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Marc J. Gunter, Inger T. Gram, Elisabete Weiderpass, Hilary A. Tindle, Sun-Seog Kweon, Renée T. Fortner, Rudolf Kaaks, Sarah J Lewis, James Yarmolinsky, Stephen B. Gruber, Marije F. Bakker, Li Hsu, Yi Lin, Neil Murphy, Polly A. Newcomb, Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, Noralane M. Lindor, Rosario Tumino, Gianluca Severi, Hermann Brenner, Emmanouil Bouras, Jane C. Figueiredo, Niki Dimou, Richard M. Martin, Bethany Van Guelpen, María-José Sánchez-Pérez, Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Cancerfonden Cancer Research Foundation in Northern Sweden Deutsche Krebshilfe Vetenskapsrådet, VR Australian Lions Childhood Cancer Research Foundation, ALCCRF Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse State of Maryland Vetenskapsrådet, VR: VR 2017-00650 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC Institut National Du Cancer, INCa National Institutes of Health, NIH National Cancer Institute, NCI: P30 CA015704 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, CHU de Nantes Conseil Régional des Pays de la Loire Association Anne de Bretagne Genetique Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, CHU de Nantes U.S. Public Health Service, USPHS: HHSN261201500005C U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS National Institutes of Health, NIH National Cancer Institute, NCI National Institute on Aging, NIA: U01 AG18033 Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: P30 CA006973, U01 CA86308 American Institute for Cancer Research, AICR European Commission, EC National Institutes of Health, NIH: R01 CA189184, 2P30CA015704-40, R01 CA207371, U01 CA206110 Matthias Lackas-Stiftung Johns Hopkins University, JHU: HHSN268201200008I National Cancer Institute, NCI National Institutes of Health, NIH: R01 CA143247, R01 CA81488, U01 CA122839, U19 CA148107, U01 CA167551 National Institutes of Health, NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIEHS: T32 ES013678 National Cancer Institute, NCI U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS: R01 CA197350, R01 CA81488, R01 CA201407, P01 CA196569, U19 CA148107, P30 CA014089 Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft, FFG: 829675 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII European Regional Development Fund, ERDF: PI14-613, PI09-1286 Xarxa de Bancs de Tumors de Catalunya, XBTC: PT13/0010/0013 Generalitat de Catalunya: 2017SGR723 Junta de Castilla y León: LE22A10-2 Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, AGAUR Ministerstvo Zdravotnictví Ceské Republiky, MZCR: AZV 17-30920A, AZV 15-27580A Grantová Agentura České Republiky, GA ČR: CZ GA CR: GAP304/10/1286, 1585 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG: HO 5117/2-1, BR 1704/6-1, KL 2354/3-1, BR 1704/6-4, BR 1704/6-3, CH 117/1-1, HE 5998/2-1, RO 2270/8-1, BR1704/17-1 Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF: 01ER0814, 01KH0404, 01ER0815, 01ER1505A, 01ER1505B U01 CA 84968-06 National Cancer Institute, NCI University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC Imperial College London NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Deutsche Krebshilfe Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017 Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Vetenskapsrådet, VR Ligue Contre le Cancer Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm National Research Council, NRC Institut Gustave-Roussy Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ Cancerfonden World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1 Generalitat de Catalunya: 2017SGR653, 2014SGR135, 2014SGR255, 2017SGR21 SAF2014-54453R, SAF07-64873, SAF 2010-19273 Xunta de Galicia: PGIDIT07PXIB9101209PR Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII European Regional Development Fund, ERDF: PS09/02368, PI14/00230, 17/00878, PI08/1276, PI17/00509, PI08/0024, PI11/00681, P111/00219, PI14/00173 Xarxa de Bancs de Tumors de Catalunya, XBTC: SLT002/ 16/00398 GCB13131592CAST European Cooperation in Science and Technology, COST: CA17118, BM1206 Deutsche Krebshilfe National Institutes of Health, NIH: K07 CA190673, P01 CA055075, K07CA190673, R35CA197735, U01 CA167552, UM1 CA167552, R01 CA042182, P01 CA087969, R01 CA151993, P50 CA127003, UM1 CA186107, R35 CA197735, R01 CA137178 HCRI15011-1 National Cancer Institute, NCI: R01CA136726 Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, DRCRF: CI-8 Food Standards Agency, FSA Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C588/A19167 VicHealth Cancer Council Victoria National Health and Medical Research Council, NHMRC: 251553, 209057, 509348, 504711 National Institutes of Health, NIH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS: R01 CA81488 Florida Department of Health: 09BN-13 National Institutes of Health, NIH: R01 CA189184, P30 CA076292 National Institutes of Health, NIH: P30 DK034987, R01 CA66635 18226, 18223 Canadian Institutes of Health Research, CIHR: CRT 43821 National Institutes of Health, NIH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS: U01 CA74783 Cancerfonden Cancer Research Foundation, CRF Vetenskapsrådet, VR Australian Lions Childhood Cancer Research Foundation, ALCCRF Canadian Cancer Society National Institutes of Health, NIH: U01/ U24 CA074783, U01 CA167551 Pelotonia CA16058, CA67941 Canadian Institutes of Health Research, CIHR: 112746 Ontario Research Foundation, ORF: GL201-043 National Cancer Institute, NCI U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS: U01 HG004446, GEI U01 HG 004438, Z01 CP 010200 Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, DCEG Institut National Du Cancer, INCa National Institutes of Health, NIH Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, DCP, NCI National Institutes of Health, NIH: U24 CA074794, U01 CA074794, R01 CA076366, U01 CA167551 National Cancer Institute, NCI National Institutes of Health, NIH: UM1 CA182883, U10 CA37429 National Cancer Institute, NCI Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: R03 CA153323, P01 CA074184, K05 CA152715, R01 CA097325 National Institutes of Health, NIH: KL2 TR000421 National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NCATS Stockholms Läns Landsting Vetenskapsrådet, VR: K2015-55X-22674-01-4, K2008-55X-20157-03-3, K2006-72X-20157-01-2 Karolinska Institutet, KI National Institutes of Health, NIH: K05 CA154337 Swedish Cancer Foundation National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NHLBI National Institutes of Health, NIH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS: HHSN268201100004C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN271201100004C, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100002C, R.M. Martin reports grants from Cancer Research UK during the conduct of the study. R.T. Fortner reports that grants from German Cancer Aid and from German Ministry of Education and Research supported the conduct of EPIC Heidelberg. S.B. Gruber reports other from Brogent International LLC outside the submitted work. B. van Guelpen reports grants from Swedish Research Council, Swedish Cancer Society, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Lion’s Cancer Research Foundation at Umea° University, and Cancer Research Foundation in Northern Sweden during the conduct of the study. No disclosures were reported by the other authors., CLUE: We appreciate the continued efforts of the staff members at the Johns Hopkins George W. Comstock Center for Public Health Research and Prevention in the conduct of the CLUE II study. We thank the participants in CLUE. Cancer incidence data for CLUE were provided by the Maryland Cancer Registry, Center for Cancer Surveillance and Control, Maryland Department of Health, 201 W. Preston Street, Room 400, Baltimore, MD 21201, http://phpa.dhmh.maryland.gov/cancer, 410-767-4055. We acknowledge the State of Maryland, the Maryland Cigarette Restitution Fund, and the National Program of Cancer Registries of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the funds that support the collection and availability of the cancer registry data., CPS-II: The authors thank the CPS-II participants and Study Management Group for their invaluable contributions to this research. The authors would also like to acknowledge the contribution to this study from central cancer registries supported through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Program of Cancer Registries, and cancer registries supported by the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program., NSHDS investigators thank the Biobank Research Unit at Umea° University, the V€asterbotten Intervention Programme, the Northern Sweden MONICA study and Region V€asterbotten for providing data and samples and acknowledge the contribution from Biobank Sweden, supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR 2017-00650)., Cancer incidence data have been provided by the District of Columbia Cancer Registry, Georgia Cancer Registry, Hawaii Cancer Registry, Minnesota Cancer Surveillance System, Missouri Cancer Registry, Nevada Central Cancer Registry, Pennsylvania Cancer Registry, Texas Cancer Registry, Virginia Cancer Registry, and Wisconsin Cancer Reporting System. All are supported in part by funds from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Program for Central Registries, local states or by the National Cancer Institute, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. The results reported here and the conclusions derived are the sole responsibility of the authors., Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO): National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA059045, R01CA201407). This research was funded in part through the NIH/NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA015704., ASTERISK: a Hospital Clinical Research Program (PHRC-BRD09/C) from the University Hospital Center of Nantes (CHU de Nantes) and supported by the Regional Council of Pays de la Loire, the Groupement des EntreprisesFranc¸aises dans la Luttecontre le Cancer (GEFLUC), the Association Anne de Bretagne Génétique and the Ligue RégionaleContre le Cancer (LRCC)., The ATBC Study is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the U.S. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and by U.S. Public Health Service contract HHSN261201500005C from the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services., CLUE funding was from the National Cancer Institute (U01 CA86308, Early Detection Research Network, and P30 CA006973), National Institute on Aging (U01 AG18033), and the American Institute for Cancer Research. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US government. COLO2&3: NIH (R01 CA60987).

