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Pharmaceutical developers are encouraged to adopt the best practices of being purposefully thoughtful about the use of animals, seeking alternatives wherever possible. They should engage with health authorities to increase their familiarity with the methods, study designs, data outputs, and the context of use for new approach methodologies (NAMs). Although current state of technology does not yet provide adequate models to fully replace in vivo studies, many models are sufficiently good for an augmented approach that will enhance our understanding of in vitro to in vivo correlations and advance the long-term goal of reducing animal use through innovative NAMs. The goal of future nonclinical safety packages is to advance the utilization of such enabling technologies toward appropriate human risk characterization. Establishing confidence in NAMs is a critical first step. For example, sponsors may include both "traditional" and NAM-based nonclinical safety data in regulatory submissions to establish confidence with health authorities. In addition, regulators should create a "safe harbor" for hybrid nonclinical data packages to facilitate iterative learning, refinement, and implementation of NAM-based safety assessment strategies. Sponsors are urged to contribute to NAMs evolution through consortia participation, peer-reviewed publications, and documenting animal reduction in studies/programs, accelerating the eventual elimination of animal use in pharmaceutical development, as envisioned in the FDA Modernization Act 3.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on airway smooth muscle has traditionally focused on its putative detrimental role in asthma, emphasizing on how its shortening narrows the airway lumen, without much consideration about its potential role in subserving the function of the entire respiratory system. New experimental evidence on mice suggests that not only the smooth muscle is required to sustain life postnatally, but its stiffening effect on the lung tissue also protects against excessive airway narrowing and, most importantly, against small airway narrowing heterogeneity and closure. These results suggest that the smooth muscle plays an vital role in the lung periphery, essentially safeguarding alveolar ventilation by preventing small airway closure. These results also shed light on perplexing clinical observations, such as the long-standing doubts about the safety of bronchodilators. Since there seems to be an optimal level of smooth muscle contraction, at least in small airways, the therapeutic goal of maximizing the relaxation of the smooth muscle in asthma needs to be revisited. A bronchodilator with an excessive potency for inhibiting smooth muscle contraction, and that is still potent at concentrations reaching the lung periphery, may foster airway closure and air trapping, resulting in no net gain or even a decline in lung function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has gained increasing attention for sensing chemicals and molecules at low concentrations. Localized surface plasmons (LSPs) that occur on metal nanostructures can be used to enhance small Raman signals while maintaining the non-destructivity of Raman spectroscopy. SERS can be used to detect consumer chemical products that effect on the human body through the ecosystem. In addition, there is increasing demand for its use in personal disease-monitoring systems. SERS materials can be made in various forms using metal nanoparticles (NPs) that can produce LSPs. Recently, nanotechnology has been used to fabricate SERS materials with high selectivity for target materials by finely controlling the structure. Since the structure affects the enhancement of Raman signals, research into various nanostructures is important for next-generation SERS sensors. Herein, we first discuss various fabrication of SERS dispersions and substrates using plasmonic metal NPs. Afterward, we summarize the enhancement factor (EF) and limit of detection (LOD) values of SERS materials prepared via various fabrication methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in Tanzania has led to a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality and improved quality of life among people living with HIV infection. However, the ease of access and availability of the drugs has, in some cases, led to misuse of the ARV in areas such as animal farming, posing a risk of the emergence of ARV resistance. The study's objective was to investigate the use of ARV in animal farming and the factors associated with ARV use. We conducted a cross-sectional study in three regions (Dar es Salaam, Iringa, and Mbeya) using focus group discussions. The researchers used NVivo 12 software for qualitative data analysis. Results: A total of 113 participants participated in this study. The participants mentioned the use of veterinary, human, and local medicines to be prevalent. The drivers for such usage are disease treatment and prevention, growth promotion, counterfeited drugs, higher cost of animal feeds, profit maximization, market competition, advice from veterinary drug sellers, and easy availability and accessibility of medicines. New Castle, respiratory diseases, and diarrhea were the most common diseases affecting broiler chickens, while limb paralysis, swine fever, and skin diseases were prominent in domestic pigs. The Dar es Salaam region has a scarcity of extension officers compared to the Mbeya and Iringa regions. Almost all FGD participants reported hearing about the use of ARVs and family planning injectable and pills. Some of the participants agreed to use these drugs for growth promotion since they are effective. Conclusion: High usage of veterinary, human, and other medicines, including ARVs, in animal production predisposes the Tanzanian community to public health threats, including antibiotic and antiretroviral resistance. We recommend implementing urgent mitigation strategies to control the misuse of human ARVs in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this study, residue depletion and withdrawal time estimation of tilmicosin were examined in Taihe black-bone silky fowls (TBSFs) after oral administration for three consecutive days at a dose of 75 mg/L in water. The tilmicosin concentrations in liver, kidney, muscle, and skin/fat of TBSFs collected from different time points (0.16, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 20, 30, 40 days after last administration) were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The results indicated that the tilmicosin concentrations in TBSFs tissues varied significantly, and kidney had the highest average concentrations (2604.65 ± 4625.20 μg/kg), followed by liver (1125.54 ± 1479.24 μg/kg), skin/fat (372.81 ± 428.33 μg/kg), and muscle (104.52 ± 143.95 μg/kg). Meanwhile, tilmicosin was still detected in all the four studied tissues (liver, kidney, skin/fat, and muscle) of TBSFs at the last time point (40th day after administration), suggesting that tilmicosin in TBSFs depleted slowly. Based on our experiments, the recommended withdrawal time of tilmicosin for TBSFs after oral administration for three consecutive days at a dose of 75 mg/L in water should be 32 days, which is much longer than the duration specified by Chinese regulatory authorities (10 days), and the abundance of melanin in TBSFs might be responsible for this phenomenon. Hence, a special use and withdrawal procedure of veterinary drugs in TBSFs is needed, and it is essential to focus on potential involvement of melanin in tilmicosin accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many homes worldwide, dogs are considered part of the family. Every possible care is given to animals, including drug treatments. However, many animal guardians, in an attempt to minimize pain or improve the quality of life of their dogs, provide drugs without a veterinarian's prescription. Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that acts on cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes, is associated with several adverse events, especially related to the gastrointestinal tract, both in humans and pet animals. Therefore, the availability of information about the effects of this drug in different species is always essential. This narrative review aims to present adverse reactions the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) can suffer when exposed to diclofenac. Scientific publications, books, and case reports were consulted, and inquiries were also carried out with regulatory agencies. Many reports of suspected adverse reactions, especially related to the gastrointestinal tract, were found. Other clinical manifestations and lesions were also identified in the cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, and hematological examinations. Therefore, diclofenac may constitute a hazard to dogs, mainly due to possible damage to the gastrointestinal tract. This fact reinforces the need to seek veterinary advice before providing any drug to animals, in addition to recommendations on ensuring the correct storage of medications to avoid accidental exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve specific adsorption‐based sample preparation for the poorly soluble veterinary drug oxibendazole, this study employed 4‐vinylpyridine as the functional monomer and conducted radical polymerization on the surface of functionalized silica nanoparticles to