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BMC women's health 21(1), 247 (2021). doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01387-1, Published by BioMed Central, London

Ankur K Shrivastava, Swatishree Nayak, Mary Anto Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, IndiaCorrespondence: Ankur K Shrivastava Flat No. 603, Type 5A, AIIMS Residential Complex, Kabir Nagar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492099, IndiaEmail shrivastavadrankur@gmail.comPurpose: To compare the efficacy of topical nepafenac (0.1%) with flurbiprofen (0.03%) in maintaining intra-operative mydriasis during phacoemulsification surgery.Patients and Methods: This study comprised of 160 patients, who were divided into two arms of 80 each (arms A and B) after randomisation. Pre-operatively, all patients received one drop of tropicamide 0.8% and phenylephrine 5% (combination), 4 times, at an interval of 15 minutes on the day of surgery. Thereafter, Nepafenac drop in arm A/Flurbiprofen drop in arm B was administered 4 times, at an interval of 15 minutes keeping a gap of 10 minutes between tropicamide-phenylephrine and any of the experimental drugs. Phacoemulsification was performed one hour after the administration of last drop. Both vertical and horizontal pupillary diameter were measured at three steps; immediately before the surgical incision (baseline), at the end of emulsification of nucleus (before irrigation and aspiration) and at the end of surgery (after stromal hydration).Results: The difference in pupillary diameter between two groups, was statistically insignificant for vertical diameter (P = 0.08) and horizontal diameter (P = 0.28) at the start of surgery. On the other hand, pupillary diameter difference was statistically significant after emulsification of nucleus and at the end of surgery as well when both vertical (P < 0.05) and horizontal diameter (P < 0.05) were considered. The total reduction in pupillary diameter (both vertically and horizontally) was significantly less in the Nepafenac as compared to Flurbiprofen group (P < 0.05). Analysis of mean cumulative dissipated energy did not document any appreciable difference between the two groups. Phacoemulsification time analysis yielded statistically significant results (P = 0.004) between the Nepafenac and Flurbiprofen group.Conclusion: In the present study, topical Nepafenac (0.1%) proved to be more efficacious in maintaining intra-operative mydriasis during phacoemulsification surgery as compared to topical Flurbiprofen (0.03%).Keywords: topical nepafenac, topical flurbiprofen, intra-operative mydriasis, phacoemulsification

Introduction/Objective. Olecranon aperture is a variable opening in the septum between the olecranon and coronoid fossae. Its frequency varies largely in different populations and knowledge of its presence may have clinical implications. The objective of our study was to determine its prevalence in a sample of Serbian population and to investigate its morphology and morphometrical features, as well as its relation to the distal end of humerus. Methods. A material used were 70 dry human humeri from the bone collection of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis. We analyzed the presence, shape, transverse and vertical diameter of the aperture, its distance to the tips of the epicondyles from medial border (MB) and lateral border (LB), as well as the distance between epicondyles (EW) and translucency of the septum in the bones with no aperture. Vernier caliper was used for measurements of the diameters and distances. Results. Eight olecranon aperatures were observed in seven bones (10%), seven on the left and one on the right side. Half of them were oval-shaped, while round, triangular, and irregular shape were found. Translucent septum in humeri with no aperture was present in 67.1% of the sample. There were no significant differences between MB and LB, neither between EW in bones with aperture and with septum. Conclusion. Our study presented the rare data about the frequency of olecranon aperture in Serbian population, suggesting that robusticity of the humerus is not related to the presence of the olecranon aperture.