Yarrow Axford, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Maria-Vittoria Guarino, Qiong Zhang, Elizabeth B. Isaacs, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Robert A. Tomas, Jeremy S. Hoffman, Zhongshi Zhang, Anne de Vernal, Nicholas K. H. Yeung, Masa Kageyama, Weipeng Zheng, Katrin J. Meissner, Christian Stepanek, Jian Cao, Chris Brierley, Gerrit Lohmann, Anni Zhao, Laurie Menviel, David Salas y Mélia, Polina Morozova, Louise C. Sime, Eric W. Wolff, Ryouta O'ishi, Silvana Ramos Buarque, Emilie Capron, Allegra N. LeGrande, Charles Williams, Marie Sicard, Polychronis C Tzedakis, Pascale Braconnot, Evgeny Volodin, Chuncheng Guo, Esther C. Brady, Xaoxu Shi, Paolo Scussolini, Aline Govin, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Climat et Magnétisme (CLIMAG), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), National Science Foundation, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR: 1852977 Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/S009736/1 Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, NWO: ALWOP.164 Sorbonne Université California Earthquake Authority, CEA Carlsbergfondet École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Royal Society Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, CNES 742224 European Research Council, ERC NE/P01903X/1, ANR-18-BELM-0001-06 312979 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS RSF Social Finance: 20-17-00190 Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/P013279/1 Vetenskapsrådet, VR Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2016-07213, 2013-06476, 2017-04232 Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation, ARCS: JPMXD1300000000 JPMXD1420318865 Australian Research Council, ARC: FT180100606 2016YFC1401401 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, AWI Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: 17H06104 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: 17H06323 Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS: XDB42000000, XDA19060102 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC: 0148-2019-0009 National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 91958201and 41376002 National Science Foundation, NSF Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF Akademie der Naturwissenschaften, SCNAT National Science Foundation, NSF: 1852977 National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR, Acknowledgements. Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady and Robert Tomas acknowledge the CESM project, which is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF). This material is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under Cooperative Agreement No. 1852977. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. Chris M. Brierley acknowledges the financial support of the Natural Environment Research Council through grant NE/S009736/1. Anni Zhao and Chris M. Brierley would like to thank Rachel Eyles for her sterling work curating the local replica of the PMIP archive at UCL., Charles J. R. Williams acknowledges the financial support of the UK Natural Environment Research Council-funded SWEET project (Super-Warm Early Eocene Temperatures), research grant NE/P01903X/1, and the financial support of the Belmont-funded PACMEDY (PAlaeo-Constraints on Monsoon Evolution and Dynamics) project. Aline Govin acknowledges the support of the French national program LEFE/INSU (CircLIG project) and of the Belmont-funded ACCEDE project (ANR-18-BELM-0001-06). Eric Wolff has received funding from the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 program research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 742224, WACSWAIN). Eric Wolff is also funded by a Royal Society Professorship. Paolo Scussolini acknowledges funding from the NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek) under grant ALWOP.164. Emilie Capron acknowledges financial support from the ChronoCli-mate project, funded by the Carlsberg Foundation. Pascale Bra-connot and Masa Kageyama acknowledge the HPC resources of TGCC allocated to the IPSL CMIP6 project by GENCI (Grand Equipment National de Calcul Intensif) under the allocations 2016-A0030107732, 2017-R0040110492, and 2018-R0040110492 (project gencmip6). This work was undertaken in the framework of the LABEX L-IPSL and the IPSL Climate Graduate School, under the 'Investissements d’avenir' program with the reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-17-EURE-0006. This study benefited from the ES-PRI (Ensemble de Services Pour la Recherche à l’IPSL) computing and data center (https://mesocentre.ipsl.fr, last access: 22 December 2020), which is supported by CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, and CNES and through national and international projects, including the EU-FP7 Infrastructure project IS-ENES2 (grant no. 312979). Marie Sicard is funded by a scholarship from CEA and 'Convention des Services Climatiques' from IPSL., Laurie Menviel acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council FT180100606. The ACCESS-ESM 1.5 experiments were performed on Raijin at the NCI National Facility at the Australian National University, through awards under the National Computational Merit Allocation Scheme, the Intersect allocation scheme, and the UNSW HPC at NCI Scheme. Qiong Zhang acknowledges the support from the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, grant nos. 2013-06476 and 2017-04232). The EC-Earth simulations are performed on ECMWF’s computing and archive facilities and on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC) partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2016-07213. Weipeng Zheng acknowledges the financial support from National Key R&D Program for Developing Basic Sciences (grant no. 2016YFC1401401), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant nos. XDA19060102 and XDB42000000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 91958201and 41376002), and the technical support from the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project 'Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility' (EarthLab). Maria Vittoria Guarino and Louise Sime acknowledge the financial support of the NERC research grant NE/P013279/1. Silvana Ramos Buarque and David Salas y Mélia acknowledge Météo-France/DSI for providing computing and data storage resources. Xiaoxu Shi and Christian Stepanek acknowledge computing and data storage resources for the generation of the AWI-ESM-1/AWI-ESM-2 and MPI-ESM-1-2 simulations of Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) granted by its Scientific Steering Committee (WLA) under project ID ba1066. The Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg is acknowledged for development and provision of the MPI-ESM as well as the ECHAM6/JSBACH, which provides the atmosphere and land surface component of AWI-ESM. Gerrit Lohmann acknowledges funding via the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research program PACES2. Christian Stepanek acknowledges funding by the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM and the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research program PACES2. Xiaoxu Shi acknowledges financial support through the BMBF funded PACMEDY and PalMOD initiatives. Ayako Abe-Ouchi and Ryouta O’ishi acknowledge the financial support from Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) Project (grant JPMXD1300000000), Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) Project (grant no. JPMXD1420318865), JSPS KAKENHI grant 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI grant 17H06323, and the support from JAMSTEC for the use of the Earth Simulator supercomputer. Polina A. Morozova was supported by the state assignment project 0148-2019-0009. Evgeny Volodin was supported by RSF grant 20-17-00190., The authors acknowledge QUIGS (Quaternary Interglacials), a working group of Past Global Changes (PAGES), which in turn received support from the US National Science Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. We are grateful to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), which, through its Working Group on Coupled Modelling, coordinated and promoted CMIP6., Financial support. Funding of the publication has been supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation under cooperative agreement no. 1852977., Water and Climate Risk, Wolff, Eric [0000-0002-5914-8531], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Jannasch, Franziska, Dietrich, Stefan, Bishop, Tom RP, Pearce, Matthew, Fanidi, Anouar, O'Donoghue, Gráinne, O'Gorman, Donal, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Vollenweider, Peter, Bes-Rastrollo, Maira, Byberg, Liisa, Wolk, Alicja, Hashemian, Maryam, Malekzadeh, Reza, Poustchi, Hossein, Luft, Vivian C, De Matos, Sheila M Alvim, Kim, Jihye, Kim, Mi Kyung, Kim, Yeonjung, Stern, Dalia, Lajous, Martin, Magliano, Dianna J, Shaw, Jonathan E, Akbaraly, Tasnime, Kivimaki, Mika, Maskarinec, Gertraud, Le Marchand, Loïc, Martínez-González, Miguel Ángel, Soedamah-Muthu, Sabita S, EPIC-InterAct Consortium, Wareham, Nicholas J, Forouhi, Nita G, Schulze, Matthias B, Medical and Clinical Psychology, Jannasch, Franziska [0000-0003-3478-4758], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, EPIC-InterAct Consortium, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, G03/140, PI10/02293, PI10/02658, PI13/00615, PI14/01668, PI14/01764, PI14/01798, PI17/01795, PI20/00564, PNSD-2020/021, LSHM_CT_2006_037197, 82DZD00302, 122/2014, 27/2011, 45/2011, PNSD 2020/2021, FKZ: 01EA1806A, National Institutes of Health, NIH: R01AG056477, RF1AG062553, U01 CA164973, National Cancer Institute, NCI, American Institute for Cancer Research, AICR: 05B047, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC, Wellcome Trust, WT: 221854/Z/20/Z, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 824989, Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: 602068, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, BRC: IS-BRC-1215-20014, Medical Research Council, MRC: MC_UU_00006/1and MC_UU_00006/3, Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C20/A5860, National Research Foundation, NRF, Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India, डीएसटी, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG: 491394008, NFDI 13/1, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF: 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 33CS30_177535/1, 33CSCO-122661, MRCMR/R024227/1, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT: S0008-2009-1: 000000000115312, Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi, MOSTI, Nederlandse Zuivel Organisatie, NZO, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, MSIP: NRF-2017M3C9A6047623, Ministry of Health and Welfare, MOHW: 4845-301, 4851-302, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, KCDC, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, SUN, Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2017–00644, Universidad de Navarra, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, TUMS: 81/15, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, FINEP: 01 06 0010.00, 01 06 0071.00, 01 06 0115.00, 01 06 0300.00, Ministério da Saúde, Mejeribrugets ForskningsFond, MFF, European Regional Development Fund, ERDF: RD 06/0045, Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The InterConnect project is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (grant number 602068). FJ and MBS acknowledge funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the State of Brandenburg to the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) (82DZD00302). Furthermore, this work was supported by the NutriAct – Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (FKZ: 01EA1806A). This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - 491394008. This work was done as part of the NFDI4Health Consortium ( www.nfdi4health.de ). We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – NFDI 13/1. NJW and NGF acknowledge funding from the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00006/1and MC_UU_00006/3) and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme (IS-BRC-1215-20014). NGF is an NIHR Senior Investigator (G111539). TB acknowledges funding from EUCAN-Connect under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 824989). The InterAct project was funded by the EU FP6 programme (grant number LSHM_CT_2006_037197). MBR and MAMG acknowledge that the SUN Project has received funding from the Spanish Government-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) (RD 06/0045, CIBER-OBN, Grants PI10/02658, PI10/02293, PI13/00615, PI14/01668, PI14/01798, PI14/01764, PI17/01795, PI20/00564 and G03/140), PNSD-2020/021, the Navarra Regional Government (27/2011, 45/2011, 122/2014), PNSD 2020/2021, and the University of Navarra. LB and AW acknowledge that the COSM and SMC are part of the Swedish Infrastructure for Medical Population-Based Life-Course and Environmental Research, SIMPLER. SIMPLER receives funding through the Swedish Research Council (grant no 2017–00644). RM acknowledges funding from the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (grant number: 81/15), Cancer Research UK (grant number: C20/A5860), the Intramural Research Program of the U.S. National Cancer Institute, NIH, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. SMAM and VCL acknowledge that ELSA-Brasil was supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Department of Science and Technology) and Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), grant numbers 01 06 0010.00, 01 06 0212.00, 01 06 0300.00, 01 06 0278.00, 01 06 0115.00 and 01 06 0071.00) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). JK acknowledges funding from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry for Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (4845-301 and 4851-302), and the Collaborative Genome Program for Fostering New Post-Genome Industry of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2017M3C9A6047623). DS and ML acknowledge that this work of MTC was supported by the American Institute for Cancer Research (grant number 05B047) and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) (grant number S0008-2009-1: 000000000115312). LLM acknowledges funding from the US National Institutes of Health grant U01 CA164973, SSSM received the Wiebe Visser International Dairy Nutrition Prize and has received recent research funding (2019) for epidemiological studies on dairy products and cardiometabolic diseases from the Dutch Dairy Association and the Danish Dairy Research Foundation. PMV and PV acknowledge funding from GlaxoSmithKline, the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne, and the Swiss National Science Foundation (grants 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401 and 33CS30_177535/1). MK and the Whitehall II study were supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRCMR/R024227/1), the Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z) and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH, RF1AG062553, R01AG056477), during the conduct of the study. The funding sources did not participate in the design or conduct of the study, collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data, or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript., We would like to thank the participants, principal investigators, and study teams of the individual cohorts included in this collaboration. The work presented herein was made possible using the OBiBa suite (http://www.obiba.org), a software suite developed by Maelstrom Research (www.maelstrom-research.org), and DataSHIELD (http://www.datashield.ac.uk), a software suite developed by the Data to Knowledge (D2K) Research Group. We thank EPIC-InterAct collaborators and Nicola Kerrison at the MRC Epidemiology Unit for assistance relating to the EPIC-InterAct dataset. We also thank the AusDiab Steering Committee for providing data from the AusDiab study. Moreover, we thank the NIH Biologic Specimen and Data Repository Information Coordinating Center and the ARIC, CARDIA, MESA, PRHHP and WHI OS study for providing data for this study., and HAL UVSQ, Équipe

Mathilde His, Vivian Viallon, Laure Dossus, Julie A. Schmidt, Ruth C. Travis, Marc J. Gunter, Kim Overvad, Cecilie Kyrø, Anne Tjønneland, Lucie Lécuyer, Joseph A. Rothwell, Gianluca Severi, Theron Johnson, Verena Katzke, Matthias B. Schulze, Giovanna Masala, Sabina Sieri, Salvatore Panico, Rosario Tumino, Alessandra Macciotta, Jolanda M. A. Boer, Evelyn M. Monninkhof, Karina Standahl Olsen, Therese H. Nøst, Torkjel M. Sandanger, Antonio Agudo, Maria-Jose Sánchez, Pilar Amiano, Sandra M. Colorado-Yohar, Eva Ardanaz, Linda Vidman, Anna Winkvist, Alicia K. Heath, Elisabete Weiderpass, Inge Huybrechts, Sabina Rinaldi, International Agency for Cancer Research (IACR), University of Oxford, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Danish Cancer Society Research Center [Copenhagen, Denmark] (DCSRC), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke [Nuthetal, Germany] (GIHNP-R), University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la rete Oncologica [Florence, Italy] (ISPRO), IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori [Milano], University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Provincial Health Authority (ASP 7) [Ragusa, Italy], Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), University Medical Center [Utrecht], The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway] (UiT), Catalan Institute of Oncology [Barcelone, Espagne], L’Hospitalet de Llobregat [Barcelona, Spain], Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública [Granada, Spain] (EASP), Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, CIBER en Salud Pública, CIBERSP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute [Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain] (IIS Biodonostia), Murcia Regional Health Council [Murcia], Universidad de Antioquia = University of Antioquia [Medellín, Colombia], Navarra Public Health Institute, Umeå University, Imperial College London, Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC, National Research Council, NRC, University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH, Cancer Research UK, CRUK, World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF, University of Cambridge, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Cancerfonden, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS, Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, ARC, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: 2015-166, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN, NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC, The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), and Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk (DOI 10.22025/2019.10.105.00004), C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143, MR/N003284/1, MC-UU_12015/1 and MC_UU_00006/1 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK). The funders were not involved in designing the study, collecting, analyzing, or interpreting the data, or writing or submitting the manuscript for publication., The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)., This work was funded by the French National Cancer Institute (grant number 2015-166). Mathilde His’ work reported here was undertaken during the tenure of a postdoctoral fellowship awarded by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, financed by the Fondation ARC., The authors would like to thank Mr Bertrand Hemon for his support in preparing the databases, Ms Audrey Gicquiau and Dr David Achaintre for the analyses of samples in several of the original studies, and all EPIC participants. The EPIC-Norfolk team thank all the participants who have been part of the project and the many members of the study teams at the University of Cambridge who have enabled this research. Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization., and HAL UVSQ, Équipe

Cole-Hunter, Thomas, Zhang, Jiawei, So, Rina, Samoli, Evangelia, Liu, Shuo, Chen, Jie, Strak, Maciej, Wolf, Kathrin, Weinmayr, Gudrun, Rodopolou, Sophia, Remfry, Elizabeth, de Hoogh, Kees, Bellander, Tom, Brandt, Jørgen, Concin, Hans, Zitt, Emanuel, Fecht, Daniela, Forastiere, Francesco, Gulliver, John, Hoffmann, Barbara, Hvidtfeldt, Ulla A, Jöckel, Karl-Heinz, Mortensen, Laust H, Ketzel, Matthias, Yacamán Méndez, Diego, Leander, Karin, Ljungman, Petter, Faure, Elodie, Lee, Pei-Chen, Elbaz, Alexis, Magnusson, Patrik K E, Nagel, Gabriele, Pershagen, Göran, Peters, Annette, Rizzuto, Debora, Vermeulen, Roel C H, Schramm, Sara, Stafoggia, Massimo, Katsouyanni, Klea, Brunekreef, Bert, Hoek, Gerard, Lim, Youn-Hee, Andersen, Zorana J, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Helmholtz Zentrum München = German Research Center for Environmental Health, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), University of Basel (Unibas), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Aarhus University [Aarhus], Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Imperial College London, University of Leicester, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf = Heinrich Heine University [Düsseldorf], Danish Cancer Society Research Center [Copenhagen, Denmark] (DCSRC), University of Duisburg-Essen, University of Surrey (UNIS), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Lazio Regional Health Service [Rome], NNF17OC0027812, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA: R-82811201, Health Effects Institute, HEI: 4954-RFA14-3/16-5-3, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Karolinska Institutet, KI, Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2017-00641, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM, Novo Nordisk Fonden, NNF, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Helmholtz Zentrum München, This study was supported by the Health Effects Institute (HEI) (#4954-RFA14-3/16-5-3) and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Challenge Programme [NNF17OC0027812]. The HEI is an organization jointly funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Assistance Award No. R-82811201) and certain motor vehicle and engine manufacturers. The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of HEI, or its sponsors, nor do they necessarily reflect the views and policies of the EPA or motor vehicle and engine manufacturers. While HEI has reviewed and approved the study design, it was not involved in data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We give thanks to all participants in the pooled cohort studies and the respective study teams of the ELAPSE project for their hard work and effort. Accordingly, we especially thank Marjan Tewis for conducting data management tasks when creating the pooled cohort database. In addition, we specifically thank the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands, for their contribution to the ELAPSE project. SALT and TwinGene are sub-studies of The Swedish Twin Registry (STR), which is managed by Karolinska Institutet and receives additional funding through the Swedish Research Council (No. 2017-00641). The KORA study was initiated and financed by the Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by the State of Bavaria. The Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the State of Bavaria were not involved in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript., HAL UVSQ, Équipe, and IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents

Manuela M. Bergmann, Tammy Y.N. Tong, Anna Stubbendorff, Elisabeth H. M. Temme, Claudia Agnoli, Ulrika Ericson, Antonio Agudo, Mélanie Deschasaux, Elisabete Weiderpass, Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, Dagfinn Aune, Guri Skeie, Giovanna Masala, Torkjel M. Sandanger, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Gianluca Severi, Charlotta Rylander, Francesca Mancini, Miguel A. Rodríguez Barranco, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Paolo Vineis, Mathilde Touvier, Pietro Ferrari, Marc J. Gunter, Daniel B Ibsen, Jolanda M. A. Boer, María José Pérez, Inge Huybrechts, Matthias B. Schulze, Anika Knuppel, Keren Papier, Elio Riboli, Bernard Srour, Christina C. Dahm, Jessica E. Laine, Tilmann Kühn, Medical Research Council (MRC), Imperial College London, University of Bern, Centre international de Recherche sur le Cancer (CIRC), Bjørknes University College [Oslo, Norvège], Oslo University Hospital [Oslo], University of Potsdam, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke [Nuthetal, Germany] (GIHNP-R), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori [Milano], Lund University [Lund], Aarhus University [Aarhus], Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Espace régional de réflexion éthique de Normandie (EREN), Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública [Granada, Spain] (EASP), ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria [Granada, Spain], Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), University of Granada [Granada], University of Oxford [Oxford], Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la rete Oncologica [Florence, Italy] (ISPRO), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge [Barcelone] (IDIBELL), The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, IARC, Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ, Wellcome Trust, WT: 205212/Z/16/Z, National Research Council, NRC, University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH, Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1, MR/M501669/1, Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017, World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Cancerfonden, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN, NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC, The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by IARC and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre. The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, INSERM (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund, Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (MRC, 1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford, UK). JEL was supported by an MRC Early Career Fellowship (MR/M501669/1). We acknowledge the Netherlands Cancer Registry and Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands) for contributions to data acquisition. KP and AK are supported by the Wellcome Trust (Livestock, Environment and People, LEAP, grant number 205212/Z/16/Z). We acknowledge Corinne Casagrande and Genevieve Nicolas who assisted in the matching of the dietary intake data with the Greenhouse Gas and Landuse data. We also acknowledge Bertrand Hemon for database compilation and Carine Biessy for her contribution to the sensitivity analyses. Where authors are identified as personnel of the IARC or WHO, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the IARC or WHO., Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, INSERM (France), Health Research Fund - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden), University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DifE), Leibniz Association, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Nuffield Department of Population Health [Oxford], University of Oxford, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway] (UiT), European Commission (DG-SANCO), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), MRC Early Career Fellowship (MR/M501669/1), and HAL UVSQ, Équipe