synthesize a surface molecularly imprinted polymer (OBZMIP). This OBZMIP exhibited good adsorption capacity for oxibendazole within 30 min, with its adsorption behavior conforming to the pseudo–second‐order kinetic and Langmuir models, predicting a maximum adsorption capacity of 4.93 mg/g. After five adsorption–desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity remained unchanged, demonstrating excellent reusability. In a mixed system containing eight similar compounds, the selectivity coefficients ranged from 1.3 to 16.9, indicating outstanding specific recognition ability. Utilized as an adsorbent packing material for solid‐phase extraction, the prepared OBZMIP demonstrated significantly high recovery rates in the extraction of oxibendazole from four distinct meat samples. Therefore, OBZMIP holds promising applications in the selective extraction of veterinary drug oxibendazole residues during the pretreatment of meat samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Antibiotic residues in eggs can not only threaten human health, but also lead to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is important to determine appropriate withdrawal times for antibiotics in laying hens; these have not been reported for Taihang chickens. The objective of this research was to study the residue elimination patterns of seven antibiotics in Taihang chickens eggs under free-range conditions and develop appropriate withdrawal times. According to the results of this study, the recommended withdrawal time of tiamulin in the eggs of Taihang chickens was 0 days. The recommended withdrawal times of oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, tylosin, tylvalosin, and lincomycin were 3, 1, 11, 3, 8, and 9 days, respectively. The results of this study provide data support for the development of withdrawal times for antimicrobials in Taihang chickens to ensure appropriate medication and food safety. They provide a technical reference for guaranteeing the development of the Taihang chicken industry. The objective of this study was to examine the residue elimination patterns of seven antibiotics in the eggs of Taihang chickens under free-range conditions and develop suitable withdrawal times (WDTs). A total of 240 healthy Taihang chickens, aged 180 days, were randomly divided into eight groups of 30 birds each. The first seven groups were administered oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, tylosin, tylvalosin, lincomycin, and tiamulin, respectively, in accordance with the maximum dosages and longest durations of treatment recommended by the Veterinary Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. Group 8 served as the control group, and the test period continued until no drug residue could be detected. The results demonstrate that the residues of oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, tylosin, tylvalosin, and tiamulin throughout the test period were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) outlined in GB 31650-2019, "National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for veterinary drugs in foods". The egg yolk was identified as the target tissue for estimating the withdrawal time periods (WDTs) of these seven drugs. It was thus concluded that the recommended withdrawal time for tiamulin should be 0 days. However, the WDTs of oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, tylosin, tylvalosin, were 2.8, 0.3, 2.4, and 7.4, respectively, when the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval was found to be lower than the MRLs. It was thus determined that the recommended WDTs for oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, tylosin, and tylvalosin should be 3, 1, 3, and 8 days, respectively. In contrast, erythromycin and lincomycin exhibited concentrations below the permitted MRLs on days 7 and 8, respectively. However, the upper limits of the 95% confidence intervals for erythromycin and lincomycin were found to be below the MRLs when the WDTs were 11 and 8.9, respectively. This suggests that the recommended WDTs for these two antibiotics should be 11 days and 9 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance originating from animals presents a significant threat to the treatment of animal disease, public health, and food safety. Researchers have focused on antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli), yet there are few reports on the resistance change during the feeding cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance changes of E. coli in animal, environmental, and human samples during the broiler feeding cycle. Epidemiological surveys were performed in a farm with feeding AA broilers in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. Results showed that during a 42-days feeding cycle, 128 E. coli isolates were obtained from the cloaca of white-feathered broilers (n = 140), with an isolation rate of 91.4%, 27 E. coli isolates were obtained from Feed (n = 70) and 35 E. coli isolates were obtained from cage swabs (n = 70). A workers' hands swabs sample isolation rate of 68.6% (24/35) was observed. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that out of 214 E. coli isolates, varying degrees of resistance were observed against 14 antibiotics. Most strains were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothiophene, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, sulfamisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole and florfenicol, with a resistance rate exceeding 80%. The resistant strains demonstrated relatively stable patterns in their resistance to various antibiotics. Of the six antibiotic resistance genes tested, the floR gene showed the highest detection rate (72.4%), followed by qnrS (43.0%), mcr-1 (35.0%), aadE-Sat4-aphA-3 (28.0%), blaNDM (8.4%), aac(6′)-lb (3.7%), and cfr (0). The highest detection rate for virulence genes was yijp. In summary, the isolation rate of E. coli and antibiotic resistance profile in broiler chickens remained stable throughout their feeding cycle. These findings can serve as a reference for the rational use of antibiotics in clinical settings, they can guide the use of veterinary drugs in poultry breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Food and Drug Administration's recent decision to eliminate mandatory animal testing for drug approval marks a significant shift to alternative methods. Similarly, the European Parliament is advocating for a faster transition, reflecting public preference for animal‐free research practices. In vitro tissue models are increasingly recognized as valuable tools for regulatory assessments before clinical trials, in line with the 3R principles (Replace, Reduce, Refine). Despite their potential, barriers such as the need for standardization, availability, and cost hinder their widespread adoption. To address these challenges, the Robotic Enabled Biological Automation (ReBiA) system is developed. This system uses a dual‐arm robot capable of standardizing laboratory processes within a closed automated environment, translating manual processes into automated ones. This reduces the need for process‐specific developments, making in vitro tissue models more consistent and cost‐effective. ReBiA's performance is demonstrated through producing human reconstructed epidermis, human airway epithelial models, and human intestinal organoids. Analyses confirm that these models match the morphology and protein expression of manually prepared and native tissues, with similar cell viability. These successes highlight ReBiA's potential to lower barriers to broader adoption of in vitro tissue models, supporting a shift toward more ethical and advanced research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese medicine, as a high-quality natural medicine, contains a variety of active components and has been widely used in the animal production industry. The use of natural, green, and safe traditional Chinese medicine to replace hormones, antibiotics, and other drugs can effectively reduce the residue of drugs in animals, decrease the production of drug-resistant strains, and improve feed utilization. Oxymatrine, extracted from the Sophora flavescens, a plant in the Fabaceae family, is a monomer of traditional Chinese medicine with various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-fibrosis, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It can enhance animal immunity and improve growth performance. This article summarizes the physicochemical properties, biological functions, and research progress of oxymatrine in animal production, providing a reference for the effective use of matrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Veterinary drugs are widely used in poultry farming. However, the overuse and/or misuse of veterinary drugs on farms poses severe threats to public health. This study aimed to investigate the residue profiles of veterinary drugs in silkie chickens, focusing on 48 veterinary drugs and 23 antiprotozoal agents. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was employed to analyze drug residues. Among the investigated samples, almost all samples were compliant, with only a few cases exceeding the maximum residue limits based on regulations in Taiwan. Furthermore, different samples from the same sampling flock could produce inconsistent test results. There was also a positive correlation between drug residues and sample weight. The findings suggest that veterinary drug usage is generally appropriate, reflecting the commitment of both government authorities and farmers to maintain food safety. This study reports epidemiological data on drug residues in silkie chickens in Taiwan and provides possible directions for further studies. Veterinary drugs are extensively utilized in poultry farming for purposes such as disease prevention, disease treatment, and feed efficiency enhancement. However, the application of these drugs can lead to unacceptable residues in edible products. This study aimed to investigate the residue profiles of veterinary drugs in silkie chickens. A total of 130 chicken samples were collected from two major retail markets in Taiwan between 2022 and 2024. The analysis of drug residues was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The overall detection rate of drug residues was 57.7%, and most of these residues were found to be below the maximum residue limits. Among the detected drugs, trimethoprim was the most prevalent, followed by nicarbazin, robenidine, decoquinate, diclazuril, and sulfamonomethoxine. Notably, there was a 31.4% chance that different samples from the same flock would yield varying results. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between drug residues and sample weight. In conclusion, this study provides valuable epidemiological data on drug residue profiles in silkie chickens in Taiwan. In the future, it is highly recommended that veterinary drug residues be continuously monitored, and food product sampling protocols be adjusted annually to ensure ongoing compliance with safety standards and protect consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock and poultry meat consumption play an important role in the dietary structure of Chinese residents. However, the extent of residues of veterinary drugs and heavy metal contamination in livestock and poultry meat and their by-products within Hunan province is not extensively studied. This survey aimed to fill this gap by assessing the presence of 76 veterinary drug residues in Hunan province. Additionally, heavy metals in pork and pig liver were also assessed. The obtained findings suggest that residues of veterinary drugs are still present in livestock and poultry meat, as well as their by-products, within Hunan province. However, the contamination of heavy metals remained within the food safety limits. These results underscore the significance of establishing more refined criteria for assessing human exposure, taking into account factors such as consumption patterns, product varieties and chemical compounds of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterinary pharmaceuticals have been recently recognized as newly emerging environmental contaminants. Indeed, because of their uncontrolled or overused disposal, we are now facing undesirable amounts of these constituents in foodstuff and its related human health concerns. In this context, developing a well-organized environmental and foodstuff screening toward antibiotic levels is of paramount importance to ensure the safety of food products as well as human health. In this case, with the development and progress of electric/photo detecting, nanomaterials, and nucleic acid aptamer technology, their incorporation-driven evolving electrochemiluminescence aptasensing strategy has presented the hopeful potentials in identifying the residual amounts of different antibiotics toward sensitivity, economy, and practicality. In this context, we reviewed the up-to-date development of ECL aptasensors with aptamers as recognition elements and nanomaterials as the active elements for quantitative sensing the residual antibiotics in foodstuff and agriculture-related matrices, dissected the unavoidable challenges, and debated the upcoming prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Veterinary pharmaceuticals must be safe and effective for treating and preventing diseases in animal sectors. Strict adherence to regulations at every stage of production, storage, and administration is necessary as the global sector grows in order to lower the possibility of adverse veterinary drug events. Strong pharmacovigilance regulatory systems are critical in monitoring and managing safety concerns related with veterinary pharmaceuticals. Objective: This review aimed to investigate the implementation of veterinary pharmacovigilance, collaborative initiatives, and reporting practices within the veterinary sector across East African countries. Methods: A thorough search was performed using online platforms such as Google Scholar, PubMed, the Web of Sciences, and regulatory Web sites. The search strategies relied heavily on selecting relevant published findings related to veterinary pharmacovigilance status, veterinary adverse drug event reporting practice, and collaborative efforts in veterinary pharmaceutical sectors within the East African landscape. This article search approach confirmed the inclusion state of veterinary pharmacovigilance and associated collaborative initiatives in the region. Results: In comparison to more developed regions, the review indicated that the veterinary pharmacovigilance system in East African countries was still in its early state. A strong legislative foundation and a large commitment from the veterinary profession are needed to establish a nationwide veterinary pharmacovigilance system. The review reveals a significant lack of consistency in the infrastructure of veterinary pharmacovigilance among the countries of East Africa. Tanzania, Kenya, and Ethiopia have some institutional processes for veterinary pharmaceutical safety, but they lack thorough documentation, which suggests that this systems still require improvement. The analysis emphasizes how inadequate the reporting systems are for adverse veterinary medication events in the majority of East African nations. Given the challenges East Africa faces, customized strategies are required to guarantee the safety and oversight of veterinary medications and improve veterinary pharmacovigilance. For systems to be more effective, veterinary pharmaceutical legal frameworks must be strengthened and stakeholder collaboration must be improved. Stakeholders include legislators, law enforcement, customs officials, regulatory organizations, scientists, pharmaceutical businesses, veterinarians, farmers, and the general public. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary strategy is needed to solve current gaps in veterinary pharmacovigilance and improve overall veterinary drug safety in East Africa. It is feasible to create more reliable methods for tracking and guaranteeing the safety of veterinary medications by combining the efforts of numerous stakeholders, including as legislators, regulatory agencies, veterinary practitioners, and the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent among primary bone malignancies, and its standard intervention involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy - surgical adjuvant chemotherapy (MAP regimen) with adriamycin, cisplatin, and high-dose methotrexate. Early-stage osteosarcoma can be effectively treated with surgical resection along with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, as the cancer progresses, the efficacy of chemo- and radiotherapy decreases, and the associated problems increase. The current understanding of osteosarcoma development, diagnosis, and treatment does not meet clinical demands. More recently, there has been a significant increase in exosome-associated osteosarcoma research, potentially opening up novel possibilities for osteosarcoma research. Purpose: We comprehensively evaluated and analyzed the advancement of preclinical research related to exosome-osteosarcoma. We aimed to establish a practical, theoretical foundation for future research initiatives. Study design: The selected design was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Scientific databases, such as PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, were extensively screened for exosome and osteosarcoma articles. Two highly trained investigators separately reviewed the literature, extracted relevant information, and assessed study quality. Subsequently, we conducted a meta-analysis using Review Manager 5.4. Results: In total, 25 animal-based randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected for analysis. Among them, 13 studies provided strong evidence of cellular exosomes regulating osteosarcoma development from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteosarcoma cells, and macrophages. In addition, 12 studies demonstrated the therapeutic potential of exosomes in managing osteosarcoma, among which 7 studies transplanted transfected exosomes directly into animals as drugs, and five studies employed exosomes as drug carriers, which were next transplanted into animals. Conclusion: Based on our meta-analysis, macrophages strongly modulate osteosarcoma development, and engineered exosomes provide the most effective exosome-based osteosarcoma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human babesiosis is a malaria‐like, tick‐borne infectious disease with a global distribution. Babesiosis is caused by intraerythrocytic, apicomplexan parasites of the genus Babesia. In the United States, human babesiosis is caused by Babesia microti and Babesia duncani. Current treatment for babesiosis includes either the combination of atovaquone and azithromycin or the combination of clindamycin