human translational research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4858-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

China’s National Center for Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Monitoring was established in 1989. In 1998, nearly a decade later, China joined the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Programme for International Drug Monitoring. During March 2004, China formally promulgated the final version of the Regulations on Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting and Monitoring. This modern system supplements an informal reporting system in scholarly publications that dates back to ancient times. Procedurally, the formal Chinese monitoring system requires pharmaceutical industry and healthcare professionals to report most ADR events quarterly. However, new, uncommon, serious or ‘group’ ADRs are required to be reported within a shorter time period. Reports will be made to local centres, which then analyse and transmit them to a national ADR centre operated by China’s State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA). The national authority is then empowered to authorise further studies, publish formal warning announcements or prohibit use of a product. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) products are also regulated as drugs in China. Because TCM product use is greatly increasing worldwide, Chinese ADR monitoring is particularly, if not uniquely, useful in its reporting of TCM-related ADRs. A survey of Chinese ADR alerts and findings regarding TCMs and other substances is included, providing an overview of the breadth and timeliness of the information available from China’s increasing pharmacovigilance. Overall, the system shows considerable progress and promise, especially if ADR reporting procedure awareness continues to grow among China’s healthcare professionals and public.

Background: Any disease and its treatment has an important impact on health-related quality of life for affected individuals. There have been few previous studies on the quality of life for children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: A cross-cultural comparison was performed to determine whether the concerns of children with IBD in the United Kingdom are ranked similarly to those of children with IBD in Canada. An item reduction questionnaire, developed from interviews with Canadian children with IBD, was scored by 53 British children with IBD for importance and frequency, as a questionnaire had been scored previously by 117 Canadian children. Results: There was a significant correlation between the mean scores (r = 0.831, P < 0.001) and ranks (r = 0.801, P < 0.001) for the 96 questions, and 43 of the 50 highest-ranking concerns corresponded for both populations. Confidence interval analysis showed a significant difference between the mean values for 21 of the 96 items; 20 of these 21 were ranked higher in the United Kingdom than they had been in Canada, suggesting that the frequency and/or degree of concern was greater for the British children with IBD. Conclusions: Health-related concerns of British children with Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis correlate closely with those of Canadian children with those diseases. Further studies are needed to determine the sensitivity of individual questions, the most appropriate wording of these questions, and the optimal length for a proposed instrument to assess quality of life in children with IBD.

Glutamine is traditionally considered a nonessential amino acid but may be conditionally essential in patients with catabolic conditions. Glutamine-supplemented foods in these patients have been shown to prevent deterioration of gut permeability, protect against the development of intestinal mucosal atrophy, and improve nitrogen balance. Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease suggest that glutamine-enriched enteral diets may lead to less severe intestinal damage, less weight loss, improved nitrogen balance, and reduced disease activity. The purpose of the current study was to compare the efficacy of a glutamine-enriched polymeric diet with a standard low-glutamine polymeric diet in the treatment of active Crohn's disease.Eighteen children with active Crohn's disease were randomly assigned to receive a 4-week course of either a standard polymeric diet with a low glutamine content (4% of amino acid composition; group S) or a glutamine-enriched polymeric diet (42% of amino acid composition; Group G). The two diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous with an identical essential amino acid profile. Remission rates were analysed on an intent-to-treat basis. Changes in clinical and laboratory parameters of disease activity were also compared after 4 weeks of nutritional treatment.Two of the children, both in group G, were withdrawn from the trial because of nontolerance of the diet. There was no difference between the two groups in proportion of patients achieving remission (intent-to-treat basis): 5 (55.5%) of 9 in group S versus 4 (44.4%) of 9 in group G (p = 0.5). Improvement in mean paediatric Crohn's disease activity index (PCDAI) was significantly more in group S (p = 0.002) but changes in orosomucoid level, platelet count, and weight were not different between the groups.The findings suggest that a glutamine-enriched polymeric diet offers no advantage over a standard low-glutamine polymeric diet in the treatment of active Crohn's disease. Rather, it appears to be less effective in improving PCDAI. The reported beneficial effects of glutamine seen in many catabolic states must be viewed with caution when extrapolating to the management of Crohn's disease.