Zorana J. Andersen, Jiawei Zhang, Jeanette T. Jørgensen, Evangelia Samoli, Shuo Liu, Jie Chen, Maciej Strak, Kathrin Wolf, Gudrun Weinmayr, Sophia Rodopolou, Elizabeth Remfry, Kees de Hoogh, Tom Bellander, Jørgen Brandt, Hans Concin, Emanuel Zitt, Daniela Fecht, Francesco Forastiere, John Gulliver, Barbara Hoffmann, Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt, W.M. Monique Verschuren, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Rina So, Tom Cole-Hunter, Amar J. Mehta, Laust H. Mortensen, Matthias Ketzel, Anton Lager, Karin Leander, Petter Ljungman, Gianluca Severi, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Gabriele Nagel, Göran Pershagen, Annette Peters, Debora Rizzuto, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Sara Schramm, Massimo Stafoggia, Klea Katsouyanni, Bert Brunekreef, Gerard Hoek, Youn-Hee Lim, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, NNF17OC0027812, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA: R-82811201, Health Effects Institute, HEI: 4954-RFA14-3/16-5-3, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Karolinska Institutet, KI, Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2017-00641, China Scholarship Council, CSC: 201806010406, Novo Nordisk Fonden, NNF, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Supported by the Health Effects Institute (No. 4954-RFA14-3/16-5-3), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Challenge Programme (No. NNF17OC0027812), and scholarship from the China Scholarship Council (No. 201806010406). SALT and TwinGene are sub-studies of The Swedish Twin Registry (STR), which is managed by Karolinska Institutet and receives additional funding through the Swedish Research Council (No. 2017-00641). The KORA study was initiated and financed by the Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by the State of Bavaria. The China Scholarship Council, China, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, Denmark, the Swedish Research Council, Sweden, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the State of Bavaria were not involved in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript., The research described in this article was conducted under contract to the Health Effects Institute (HEI), an organization jointly funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Assistance Award No. R-82811201) and certain motor vehicle and engine manufacturers. The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of HEI, or its sponsors, nor do they necessarily reflect the views and policies of the EPA or motor vehicle and engine manufacturers. HEI has reviewed and approved the study design. HEI was not involved in data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors would also like to thank all participants in the pooled cohort studies and the respective study teams of the ELAPSE project for their hard work and effort. We thank Marjan Tewis for the data management tasks in creating the pooled cohort database., and HAL UVSQ, Équipe

Oliveira, V. S., Silander, I., Rutkowski, L., Soboń, G., Axner, O., Lehmann, K. K., Foltynowicz, A., Umeå University, Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, University of Virginia, Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP: POIR.04.04.00-00-434D/17-00, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse: KAW 2015.0159, KAW 2020.0303, and Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2020-00238

Katharina Nimptsch, Krasimira Aleksandrova, Veronika Fedirko, Mazda Jenab, Marc J. Gunter, Peter D. Siersema, Kana Wu, Verena Katzke, Rudolf Kaaks, Salvatore Panico, Domenico Palli, Anne M May, Sabina Sieri, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Karina Standahl, Maria-Jose Sánchez, Aurora Perez-Cornago, Anja Olsen, Anne Tjønneland, Catalina Bonet Bonet, Christina C. Dahm, María-Dolores Chirlaque, Valentina Fiano, Rosario Tumino, Aurelio Barricarte Gurrea, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Florence Menegaux, Gianluca Severi, Bethany van Guelpen, Young-Ae Lee, Tobias Pischon, HAL UVSQ, Équipe, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine [Berlin] (MDC), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Leibniz Association, University of Bremen, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center [Houston], Emory University [Atlanta, GA], Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, World Health Organization, WHO, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, CPRIT: RR200056, Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC, National Research Council, NRC, University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH, Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1, Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017, World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF, Imperial College London, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Cancerfonden, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía, NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC, We acknowledge the use of data and biological samples from the EPIC-Asturias cohort, PI Jose-Ramon Quiros-Garcia and EPI-San Sebastian, PI Amiano Pilar. Veronika Fedirko is supported by the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT) Rising Stars Award (Grant ID RR200056). Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer / World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer / World Health Organization., The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). The EPIC-Norfolk study (DOI https://doi.org/10.22025/2019.10.105.00004 ) has received funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1 and MC-UU_12015/1) and Cancer Research UK (C864/A14136). We are grateful to all the participants who have been part of the project and to the many members of the study teams at the University of Cambridge who have enabled this research., The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)., and We acknowledge the use of data and biological samples from the EPIC-Asturias cohort, PI Jose-Ramon Quiros-Garcia and EPI-San Sebastian, PI Amiano Pilar. Veronika Fedirko is supported by the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT) Rising Stars Award (Grant ID RR200056).

Marie Breeur, Pietro Ferrari, Laure Dossus, Mazda Jenab, Mattias Johansson, Sabina Rinaldi, Ruth C. Travis, Mathilde His, Tim J. Key, Julie A. Schmidt, Kim Overvad, Anne Tjønneland, Cecilie Kyrø, Joseph A. Rothwell, Nasser Laouali, Gianluca Severi, Rudolf Kaaks, Verena Katzke, Matthias B. Schulze, Fabian Eichelmann, Domenico Palli, Sara Grioni, Salvatore Panico, Rosario Tumino, Carlotta Sacerdote, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Karina Standahl Olsen, Torkjel Manning Sandanger, Therese Haugdahl Nøst, J. Ramón Quirós, Catalina Bonet, Miguel Rodríguez Barranco, María-Dolores Chirlaque, Eva Ardanaz, Malte Sandsveden, Jonas Manjer, Linda Vidman, Matilda Rentoft, David Muller, Kostas Tsilidis, Alicia K. Heath, Hector Keun, Jerzy Adamski, Pekka Keski-Rahkonen, Augustin Scalbert, Marc J. Gunter, Vivian Viallon, Cancer Research UK, Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC: 2014/1183, C8221/A19170, Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: 2014/1193, 313010, C19335/A21351, National Research Council, NRC, World Cancer Research Fund International, WCRF, University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH, Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1, Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017, World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF, Imperial College London, European Commission, EC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Cancerfonden, Generalitat de Catalunya, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS, Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, ARC, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: 2009-139, 2013/1002, 2014-1-RT-02-CIRC-1, 2015-166, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía, NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC, The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)., This paper is dedicated to the memory our of colleague Dr. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita. Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization., The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK). IDIBELL acknowledges support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program. The breast cancer study was funded by the French National Cancer Institute (grant number 2015-166). The colorectal cancer studies were funded by World Cancer Research Fund (reference: 2013/1002, reference: 313010, reference: 2014/1193, INCa, grant numbers 2009-139 and 2014-1-RT-02-CIRC-1) and by internal funds of the IARC. For the participants in the prostate cancer study, sample retrieval and preparation, and assays of metabolites were supported by Cancer Research UK (C8221/A19170), and funding for grant 2014/1183 was obtained from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF UK), as part of the World Cancer Research Fund International grant programme. Mathilde His’ work reported here was undertaken during the tenure of a postdoctoral fellowship awarded by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, financed by the Fondation ARC. The funders were not involved in designing the study, collecting, analysing, and interpreting results, or writing and submitting the manuscript for publication., and HAL UVSQ, Équipe

Matthias B. Schulze, Vittorio Krogh, Rosario Tumino, Nita G. Forouhi, Christina C. Dahm, Kim Overvad, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Angela M. Wood, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Guri Skeie, Laura Johnson, Fumiaki Imamura, Ivonne Sluijs, José R Quirós, Elisabete Weiderpass, Nicholas J. Wareham, Timothy J. Key, Adam S. Butterworth, Giovanna Masala, Alicia K Heath, Albert Koulman, Conchi Moreno-Iribas, Inge Huybrechts, John Danesh, Stephen J. Sharp, Salvatore Panico, Carlotta Sacerdote, Aurora Perez-Cornago, Olle Melander, Rudolf Kaaks, Elio Riboli, Tammy Y.N. Tong, María José Sánchez, Rajiv Chowdhury, Ju-Sheng Zheng, Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco, W M Monique Verschuren, Marinka Steur, Ingegerd Johansson, Heiner Boeing, Anne Tjønneland, Carmen Santiuste, Antonia Trichopoulou, Maria Wennberg, Jolanda M. A. Boer, Marcela Guevara, Cecilie Kyrø, Raul Zamora-Ros, Liher Imaz, Tilman Kühn, Marianne Uhre Jakobsen, Ulrika Ericson, Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, G0800270, MR/L003120/1, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC, Merck Sharp and Dohme, MSD, Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: HEALTH-F2-2012-279233, National Research Council, NRC, University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH, Medical Research Council, MRC: MC_UU_00006/1, National Institute for Health Research, NIHR, British Heart Foundation, BHF: RG/18/13/33946, RG13/13/30194, SP/09/002, Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017, MR/M012190/1, World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF, Imperial College London, European Research Council, ERC: 268834, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Cancerfonden, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, European Social Fund, ESF, Sixth Framework Programme, FP6: LSHM_CT_2006_037197, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Akademi Sains Malaysia, ASM: MR/P013880/1, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR BRC: BRC-1215-20014, NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC, Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF: CP15/00100, IS-BRC-1215-20014, MC_UU_00006/3, Dr Danesh reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Merck Sharp & Dohme, grants, personal fees, and nonfinancial support from Novartis, grants from Pfizer, and grants from AstraZeneca outside the submitted work. He is member of the International Cardiovascular and Metabolic Advisory Board for Novartis (since 2010), the Steering Committee of UK Biobank (since 2011), the MRC International Advisory Group (ING) member, London (since 2013), the MRC High Throughput Science ‘Omics Panel Member, London (since 2013), the Scientific Advisory Committee for Sanofi (since 2013), the International Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research and Development Portfolio Committee for Novartis, and the Astra Zeneca Genomics Advisory Board (2018). Dr Butterworth reports grants outside of this work from AstraZeneca, Biogen, BioMarin, Bioverativ, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi and personal fees from Novartis. The remaining authors have no disclosures to report., EPIC-CVD was supported by the European Commission Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2-2012-279233), and the European Research Council (268834). The coordinating center was supported by core funding from the: United Kingdom MRC (G0800270, MR/L003120/1), British Heart Foundation (BHF) (SP/09/002, RG13/13/30194, RG/18/13/33946), and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (BRC-1215-20014).* The establishment of the study subcohort was supported by the European Union Sixth Framework Programme (grant LSHM_CT_2006_037197 to the InterAct project) and the MRC Epidemiology Unit (grant MC_UU_00006/1). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by NIHR Imperial BRC. The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Zorg Onderzoek Nederland, World Cancer Research Fund, Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands), Health Research Fund– Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), MRC (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). EPIC-Greece was supported by the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece). M.S., N.J.W., N.G.F., and F.I. acknowledge support from MRC Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00006/1 and MC_UU_00006/3). N.J.W. and N.G.F. acknowledge support from NIHR* Cambridge BRC: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme (IS-BRC-1215-20014) and NGF is a NIHR Senior Investigator Award holder. M.S. was also supported by BHF for part of this work while working in the BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. R.Z.-R. thanks the 'Miguel Servet' program (CP15/00100) from the Institute of Health Carlos III (co-funded by the European Social Fund–European Social Fund Investing in Your Future). A.W. was supported by a BHF-Turing Cardiovascular Data Science Award and by the European Commission-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart). R.C. was funded by a MRC-Newton project grant to study genetic risk factors of cardiovascular disease among Southeast Asian people and the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (grant no. MR/P013880/1) and a United Kingdom Research and Innovation-Global Challenges Research Fund Project Grant to study risk factors of noncommunicable diseases in Bangladesh. J.D. holds a BHF Professorship and a NIHR Senior Investigator Award., Steur, Marinka [0000-0002-9028-0290], Imamura, Fumiaki [0000-0002-6841-8396], Key, Timothy J [0000-0003-2294-307X], Chowdhury, Rajiv [0000-0003-4881-5690], Guevara, Marcela [0000-0001-9242-6364], Jakobsen, Marianne U [0000-0001-6518-4136], Johansson, Ingegerd [0000-0002-9227-8434], Weiderpass, Elisabete [0000-0003-2237-0128], Boer, Jolanda MA [0000-0002-9714-4304], Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine [0000-0002-5956-5693], Heath, Alicia K [0000-0001-6517-1300], Huybrechts, Inge [0000-0003-3838-855X], Imaz, Liher [0000-0002-3777-4953], Masala, Giovanna [0000-0002-5758-9069], Zamora-Ros, Raul [0000-0002-6236-6804], Perez-Cornago, Aurora [0000-0002-5652-356X], Tong, Tammy YN [0000-0002-0284-8959], Wareham, Nicholas J [0000-0003-1422-2993], Forouhi, Nita G [0000-0002-5041-248X], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Heinz Freisling, Susana Merino, Aurelio Barricarte, Augustin Scalbert, Domenico Palli, Eleni Peppa, Hanna Nyström, Klas Sjöberg, Magdalena Stepien, Antonia Trichopoulou, Aurora Perez-Cornago, Marina Lopez-Nogueroles, Gianluca Severi, Carlotta Sacerdote, Dragos Ciocan, Tilman Kühn, Elisabete Weiderpass, Cosmin Sebastian Voican, Manuela M. Bergmann, Gabriel Perlemuter, Eugene Jansen, Rudolf Kaaks, Michael F. Leitzmann, Julie A. Schmidt, Catherine Dong, Anna Karakatsani, María José Sánchez, Rosario Tumino, Bodil Ohlsson, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Marc J. Gunter, Raul Zamora Ros, Guri Skeie, José Mª Huerta, Heiner Boeing, Agustín Lahoz, Vittorio Krogh, Pilar Amiano, Francesca Mancini, Anne Tjønneland, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Salvatore Panico, Mazda Jenab, Sofia Christakoudi, Vivian Viallon, Renée T. Fortner, Mårten Werner, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre)-Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Radiology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC, National Research Council, NRC, University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH, Medical Research Council, MRC: 1000143, MR/M012190/1, Cancer Research UK, CRUK: 14136, C8221/A29017, World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF, University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Cancerfonden, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: 2009‐139, 2014‐1‐RT‐02‐CIRC‐1, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN, NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC, This work was supported in part by the French National Cancer Institute (L'Institut National du Cancer, INCa, grant numbers 2009‐139 and 2014‐1‐RT‐02‐CIRC‐1, PI: M. Jenab) and by internal funds of the IARC. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam‐Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro‐AIRC‐Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra and the Catalan Institute of Oncology—ICO (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC‐Norfolk, C8221/A29017 to EPIC‐Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC‐Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC‐Oxford) (United Kingdom). The funding sources had no influence on the design of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the article for publication. Funding information, and We would like to acknowledge Dr Krasimira Aleksandrova for input on the present manuscript, along with the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Bilthoven, The Netherlands), the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Department of Public Health Aarhus University (Aarhus, Denmark), University of Cambridge (Cambridge, United Kingdom), for their contributions and ongoing support to the EPIC Study.