To investigate the morphologic features of the Schlemm canal and trabecular meshwork in highly myopic eyes with early intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after cataract surgery.Retrospective case-control study.Eighty-eight highly myopic eyes of 88 patients after uneventful cataract surgery were included, 31 of which had early postoperative IOP elevation and 57 of which did not. The morphologic features of the Schlemm canal and trabecular meshwork, collected with swept-source optical coherence tomography before surgery, were reviewed. Backwards stepwise multiple linear regression was used to investigate the anatomic risk factors for early IOP elevation in highly myopic eyes.Highly myopic eyes with early postoperative IOP elevation had smaller Schlemm canal vertical diameter and area, as well as smaller trabecular meshwork thickness and width, in each quadrant than the non-elevation group. There was no significant difference in Schlemm canal horizontal diameter between the IOP elevation and non-elevation groups. In the highly myopic eyes, average Schlemm canal vertical diameter, Schlemm canal area, trabecular meshwork thickness, and width were all correlated negatively with the IOP elevation. A multivariate analysis showed that average Schlemm canal vertical diameter (β = -0.262, P = .004) and trabecular meshwork thickness (β = -0.173, P.001) were significantly associated with early transient IOP elevation in highly myopic cataract eyes.A smaller vertical diameter of Schlemm canal and a thinner trabecular meshwork are 2 anatomic risk factors for early IOP elevation after cataract surgery in highly myopic eyes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphometric properties of the fovea capitis femoris (FCF) and its localization on the femoral head, the shape types, and the relationship with the femoral head parameters. This study was performed on 146 dry femora. The morphological and morphometric properties were evaluated on dry bones and digital images of these bones. Some of the FCF and femoral head parameters were measured with a caliper on dry bones while others were measured using ImageJ software on digital images. The most common localization type was the Type 2 localization and the shape type was the oval type. The FCF sizes [except depth of the FCF (DFCF)] were found to be smaller in the Type 1 localization. The femoral neck shaft angle (NSA) was found to be greater in the triangular type than the round (or circular) type on the left side and in all cases. The vertical diameter of the femoral head (FHD-V), the anteroposterior diameter of the femoral head (FHD-AP), and the area of the femoral head (AREAHOF) values were greater in the triangular types than in the oval types in all cases. There was no relationship between the localization types and the shape types of the FCF. Results showed that the morphometric properties, localization, and shape types of the FCF were related to some femoral head parameters. It is thought that our findings contributed to orthopedic and radiological applications and anthropological sciences.

Background: The femur is one of the most researched bones in the human anatomy and forensic medicine. As the longest bone in the human body, it is well preserved in skeletal remains. The sex estimation of human remains is one of the most important research steps for physical and forensic anthropologists. However, osteometric standards built on unburned human remains and contemporary cremated series are often inadequate for the analysis, frequently resulting in a significant number of misclassifications. Methods: In our study, we present the anthropometric data from 500 skeletons in Northern Greece, including 232 males and 198 females, as well as 430 of known age. The diameters of the femur were measured as well as the indices of robustness. For the statistical interpretation of the results, we have used the discriminant analysis. Results: From the interpretation of the data, we concluded that all the mean values, diameters and indices of the males were greater compared with those of the females. Also, we concluded that the probability of error is quite high in all cases except the vertical diameter of femur’s head, which has an acceptable percentage of error of 14.39% and can be used as a safe criterion for sex identification. Conclusion: With the aid of statistics, we came to the conclusion that the vertical diameter of the femur’s head is a safe variable for sex estimation in skeletal remains. J Clin Med Res. 2019;11(11):740-744 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3986

The objective of this study was to use parameters to determine the geometric differences between ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) and nonruptured AAAs.Computed tomography data of 38 ruptured AAAs and 215 electively repaired (nonruptured) AAAs were collected from multiple institutes. We compared the ruptured AAA group and nonruptured AAA group with 1:1 matching by using the Mahalanobis distance, which was calculated using the patient's age, sex, and AAA diameter. We selected the longitudinal AAA image in multiplanar reconstruction view, placed a hypothetical ellipse on the aneurysm's protruded curve, and placed a circle on the portion connecting the aneurysm and the aorta. We then measured the aspect ratio (the vertical diameter divided by the horizontal diameter) and fillet radius (the radius of arc).The aspect ratio was significantly lower in the ruptured group than in the nonruptured group (2.02 ± 0.53 vs 2.60 ± 1.02; P = .002), as was the fillet radius (0.28 ± 0.18 vs 0.81 ± 0.44; P .001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the area under the curve of the aspect ratio was 0.688, and the optimal cutoff point was 2.23, with sensitivity and specificity of 0.55 and 0.76, respectively. The area under the curve of the fillet radius was 0.933, and the optimal cutoff was 0.347, with sensitivity and specificity of 0.97 and 0.87, respectively.The geometric analysis performed in this study revealed that ruptured AAAs had a smaller fillet radius and smaller aspect ratio than nonruptured AAAs did.