In a 10-week randomised cross-sectional study we used an 88-item questionnaire to assess the quality of life in 16 children (ages 8-17 years) with Crohn's disease and their families. The questionnaire covered six domains of health-related quality of life, including disease and its treatment, social, emotional, family, education, and future aspects. Crohn's disease affected education, with absenteeism in 12 and distraction during school work in six. Three children had had a home tutor, and five stated their need for one. Engaging in sports was a problem for eight children, mainly because of a lack of energy in five and the presence of a stoma in three children. Three children had missed every PE lesson in 1 year. Five children cited the social problem of being unable to stay over at friends' houses. Bullying concerned parents more than the children. Holiday difficulties included long distance traveling or lack of toilet facilities during school trips. Elemental diet was the preferred treatment, although the majority complained about the taste. Surgery was the most effective method of symptom control, though the resulting stoma was upsetting and restricted sports activities. Children on steroids had more depressive symptoms. Using the Rutter A Questionnaire, five children were designated "neurotic." Parents' views of the severity of symptoms significantly correlated with their children's views regarding rectal bleeding, poor growth, lack of energy, and poor appetite (p0.01). The main parental concerns were the side effects of medications and issues concerning their children's future, including schooling, job prospects, and marriage. The parents of 11 children cited problems with children's behaviour. The parents of seven cited disruption of work, and those of six named taking holidays. Crohn's disease in children, in addition to being a symptomatically disabling condition, has a great impact on the health-related quality of life of both sufferers and their parents. The questionnaire was a useful instrument, and with some adjustment it can be used again in large group studies.

Deficiency of 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-C27-steroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSDH), the enzyme that catalyses the second reaction in the principal pathway for the synthesis of bile acids, has been reported to present with prolonged neonatal jaundice with the biopsy features of neonatal hepatitis. It has also been shown to present between the ages of 4 and 46 months with jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and steatorrhoea (a clinical picture resembling progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis). This paper reports two children with 3beta-HSDH deficiency who developed rickets during infancy and did not develop clinically evident liver disease until the age of 3 years. Bile acid replacement resulted in considerable clinical and biochemical improvement. The importance of thorough investigation of fat soluble vitamin deficiencies in infancy is emphasised.

Background: Focus group meetings were held with two groups, each containing 12 children with Crohn's disease aged 8 to 12 and 12 to 17 years. The children were asked broad questions about how Crohn's disease and its treatment affected their lives. To explore these areas in more detail, an 88-item questionnaire was developed and read to an additional 16 of 20 children with Crohn's disease selected at random from outpatients. At first, many of the children denied that Crohn's disease affected their lives at all, but it soon became apparent that many were frustrated or angry about physical symptoms, lack of understanding about Crohn's disease, unpleasant investigations. treatment, and hospitalisation. Methods: The questionnaire covered six domains of health-related quality of life including symptoms and treatment, social, emotional, family, educational, and future aspects. Results: Elemental diet was the preferred treatment, although surgery was more effective in controlling symptoms. Children receiving steroids had more depressive symptoms. Absenteeism from school and inability to engage in school sports, swimming, and running were frequent problems. There were also difficulties with taking holidays and staying at friends' houses. Worry was reported in 14 of 16 children, anger and frustration and feeling fed up in 12 of 16. Conclusions: In addition to being a symptomatically disabling condition, Crohn's disease has a great impact on the health-related quality of life of affected children. Future studies of treatment in children with inflammatory bowel disease should include an attempt to assess the impact on the child's health-related quality of life.

Background: Few investigators have reported on the quality of life of family members of children with inflammatory bowel disease. Psychological symptoms have been reported in parents and siblings, but the problems that which give rise to these symptoms are seldom examined. In this pilot study, some of the issues that affect the quality of life of parents and siblings of children with inflammatory bowel disease were examined. Methods: Focus group meetings were held separately with 20 parents and 7 siblings of children with inflammatory bowel disease. The participants were encouraged to identify voluntarily problems related to the disease that affected their lives, and the discussions were tape recorded. Each participant subsequently wrote down the three most important concerns. Results: Thirteen (65%) parents were very concerned about the effect of the disease on the child's future (jobs, marriage, independence) and 11 (55%) were worried about problems the ill child was encountering at school. Other issues of most concern to parents included side effects of medication (n = 7), limited job prospects (n = 3), persistent feelings of guilt (n = 3), and restricted family lifestyle (n = I ). Most siblings (57%) were concerned about their parents' keeping information about the illness from them, and three (43%) of them were also concerned about others bullying the ill child at school. Other issues of concern to siblings included fear about the disease and treatment (n = 3), parents overprotecting the ill child, and feelings of jealousy (n = 1 ). Conclusion: Families of children with inflammatory bowel disease experience many problems that may affect their quality of life. Resources should be made available to help families with these concerns.

Oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidants may play a role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of exclusive enteral nutrition, which is increasingly being used as primary therapy for CD, on plasma antioxidant concentrations in children with active CD.In a double-blind randomised controlled trial, 15 children with active CD (mean age, 11.3 years, range 6.8-15.7) attending a paediatric gastroenterology referral centre, were assigned to receive either a standard polymeric diet (Group S, n=8) or a glutamine-enriched polymeric diet (Group G, n=7) as primary therapy for active CD. Plasma concentrations of selenium, urates, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, glutathione, and also malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured at baseline and after 4 weeks of exclusive enteral nutritional treatment.Mean (95% CI) selenium concentration of the cohort increased significantly from 0.82 micromol/l (0.72, 0.91) to 1.14 micromol/l (0.98, 1.3), P0.001. There were, however, significant reductions in mean concentrations of vitamin C {11.8 mg/l (7.7, 15.8) to 6.5 mg/l (4.5, 8.7), P=0.01} and vitamin E {11.3 mg/l (10.3, 12.4) to 9.4 mg/l (8.7, 10.1), P=0.03}. The concentrations of vitamin A, urates, glutathione and MDA did not change significantly over the study period. Glutamine supplementation did not have any significant effect on plasma antioxidant concentrations.Significant changes in circulating antioxidant concentrations occurred in children with active CD receiving exclusive enteral nutritional treatment. Glutamine supplementation was not beneficial in improving plasma antioxidant status.

Purpose To assess magnetic resonance (MR) safety for a newly developed, fiber-optic cardiac pacing lead. Materials and Methods MR safety was assessed for the fiber-optic cardiac pacing lead by evaluating magnetic field interactions and heating. Translational attraction and torque were evaluated using a 1.5-Tesla MR system and previously described, standardized techniques. MR imaging-related heating was assessed using a 1.5-Tesla MR system and a transmit/receive, body radiofrequency (RF) coil with the fiber-optic lead positioned to simulate an in vivo condition in a saline-filled phantom. The phantom had dimensions similar to a human subject's torso and head. A fluoroptic thermometry system was used to record temperatures on and near the electrodes of the fiber-optic pacing lead at five-second intervals immediately before and during 20 minutes of MR imaging performed at a whole-body-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.5 W/kg. Temperatures were also recorded from a reference site during this experiment. Results Magnetic field interactions for the fiber-optic lead were minimal (deflection angle, 23°; torque, +2). The highest temperature change recorded for the fiber-optic cardiac pacing lead and reference site was +0.8°C. Conclusion The minor magnetic field interactions and relative lack of heating for the fiber-optic pacing lead indicate that it should be safe for patients with this device to undergo MR imaging procedures using MR systems operating at 1.5-T or less and at a whole-body-averaged SARs up to 1.5 W/kg. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:97–103. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Seven children with intractable diarrhoea of infancy seen between 1990 and 1993 developed endoscopically established inflammatory bowel disease unrelated to bacterial infection and not responsive to whole protein exclusion. Mouth ulcers were present in two patients, endoscopic upper-gastrointestinal-tract inflammation in two, villous atrophy in six, and chronic nonspecific colitis in all seven. There was considerable clinical and histological heterogeneity. All patients required parenteral nutrition. Steroid therapy was completely successful in only one child, while two underwent colectomy, and two died. Previously described cases other than those due to infection or milk intolerance have been rare and sporadic. The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in infancy is unknown but appears to be increasing.

The mitotic activity of epithelial lymphocytes (expressed as percentage mitotic figures/3,000 lymphocytes/mucosal biopsy) was determined in a random sample of jejunal biopsies performed on 44 children with malabsorption, diarrhoea, or failure to thrive. The mitotic index (MI) exceeded 0.2% in 19 biopsies obtained from children with untreated celiac sprue (CS); there were no false positives. The remaining 25 biopsies (MI of less than 0.2%) were considered to be "nonceliac" in origin, among which were several with a severe degree of villous flattening. Conditions in this latter category excluded by a low MI included cow's milk protein enteropathy, selective immunoglobulin A deficiency, combined variable immunodeficiency, Crohn's jejunitis, and intractable diarrhoea of infancy. A high MI (greater than 0.2%) prospectively distinguishes mucosal lesions due to untreated CS from other causes of malabsorption, particularly those associated with villous flattening, but in which the MI is less than 0.2%. This index is therefore proposed as a simple, reliable, and prospective histological marker of CS, and one that could: reduce the need to perform multiple biopsies during a gluten-free diet; and avoid the necessity for follow-up "diagnostic" gluten challenges, especially in very young children.