Vittorio Krogh, Rudolf Kaaks, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Gianluca Severi, Eva Ardanaz, Marc J. Gunter, Tilman Kühn, Nicholas J. Wareham, Timothy J. Key, Francesca Mancini, Carlotta Sacerdote, María José Sánchez, Heiner Boeing, Annemieke M.W. Spijkerman, Peter M. Nilsson, Guy Fagherazzi, Miren Dorronsoro, María Dolores Chirlaque, Kay-Tee Khaw, Olov Rolandsson, Stephen J. Sharp, Salvatore Panico, Domenico Palli, Nita G. Forouhi, Christiane S. Hampe, Claudia Langenberg, Kim Overvad, Rosario Tumino, Elio Riboli, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), LSHM_CT_2006_037197 N∫ 6236 National Institutes of Health, NIH: DK26190 Compagnia di San Paolo Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Medical Research Council, MRC: MC_UU_12015/1, MC_UU_12015/5, MR/N003284/1 Cancer Research UK, CRUK World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Västerbotten Läns Landsting Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Agentschap NL: IGE05012 Vetenskapsrådet, VR Umeå Universitet Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie, BMFT Deutsche Krebshilfe Bundesministerium für Bildung und Frauen, BMBF Stichting Diabetes Onderzoek Nederland NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre: IS-BRC-1215-20014, O. Rolandsson: The Västerboten County Council, M. Dorronsoro: We thank the participants of the Spanish EPIC cohort for their contribution to the study as well as to the team of trained nurses who participated in the recruitment, R. Kaaks: German Cancer Aid, German Ministry of Research (BMBF), K. T. Khaw: Medical Research Council UK, Cancer Research UK, T. Kühn: German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), S. Panico: Compagnia di San Paolo, A. M. W. Spijkerman: EPIC Bilthoven and Utrecht acknowledge the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands), EPIC Ragusa acknowledges for their participation blood donors of AVIS-Ragusa (local blood donors association), Y. T. van der Schouw: EPIC Bilthoven and Utrecht acknowledge the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), WCRF, Statistics Netherland, E. Riboli: Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre., Open access funding provided by Umea University. Funding for the InterAct project was provided by the EU FP6 Programme (grant number LSHM_CT_2006_037197). The autoantibody measurement was funded by Västerbotten County Council and Umeå University, Sweden (OR), the National Institutes of Health (DK26190) (CSH) and the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/1) (NJW). OR: the Västerbotten County Council, Umeå University, MDC: Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health, Murcia Regional Government (N∫ 6236), EA: the Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health and Navarre Regional Government, RK: German Cancer Aid, the German Ministry of Research (BMBF), TJK: Cancer Research UK, KTK: the Medical Research Council UK, Cancer Research UK, PMN: the Swedish Research Council, KO: the Danish Cancer Society, SP: Compagnia di San Paolo, AMWS: the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands, RT: AIRE-ONLUS Ragusa, AVIS-Ragusa, Sicilian Regional Government, AMWS: LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), YTvdS: verification of diabetes cases was additionally funded by NL Agency grant IGE05012 and an Incentive Grant from the Board of the UMC Utrecht, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, NGF: MRC core support (MC_UU_12015/5), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (IS-BRC-1215-20014). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Acknowledgements, We thank all EPIC participants and staff for their contribution to this study. We thank N. Kerrison (MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK) for managing the data and the laboratory team at the MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge for managing the blood samples for the EPIC-InterAct project. We thank the participants of the Spanish EPIC cohort for their contribution to the study as well as the team of trained nurses who participated in the recruitment. O. Rolandsson: The V?sterboten County Council, T. K?hn: German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), E. Riboli: Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre. Some of the data were presented as an abstract at the 54th EASD Annual Meeting in 2018., Rolandsson, Olov [0000-0002-1341-6828], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Salvatore Panico, Vivian Viallon, José María Huerta, Heinz Freisling, Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco, Christopher Millett, Marc J. Gunter, Paolo Vineis, Christina C. Dahm, Giovanna Masala, Nasser Laouali, Elisabete Weiderpass, Verena Katzke, Charlotta Rylander, Lousie Brunkwall, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Franziska Jannasch, Aurelio Barricarte, Fernanda Rauber, Carlos Augusto Monteiro, Jie Zhang, Jeroen W.G. Derksen, Paula Jakszyn, Geneviève Nicolas, Reynalda Cordova, Karl-Heinz Wagner, Renata Bertazzi Levy, Corinne Casagrande, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Francesca Mancini, Stina Ramne, Stina Bodén, Eszter P. Vamos, Guri Skeie, Anne Tjønneland, Jytte Halkjær, Aurora Perez-Cornago, Bernard Srour, Inge Huybrechts, Nathalie Kliemann, Sara Grioni, Matthias B. Schulze, Alicia K Heath, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ, National Research Council, NRC, Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1, Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C570/A16491, C8221/A19170, World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP: 2016/14302-7, Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, ÖAW, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Cancerfonden, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Fondation de France: 00081166, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN, School for Public Health Research, NIHR SPHR, The Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit is grateful for support from the NIHR School for Public Health Research . Swedish Cancer Society , Swedish Research Council and County Council of Västerbotten , Sweden., This work was partially financially supported by the Fondation de France (FDF, grant no. 00081166 , HF, RC)., Fernanda Rauber is a beneficiary of a postdoctoral fellowship from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) , grant numbers 2016/14302-7 ., The national cohorts are supported by the following funders: Ligue Contre le Cancer , Institut Gustave-Roussy , Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale , Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health,Welfare and Sports (VWS) , Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR) , LK Research Funds , Dutch Prevention Funds , Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS-ISCIII) , the Regional Governments of Andalucía , Asturias , Basque Country, Murcia , Navarra , and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Barceloan), Spain), Cancer Research UK ( 14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council ( 1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK)., Reynalda Cordova is a recipient of a DOC Fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at the Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna.This work was partially financially supported by the Fondation de France (FDF, grant no. 00081166, HF, RC).Fernanda Rauber is a beneficiary of a postdoctoral fellowship from the Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo (FAPESP), grant numbers 2016/14302-7.The national cohorts are supported by the following funders: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany), Dutch Ministry of Public Health,Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland),World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS-ISCIII), the Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia, Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Barceloan), Spain), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, and C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK).The Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit is grateful for support from the NIHR School for Public Health Research. Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Council of V?sterbotten, Sweden.

Vinicius Silva de Oliveira, Aleksandra Foltynowicz, Kevin K. Lehmann, Isak Silander, Ove Axner, Lucile Rutkowski, Alexandra C. Johansson, Grzegorz Sobon, Umeå University, Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP: POIR.04.04.00-00-434D/17-00, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse: KAW 2015.0159, Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2016-03593, Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Virginia, and Jonchère, Laurent

Isak Silander, Lucile Rutkowski, Grzegorz Sobon, Ove Axner, Aleksandra Foltynowicz, Vinicius Silva de Oliveira, Alexandra C. Johansson, Kevin K. Lehmann, Umeå University, Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, University of Virginia, Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP: POIR.04.04.00-00-434D/17-00, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse: KAW 2015.0159, Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2016-03593, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Virginia [Charlottesville]

Sophia Rodopoulou, Giulia Cesaroni, Jørgen Brandt, Torben Sigsgaard, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Doris Tove Kristoffersen, Petter Ljungman, Danielle Vienneau, Kathrin Wolf, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Gudrun Weinmayr, Shuo Liu, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Raphaëlle Varraso, Jie Chen, Maciej Strak, Karin Leander, Barbara Hoffmann, Francesco Forastiere, Matthias Ketzel, Anne Tjønneland, Evangelia Samoli, John S. Gulliver, Klea Katsouyanni, Debora Rizzuto, Gabriele Nagel, Bert Brunekreef, Bente Oftedal, Amar Mehta, Annette Peters, Göran Pershagen, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Massimo Stafoggia, Nicole A.H. Janssen, Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt, Mariska Bauwelinck, Richard Atkinson, Daniela Fecht, Kees de Hoogh, Ole Hertel, Tom Bellander, Gerard Hoek, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA: R-82811201 Health Effects Institute, HEI: 4954-RFA14-3/16-5-3 Karolinska Institutet, KI Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2017-00641 China Scholarship Council, CSC: 201806010406, Support statement: This work is supported by the Health Effects Institute (4954-RFA14-3/16-5-3) and a grant from the China Scholarship Council (201806010406). SALT and TwinGene are substudies of The Swedish Twin Registry (STR) which is managed by Karolinska Institutet and receives additional funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00641. Funding information for this article has been deposited with the Crossref Funder Registry., and Acknowledgements: Research described in this article was conducted under contract to the Health Effects Institute (HEI), an organisation jointly funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (assistance award number R-82811201) and certain motor vehicle and engine manufacturers. The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of HEI, or its sponsors, nor do they necessarily reflect the views and policies of the EPA or the motor vehicle and engine manufacturers. The authors would also like to thank all participants in the CEANS, DCH and DNC cohort studies, and the respective study teams (the ELAPSE project) for their hard work and effort. Thanks to Niklas Andersson (Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden) for the work of harmonising complicated data on covariates between the four subcohorts in CEANS.

Isak Silander, Ove Axner, Lucile Rutkowski, Vinicius Silva de Oliveira, Kevin K. Lehmann, Aleksandra Foltynowicz, Grzegorz Sobon, Umeå University, Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP: POIR.04.04.00-00-434D/17-00, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse: KAW 2015.0159, Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2016-03593, and Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Nauclér, P., Huttner, A., van Werkhoven, C.H., Singer, M., Tattevin, P., Einav, S., Tängdén, T., Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, University Medical Center [Utrecht], University College of London [London] (UCL), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], ARN régulateurs bactériens et médecine (BRM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Uppsala University, Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2019-05911, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), and Shaare Zedek Medical Center