and quinine. However, the side effects of these agents and the resistance posed by these parasites call for alternative approaches for treating human babesiosis. Proteases play several roles in the context of parasitic lifestyle and regulate basic biological processes including cell death, cell progression, and cell migration. Using the SYBR Green‐1 assay, we screened a protease inhibitor library that consisted of 160 compounds against B. duncani in vitro and identified 13 preliminary hits. Dose response assays of hit compounds against B. duncani and B. microti under in vitro conditions identified five effective inhibitors against parasite growth. Of these compounds, we chose ixazomib, a proteasome inhibitor as a potential drug for animal studies based on its lower IC50 and a higher therapeutic index in comparison with other compounds. Our results suggest that Babesia proteasome may be an important drug target and that developing this class of drugs may be important to combat human babesiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Antimicrobial resistance is a significant issue in Serbia, with limited data available on veterinary antibiotic usage. The results of the analysis of veterinary antibiotic sales in Serbia from 2017 to 2020 showed a 13% increase in antibiotic sales for food-producing animals. Based on our analysis, with sales of 110 mg/PCU in 2020, Serbia would have ranked ninth in Europe, well behind the goal set by the European Union (59.2 mg/PCU). Tetracyclines, penicillins, and aminoglycosides were the most sold antibiotics, making up 61.9% of total sales. An increase in the use of macrolides and lincosamides was noted. We need to take urgent action to curb antimicrobial resistance in Serbia, and the potential overuse and/or misuse of antibiotics in food-producing animals needs to be considered. One Health, as a multi-disciplinary approach, considers animal, human, and environmental health. Serbia continuously records high rates of antimicrobial resistance, with a knowledge gap on practices regarding veterinary antibiotic use, as no standardized data regarding veterinary consumption of antibiotics that would allow for temporal or spatial comparison are available in Serbia. This study aimed to describe the sales of veterinary antibiotics in Serbia. Aggregated wholesale data on veterinary drug sales were retrieved from the annual reports available from the Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of the Republic of Serbia for a period between 2017 and 2020. Veterinary use was analyzed using standard European Medicines Agency proposed methodology and expressed in milligrams of active substance per population correction unit (mg/PCU). Overall, there has been a 13% increase in aggregated sales, in mg/PCU, of antibiotic veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) for food-producing animals in Serbia between 2017 and 2020. With sales of around 110 mg/PCU in 2020, Serbia would have ranked ninth in Europe. In 2020, the overall highest-selling antibiotic classes were penicillins (27.62 mg/PCU), tetracyclines (27.54 mg/PCU), and aminoglycosides (12.8 mg/PCU), accounting for 61.9% of the total sales of antibiotic VMPs for food-producing animals, in mg/PCU. An increase in the use of macrolides and lincosamides and a decrease in the use of penicillins and the group classified as "other antibacterials" was noted. The current study identified an increase in the sales of veterinary antibiotics in Serbia and pointed out several potential problem areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of herbicides like dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) and veterinary drugs such as furaltadone (FLT) has surged to meet agricultural and animal husbandry demands, raising significant health and environmental concerns due to their extensive use and unregulated disposal. To address this issue, herein, we developed an imidazole-functionalized metal–organic framework (MOF)-based fluorometric dual sensor for rapid and selective detection of these analytes in aqueous medium. The present MOF-based probe demonstrated 82% fluorescence quenching upon DNOC introduction, whereas 89% quenching occurred in the presence of FLT. The probe exhibited notably high sensitivity, with the lowest ever reported limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 nM for DNOC and 1.1 nM for FLT. The highest reported Stern–Volmer quenching constant (KSV) value of 5 × 107 M−1 and 2 × 107 M−1 for DNOC and FLT, respectively, further indicates the extraordinary sensitivity of the sensor towards these targeted analytes. The MOF showed a rapid response time of 5 s for both DNOC and FLT. The sensor also demonstrated outstanding selectivity even in the presence of interfering substances, proving effective in various complex environments such as serum, urine, wastewater, and different pH media. We thoroughly investigated the sensor's working mechanisms using different advanced analytical techniques to understand its high selectivity towards the targeted analytes. These findings underscore the sensor's practical and potential real-world applications, offering a valuable tool for environmental pollution monitoring and public health protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cyadox (CYA) is a derivative of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide and a safe and effective synthetic antibacterial agent. Objective: This study aimed to explore the drug transport in blood, distribution, depletion and hepatotoxicity of drugs in animals. Methods: The transport of CYA in blood was studied using fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and molecular docking methods. Tissue distribution and depletion of CYA in rats were evaluated following oral administration of [3H]-CYA at different doses. Hepatotoxicity of drugs evaluated by transcriptomics. Results: During transport in the bloodstream, the drug binds to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by hydrogen bonding and has only one binding site. Hydrogen bonds were formed between O (2) of CYA and ARG208, O (3) of CYA and LEU480, VAL481. The secondary protein conformation of BSA changed after binding with an increase in α-helix and a decrease in β-strand. After a single oral administration of [3H]-CYA, it was excreted rapidly within 7 days, with 34.81% from the urine and 60.25% from the feces. Higher and sustained levels of radioactivity were detected in the liver during the post-dose period, suggesting that the drug may concentrate in the liver. The transcriptomic data indicates that CYA exhibits low hepatotoxicity. However, there are indications that it may have an impact on steroid biosynthesis. Conclusion: This study could serve as a basis for conducting further studies on the use of CYA in food animals and improving the pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicologic effects of CYA on food animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterinary medications used for disease treatment and prevention may remain in animal‐origin foods, such as milk, eggs, honey and meat, which could pose a risk to the public's health. These drugs come from different groups of drugs, mostly with antibiotic, anti‐parasitic or anti‐inflammatory actions, in a range of food matrices including milk, meat or egg. This review is intended to provide the reader with a general insight about the current status of veterinary drug residues in food products of animal origin, detection methods and their public health consequences. The discovery of antimicrobials has led to the development of antibiotics for treating and preventing cattle illnesses and encouraging growth. However, the rise of drug resistance has led to increased antibiotic consumption and resistance among microbes in the animal habitat. This resistance can be passed to humans directly or indirectly through food consumption and direct or indirect interaction. Improper and illegal use, inadequate withdrawal periods and environmental contamination from veterinary drugs are reported to be the major causes for the formation of residue in food products of animal origin. The use of veterinary products above or below the advised level may also result in short‐ or long‐term public health issues, such as the creation of resistant strains of micro‐organisms, toxicity, allergy, mutagenesis, teratogenicity and carcinogenetic effects. To ensure consumer safety, veterinary drug residues in food must be under control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tylosin (TYL) is a macrolide antibiotic widely used in animal husbandry. Due to associated health risks, there is a demand for sensitive methods for mass screening of TYL in products of animal origin. This article describes the development of lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) for TYL detection using direct (anti-TYL antibodies conjugated with nanoparticles) and indirect antibody labeling (anti-species antibodies conjugated with nanoparticles and combined with native anti-TYL antibodies). The choice of LFIA conditions, such as concentrations of hapten–protein conjugates, specific antibodies, and gold nanoparticle (GNP) conjugates with antibodies, as well as incubation time of reagents and the concentration of detergent in the sample buffer, is presented. The achieved limits of TYL detection using LFIAs with indirect labeling were 0.8 ng/mL (visual) and 0.07 ng/mL (instrumental), compared to 4 ng/mL (visual) and 