Purposes Details concerning the normal growth of the pelvic girdle in the fetus are of importance in the early detection of congenital defects. This study was executed to quantitatively evaluate the primary ossification center of the ischium with relation to its linear, planar and volumetric parameters. Materials and methods Using methods of CT, digital-image analysis, and statistics, geometrical dimensions of the ischium’s primary ossification center in 42 spontaneously aborted human fetuses (21 ♂ and 21 ♀) aged 18–30 weeks were calculated. Results With no sex and laterality differences, the best fit growth dynamics for the ischium’s primary ossification center were displayed by the following functions: y = − 10.045 + 0.742 × age ± 0.013 (R2 = 0.97) for its vertical diameter, y = − 5.212 + 0.385 × age ± 0.008 (R2 = 0.97) for its sagittal diameter, y = − 36.401 + 0.122 × (age)2 ± 45.534 (R2 = 0.96) for its projection surface area, and y = − 1052.840 + 368.470 × ln(age) ± 12.705 (R2 = 0.91) for its volume. Conclusions Neither male–female nor right–left differences are found for any of the morphometric parameters of the ischium’s primary ossification center. With relation to fetal ages in weeks, the ischium’s primary ossification center grows proportionately in vertical and sagittal diameters, second-degree polynomially in projection surface area, and logarithmically in volume. The quantitative findings of the ischium’s primary ossification center are considered age-specific reference data of relevance in the diagnostics of innate defects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the pneumatization degree of ethmomaxillary sinus (EMS) and adjacent structures, and its impact on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). A retrospective analysis of paranasal sinus CT scans of 996 patients was conducted. The maximum vertical diameter of EMS in the coronal plane was measured, allowing EMS to be classified, and its impact on ipsilateral CRS were examined. The prevalence of EMS was 11.9%. The maximum vertical diameter of EMS in the coronal plane ranged from 3.68 to 28.76 mm with a mean (± SD) of 11.32 ± 5.12 mm. The prevalence rates of EMS in CRS sides and non-CRS sides were 12.5% and 9.3%, respectively, which was significantly different (χ2 = 4.495; p 0.05). EMS is a common anatomical variation with marked individual differences in shape and pneumatization degree. A higher degree of EMS pneumatization may contribute to the occurrence of CRS; this should be investigated before surgery.

Objective: To study the efficacy and safety of fractional 2940 nm laser-assisted drug delivery of timolol maleate 0.5% solution for the treatment of deep IHs.Methods: In this study, 30 deep IHs were included, and a fractional 2940 nm laser was applied with 2-weeks intervals. Topical timolol maleate 0.5% was applied under occlusion for 30 min four times/day for 24 weeks. The plasma concentration of timolol maleate was monitored for 0.5 h after the first treatment. The HAS scores and the depth, lateral diameter, vertical diameter of hemangiomas were evaluated before treatment, at 8 weeks and 24 weeks of treatment, and at 4 weeks after treatment.Results: Twenty-three patients (76.7%) demonstrated excellent regression, 4(13.3%) showed good response, and 3(10%) experienced moderate regression. The HAS score was declined from 3.6 ± 0.7 to 2.3 ± 0.6 at 8 weeks, and from 1.3 ± 0.5 to 0.8 ± 0.5 at 24 weeks (p < .05). Plasma timolol concentration was not detected in 11 infants, and the rest ranged from 1.580 pg/mL to 14.718 pg/mL, which were