Polina Morozova, Pierre Sepulchre, Christopher J. Hollis, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Eleni Anagnostou, Petra Langebroek, Gregor Knorr, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Jessica E. Tierney, E. M. Volodin, Igor Niezgodzki, Christopher J. Poulsen, Sebastian Steinig, David K. Hutchinson, Daniel J. Lunt, Gerrit Lohmann, Caroline H Lear, Paul J. Valdes, Gordon N. Inglis, Helen K. Coxall, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Jiang Zhu, Wing Le Chan, Yannick Donnadieu, Zhongshi Zhang, Gavin L. Foster, Fran Bragg, Tom Dunkley Jones, Agatha M. de Boer, Matthew Huber, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Science Foundation, NSF Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/N006828/1, NE/P01903X/1 Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2016-03912 National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR: 0148-2019-0009, 1852977, NE/P013112/1 ATM-0902780, OCE-0902882 Royal Society Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas: 2018-01621 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: 17H06104 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: 17H06323 European Research Council, ERC: 340923 Heising-Simons Foundation, HSF: 2016-015, Acknowledgements. Daniel J. Lunt, Sebastian Steinig, Paul Valdes, and Fran Bragg acknowledge funding from the NERC SWEET grant (grant no. NE/P01903X/1). Daniel J. Lunt also acknowledges funding from NERC DeepMIP grant (grant no. NE/N006828/1) and the ERC ('The greenhouse earth system' grant, T-GRES, project reference no. 340923, awarded to Rich Pancost). Christopher J. Poulsen and Jessica E. Tierney acknowledge funding from the Heising-Simons Foundation (grant no. 2016-015). Jiang Zhu and Christopher J. Poulsen wish to thank Jeff Kiehl, Christine Shields, and Mathew Rothstein for providing the CESM code as well as boundary and initial condition files for the CESM simulations. Wing-Le Chan and Ayako Abe-Ouchi acknowledge funding from JSPS KAKENHI (grant no. 17H06104) and MEXT KAKENHI (grant no. 17H06323), and are grateful to JAMSTEC for use of the Earth Simulator. David K. Hutchinson and Agatha M. de Boer were supported by the Swedish Research Council (project no. 2016-03912) and FORMAS (project no. 2018-01621). Their numerical simulations were performed using resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at NSC, Linköping. Pierre Sepulchre, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, and Yannick Donnadieu were granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocation no. 2019- A0050102212 made by GENCI. The HadCM3 simulations were carried out using the computational facilities of the Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol (http://www. bristol.ac.uk/acrc/, last access: 10 January 2021). Gordon N. In-glis acknowledges a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship. Matthew Huber was funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF, grant nos. ATM-0902780 and OCE-0902882). Bette L. Otto-Bliesner acknowledges the CESM project, which is primarily supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF). This material is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under cooperative agreement no. 1852977. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. Tom Dunkley Jones was supported by NERC (grant no. NE/P013112/1). Polina Morozova was supported by the state assignment project no. 0148-2019-0009., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Fulvio Ricceri, Joseph A. Rothwell, Amanda J. Cross, Graham G. Giles, Elisabete Weiderpass, Tilman Kühn, Emily Sonestedt, Yi Yang, Rudolf Kaaks, Valeria Pala, Anna Karakatsani, Dallas R. English, Rosario Tumino, Pilar Amiano, Antonia Trichopoulou, John L. Hopper, Leila Lujan-Barroso, Allison M. Hodge, Bengt Wallner, Ruth C. Travis, María Dolores López, Anne Tjønneland, Hazel M. Mitchell, Kostas Tsilidis, Domenico Palli, Harindra Jayasekara, Elio Riboli, Antonio Agudo, Robin Room, Heiner Boeing, Eva Ardanaz, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Torkjel M. Sandanger, Pietro Ferrari, Robert J. MacInnis, Susana Merino, Andrew Haydon, Eleni Peppa, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Salvatore Panico, María José Sánchez, Marc J. Gunter, Hanna Sternby, Roger L. Milne, Gianluca Severi, Ana Lucia Mayen-Chacon, Centre international de Recherche sur le Cancer (CIRC), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), VicHealth Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC Wellcome Trust, WT Medical Research Council, MRC: MC‐UU_12015/1, MR/M012190/1, MR/N003284/1 British Heart Foundation, BHF Department of Health and Social Care, DH Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C570/ A16491, C8221/A19170, C864/A14136 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF Food Standards Agency, FSA Stroke Association European Commission, EC National Health and Medical Research Council, NHMRC: 1074383, 209057, 396414, GNT1163120 Cancer Council Victoria Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer Stavros Niarchos Foundation, SNF Vetenskapsrådet, VR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé: GR‐IARC‐2003‐09‐12‐01 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM Institut Gustave-Roussy Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Greece Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, FARE Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Grant/Award Numbers: 1074383, 209057, 396414, GNT1163120, Cancer Council Victoria (Australia), Cancer Research UK, Grant/Award Numbers: C570/ A16491, C8221/A19170, C864/A14136, Catalan Institute of Oncology ‐ ICO (Spain), Danish Cancer Society, Deutsche Krebshilfe, the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (Germany), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, European Commission (Directorate General for Health and Consumer Affairs), Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (Australia), French Ministry of Health, Grant/Award Number: Grant GR‐IARC‐2003‐09‐12‐01, Health Research Fund (FIS) ‐ Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece), Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France), Italian Association for Research on Cancer and the National Research Council (Italy), Ligue Contre le Cancer (France), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, the Dutch Zorg Onderzoek Nederland, Medical Research Council (UK), Grant/Award Numbers: MC‐UU_12015/1, MR/M012190/1, MR/N003284/1, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) (the Netherlands), Netherlands Cancer Registry, Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece), Stroke Association, the British Heart Foundation, the Department of Health, the Food Standards Agency and the Wellcome Trust (UK), Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Scientific Council and the Regional Government of Skåne (Sweden), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), VicHealth (Australia), World Cancer Research Fund and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands), the Institut Gustave Roussy Funding information, We thank Carine Biessy and Bertrand Hemon for their technical contribution to EPIC data used in this work. We are also grateful to all the EPIC participants who have been part of the project, and to the many members of the study teams who enabled this research. We thank the original MCCS investigators and the diligent team, who recruited the participants and who continue working on follow‐up, for their contribution. We also express our gratitude to the many thousands of Melbourne residents who continue to participate in the study. This work was supported by the Direction Générale de la Santé (French Ministry of Health, Grant GR‐IARC‐2003‐09‐12‐01), by the European Commission (Directorate General for Health and Consumer Affairs) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), the Ligue Contre le Cancer, the Institut Gustave Roussy, the Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale and the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France), the Deutsche Krebshilfe, the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation and the Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece), the Italian Association for Research on Cancer and the National Research Council (Italy), the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, the Dutch Zorg Onderzoek Nederland, the World Cancer Research Fund and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands), the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands, for their contribution and ongoing support to the EPIC Study, the Health Research Fund (FIS) ‐ Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology ‐ ICO (Spain), the Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Scientific Council and the Regional Government of Skåne (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (C864/A14136 to EPIC‐Norfolk, C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC‐Oxford), Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1 and MC‐UU_12015/1 to EPIC‐Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC‐Oxford, United Kingdom), the Stroke Association, the British Heart Foundation, the Department of Health, the Food Standards Agency and the Wellcome Trust (UK). MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by Cancer Council Victoria ( https://www.cancervic.org.au/ ) and VicHealth ( https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/ ). The MCCS was further supported by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) ( https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/ ) grants 209057, 396414 and 1074383, and ongoing follow‐up and data management has been funded by Cancer Council Victoria since 1995. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. Harindra Jayasekara is supported by NHMRC grant GNT1163120. John L. Hopper is a NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow. Yi Yang is supported by a Melbourne Research Scholarship from the University of Melbourne. Robin Room's position was funded by the Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education. The sponsors had no role in the design and conduct of the study, collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data, preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript, and and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Anne Klosterhalfen, Anusha Sathyanadh, Christoph Gerbig, Matthias Peichl, Wouter Peters, Vladislav Bastrikov, Zhendong Wu, Hjalmar Laudon, Guillaume Monteil, Marko Scholze, Mats Nilsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Commission, EC, Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas, National Science Council, NSC: 2018‐05973, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Kempestiftelserna: 942‐2015‐49, JCK‐1815, The first author, Anusha Sathyanadh, acknowledges a Postdoctoral Scholarship funded by the Kempe Foundations (grant no: JCK-1815). A grant (no. 942-2015-49) from the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS) funded the tall tower eddy covariance measurements at Svartberget. Financial support from the Swedish Research Council and research institutes contributing to the Swedish Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS-Sweden) and Research Infrastructure from the Swedish Infrastructure for Ecosystem Science (SITES) is also acknowledged. Marko Scholze and Guillaume Monteil acknowledge support from the three Swedish strategic research areas ModElling the Regional and Global earth system (MERGE), the e-science collaboration (eSSENCE), and Biodiversity and Ecosystems in a Changing Climate (BECC). The computations were enabled with resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at NSC partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2018-05973. We thank Greet Janssens-Meanhout (European Commission, Joint Research Center, 790 Ispra, Italy) for providing the fuel type and category specific version of the EDGAR v4.3 anthropogenic emission data and Hugo Denier van der Gon (TNO, The Netherlands) for making the temporal emission profiles available. We also thank the PIs of the atmospheric stations at ICOS Svartberget, Norunda, Hyltemossa, Puijo, Pallas, and Hyytiala (SE-SVB, SE-NOR, SE-HTM, FI-PUI, FI-PAL, and FI-SMR) for providing data on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The authors thank the staff at the SLU Unit for Field-Based Forest Research for technical and logistic support at the Svartberget station., The first author, Anusha Sathyanadh, acknowledges a Postdoctoral Scholarship funded by the Kempe Foundations (grant no: JCK‐1815). A grant (no. 942‐2015‐49) from the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS) funded the tall tower eddy covariance measurements at Svartberget. Financial support from the Swedish Research Council and research institutes contributing to the Swedish Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS‐Sweden) and Research Infrastructure from the Swedish Infrastructure for Ecosystem Science (SITES) is also acknowledged. Marko Scholze and Guillaume Monteil acknowledge support from the three Swedish strategic research areas ModElling the Regional and Global earth system (MERGE), the e‐science collaboration (eSSENCE), and Biodiversity and Ecosystems in a Changing Climate (BECC). The computations were enabled with resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at NSC partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2018‐05973. We thank Greet Janssens‐Meanhout (European Commission, Joint Research Center, 790 Ispra, Italy) for providing the fuel type and category specific version of the EDGAR v4.3 anthropogenic emission data and Hugo Denier van der Gon (TNO, The Netherlands) for making the temporal emission profiles available. We also thank the PIs of the atmospheric stations at ICOS Svartberget, Norunda, Hyltemossa, Puijo, Pallas, and Hyytiala (SE‐SVB, SE‐NOR, SE‐HTM, FI‐PUI, FI‐PAL, and FI‐SMR) for providing data on atmospheric CO concentrations. The authors thank the staff at the SLU Unit for Field‐Based Forest Research for technical and logistic support at the Svartberget station. 2, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Meteorology and Air Quality Department [Wageningen] (MAQ)

Bernard Uguen, Benoit Denis, Henk Wymeersch, Davide Dardari, Remun Koirala, Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), University of Bologna, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2018-03701Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership, ECSEL: 783119, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bologna/Università di Bologna, Koirala R., Uguen B., Dardari D., Wymeersch H., Denis B., and Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Liu, Shuo, Jørgensen, Jeanette Therming, Ljungman, Petter L.S., Pershagen, Göran, Bellander, Tom D., Leander, Karin, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., Rizzuto, Debora, Hvidtfeldt, Ulla Arthur, Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole, Wolf, Kathrin, Hoffmann, Barbara H., Brunekreef, Bert, Strak, Maciej, Chen, Jie, Mehta, Amar Jayant, Atkinson, Richard W., Bauwelinck, Mariska, Varraso, Raphäelle, Boutron-Ruault, Marie Christine, Brandt, Jørgen, Cesaroni, Giulia, Forastiere, Francesco, Fecht, Daniela, Gulliver, John, Hertel, Ole, de Hoogh, Kees, Janssen, Nicole A.H., Katsouyanni, Klea, Ketzel, Matthias, Klompmaker, Jochem O., Nagel, Gabriële C., Oftedal, Bente Margaret, Peters, Annette Michael, Tjønneland, Anne, Rodopoulou, Sophia P., Samoli, Evangelia, Bekkevold, Terese, Sigsgaard, Torben, Stafoggia, Massimo, Vienneau, D. S., Weinmayr, Gudrun, Hoek, Gerard, Andersen, Zorana, Jørgensen, Jeanette, Ljungman, Petter, Bellander, Tom, Magnusson, Patrik, Hvidtfeldt, Ulla, Hoffmann, Barbara, Mehta, Amar, Atkinson, Richard, Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine, Janssen, Nicole, Klompmaker, Jochem, Nagel, Gabriele, Oftedal, Bente, Peters, Annette, Rodopoulou, Sophia, Vienneau, Danielle, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Environmental Protection Agency, EPA: R-82811201 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA China Scholarship Council, CSC: 201806010406 Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2017-00641 Karolinska Institutet, KI, Research described in this article was conducted under contract to the Health Effects Institute (HEI), an organization jointly funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Assistance Award No. R-82811201) and certain motor vehicle and engine manufacturers. The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of HEI, or its sponsors, nor do they necessarily reflect the views and policies of the EPA or motor vehicle and engine manufacturers., This work was supported by the Health Effects Institute Research Agreement #4954-RFA14-3/16-5-3 and the China Scholarship Council No. 201806010406. SALT and TwinGene are sub-studies of The Swedish Twin Registry (STR) which is managed by Karolinska Institutet and receives additional funding through the Swedish Research Council under the grant no 2017-00641., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Interface Demography, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, and Sociology

Verena Katzke, Anne M. May, Carlota Castro-Espin, Paula Jakszyn, Christina C. Dahm, Elisabete Weiderpass, Matthias B. Schulze, Guri Skeie, María José Sánchez, Catalina Bonet, Maria Dolores Chirlaque, Sanam Shah, Nasser Laouali, Dagfinn Aune, José Ramón Quirós, Sabina Sieri, Eva Ardanaz, Salvatore Panico, Gianluca Severi, Carlotta Sacerdote, Antonio Agudo, Stina Bodén, Melissa A. Merritt, Iger T Gram, Rosario Tumino, Krasimira Aleksandrova, Giovanna Masala, Elio Riboli, Renée Turzanski-Fortner, Pilar Amiano, Anne Tjønneland, Laure Dossus, Manon Cairat, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC, National Research Council, NRC, University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH, Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1, Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017, World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF, Imperial College London, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Cancerfonden, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: PI15/00639, European Social Fund, ESF, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN, European Regional Development Fund, ERDF: FI19/00197, NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC, This work was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the project PI15/00639 (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund [ERDF], a way to build Europe). C. Castro-Espin was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the Grant FI19/00197 (Co-funded by European Social Fund. ESF investing in your future). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology—ICO (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). The funders of this study had no role in the decisions about the analysis or interpretation of the data, or preparation, review or approval of the manuscript., and We thank CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. We also thank the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands, for their contribution and ongoing support to the EPIC Study.

Joseph A. Rothwell, Giovanna Masala, José María Huerta, Aurora Perez-Cornago, Elisabete Weiderpass, Anja Olsen, Magritt Brustad, Claudia Agnoli, Corinne Casagrande, Guri Skeie, Ulrika Ericson, Verena Katzke, Mazda Jenab, Christina C. Dahm, Anne Tjønneland, Geneviève Nicolas, Rudolf Kaaks, Inge Huybrechts, Veronika Fedirko, Carlotta Sacerdote, Neil Murphy, Maria Wennberg, Veronique Chajes, Jeroen W.G. Derksen, Matthias B. Schulze, Elom K. Aglago, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Alicia K Heath, Pilar Amiano, Salvatore Panico, Paula Jakszyn, Rosario Tumino, Marc J. Gunter, Inger T. Gram, María José Sánchez, Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, 1000143, MR/M012190/1, Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC, National Research Council, NRC, University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH, Cancer Research UK, CRUK: 14136, C8221/A29017, World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF, Imperial College London, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Cancerfonden, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN, NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC, World Cancer Research Fund, Grant/Award Number: WCRF 2013/1002 Funding information trans, The authors would like to thank the EPIC study participants and staff for their valuable contribution to this research. The authors would also like to thank Ms Beatrice Vozar, Mr Bertrand Hemon and Ms Carine Biessy for the analysis of plasma samples, and the preparation of the databases. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition PotsdamRehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro‐AIRC‐Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology—ICO (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC‐Norfolk, C8221/A29017 to EPIC‐Oxford), MedicalResearch Council (1000143 to EPIC‐Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC‐Oxford). (United Kingdom), the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands. The EPIC‐Norfolk study (DOI 10.22025/2019.10.105.00004) has received funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1, MC‐PC_13048 and MC‐UU_12015/1). We are grateful to all the participants who have been part of the project and to the many members of the study teams at the University of Cambridge who have enabled this research. The authors would like to acknowledge the use of data and samples from EPIC centres in Cambridge, France, Asturias, and Navarro. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the article. Our study was funded by a grant from the World Cancer Research Fund to Marc Gunter (Grant number: WCRF 2013/1002)., Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy), Health Research Fund (FIS)?Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology?ICO (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), MedicalResearch Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, and MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford). (United Kingdom), the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands. The EPIC-Norfolk study (DOI 10.22025/2019.10.105.00004) has received funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1, MC-PC_13048 and MC-UU_12015/1). We are grateful to all the participants who have been part of the project and to the many members of the study teams at the University of Cambridge who have enabled this research. The authors would like to acknowledge the use of data and samples from EPIC centres in Cambridge, France, Asturias, and Navarro. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the article. Our study was funded by a grant from the World Cancer Research Fund to Marc Gunter (Grant number: WCRF 2013/1002).