0.4 ng/mL (instrumental) for the case of direct labeling. The sensitivity of the LFIA using the indirect format was up to seven times higher, allowing the determination of the target analyte at low concentrations. TYL detection in ground meat using LFIA with indirect antibody labeling ranged from 76–119%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a growing public health concern affecting millions of people worldwide and causing ocular discomfort and visual disturbance. Developing its therapeutic drugs based on animal models suffer from interspecies differences and poor prediction of human trials. Here, we established long‐term 3D human corneal epithelial organoids, which recapitulated the cell lineages and gene expression signature of the human corneal epithelium. Organoids can be regulated to differentiate ex vivo, but the addition of FGF10 inhibits this process. In the hyperosmolar‐induced DED organoid model, the release of inflammatory factors increased, resulting in damage to the stemness of stem cells and a decrease in functional mucin 1 protein. Furthermore, we found that the organoids could mimic clinical drug treatment responses, suggesting that corneal epithelial organoids are promising candidates for establishing a drug testing platform ex vivo. In summary, we established a functional, long‐term 3D human epithelial organoid that may serve as an ex vivo model for studying the functional regulation and disease modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacteriosis is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by the genus Campylobacter. The disease is transmitted from animals to humans predominantly through the consumption of contaminated food and water. However, the lack of information on the status of Campylobacter makes it difficult to quantify the role of camel meat in the dissemination of the pathogen. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2023 to investigate the occurrence of Campylobacter and associated risk factors and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Campylobacter species from camels slaughtered at municipal abattoirs in the towns of Harar, Babile, Jigjiga and Dire Dawa in eastern Ethiopia. A total of 324 (146 carcass swabs, 146 camel feces and 32 abattoir environmental swab samples) were collected and analyzed using TaqMan real-time PCR and culture techniques following standard procedures. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the disk diffusion method for eight antimicrobial agents according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter was 7.7%. Campylobacter was more frequently detected from carcasses and surface contact environmental swabs. We isolated Campylobacter at the genus level from approximately half of the PCR-positive samples, representing 54.2% (13 out of 24) of the total. The isolation levels of C. jejuni and C. coli were also 5.56% and 2.2%, respectively, which varied significantly (p = 0.037) based on sample type and site. The odds of occurrence of C. jejuni in samples collected from abattoir environments was 7.52 times greater than those in carcass and fecal samples. We detected resistance to chloramphenicol (78.6%), followed by amoxicillin (71.4%). However, 93%, 78.6%, and 71.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid, respectively. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 60% of the isolates. Of these MDR isolates, 9 (75%) were C. jejuni and 3 (25%) were C. coli. This study revealed that a considerable proportion of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter species circulate in both camel meat and abattoir environments. This indicates possible carcass cross-contamination by Campylobacter during slaughtering that can pose a threat to humans and limit therapeutic options, which could be prevented by applying good hygienic practices at abattoirs. Therefore, abattoir workers need to be aware of abattoir hygienic standard operating procedures. Regular coordinated actions should be implemented for the rational use of veterinary and medical drugs at the national level, together with training and awareness of hygienic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The actin cytoskeleton is a key determinant of cell structure and homeostasis. However, possible tissue-specific changes to actin dynamics during aging, notably brain aging, are not understood. Here, we show that there is an age-related increase in filamentous actin (F-actin) in Drosophila brains, which is counteracted by prolongevity interventions. Critically, decreasing F-actin levels in aging neurons prevents age-onset cognitive decline and extends organismal healthspan. Mechanistically, we show that autophagy, a recycling process required for neuronal homeostasis, is disabled upon actin dysregulation in the aged brain. Remarkably, disrupting actin polymerization in aged animals with cytoskeletal drugs restores brain autophagy to youthful levels and reverses cellular hallmarks of brain aging. Finally, reducing F-actin levels in aging neurons slows brain aging and promotes healthspan in an autophagy-dependent manner. Our data identify excess actin polymerization as a hallmark of brain aging, which can be targeted to reverse brain aging phenotypes and prolong healthspan. Changes to actin dynamics during brain aging are not well understood. Here, the authors report that there is an age-related increase in F-actin in Drosophila brain which disables autophagy within the tissue and limits the fly lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic dysfunction-associated Steatohepatitis (MASH), is a prominent cause for liver cirrhosis. MASH-cirrhosis is responsible for liver complications and there is no specific treatment. To develop new therapeutic approaches, animal models are needed. The aim of this study was to develop a fast animal model of MASH-cirrhosis in rats reflecting the human disease. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injections in combination with a high-fat Western diet (WD) were used to induce MASH-cirrhosis. To accelerate liver injury, animals received phenobarbital (PB) in their drinking water using two different regimens. Rats developed advanced MASH-cirrhosis characterized by portal hypertension, blood biochemistry, hepatic ballooning, steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Importantly, rats receiving low-dose PB for the long term (LT) showed ascites after 6 weeks, whereas rats with high-dose short-term (ST) PB developed ascites after 8 weeks. ST- and LT-treated rats showed increased portal pressure (PP) and decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP). Of note, hepatocyte ballooning was only observed in the LT group. The LT administration of low-dose PB with CCl4 intoxication and WD represents a fast and reproducible rat model mimicking decompensated MASH-cirrhosis in humans. Thus, CCl4 + WD with LT low-dose phenobarbital treatment might be the preferred rat animal model for drug development in MASH-cirrhosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A portable mass spectrometer (PMS) was combined with a mesoporous silica material (SBA-15) coated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow to develop a rapid, easy-to-operate and sensitive method for detecting five veterinary drugs—amantadine, thiabendazole, sulfamethazine, clenbuterol, and ractopamine—in milk and chicken samples. Equipped with a pulsed direct current electrospray ionization source and a hyperboloid linear ion trap, the PMS can simultaneously detect all five analytes in approximately 30 s using a one-microliter sample. Unlike traditional large-scale instruments, this method shows great potential for on-site detection with no need for chromatographic pre-separation and minimal sample preparation. The SBA-15-SPME Arrow, fabricated via electrospinning, demonstrated superior extraction efficiency compared to commercially available SPME Arrows. Optimization of the coating preparation conditions and SPME procedures was conducted to enhance the extraction efficiency of the SBA-15-SPME Arrow. The extraction and desorption processes were optimized to require only 15 and 30 min, respectively. The SBA-15-SPME Arrow–PMS method showed high precision and sensitivity, with detection limits and quantitation limits of 2.8–9.3 µg kg−1 and 10–28 µg kg−1, respectively, in milk. The LOD and LOQ ranged from 3.5 to 11.7 µg kg−1 and 12 to 35 µg kg−1, respectively, in chicken. The method sensitivity meets the requirements of domestic and international regulations. This method was successfully applied to detect the five analytes in milk and chicken samples, with recoveries ranging from 85% to 116%. This approach represents a significant advancement in food safety by facilitating rapid, in-field monitoring of veterinary drug residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food safety is a major public health issue of global concern. In recent years, the CRISPR/Cas system has shown promise in the field of molecular detection. The system has been coupled with various nucleic acid amplification methods and combined with different signal output systems to develop a new generation of CRISPR/Cas-based nucleic acid biosensor technology. This review describes the design concept of the CRISPR/Cas-based nucleic acid biosensor and its application in food analysis. A detailed overview of different CRISPR/Cas systems, signal amplification methods, and signal output strategies is provided. CRISPR/Cas-based