Purpose. To provide quantitative measurements for the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and to describe its morphological characteristics by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Design. Cross-sectional observational case series. Methods. Healthy volunteers were recruited and evaluated using Triton-DRI SS-OCT Angiography. A 4.5 × 4.5 mm square was evaluated by OCT-A center around the fovea. Superficial and deep capillary plexus were identified, and different quantitative measurements were conducted along with categorization of the FAZ pattern. Results. Eighty-two eyes (41 volunteers) were evaluated. Mean age was 30.59 ± 7.6 years (23–42 years). Mean subcentral retinal thickness was 200.1 ± 5.66 um (192–210 um). The number of terminal vessels was variable (range, 8–11). Mean maximum terminal vessel-to-vessel intervening distance was 527.8 ± 60.3 um (471–674 um). Mean minimum terminal vessel-to-vessel intervening distance was 296.7 ± 45.8 um (233–373 um). Mean maximum horizontal diameter of FAZ (superficial) was 716.17 ± 124.09 um, while mean maximum vertical diameter of FAZ (superficial) was 667.76 ± 131.28 um. Mean maximum horizontal diameter of FAZ (deep) was 823.19 ± 144.92 um, while mean maximum vertical diameter of FAZ (deep) was 794.03 ± 150.28 um. OCT-A detected different FAZ patterns; horizontally oval configuration in 32 eyes (39%), rounded configuration in 24 eyes (29.3%), pentagon configuration in 14 eyes (17.1%), and vertically oval and nonspecific configuration in 6 eyes each (7.3%). Conclusion. OCT-A could efficiently provide both quantitative and qualitative assessment of normal FAZ; such characterizations were difficult by standard FAZ assessment procedures like FFA.

The cornea is the clear front surface of the eye. It lies directly in front of the iris and pupil, and it allows light to enter the eye. It provides approximately 65 to 75 percent of the focusing power of the eye. The horizontal diameter of the cornea typically measures about 12 millimeters (mm), and the vertical diameter is 11 mm. The cornea has five layers from the front to the back; the epithelium, Bowmans layer, the stroma, Descemet membrane and the endothelium.

Concrete is one of the most significant materials in modern society. It is widely used in many projects. Thus it is essential to study the strength and the failure patterns of this material. As well known, the compressive strength is much higher than the tensile strength for concrete. Thus, it is easy to fail due to the tensile strength for concrete. Thus, this paper focuses on the study of the tensile strength of the concrete and its failure patterns. Three types of concretes are made for studying the tensile strengths and the failure patterns of the concretes. Then the Brazilian tensile strength test method is employed in this study. The mythology of calculating tensile strength by the Brazilian tensile strength test method is introduced. Many discs are made for the tests. The Rock mechanics testing machine is used to excavate pressure on the top and bottom of the disc. It is concluded that the failure of the disc is along the vertical diameter between the top and bottom plates contacting the dis. The tensile failure is not obviously influenced by the ratios of the materials while the tensile strength is significantly influenced by the ratios of the concrete. The damage index of concrete is also proposed to describe the capabilities of resisting failure.

The earthquake shake has a significant impact on the response of buried infrastructures; however, no study has been conducted on the behavior of buried flexible pipes subjected to earthquake shake. This paper investigates the transverse response of buried unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipes subjected to transverse earthquake shake. A robust finite element model has been used to conduct this research. The influence of the pipes’ diameter, backfill height, peak ground acceleration, weight of the backfill, location of the rock layer, and predominant frequency of the earthquake has been investigated to provide insight into the seismic response of these buried flexible pipes. The results showed that the earthquake shake significantly increases the pipe wall thrust, pipe wall bending moment, and vertical diameter change. The results also showed that increasing the backfill height or the peak ground acceleration remarkably increases the earthquake response of the buried pipe. In addition, it was found that the weight of the backfill soil does not have a significant impact on the earthquake response of the pipe. However, the location of the earthquake shake is found to have a notable impact on the seismic response of the pipe; the closer the rock layer to the soil surface, the higher the seismic response. Finally, the results showed that increasing the predominant frequency of the earthquake shake decreases the earthquake response of the pipe. The results reported in this research are very useful to manufacturers of plastic pipes, pipeline design engineers, and researchers interested in the response of buried infrastructures.