Amanda J. Cross, Kristin Benjaminsen Borch, Renée T. Fortner, Vittorio Simeon, Paul Brennan, Guri Skeie, Elio Riboli, Rosario Tumino, Elisabete Weiderpass, Gianluca Severi, Carlotta Sacerdote, Kim Overvad, Manuela M. Bergmann, Isabel Drake, Sara Grioni, Panagiota Pagoni, Giovanna Masala, Pietro Ferrari, Heinz Freisling, Matthias B. Schulze, Maria Dolores Chirlaque, Pilar Amiano, Mattias Johansson, Ioanna Tzoulaki, Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, Timothy J. Key, J. Ramón Quirós, Eva Ardanaz, Antonio Agudo, Neil Murphy, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Christel Häggström, Sofia Christakoudi, Rudolf Kaaks, Merete Ellingjord-Dale, Sophia Harlid, Charlotta Rylander, Tanja Stocks, Anne Tjønneland, Fanny Artaud, Laure Dossus, Jytte Halkjær, Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco, Aurora Perez-Cornago, David C. Muller, Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC: MC_UU_00011/6, MR/M012190/1 Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C570/A16491, C8221/A19170 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF European Commission, EC Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer Vetenskapsrådet, VR Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM Institut Gustave-Roussy Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC Fondation Gustave Roussy, The authors thank the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands, for their contribution and ongoing support to the EPIC study. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Kr?ftens Bek?mpelse) (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe), German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium f?r Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS-ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia, Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Barcelona) (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society (Cancerfonden), Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsr?det), County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). Panagiota Pagoni is funded by Medical Research Council (grant reference MC_UU_00011/6). Infrastructure support for the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at Imperial College London (UK) was provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, or the preparation, review and approval of the manuscript, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication., The authors thank the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands, for their contribution and ongoing support to the EPIC study. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG‐SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Kræftens Bekæmpelse) (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe), German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro‐AIRC‐Italy and National Research Council (Italy), Health Research Fund (FIS‐ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia, Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Barcelona) (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society (Cancerfonden), Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet), County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC‐Oxford), Medical Research Council (MR/M012190/1 to EPIC‐Oxford) (United Kingdom). Panagiota Pagoni is funded by Medical Research Council (grant reference MC_UU_00011/6). Infrastructure support for the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at Imperial College London (UK) was provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, or the preparation, review and approval of the manuscript, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication., Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Cancer Research UK, Grant/Award Numbers: C570/A16491, C8221/A19170, Cancerfonden, Catalan Institute of Oncology Barcelona, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, County Council of Skåne Sweden, County Council of Västerbotten Sweden, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Directorate‐General for Health and Consumers, Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), Health Research Fund (FIS‐ISCIII) Spain, Institut Gustave‐Roussy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Kræftens Bekæmpelse, Ligue Contre le Cancer, LK Research Funds, Medical Research Council, Grant/Award Numbers: MC_UU_00011/6, MR/M012190/1, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, National Research Council Italy, Netherlands Cancer Registry, Regional Government of Andalucía, Regional Government of Asturias, Regional Government of Basque Country, Regional Government of Murcia, Regional Government of Navarra, Statistics Netherlands, Vetenskapsrådet, World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Institut Gustave Roussy, International Agency for Research on Cancer, European Commission (DG‐SANCO) Funding information, Christakoudi, S., Pagoni, P., Ferrari, P., Cross, A. J., Tzoulaki, I., Muller, D. C., Weiderpass, E., Freisling, H., Murphy, N., Dossus, L., Turzanski Fortner, R., Agudo, A., Overvad, K., Perez-Cornago, A., Key, T. J., Brennan, P., Johansson, M., Tjonneland, A., Halkjaer, J., Boutron-Ruault, M. -C., Artaud, F., Severi, G., Kaaks, R., Schulze, M. B., Bergmann, M. M., Masala, G., Grioni, S., Simeon, V., Tumino, R., Sacerdote, C., Skeie, G., Rylander, C., Borch, K. B., Quiros, J. R., Rodriguez-Barranco, M., Chirlaque, M. -D., Ardanaz, E., Amiano, P., Drake, I., Stocks, T., Haggstrom, C., Harlid, S., Ellingjord-Dale, M., Riboli, E., Tsilidis, K. K., and Cancer Research UK

Magnus Wickman, Alet H. Wijga, Andrea von Berg, Gerard H. Koppelman, Inger Kull, Erik Melén, Anna Bergström, Tamara Schikowski, Judith M. Vonk, Dietrich Berdel, Joachim Heinrich, Marianne van Hage, Josep M. Antó, Christian Lupinek, Jean Bousquet, Olena Gruzieva, Rudolf Valenta, Iana Markevych, E. Thiering, Ulrike Gehring, Hicran Altug, Marie Standl, Vieillissement et Maladies chroniques : approches épidémiologique et de santé publique (VIMA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 211250, 261357 POIR.04.04.00-1763/18-00 Mead Johnson Nutrition Scottish Environment Protection Agency, SEPA European Commission, EC European Research Council, ERC: 757919 Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP Austrian Science Fund, FWF: F4605 Hjärt-Lungfonden Karolinska Institutet, KI Vetenskapsrådet, VR Institut Universitaire de France, IUF: FKZ 20462296 Seventh Framework Programme, FP7 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd, FORTE: 2017-01146 European Regional Development Fund, FEDER Government Council on Grants, Russian Federation Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, BMBWF Helmholtz Zentrum München, The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Program under grant agreement numbers: 211250 (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects [ESCAPE]), and 261357 (Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy [MeDALL]). Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiology (BAMSE) was supported by The Swedish Research Council, The Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Region Stockholm (ALF project, and database maintenance), the Strategic Research Programme in Epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Research Council Formas and the Swedish Environment Protection Agency, the Swedish Asthma and Allergy Research Foundation, the Cancer and Allergy Foundation. E.M. is supported by a grant from the European Research Council (grant agreement 757919, TRIBAL). O.G. is supported by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE 2017-01146). R.V. is supported the by Austrian Science Fund (grant F4605) and is a recipient of a Megagrant of the Government of the Russian Federation (grant 14.W03.31.0024). The Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) study was supported by project grants from The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, The Netherlands Asthma Fund, The Netherlands Ministry of Spatial Planning, Housing, and the Environment, and The Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport. U.G. was supported by a Grant of The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. The German Infant Study on the Influence of Nutrition Intervention PLUS Environmental and Genetic Influences on Allergy Development (GINIplus) study was mainly supported for the first 3 years of the Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology (interventional arm) and Helmholtz Zentrum Munich (formerly GSF) (observational arm). The 4-year, 6-year, 10-year, and 15-year follow-up examinations of the GINIplus study were covered from the respective budgets of the 5 study centers (Helmholtz Zentrum Munich [formerly GSF], Research Institute at Marien-Hospital Wesel, LMU Munich, TU Munich), and from year 6 onward it was also supported with funding from from IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of D?sseldorf and by a grant from the Federal Ministry for Environment (IUF D?sseldorf [grant FKZ 20462296]). Furthermore, the 15-year follow-up examination of the GINIplus study was supported by the Commission of the European Communities, the Seventh Framework Program MeDALL project, and by the companies Mead Johnson and Nestl?. The Influences of Lifestyle-Related Factors on the Human Immune System and Development of Allergies in Childhood (LISA) study was mainly supported by grants from the Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology and also from Helmholtz Zentrum Munich (formerly GSF), the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, the Research Institute at Marien-Hospital Wesel, Pediatric Practice, and Bad Honnef for the first 2 years. The 4-year, 6-year, 10-year, and 15-year follow-up examinations of the LISA study were covered from the respective budgets of the involved partners (Helmholtz Zentrum Munich [formerly GSF], the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, the Research Institute at Marien-Hospital Wesel, Pediatric Practice, Bad Honnef, and IUF?Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of D?sseldorf) and also by a grant from the Federal Ministry for Environment (IUF D?sseldorf [grant FKZ 20462296]). Furthermore, the 15-year follow-up examination of the LISA study was supported by the Commission of the European Communities, the Seventh Framework Program: MeDALL project. I.M. is supported by a grant from the NeuroSmog: Determining the Impact of Air Pollution on the Developing Brain (grant POIR.04.04.00-1763/18-00) which is implemented as part of the TEAM-NET programme of the Foundation for Polish Science and cofinanced with funding from European Union resources obtained from the European Regional Development Fund under the Smart Growth Operational Programme., The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Program under grant agreement numbers: 211250 (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects [ESCAPE]), and 261357 (Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy [MeDALL]). Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiology (BAMSE) was supported by The Swedish Research Council, The Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Region Stockholm (ALF project, and database maintenance), the Strategic Research Programme in Epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Research Council Formas and the Swedish Environment Protection Agency, the Swedish Asthma and Allergy Research Foundation, the Cancer and Allergy Foundation . E.M. is supported by a grant from the European Research Council (grant agreement 757919 , TRIBAL). O.G. is supported by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE 2017-01146 ). R.V. is supported the by Austrian Science Fund (grant F4605) and is a recipient of a Megagrant of the Government of the Russian Federation (grant 14.W03.31.0024). The Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) study was supported by project grants from The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, and The Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport. U.G. was supported by a Grant of The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. The German Infant Study on the Influence of Nutrition Intervention PLUS Environmental and Genetic Influences on Allergy Development (GINIplus) study was mainly supported for the first 3 years of the Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology (interventional arm) and Helmholtz Zentrum Munich (formerly GSF) (observational arm). The 4-year, 6-year, 10-year, and 15-year follow-up examinations of the GINIplus study were covered from the respective budgets of the 5 study centers (Helmholtz Zentrum Munich [formerly GSF], Research Institute at Marien-Hospital Wesel, LMU Munich, TU Munich), and from year 6 onward it was also supported with funding from from IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Düsseldorf and by a grant from the Federal Ministry for Environment (IUF Düsseldorf [grant FKZ 20462296]). Furthermore, the 15-year follow-up examination of the GINIplus study was supported by the Commission of the European Communities, the Seventh Framework Program MeDALL project , and by the companies Mead Johnson and Nestlé. The Influences of Lifestyle-Related Factors on the Human Immune System and Development of Allergies in Childhood (LISA) study was mainly supported by grants from the Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology and also from Helmholtz Zentrum Munich (formerly GSF), the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, the Research Institute at Marien-Hospital Wesel, Pediatric Practice, and Bad Honnef for the first 2 years. The 4-year, 6-year, 10-year, and 15-year follow-up examinations of the LISA study were covered from the respective budgets of the involved partners (Helmholtz Zentrum Munich [formerly GSF], the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, the Research Institute at Marien-Hospital Wesel, Pediatric Practice, Bad Honnef, and IUF–Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Düsseldorf) and also by a grant from the Federal Ministry for Environment (IUF Düsseldorf [grant FKZ 20462296]). Furthermore, the 15-year follow-up examination of the LISA study was supported by the Commission of the European Communities, the Seventh Framework Program: MeDALL project . I.M. is supported by a grant from the NeuroSmog: Determining the Impact of Air Pollution on the Developing Brain (grant POIR.04.04.00-1763/18-00 ) which is implemented as part of the TEAM-NET programme of the Foundation for Polish Science and cofinanced with funding from European Union resources obtained from the European Regional Development Fund under the Smart Growth Operational Programme., and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC)

Ingegerd Johansson, David S. Lopez, Alicia K Heath, Amanda J. Cross, Anne Tjønneland, J. Ramón Quirós, Melissa A. Merritt, Paula Jakszyn, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Pilar Amiano, Anne Kirstine Eriksen, Manuela M. Bergmann, Marc J. Gunter, Bernard Srour, David C. Muller, Piet A. van den Brandt, Matthias B. Schulze, Salvatore Panico, Claudia Agnoli, Pietro Ferrari, Marco Lukic, José María Huerta, Christina C. Dahm, Therese Haugdahl Nøst, Areti Papadopoulou, Aurelio Barricarte Gurrea, Rosario Tumino, María José Sánchez, Fulvio Ricceri, Nadia Bastide, Paolo Vineis, Ulrika Ericson, Eva Ardanaz, Gianluca Severi, Guri Skeie, Aurora Perez-Cornago, Nikos Papadimitriou, Emmanouil Bouras, Elisabete Weiderpass, Ellio Riboli, Ioanna Tzoulaki, Heiner Boeing, Stina Bodén, Giovanna Masala, Jeroen W.G. Derksen, Jonna Berntsson, Verena Katzke, Elena Critselis, Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, University of Ioannina, Maastricht University [Maastricht], Imperial College London, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), International Agency for Cancer Research (IACR), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Potsdam, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), Umeå University, Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Lund University [Lund], Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Madrid] (ISC), Aarhus University [Aarhus], IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori [Milano], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), University of Naples Federico II, La Salle [Ramon Llull University], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC, International Council of Ophthalmology, ICO, National Research Council, NRC, University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH, Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1, Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017, World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF: WCRF 2014/1180, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Cancerfonden, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN, Funding This work was supported by the World Cancer Research Fund International Regular Grant Programme (WCRF 2014/1180 to Konstantinos K. Tsilidis). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre. The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS)?Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden), and Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford) and Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization., Funding This work was supported by the World Cancer Research Fund International Regular Grant Programme ( WCRF 2014/1180 to Konstantinos K. Tsilidis). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre . The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer , Institut Gustave Roussy , Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid , German Cancer Research Center ( DKFZ ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) (Germany), Dutch Ministry of Public Health , Welfare and Sports ( VWS ), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund ( WCRF ), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS)– Instituto de Salud Carlos III ( ISCIII ), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology ( ICO ) (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society , Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Epidemiologie, and RS: GROW - R1 - Prevention

Pålsson, Sandra Axberg, Dondalska, Aleksandra, Bergenstråhle, Joseph, Rolfes, Caroline, Björk, Albin, Sedano, Laura, Power, Ultan F., Rameix-Welti, Marie Anne, Lundeberg, Joakim L., Wahren-Herlenius, Marie, Mastrangelo, Peter, Eleouet, Jean François, Le Goffic, Ronan, Galloux, Marie, Spetz, Anna Lena, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Stockholm University, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Karolinska Institute, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences [Belfast], Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Infection et inflammation (2I), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (LMP), University of Toronto, Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 521–2014–6718 Horizon 2020: 101003555, This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council https://www.vr.se/ (521–2014–6718) awarded to A-LS. This study was in part funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 in response to the corona virus outbreak for research and innovation action under grant agreement No. 101003555., European Project: 101003555,H2020, RIA,H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,Fight-nCoV(2020), HAL UVSQ, Équipe, and FIGHTING-OFF CORONAVIRUS (SARS-CoV-2) WITH BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIVIRALS: ESTABLISHING ANIMAL VIRAL CHALLENGE MODEL - Fight-nCoV - - H2020, RIA2020-04-01 - 2022-03-31 - 101003555 - VALID