nucleic acid biosensors have the advantages of high sensitivity, strong specificity, and timeliness, achieving fast analysis of a variety of targets, including bacteria, toxins, metal ions, pesticides, veterinary drugs, and adulteration, promoting the development of rapid food safety detection technology. At the end, we also provide our outlook for the future development of CRISPR/Cas-based nucleic acid biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetracyclines family is considered as the first-line antibiotic drugs for food animals. Formulating bromhexine (BR) with oxytetracycline (OTC) improved the antibacterial activity of OTC, besides it is considered as a mucolytic agent. Four precise, rapid, and simple spectrophotometric methods were successfully developed for resolution of the overlapped spectra of OTC and BR in their pure form and in their pharmaceutical formulation. The proposed methods are absorption correction (AC), dual wavelength (DW), induced dual wavelength (IDW), and spectrum subtraction (SS) spectrophotometric methods. The developed methods were used for the determination of OTC and BR in the ranges of 2–50 µg/mL and 1–30 µg/mL, respectively for all methods. For (AC) and (SS) methods, OTC and BR were determined at 380 nm and 245.6 nm, respectively after spectral resolution steps. While for (DW) method, the absorbance difference between λ (271.8 –287.6 nm) and λ (245.6 –283.2 nm) were used for the determination of OTC and BR, in order. For IDW, it depended on using the absorbance difference between 271.8 nm and 245.6 nm as well as the equality factor (F) calculated for each drug at the selected wavelengths. In all methods, HCl was used as a solvent and they are validated according to ICH guidelines. Several green metric tools have been developed to evaluate the greenness of the analytical methods like National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Modified NEMI, Analytical Eco-scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness calculator (AGREE), and all ensured the low impact of the suggested approaches on health and environment. The proposed methods are highly selective, robust and precise. Additionally they are time and money effective and can be used in any analytical laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid-suppressant drugs (ASDs) have revolutionized the treatment of acid-related disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux and gastrointestinal ulceration in both human and veterinary species. However, continued advancement in this field is dependent on a shared understanding of both human and veterinary research as well as an appreciation for species similarities and differences. In this Currents in One Health article, we will compare the efficacy of and indications for ASDs in humans and small animals, noting species differences and knowledge gaps when applicable. We will also highlight areas where further research is needed, specifically emphasizing the need for more feline research and a better understanding of which diseases may benefit from gastroprotection. Finally, given the rising overuse of ASDs in both human and veterinary medicine, we will explore the known adverse effects of these drugs in dogs and cats. This article is focused on our current understanding of these drugs in veterinary medicine and their clinical implications. The companion Currents in One Health article by Gould et al, AJVR, October 2024, will explore the future of ASD research and use by evaluating these drugs’ pH-independent effects in humans and rodent models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rifaximin and rifampicin are good broad-spectrum antimicrobials. The irrational use of antimicrobial drugs in veterinary clinics could threaten public health and food safety. It is necessary to develop a reliable detection method of the residue for enhancing the rational supervision of the use of such drugs, reducing and slowing down the generation of bacterial resistance, and promoting animal food safety and human health. So, this study developed an LC-MS/MS method for the detection of rifaximin and rifampicin residues in animal-origin foods. The residual rifaximin and rifampicin of homogenized test materials were extracted with acetonitrile-dichloromethane solution or acetonitrile in the presence of anhydrous sodium sulfate and vitamin C, purified by dispersible solid phase extraction, determined by LC-MS/MS, and quantified by the internal standard method. The specificity, sensitivity, matrix effect, accuracy, and precision of the method were investigated in the edible tissues of cattle, swine, or chicken. In addition, the stability of the standard stock solution and the standard working solution was also investigated. The method was suitable for the muscle, liver, kidney, fat, milk, and eggs of cattle, swine, or chicken, as well as fish and shrimp. The specificity of the method was good, and the detection of the analytes was not affected by different matrices. Both the LOD and LOQ of the two analytes were 5 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg, respectively. The results of matrix effects in each tissue were in the range of 80–120%; there were no significant matrix effects. The average accuracy of rifaximin and rifampicin in different foodstuffs of animal origin was between 80% and 120%, and the method precision was below 20% (RSD). The proposed method showed good performance for determination, which could be employed for the extraction, purification, and detection of residual rifaximin and rifampicin in edible animal tissues. The pretreatment procedure of tissue samples was simple and feasible. The method was highly specific, stable, reliable, and with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision, which met the requirements of quantitative detection of veterinary drug residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics and antibacterials, including sulfonamides, are components of the veterinary armamentarium used to prevent and treat diseases in seafood. However, the accumulation of veterinary drug residues in seafood can cause food safety concerns. This study aimed to verify the quantitative analytical method for sulfonamides, trimethoprim, ormetoprim, and dapsone in seafood and to apply it to fish and shrimp distributed in Korean market. In the present study, three types of matrices (shrimp, flatfish, and eels) were used to detect drugs (n = 25) (sulfonamides (n = 21), trimethoprim, ormetoprim, dapsone, and monoacetyldapsone). Matrices were extracted with acetonitrile and mixed with 2 g of magnesium sulfate and 1 g of sodium acetate. After agitation, supernatants were mixed with 300 mg of C18 and centrifuged again. Then the supernatant was evaporated, dissolved in 50% methanol, and filtered through a PTFE filter. Extracts (5 µl) were then injected into the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. The method was validated in terms of limit of detection, limit of quantitation, decision limit, decision capability, matrix effects, intra/inter-day accuracies, precisions, and stabilities and the method was applied to fish and shrimp sold in the Korean market. The validation results were found to be satisfactory. As a result of applying the validated method to fish and shrimp samples purchased from the Korean market, sulfacetamide, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfanilamide were detected in shrimp samples. The devised method for analysing antibiotics in seafood samples enables antibiotic detection in fish samples distributed in the global market and should aid the adoption of preventative measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli , Klebsiella oxytoca , Klebsiellapneumoniae , and Serratiamarcescens from quarter milk samples submitted to the udder health laboratory of the Bavarian Animal Health Services (TGD) in Southern Germany between 2014 and 2022. All samples were tested with the California Mastitis Test and analyzed with a standard microbroth dilution to determine the MIC. The antimicrobials tested were amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefazoline, kanamycin/cefalexin, cefoperazone, cefquinome, and marbofloxacin. Breakpoints were chosen in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Over the study period, E. coli , K. oxytoca , and K. pneumoniae showed only few resistances to all antimicrobials tested. For those pathogens MIC 50 and MIC 90 were below breakpoint for all antimicrobials except cefoperazone over the 9 years. A decrease in MIC could be seen for E. coli and K. oxytoca for all of the antimicrobials. While the MIC for K. pneumoniae stayed more stagnant, the prevalence of resistance still decreased overall. Serratiamarcescens isolates were proven intrinsically resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefazolin, and while in vitro resistances were low for all other antimicrobials tested, S. marcescens tended toward higher MIC for most of the antimicrobials over the years. Over time, there was also an overall increase in the number of isolates for all 4 pathogens per year. Starting 2018 there was a steep increase in the number of isolates particularly from clinical cases. This jump in numbers coincided with a change of the regulation for veterinary drug prescriptions in Germany in 2018 that required, among other things, antimicrobial resistance testing before a change of antibiotics in the course of treatment and the use of