Background To compare the results of continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis(CCC) after application of an open ring-shaped guider compared with a free-hand procedure in eyes with cataracts. Methods This study comprised patients undergoing cataract surgery in Seoul St.Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea. Eyes were grouped depending on the capsulotomy method; CCC was performed by free-hand procedure on 94 eyes (free-hand group), and it was performed under the guidance after introduction of an open ring-shaped guider on consecutive 89 eyes (guided group). Horizontal and vertical diameter, area and circularity of capsulotomy were measured postoperatively at one day, two months and six months. Differences in parameters and the percentage of ideal capsulorrhexis were analyzed between the two groups. Results On the first postoperative day, the vertical diameter in the guided group (5.24 ± 0.16 mm) was significantly longer than that of the free-hand group (5.01 ± 0.65 mm, P = 0.019). The area of capsulotomy was larger in the guided group (21.55 ± 0.87 mm2) than that of the free-hand group (20.34 ± 2.96 mm2, P

Purpose An understanding of the development of the ilium’s primary ossification center may be useful in both determining the fetal stage and maturity, and for detecting congenital disorders. This study was performed to quantitatively examine the ilium’s primary ossification center with respect to its linear, planar and volumetric parameters. Materials and methods Using methods of CT, digital-image analysis and statistics, the size of the ilium’s primary ossification center in 42 spontaneously aborted human fetuses of crown–rump length (CRL) ranged from 130 to 265 mm (aged 18–30 weeks) was studied. Results With no sex and laterality differences, the best fit growth dynamics for the ilium’s primary ossification center was modelled by the following functions: y = − 63.138 + 33.413 × ln(CRL) ± 1.609 for its vertical diameter, y = − 59.220 + 31.353 × ln(CRL) ± 1.736 for its transverse diameter, y = − 105.681 + 1.137 × CRL ± 16.035 for its projection surface area, and y = 478.588 + 4.035 × CRL ± 14.332 for its volume. The shape of the ilium’s primary ossification center did not change over the study period, because its transverse -to- vertical diameter ratio was stable at the level of 0.94 ± 0.07. Conclusions The size of the ilium’s primary ossification center displays neither sex nor laterality differences. The ilium’s primary ossification center grows logarithmically with respect to its vertical and transverse diameters, and linearly with respect to its projection surface area and volume. The shape of the ilium’s primary ossification center does not change throughout the examined period. The obtained quantitative data of the ilium’s primary ossification center is considered normative for respective prenatal weeks and may contribute to the prenatal ultrasound diagnostics of congenital defects.

Human stature is a variable often used to study health changes in present and past populations. In this study possible differences in stature from the late Mesolithic-Early Bronze Age, based on skeletal data from southern Sweden, are investigated. The sample comprises n = 203 femora where maximum lengths were evaluated using non-parametric testing. Sex was assessed primarily using criteria on the pelvis and secondarily through statistical testing of sexual dimorphism. Measurements of the vertical diameter of the femoral head, femoral anterior-posterior and medial-lateral were evaluated using an iterative discriminant analysis. Results confirm a significant difference in femoral length between archaeological culture groups for both sexes. Male femoral lengths evidence a significant increase in the Battle Axe Culture that remained high throughout the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Only a minor increase in male stature associated with the transition to agriculture could be noticed; stature then remained constant until the Pitted Ware Culture. There was no change in female stature following the Neolithic transition. Female stature then increased gradually throughout the Neolithic, but decreased somewhat in the later part of the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age. These findings suggest that the transition to agriculture did not affect health in any profound way, and that the high stature in the BAC-Early Bronze Age are dependent on a mix of genetic influx, population increase and good nutrition and health, possibly linked to an intensification and consolidation of the agro-pastoral economy.