Gottschalk, Julia, Michel, Elisabeth, Thöle, Lena M., Studer, Anja S., Hasenfratz, Adam P., Schmid, Nicole, Butzin, Martin, Mazaud, Alain, Martínez-García, Alfredo, Szidat, Sönke, Jaccard, Samuel L., University of Bern, Columbia University [New York], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Climate Geochemistry Department [Mainz], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Basel (Unibas), Geological Institute [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), Institute of Earth Sciences [Lausanne], University of Lausanne (UNIL), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG: GO 2294/2-1 Vetenskapsrådet, VR: VR-349-2012-6278 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, MPG Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF: 01LP1919A Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, J.G. and S.L.J. (grants PP00P2_144811 and 200021_163003), A.S.S. (grant PBEZP2_145695), and A.M.-G. (grant PZ00P2_142424) acknowledge funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation. J.G. was also supported by a Global Research Fellowship from the German Research Foundation (DFG grant GO 2294/2-1), and a promotion grant from the Intermediate Staff Association of the University of Bern. A.M. and E.M. acknowledge financial support from the French Ministry of Research and Higher Education, the Swedish Research Council (grant VR-349-2012-6278), and the French National Institute of Sciences of the Universe at the French National Centre for Scientific Research. A.M.-G. further acknowledges funding from the Max Planck Society. M.B. is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), a Research for Sustainability initiative (FONA, www.fona.de) through the PalMod project (grant number: 01LP1919A). We thank the French Polar Institute Paul-Émile Victor, the captains and the crew of RV Marion Dufresne during the Indien-Sud cruises for their help retrieving sediment core MD12-3396CQ. We also thank the staff of the Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone-14 of the ARTEMIS French National AMS facility, the Laboratory for Radiocarbon Analysis at the University of Bern (especially Michael Battaglia and Gary Salazar), Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Gulay Isguder, Fabien Dewilde, Derek Vance and Corey Archer for technical support. We are indebted to Sophie Hines, Ning Zhao, Jerry McManus, Jimin Yu, Andy Hogg, Veronica Tamsitt, Spencer Jones, Danny Sigman, and Wally Broecker for insightful discussions., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Climat et Magnétisme (CLIMAG), and Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL)

Anne Tjønneland, Claudia Agnoli, Pietro Ferrari, Pilar Amiano, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco, Alexandra Nieters, Aurelio Barricarte, Roel Vermeulen, Elisabete Weiderpass, Giovanna Masala, José María Huerta, Marta Solans, Delphine Casabonne, Federico Canzian, Caroline Besson, Florentin Späth, Gianluca Severi, Carlotta Sacerdote, James McKay, Catalina Bonet, Sabine Naudin, Fatemeh Saberi Hosnijeh, Sofia Christakoudi, Heinz Freisling, Rosario Tumino, Kristin Benjaminsen Borch, Rudolf Kaaks, Matthias B. Schulze, Yolanda Benavente, Anja Olsen, Charlotta Rylander, Anika Knuppel, Marie Christine Boutron Ruault, Mats Jerkeman, Immunology, Centre international de Recherche sur le Cancer (CIRC), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Mode de vie, génétique et santé : études intégratives et transgénérationnelles (U1018 (Équipe 9)), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), 179 2017SGR1085 Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC Wellcome Trust, WT: 205212/Z/16/Z National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1 Cancer Research UK, CRUK: 14136, C570/A11692, C570/A16491 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF European Commission, EC Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF: 01EO1303 Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, AGAUR Ligue Contre le Cancer Vetenskapsrådet, VR NordForsk Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Institut Gustave-Roussy Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN European Regional Development Fund, ERDF: ERC2009‐AdG 232997, PI13/00061, PI13/01162, PI14/01219, PI17/01280 Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF, Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR), CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support, Grant/Award Number: 2017SGR1085, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro‐AIRC‐Italy and National Research Council (Italy), Cancer Research UK, Grant/Award Numbers: 14136 (to EPIC‐Norfolk), C570/A11692, C570/A16491, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), (Spain), Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), TRANSCAN/Dutch Cancer Society, Grant/Award Number: 179, NOVEL consortium, Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), European Commission (DG‐SANCO), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Grant/Award Number: BMBF 01EO1303, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam‐Rehbruecke, Nuthetal (Germany), Institut Gustave Roussy, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (France), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Ligue Natinale Contre le Cancer, LK Research Funds, Medical Research Council, Grant/Award Numbers: 1000143 (to EPIC‐Norfolk), MR/M012190/1 (to EPIC‐Oxford), Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), Nordforsk, Nordic Centre of Excellence programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness ‐ Carlos III Institute of Health cofunded by FEDER funds/European Regional Develpment Fund (ERDF) ‐ a way to build Europe, Grant/Award Numbers: PI13/00061 (to Granada), PI13/01162 (to EPIC‐Murcia), PI17/01280, PI14/01219 (to Barcelona), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Grant/Award Number: Grant number: ERC2009‐AdG 232997, Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Vasterbotten (Sweden), the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece), Wellcome Trust, Grant/Award Number: 205212/Z/16/Z, and World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) Funding information

Natalia Freitas, Friedemann Weber, Solène Lerolle, François-Loïc Cosset, Gregory Neveu, Solène Denolly, Vincent Legros, Camille Lévy, Margot Enguehard, Eric Bergeron, Stephanie Devignot, Virus enveloppés, vecteurs et immunothérapie – Enveloped viruses, Vectors and Immuno-therapy (EVIR), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), This work performed in the laboratory of FLC was supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR), the IDEXLYON (ANR-16-IDEX-0005) and the LabEx Ecofect (ANR-11-LABX-0048) of the 'Université de Lyon' (http://ecofect.universite-lyon.fr/), within the program 'Investissements d’Avenir' (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) operated by the ANR. VL received financial support from the 'IDEXLYON IMPULSION 2019' project (ANR-16-IDEX-0005) of the ‘‘Université de Lyon', within the program ‘‘Investissements d’Avenir' (ANR-16-IDEX-0005) and from the 'Global Health Impulsion 2020' project of VetAgro Sup. FW is supported by the CCHVaccine consortium that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 732732, and by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, VR) section Research Environment, Infection Biology (contract number 2018-05766)., ANR-16-IDEX-0005,IDEXLYON,IDEXLYON(2016), ANR-11-LABX-0048,ECOFECT,Dynamiques eco-évolutives des maladies infectieuses(2011), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Bodescot, Myriam, IDEXLYON - - IDEXLYON2016 - ANR-16-IDEX-0005 - IDEX - VALID, Dynamiques eco-évolutives des maladies infectieuses - - ECOFECT2011 - ANR-11-LABX-0048 - LABX - VALID, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Sanikini, Harinakshi, Muller, David C, Sophiea, Marisa, Rinaldi, Sabina, Agudo, Antonio, Duell, Eric J, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Overvad, Kim, Tjønneland, Anne, Halkjaer, Jytte, Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine, Carbonnel, Franck, Cervenka, Iris, Boeing, Heiner, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kühn, Tilman, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Martimianaki, Georgia, Karakatsani, Anna, Pala, Valeria, Palli, Domenico, Mattiello, Amalia, Tumino, Rosario, Sacerdote, Carlotta, Skeie, Guri, Rylander, Charlotta, López, María Dolores Chirlaque, Sánchez, Maria-Jose, Ardanaz, Eva, Regnér, Sara, Stocks, Tanja, Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas, Vermeulen, Roel C H, Aune, Dagfinn, Tong, Tammy Y N, Kliemann, Nathalie, Murphy, Neil, Chadeau-Hyam, Marc, Gunter, Marc J, Cross, Amanda J, Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), Centre international de Recherche sur le Cancer (CIRC), 6236, PI13/00061, PI13/01162 Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, IARC Stand Up To Cancer, SU2C National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC: 1000143, MR/M012190/1 Cancer Research UK, CRUK: 14136, C570/A16491, C8221/A19170 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF European Commission, EC Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer Vetenskapsrådet, VR Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Fondation Gustave Roussy Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF, This research was funded by the Stand Up to Cancer campaign for Cancer Research UK. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM, France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Bilthoven, The Netherlands) for their contribution to data collection, Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (no. 6236) and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (14136 to KTK, NJW, and C570/A16491 to RCT and C8221/A19170 to TK [EPIC-Oxford]), Medical Research Council (1000143 to KTK, NJW, MR/M012190/1 to TK [EPIC-Oxford, United Kingdom]).

Patrick Arveux, Elio Riboli, Carla H. van Gils, Marina Kvaskoff, Rudolf Kaaks, María José Sánchez, Kim Overvad, Pilar Amiano, Naomi E. Allen, Elisabete Weiderpass, Christina C. Dahm, Catalina Bonet, Carlo La Vecchia, Giovanna Masala, Amalia Mattiello, José Ramón Quirós, Manuela M. Bergmann, Matthias B. Schulze, Marc J. Gunter, Anna Karakatsani, Daniel Ángel Rodríguez-Palacios, Vivian Viallon, Valeria Pala, Ruth C. Travis, Renée T. Fortner, Fulvio Ricceri, Rosario Tumino, Antonia Trichopoulou, Evelyn M. Monninkhof, Anne Tjønneland, Laure Dossus, Agnès Fournier, Aurelio Barricarte Gurrea, Anika Hüsing, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Cancer Research Foundation in Northern Sweden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Deutsche Krebshilfe Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A19170, C570/A16491 Vetenskapsrådet, VR Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC National Research Council, NRC Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Fondation Gustave Roussy European Commission, EC Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, IARC RD06/0020 German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Deutsche Krebshilfe Cancerfonden World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF: ERC‐2009‐AdG 232997 PI13/01162, PI13/00061 NordForsk Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1, The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG‐SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro‐AIRC‐Italy and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), ERC‐2009‐AdG 232997 and Nordforsk, Nordic Centre of Excellence programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway), Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC‐Murcia), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten, The Cancer Research Foundation of Northern Sweden (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170), Medical Research Council (MR/M012190/1) (EPIC‐Oxford, and United Kingdom). The EPIC‐Norfolk study (doi: 10.22025/2019.10.105.00004) has received funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1 and MC‐UU_12015/1) and Cancer Research UK (C864/A14136). We are grateful to all the participants who have been part of the project and to the many members of the study teams at the University of Cambridge who have enabled this research. For information on how to submit an application for gaining access to EPIC data and/or biospecimens, please follow the instructions at http://epic.iarc.fr/access/index.php .

A. M. Haywood, J. C. Tindall, H. J. Dowsett, A. M. Dolan, K. M. Foley, S. J. Hunter, D. J. Hill, W.-L. Chan, A. Abe-Ouchi, C. Stepanek, G. Lohmann, D. Chandan, W. R. Peltier, N. Tan, C. Contoux, G. Ramstein, X. Li, Z. Zhang, C. Guo, K. H. Nisancioglu, Q. Zhang, Q. Li, Y. Kamae, M. A. Chandler, L. E. Sohl, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, R. Feng, E. C. Brady, A. S. von der Heydt, M. L. J. Baatsen, D. J. Lunt, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 17189 University of Toronto, U of T Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2013-06476, 2017-04232 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC: EP/M008.363/1 University of Leeds Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, NSERC: A9627 Government of Ontario Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, MECD: 024.002.001 National Science Foundation, NSF: 1418411, 1852977 National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR Seventh Framework Programme, FP7 China Scholarship Council, CSC: 201804910023 China Postdoctoral Science Foundation: 2015M581154 Netherlands Earth System Science Centre, NESSC European Research Council, ERC: 278636 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: 17H06104 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: 17H06323 Canada Foundation for Innovation U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC: EP/M008.363/1, Acknowledgements. We acknowledge the use of NOAA_ERSST_V5 data provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their website at https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/ (last access: 12 September 2019). Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Aisling M. Dolan, Stephen J. Hunter and Daniel J. Hill acknowledge the FP7 Ideas programme: European Research Council (grant no. PLIO-ESS, 278636), the Past Earth Network (EPSRC grant no. EP/M008.363/1) and the University of Leeds Advanced Research Computing service. Julia C. Tindall was also supported through the Centre for Environmental Modelling and Computation (CEMAC), University of Leeds. Harry J. Dowsett and Kevin M. Foley acknowledge support from the USGS Climate Research and Development Program. This research used samples and/or data provided by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady and Ran Feng acknowledge that material for their participation is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (cooperative agreement no. 1852977 and NSF OPP grant no. 1418411). The CESM project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Ning Tan, Camille Contoux and Gilles Ramstein were granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocations 2016-A0030107732, 2017-R0040110492 and 2018-R0040110492 (gencmip6) and 2019-A0050102212 (gen2212) provided by GENCI. The IPSL-CM6 team of the IPSL Climate Modelling Centre (https://cmc.ipsl.fr, last access: 16 September 2020) is acknowledged for having developed, tested, evaluated and tuned the IPSL climate model, as well as per- formed and published the CMIP6 experiments. Christian Stepanek acknowledges funding from the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM. Christian Stepanek and Gerrit Lohmann acknowledge funding via the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research programme Marine, Coastal and Polar Systems. Qiong Zhang acknowledge support from the Swedish Research Council (2013-06476 and 2017-04232). Simulations with EC-Earth were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC). Wing-Le Chan and Ayako Abe-Ouchi acknowledge funding from JSPS (KAKENHI grant no. 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI grant no. 17H06323). Their simulations with MIROC4m were performed on the Earth Simulator at JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan. The work by Anna S. von der Heydt and Michiel L. J. Baatsen was carried out under the program of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW grant no. 024.002.001). Simulations with CCSM4-Utr were performed at the SURFsara Dutch national computing facilities and were sponsored by NWO-EW (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Exact Sciences) (project no. 17189). W. Richard Peltier and Deepak Chandan were supported by Canadian NSERC Discovery Grant A9627, and they wish to acknowledge the support of SciNet HPC Consortium for providing computing facilities. SciNet is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation under the auspices of Compute Canada, the Government of Ontario, the Ontario Research Fund – Research Excellence, and the University of Toronto. Xiangyu Li acknowledges financial support from the China Scholarship Council (201804910023) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (project no. 2015M581154). The NorESM simulations benefitted from resources provided by UNINETT Sigma2 – the National Infrastructure for High Performance Computing and Data Storage in Norway. The authors would also like to thank Tim Herbert and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper., Financial support. This research has been supported by the Past Earth Network (EPSRC grant no. EP/M008.363/1)., Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Leonardo Nogara, Saskia Lassche, Jonne Doorduin, Norma B. Romero, Benno Küsters, Tamar E. Sztal, Baziel G.M. van Engelen, Balázs Kiss, Stefan Conijn, Josine M. de Winter, Coen A.C. Ottenheijm, Weikang Ma, Georg Ramm, Viola Oorschot, Joery P. Molenaar, Shengyi Shen, Christopher N. Johnson, Richard J. Rodenburg, Bert Blaauw, Robbert van der Pijl, Henk Granzier, Thomas E. Hall, Ken Campbell, Frank Li, Thomas C. Irving, Alan H. Beggs, Michaela Yuen, Reinier A. Boon, Manuela Marabita, Menne van Willigenburg, Esmee S.B. Van Kleef, Noelia Lozano-Vidal, Sylvia J. P. Bogaards, Robert J. Bryson-Richardson, Avnika A. Ruparelia, Dilson E. Rassier, Martijn van de Locht, Edoardo Malfatti, Malin Persson, Zherui Xiong, Nicol C. Voermans, Handicap neuromusculaire : Physiopathologie, Biothérapie et Pharmacologies appliquées (END-ICAP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), VIDI 016.126.319 645648, H2020-MSCA-RISE-2014 W.OR17-08 National Institutes of Health, NIH: R01 HD075802 U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE National Institute of General Medical Sciences, NIGMS: 1S10OD018090-01 National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIAMS: HL133359, R01 AR053897 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD Muscular Dystrophy Association, MDA: MDA602235 Office of Science, SC Argonne National Laboratory, ANL: 9 P41 GM103622 Advanced Photon Sciences, APS: DE-AC02-06CH11357 National Health and Medical Research Council, NHMRC: APP1121651 Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2015-00385, This work was supported by the Dutch Foundation for Scientific Research (VIDI 016.126.319 to CACO), the Princess Beatrix Muscle Foundation (W.OR17-08 to CACO, NCV, and BGMVE), H2020-MSCA-RISE-2014 (645648 Muscle Stress Relief to CACO), the Advanced Photon Source (DE-AC02-06CH11357), A Foundation Building Strength for Nemaline Myopathy (to CACO), the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Early Career Fellowship (APP1121651 to MY), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH R01 HD075802 to AHB), the Muscular Dystrophy Association (USA) (MDA602235 to AHB), the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIH R01 AR053897 to HG), the NIH (HL133359 to KC). This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This project was supported by grant 9 P41 GM103622 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH. Use of the Pilatus 3 1M detector was provided by grant 1S10OD018090-01 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences or the NIH. MP was funded by a postdoctoral grant from the Swedish Research Council (2015-00385)., Physiology, ACS - Pulmonary hypertension & thrombosis, ACS - Microcirculation, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, ACS - Heart failure & arrhythmias, and Academic Medical Center