critically important antimicrobials. Overall, although the pathogens increased in numbers, the prevalence of their antimicrobial resistance remained low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of biosolids, manure, and slurry onto agricultural soils and the growing use of treated wastewater in agriculture result in the introduction of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals to the environment. Once in the soil environment, pharmaceuticals may be taken up by crops, resulting in consequent human exposure to pharmaceutical residues. The potential side effects of pharmaceuticals administered in human medicine are widely documented; however, far less is known regarding the risks that arise from incidental dietary exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate human exposure to pharmaceutical residues in crops and assess the associated risk to health for a range of pharmaceuticals frequently detected in soils. Estimated concentrations of carbamazepine, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and tetracycline in soil were used in conjunction with plant uptake and crop consumption data to estimate daily exposures to each compound. Exposure concentrations were compared to Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs) to determine the level of risk. Generally, exposure concentrations were lower than ADIs. The exceptions were carbamazepine, and trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole under conservative, worst-case scenarios, where a potential risk to human health was predicted. Future research therefore needs to prioritize investigation into the health effects following exposure to these compounds from consumption of contaminated crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rationality in the use of veterinary drugs among sheep farmers has been a concern, particularly in remote areas of Lesotho. In this light, a descriptive survey was conducted where a cross-sectional design was employed to collect the data on the availability and rational use of veterinary drugs from a total of 102 sheep farmers. SPSS (Version 20.00) was used for data analysis, where the crosstabs within descriptive statistics were used to determine percentages while the significance was tested using both the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Sheep farming in the study area is mostly dominated by adult men who are mostly married and have attained primary school leaving certificates, as reflected by 51.9% and 48.7% in rural and peri-urban villages, respectively. The use of commercial drugs for the control of diseases surpasses the use of medicinal plants, as demonstrated by 95.8% and 86.8% of responses in the rural and peri-urban villages, respectively. Moreover, the greater proportion of sheep farmers (83.3% and 89.1% in the rural and peri-urban, respectively) have not been trained on the use of veterinary drugs; however, it was observed that most of them diagnose and treat their animals on their own. The availability of veterinary services among sheep farming communities is very poor and mostly, farmers rely on farm feeds and hawkers as sources of drugs. The common method for dosage measurement is by guessing the animal's body weight. Most farmers are not aware of the withdrawal period following animal treatment as reflected by 78.2% and 63.8% of farmers in rural and peri-urban villages, respectively. Veterinary drugs are mostly stored at room temperature. In conclusion, the availability of veterinary drugs among farming communities is very poor and drugs are mostly irrationally used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy industry is leading in the structure of the food industry of Ukraine at the current stage. It consists of the butter production, cheese production, and milk-canning sub-sectors, as well as manufacturing of whole milk products, since the products of this industry occupy an important place in the consumption of the population. Therefore, research on regulation, toxicological and hygienic assessment of toxic contaminants of various origins must be conducted. The purpose of this study was to assess the cow's milk from Ukrainian farms for the presence of key safety indicators over the past 4 years, namely: residues of antibiotics, nitrofurans, coccidiostats, insecticides, fungicides, anthelmintics, corticosteroids, glucocorticosteroids, organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides, mycotoxins, toxic elements, radionuclides. In the period of 2020-2023, 7138 samples of cow's milk from native dairy enterprises from 25 regions of Ukraine were screened for the content of various dangerous substances and compounds from groups A and B which are declared in Directive 96/23/EC. It was established that the milk of cows from Ukraine meets current national standards and is not inferior in terms of quality and safety to EU indicators. Among the inconsistent results, it is worth highlighting the presence of Chloramphenicol in 0.85% of milk samples out of 234 tested for its content, which was 0.03% of the total number of samples, while the content of other investigated drugs and substances was below of the methods detection limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pharmaceutical usage in both human and veterinary medicine contributes substantially to societal wellbeing. However, concerns regarding its environmental impacts are increasing. Despite global awareness, a substantial knowledge gap exists in Germany and several other countries regarding pharmaceutical residues, hindering comprehensive environmental risk assessments. This study aims to bridge this gap by analyzing veterinary pharmaceutical consumption in livestock farming in Germany and comparing itwith human pharmaceutical usage, subsequently correlating these findingswith environmental data on pharmaceutical residues to conduct a straightforward analysis of the environmental risk posed on non-target entities such as soil, water bodies, and microorganisms. Data from 129 agricultural farms in Germany were utilized to comprehensively analyze veterinary pharmaceutical usage. Extrapolation to national levels estimates a substantial quantity of active substances used, particularly antibiotics and electrolytes. Comparison with human pharmaceutical usage highlights differences in substance prevalence and usage patterns. Environmental correlations indicate a considerable presence of pharmaceutical residues in Germany, with notable distinctions between human and veterinary sources. In the environmental risk analysis, significant differences are evident between individual active substances within the same substance group. The study underscores the importance of addressing pharmaceutical residue impacts on the environment and emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive data for informed decision-making and environmental management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug innovation traditionally follows a de novo approach with new molecules through a complex preclinical and clinical pathway. In addition to this strategy, drug repositioning has also become an important complementary approach, which can be shorter, cheaper, and less risky. This review provides an overview of drug innovation in both human and veterinary medicine, with a focus on drug repositioning. The evolution of drug repositioning and the effectiveness of this approach are presented, including the growing role of data science and computational modeling methods in identifying drugs with potential for repositioning. Certain business aspects of drug innovation, especially the relevant factors of market exclusivity, are also discussed. Despite the promising potential of drug repositioning for innovation, it remains underutilized, especially in veterinary applications. To change this landscape for mutual benefits of human and veterinary drug innovation, further exploitation of the potency of drug repositioning is necessary through closer cooperation between all stakeholders, academia, industry, pharmaceutical authorities, and innovation policy makers, and the integration of human and veterinary repositioning into a unified innovation space. For this purpose, the establishment of the conceptually new "One Health Drug Repositioning Platform" is proposed. Oncology is one of the disease areas where this platform can significantly support the development of new drugs for human and dog (or other companion animals) anticancer therapies. As an example of the utilization of human and veterinary drugs for veterinary repositioning, the use of COX inhibitors to treat dog cancers is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Candida albicans, Cdr1 pumps azole drugs out of the cells to reduce intracellular accumulation at detrimental concentrations, leading to azole-drug resistance. Milbemycin oxime, a veterinary anti-parasitic drug, strongly and specifically inhibits Cdr1. However, how Cdr1 recognizes and exports azole drugs, and how milbemycin oxime inhibits Cdr1 remain unclear. Here, we report three cryo-EM structures of Cdr1 in distinct states: the apo state (Cdr1Apo), fluconazole-bound state (Cdr1Flu), and milbemycin oxime-inhibited state (Cdr1Mil). Both the fluconazole substrate and the milbemycin oxime inhibitor are primarily recognized within the central cavity of Cdr1 through hydrophobic interactions. The fluconazole is suggested to be exported from the binding site into the environment through a