Forty-nine threadfin shad (36–119 mm SL) were collected in Lake Chicot, Arkansas, from 27 February to 7 November 1959. They appeared to feed on any available organism of suitable size. Organisms eaten represented more than 60 genera. Animal and plant foods were present in approximately equal amounts; protozoans and invertebrate eggs composed most of the animal food, and green algae (Chlorophyta) most of the plant food. Individual threadfin shad within a sample ate the same kinds of organisms in similar proportions. Correlations between ingested organisms and those in the plankton were significant, indicating a lack of food selectivity. There was no apparent difference in the food of fish of different sizes.

The structure of epibranchial organs and the shape of the fourth epibranchial bones in clupeid fishes reflect phylogenetic relationships on the species group or generic level. Distinctive bone shapes of 18 species in four genera are illustrated. Clupea has lost its epibranchial organs, and the other genera exhibit several kinds of organ structure: Opisthonema has a curved continuous tube, Dorosoma has an entrance canal bending sharply into a terminal blind sac, and Brevoortia has a sac-like chamber. Use of these characteristics may facilitate the allocation of problematical species to the various clupeid genera.

A study of infraspecific variation was based on more than 4000 specimens from approximately 540 series, taken throughout the range of Etheostoma blennioides. On the basis of scale and fin-ray counts, degree of opercle and belly squamation, size of upper lip tip, and presence of a distinct frenum, four subspecies are recognized: E. b. blennioides Rafinesque, E. b. newmanii (Agassiz), E. b. gutselli (Hildebrand), and E. b. pholidotum, new subspecies. E. b. newmanii has the highest scale counts, more dorsal rays, usually a fully scaled belly, and often a well-developed lip tip. The subspecies is found throughout the Tennessee River System (except in areas occupied by gutselli), the Cumberland River System, and west of the Mississippi River in the St. Francis, White, Arkansas, and Ouachita River systems. The population in the Tennessee River differs, on a racial level, from the populations of the Cumberland, St. Francis, Black, and upper White rivers. Another race of newmanii occurs in the Arkansas, Ouachita, Saline, and Little Red rivers. E. b. gutselli usually lacks opercle scales, has no upper lip tip, has low scale counts, and usually has a naked belly anteriorly. It intergrades with newmanii in the Hiawassee River System, but is allopatric with it in the Little Tennessee and Pigeon rivers. At present, gutselli is restricted to the headwaters of the Little Tennessee River and some tributaries of the

In 1964, two specimens of a unique sciaenid fish (herein described as new) were taken off the Caribbean coast of Colombia, South America. The new species is characterized by a relatively long pectoral fin, a large eye, and a single mental barbel that is laterally flattened with a moderately large elliptical pore at the middle of the anterior edge. The swimbladder is elongate-ovoid in shape (bluntly rounded anteriorly, tapering sharply posteriorly) with no lateral appendages. The swim-bladder structure combined with the single mental barbel associates the species with the tribe Umbrinini. The reasons for placing the new species in the genus Umbrina are discussed.

A pair of suprabranchial or pharyngeal organs were discovered while studying the food habits of the threadfin shad,Dorosoma petenense, in 1959. Plankton was found in these structures and was counted separately from that found in the stomach., The morphology and histology of the organs indicated that apparently they were used for the accumulation and temporary storage of small food organisms which were coalesced into a bolus and later swallowed.

During 1959–61, 8,793 striped, bass,Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum), were tagged and released in the Potomac River, Maryland. Of the 3,344 (37.3%) recaptured, 98.0% were taken in the Maryland part of Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, 0.5% were recovered in the Virginia part of Chesapeake bay and its tributaries, and 1.5% were taken outside Chesapeake Bay along the Atlantic coast from Delaware to Nova Scotia. In the wintering season (November–March), the tagged fish were concentrated in the lower river and were very active, traveling several miles a day. In the spawning season (April–June), they mostly moved upstream to the spawning grounds where the tagged fish remained for most of the season, and then dispersed downstream to the lower river and into Chesapeake Bay. In the feeding season (July–October), tagged fish were scattered throughout Chesapeake Bay and tributaries. Some striped bass which overwintered in the Potomac were recaptured during the following spawning season in other Chesapeake Bay tributaries, and fish from the Potomac contributed materially to the stocks of striped bass along the northeast Atlantic coast. Spawning striped bass return to the same spawning grounds in successive years. Recaptures of tagged fish by date and location during the wintering, spawning, and feeding seasons, and the miles traveled and days at large by individuals, are tabulated.