Manuela M. Bergmann, Elio Riboli, Christina C. Dahm, Marc J. Gunter, Christina Bamia, David C. Muller, Pauline Bazelle, Antonio Agudo, Isabelle Romieu, Heather Ward, Pietro Ferrari, Patrick Arveux, Anja Olsen, Tammy Y.N. Tong, Elin Thysell, Julie A. Schmidt, María José Sánchez, Adam S. Butterworth, Aurelio Barricarte Gurrea, Peter Nilsson, Pilar Amiano, Kim Overvad, Fulvio Ricceri, Rosario Tumino, Salvatore Panico, Michael J. Sweeting, Evelyn M. Monninkhof, Anne Tjønneland, Marina Kvaskoff, Vincenzo Bagnardi, Olov Rolandsson, Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, Mazda Jenab, H. Susan J. Picavet, Paolo Vineis, Tilman Kühn, Heinz Freisling, Gianluca Severi, John Danesh, Claudia Agnoli, Hannah Lennon, Marije F. Bakker, Vivian Viallon, Virginia Menéndez, Rudolf Kaaks, Nicholas J. Wareham, Heiner Boeing, Carmen Santiuste, Jonas Manjer, Elisabete Weiderpass, Domenico Palli, Ioanna Tzoulaki, Cristian Ricci, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), 2018-1-PL SHS-06-CIRC-1 LSHM_CT_2006_037197 HEALTH24 F2-2012-279233 PI13/00061, PI13/01162 2018-123 RD06/0020 G0800270, MR/ L003120/1 Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, IARC National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1 British Heart Foundation, BHF: 26 RG/08/014, RG13/ 13/30194, SP/09/002 Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C570/A16491, C8221/A19170 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF European Commission, EC European Research Council, ERC: 268834 Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Vetenskapsrådet, VR Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé: GR-IARC-2003-09-12-01 Direction Générale de la Compétitivité, de l’Industrie et des Services, DGCIS Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe, This work was supported by the Direction Générale de la Santé (French Ministry of Health) (Grant GR-IARC-2003-09-12-01) and by the French National Cancer Institute (INCA_N°2018-123), and the Cancéropôle Ile-de-France (N°2018-1-PL SHS-06-CIRC-1). Funding for the InterAct project was provided by the EU FP6 programme (grant no. LSHM_CT_2006_037197). EPIC-CVD has been supported by the European Union Framework 7 (HEALTH24 F2-2012-279233), the European Research Council (268834), the UK Medical Research 25 Council (G0800270 and MR/ L003120/1), the British Heart Foundation (SP/09/002 and 26 RG/08/014 and RG13/ 13/30194), and the UK National Institute of Health Research. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK). The funder of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report., Butterworth, Adam [0000-0002-6915-9015], Danesh, John [0000-0003-1158-6791], Wareham, Nicholas [0000-0003-1422-2993], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Cancer Research UK, Freisling, H, Viallon, V, Lennon, H, Bagnardi, V, Ricci, C, Butterworth, A, Sweeting, M, Muller, D, Romieu, I, Bazelle, P, Kvaskoff, M, Arveux, P, Severi, G, Bamia, C, Kuhn, T, Kaaks, R, Bergmann, M, Boeing, H, Tjonneland, A, Olsen, A, Overvad, K, Dahm, C, Menendez, V, Agudo, A, Sanchez, M, Amiano, P, Santiuste, C, Gurrea, A, Tong, T, Schmidt, J, Tzoulaki, I, Tsilidis, K, Ward, H, Palli, D, Agnoli, C, Tumino, R, Ricceri, F, Panico, S, Picavet, H, Bakker, M, Monninkhof, E, Nilsson, P, Manjer, J, Rolandsson, O, Thysell, E, Weiderpass, E, Jenab, M, Riboli, E, Vineis, P, Danesh, J, Wareham, N, Gunter, M, Ferrari, P, 29790514 - Ricci, Cristian, Overvad, Kim [0000-0001-6429-7921], Dahm, Christina C [0000-0003-0481-2893], and Tong, Tammy Y N [0000-0002-0284-8959]

Alicia K Heath, Eirini Kouloura, Pilar Amiano, Joseph A. Rothwell, Marta Crous-Bou, Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, Melissa A. Merritt, Julie A. Schmidt, Lucie Lécuyer, María José Sánchez, Rosario Tumino, Domenico Palli, Hector C. Keun, Marc J. Gunter, Roel Vermeulen, Matthias B. Schulze, Inger T. Gram, Laure Dossus, Amalia Mattiello, Aurelio Barricarte Gurrea, Sandra Colorado-Yohar, Therese Haugdahl Nøst, Ruth C. Travis, Gianluca Severi, Carlotta Sacerdote, Claudia Agnoli, Naomi E. Allen, Elisabete Weiderpass, Alexandros P. Siskos, Carine Biessy, Vivian Viallon, Renée T. Fortner, Rudolf Kaaks, Niki Dimou, Sofia Christakoudi, Sabina Rinaldi, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, International Agency for Cancer Research (IACR), Imperial College London, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), Nuffield Department of Population Health [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), University Hospital of North Norway [Tromsø] (UNN), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, University of Potsdam, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, University of Granada [Granada], CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori [Milano], Provincial Health Authority (ASP 7) [Ragusa, Italy], University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Naples Federico II, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC, Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, APS, National Research Council, NRC, Imperial Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, ECMC, University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH, Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1, Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C19335/A21351, C8221/ A29017, World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Cancerfonden, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Vetenskapsrådet, VR, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN, NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC, This work was supported by Cancer Research UK (CRUK) (grant number C19335/A21351, to MJG and HK).The metabolomics infrastructure in the Division of Cancer, Imperial College London is supported by the Imperial College Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, the Imperial College Cancer Research UK Centre and the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (APS & HK). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition PotsdamRehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford). (United Kingdom)., The metabolomics infrastructure in the Division of Cancer, Imperial College London is supported by the Imperial College Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre , the Imperial College Cancer Research UK Centre and the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (APS & HK). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health , Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) . The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer , Institut Gustave Roussy , Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale , Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds , Dutch Prevention Funds , Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) , Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias , Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra , and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society , Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK ( 14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, C8221/ A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council ( 1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, This work was supported by Cancer Research UK (CRUK) (grant number C19335/A21351 , to MJG and HK)., University of Oxford, University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Azienda Ospedalerio - Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino = University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, HAL UVSQ, Équipe, Cancer Research UK, and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust- BRC Funding

Vivi Vajda, Anders Engdahl, Martin J. Whitehouse, Yuangao Qu, Nicola McLoughlin, Mark A. van Zuilen, Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering [Chinese Academy of Sciences] [Sanya] (IDSSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Swedish Museum of Natural History, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa, Albany Museum, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences [Lund], Lund University [Lund], and This project is financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0309800), the Hundred Talent Program C of China (Y810011BRC), the Swedish Research Council (VR 2015-04264), the Bergen Research Foundation (Norway), the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement 646894), and the Department of Science and Technology–National Research Foundation Centre for Excellence in Palaeosciences at the University of Witwatersrandthe (South Africa). The NordSIM laboratory at the Swedish Museum of Natural History is a Vetenskapsrådet (VR)-funded research infrastructure, of which this is publication 593. We highly appreciate the technical assistance of the University of Bergen, the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, the MAX Lab at Lund University, and the NordSIM lab. Many thanks to Gang Lü for helping us with data processing, and to the Botanical Garden in Lund for providing extant royal fern samples

Verena Königer, D. Scott Merrell, Roman Andriiovych Moskalenko, Rainer Haas, Thomas Borén, Sara Henriksson, Jafar Mahdavi, Abhijit Chowdhury, Johan Ögren, Anders Hofer, Jay V. Solnick, Dan Danielsson, Sara K. Lindén, Dag Ilver, Konstantinos S. Papadakos, Susanne Vikström, Jörgen Ådén, Jan Holgersson, Gerhard Gröbner, Alexej Schmidt, Jeanna Bugaytsova, Oscar Björnham, Göran O. Bylund, Rolf Sjöström, Stefan Oscarson, Dionyssios N. Sgouras, Lori M. Hansen, Yevgen A Chernov, Anders Esberg, Kristof Moonens, Christopher Aisenbrey, Charles Kelly, Ludmilla A. Morozova-Roche, Jeannette M. Whitmire, Beatriz Martinez-Gonzalez, Asish K. Mukhopadhyay, Angela Eldridge, Nicklas Strömberg, Robert H. Gilman, Andre Dubois, Lars Engstrand, Staffan Schedin, Brett A. Chromy, Justine Younson, Matthew Goldman, Anna Shevtsova, Macarena P. Quintana-Hayashi, Hui Liu, Magnus Unemo, Lena Rakhimova, Anna Åberg, Sebastian Suerbaum, Anna Arnqvist, Pär Gideonsson, Maréne Landström, Douglas E. Berg, Kristoffer Brännström, Anders Olofsson, Melissa Mendez, G. Balakrish Nair, Han Remaut, Umeå University, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg [Göteborg], Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology [Bruxelles], VIB [Belgium], Sumy State University, Max Von Pettenkofer Institute (MVP), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), King‘s College London, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), School of Digestive and Liver Diseases [Kolkata] (SDLD), National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute [Faridabad] (THSTI), Institut Pasteur Hellénique, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Örebro University Hospital [Örebro, Sweden], Hannover Medical School [Hannover] (MHH), German Center for Infection Research - partner site Hannover-Braunschweig (DZIF), School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (UCD), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California, German Center for Infection Research, Partnersite Munich (DZIF), Département d'Informatique [Bruxelles] (ULB), Faculté des Sciences [Bruxelles] (ULB), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), This work was supported by grants from Vetenskapsrådet (VR/M) to T.B. and S.K.L., Cancerfonden to T.B. and A.A., VR/NT to A.A. and S. Schedin, Formas to S.K.L., the J.C. Kempe and Seth M. Kempe Memorial Foundation, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (2012.0090) to T.B. and M.L., European Union Seventh Framework Program GastricGlycoExplorer ITN grant number 316929 to T.B. and Y.A.C., Magn. Bergvall’s Foundation to S. Schedin, DFG (SFB 900/A1) to S. Suerbaum, DFG (HA2697/16-1) to R.H., FP6 ANR-06-PATHO-00701 ERA-NET and Actions Concertées Inter-Pasteuriennes (ACIP) (2006) to D.N.S., NIH R01DK063041 to D.E.B., NIH CA082312 to D.S.M., NIH AI070803 and AI081037 to J.V.S., CSIR project, India (No. 37(1640)/14/EMR –II) to A.K.M., and VIB and FWO (grants: G033717N and 12H8416N) to K.M. and H.R., This paper is dedicated to the memory of our friend, collaborator, and co-author Dr. Andre Dubois, a great scientist who contributed importantly both intellectually and materially to this project. We thank S. Michopoulos and G. Mantzaris for H. pylori clinical isolates and Ö. Furberg (NoPolo.se), N. Ulander (softplanbangkok.com), S. Lindström, and M. Borén for the digital movie, tech, art, and figure work, respectively., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Basic (bio-) Medical Sciences, Structural Biology Brussels, and Department of Bio-engineering Sciences

Daniel Magnfält, Kostas Sarakinos, Ulf Helmersson, Gregory Abadias, A. Fillon, Robert D. Boyd, The Plasma and Coatings Physics group, Linköping University (LIU), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Plasma & Coatings Physics group, MP0804-150313-027228, European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST), 621-2014-4882, Vetenskapsrådet (VR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)