lateral pathway driven by TM2, TM5, TM8 and TM11. Our findings uncover the inhibitory mechanism of milbemycin oxime, which inhibits Cdr1 through competition, hindering export, and obstructing substrate entry. These discoveries advance our understanding of Cdr1-mediated azole resistance in C. albicans and provide the foundation for the development of innovative antifungal drugs targeting Cdr1 to combat azole-drug resistance. Candida albicans Cdr1 pumps azole antifungal drugs out of the cell, driving drug resistance. Here, the authors determine the mechanism of Cdr1-mediated fluconazole resistance and milbemycin oxime inhibition, providing a foundation for future drug discovery efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a recurring coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in pigs with high mortality and morbidity rates, especially in neonatal pigs. Despite the availability of vaccines, their efficacy is limited owing to antigenic differences between the vaccine and field strains, which poses a challenge to infection control. Antiviral drugs targeting conserved PEDV proteins show promise for complementing vaccination strategies. PEDV Nsp3 (PL2Pro) and Nsp5 (3CLPro) are essential proteases vital for viral replication, making them attractive targets for drug development against PEDV. Aim: To address the lack of therapeutics against recurring PEDV outbreaks and bridge the gap in the application of bioinformatics in veterinary drug discovery, this study aimed to discover compounds that inhibit PEDV proteases from Philippine medicinal plants by applying a modified virtual screening methodology that considers the physiology of swine hosts. Methods: This study employed a library of 690 metabolites from Philippine medicinal plants to screen for potential protease inhibitors targeting PEDV PL2Pro and 3CLPro. This includes evaluating the binding affinity, pharmacokinetics, dynamic stability, and critical binding site residues. Compounds demonstrating high affinity underwent a modified ADMET analysis, considering the enteric localization of the virus and potential toxicity to swine hosts. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations assessed compound stability under physiological swine conditions. Results: The study identified Bisandrographolide from Andrographis paniculata, CID 162866964 from Euphorbia neriifolia, and betulinic acid from Vitex negundo and Ocimum basilicum as metabolites that bind favorably and selectively to PEDV 3CLPro and have excellent pharmacokinetic properties and dynamic stability. In contrast, no selective inhibitor for PL2pro passed the same criteria. Conclusion: Employing the modified virtual screening protocol tailored for swine host considerations, the compounds identified in this study are anticipated to exert inhibitory effects against PEDV without off-target binding to analogous swine proteases and receptors. CID 162866964, bisandrographolide, and betulinic acid show promise for developing potent antivirals against PEDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The purpose of this paper was to develop a method for the high-throughput determination of 8 sulfonamides, 3 tetracyclines, 2 quinolones and trimethoprim drug residues in pork and chicken tissues by colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay(GICA). [Methods] Sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones and trimethoprim in animal muscle tissues were extracted by phosphate buffer and diluted by phosphate buffer with Tween 20, binding to colloidal gold-labeled monoclonal antibodies and inhibiting the binding of the antibodies to the antigen on the nitrocellulose membrane test line(T-line), which resulted in a change of the color of the T-line. The qualitative determination of poly-veterinary drug residues in the samples was made by comparing the color shades of the T-line and control line(C-line). [Results] This test optimized the key factors such as pH value, antibody addition, antigen encapsulation, Tween 20 addition and type of lyophilized protectant. The limit of detection for sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones and trimethoprim was 50, 100, 50 and 35 μg·kg-1, respectively, and the sensitivity ≥97%, the false positive rate ≤2%, the false negative rate ≤3%, and the method was consistent with the results detected by the existing standard method. [Conclusions] The method was simple with high sensitivity, high precision, short detection time and good stability. It could be used for high-throughput rapid detection of multi-veterinary drug residues in animal muscle tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Τhyreostats (TSs) are veterinary drugs used in livestock farming for fattening. Their administration is banned in the European Union since 1981, and their monitoring for food quality and safety control requires sensitive and confirmatory methods. The present study describes the development and validation of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 2-thiouracil (TU), 6-methyl-2-thiouracil (MTU), 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), 6-phenyl-2-thiouracil (PhTU), tapazole (TAP), and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) in bovine muscle tissues. Investigation of the retention mechanism of the six analytes on the selected amide-based stationary phase showed that hydrophilic partition was the dominant interaction. The sample preparation included extraction with ACN/H2O (80/20), followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) with C18 sorbent and hexane partitioning. The method was validated according to European guidelines using internal standards, including isotopically labelled ones. The method's LODs ranged between 2.8 ng g−1 (6-phenyl-2-thiouracil) and 4.1 ng g−1 (2-thiouracil). Application of the proposed method to 48 bovine tissue samples showed non-detectable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergy is a significant concern for the health of humans worldwide. In addition to dietary exposure of food allergens, genetic and environmental factors also play an important role in the development of food allergy. However, only the tip of the iceberg of risk factors in food allergy has been identified. The importance of food allergy caused by orally exposed risk factors and constituents, including veterinary drugs, pesticides, processed foods/derivatives, nanoparticles, microplastics, pathogens, toxins, food additives, dietary intake of salt/sugar/total fat, vitamin D, and therapeutic drugs, are highlighted and discussed in this review. Moreover, the epithelial barrier hypothesis, which is closely associated with the occurrence of food allergy, is also introduced. Additionally, several orally exposed risk factors and constituents that have been reported to disrupt the epithelial barrier are elucidated. Finally, the possible mechanisms and key immune cells of orally exposed risk factors and constituents in aggravating food allergy are overviewed. Further work should be conducted to define the specific mechanism by which these risk factors and constituents are driving food allergy, which will be of central importance to the targeted therapy of food allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study focused on developing a monoclonal antibody against the F4ac subtype of the FaeG protein of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by screening an antibody library in immunized mice, providing a potential drug option for antibiotic replacement therapy in veterinary medicine. The researchers immunized mice with formaldehyde-inactivated ETEC and a soluble recombinant FaeG protein to generate an antibody library. Through fluorescence-activated cell sorting and a eukaryotic expression system, we screened and obtained anti-rFaeG IgG monoclonal antibodies that effectively inhibited ETEC's adhesion to IPEC-J2 cells. In vivo experiments confirmed the protective effect of these antibodies in mice challenged with ETEC, demonstrating their potential as a safe and effective therapeutic option. The misuse of antibiotics in veterinary medicine presents significant challenges, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic approaches such as antibody drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the application of antibody drugs in veterinary settings to reduce economic losses and health risks. This study focused on targeting the F4ac subtype of the FaeG protein, a key adhesion factor in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections in piglets. By utilizing formaldehyde-inactivated ETEC and a soluble recombinant FaeG (rFaeG) protein, an antibody library against the FaeG protein was established. The integration of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and a eukaryotic expression vector containing murine IgG Fc fragments facilitated the screening of anti-rFaeG IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The results demonstrate that the variable regions of the screened antibodies could inhibit K88-type ETEC adhesion to IPEC-J2 cells. Furthermore, in vivo neutralization assays in mice showed a significant increase in survival rates and a reduction in intestinal inflammation. This research underscores the potential of antibody-based interventions in veterinary medicine, emphasizing the importance of further exploration in this field to address antibiotic resistance and improve animal health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]