Objectives Forensic anthropologists assign biological profiles (ancestry, biological sex, age and stature) to skeletal remains to assist with the human identification process. The humerus can be used for the assessment of biological sex and subsequently for stature. Materials and methods Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) post-cranial sample data were utilized to form three-dimensional (3D) models and allowed for subsequent “virtual” measurements as an alternative to dry bone osteometric measurements. Samples consisted of humeral PMCT Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) datasets from 51 individuals from a contemporary European-descent adult Queensland (Australia) Coronial population, aged between 17 and 83 years, obtained from Brisbane Mortuary from 2016 to 2018. Threshold based segmentation was conducted in Amira® (VSG, USA) to form 3D humeri models. Plane-to-plane and point-to-point anthropometric measurements were performed in reverse engineering program, Geomagic Design X® (3D Systems Inc., USA). Five standard measurements of the humerus (maximum humeral length, vertical diameter of the humeral head, epicondyle breadth, maximum and minimum mid-shaft diameter) were assessed. In both models, Bayesian model averaging was determined as the most appropriate analytical. Results Estimation equations from the United States of America were assessed for their applicability to the Queensland population, and are not recommended for assessing biological sex or stature. The vertical diameter of the humeral head was determined to be the best indicator for biological sex, and the maximum length of the humerus is the best indicator for stature. Discussion This paper proposes preliminary biological sex and stature estimation equations for their utility to contemporary Australian casework.

A detailed morphometric study of optic foramen was conducted in the CT scans of 30 adult patients. The quantitative and qualitative parameters were observed. The transverse diameter (TD), the vertical diameter (VD) and the distance of optic foramen to apex of petrous temporal bone were measured as quantitative parameters. The qualitative parameters measured were shape, margin and confluence. The frequency of range of transverse and vertical diameters was also observed. A comparison was made between right and left sided morphometric values. The mean transverse diameter of optic foramen was found to be greater on right side, whereas mean vertical diameter was observed to be greater in left sided optic foramen.

Background Lens-induced myopization in guinea pigs has been used as model for the process of myopization in humans. It has not been explored yet whether the change in globe shape in eyes undergoing myopization is similar in experimental myopia in guinea pigs and in clinical myopia in patients. Methods The study included 70 guinea pigs (age:2–3 weeks) equally divided into a study group with lens-induced myopization for 5 weeks, and a control group wearing goggles with no refractive power. The globe diameters were measured using a microcaliper after enucleation. Results The horizontal globe diameter (9.19 ± 0.15 mm versus 9.15 ± 0.18 mm; P = 0.25) and vertical globe diameter (9.02 ± 0.11 mm versus 8.99 ± 0.14 mm; P = 0.29) did not differ significantly between the study group and control group. The sagittal diameter was significantly longer in the study group (8.96 ± 0.15 mm versus 8.84 ± 0.14 mm; P = 0.001). While the vertical and horizontal globe diameters were correlated with each other in a ratio of approximately 1:1 (non-standardized regression coefficient B:0.94;95% confidence interval (CI):0.73,1.15), the steepness of the regression lines of the associations of both diameters with the sagittal diameter were flatter (horizontal to sagittal diameter: B: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.44,0.83; vertical to sagittal diameter:B:0.55;95% CI:0.41,0.69). Correspondingly, the ratios of horizontal-to-sagittal globe diameter and of vertical-to-sagittal globe diameter decreased (P

The present study was carried out on the lumbar vertebrae of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. Biometrical observations on different parameters of lumbar vertebrae reflected significance (P Less than 0.05) differences between the sexes of this species. It was confirmed that the average length of body gradually decreased from fourth to sixth lumbar vertebrae in the Blue bull. The average transverse diameter or width of vertebral canal and average vertical diameter or height of the vertebral canal was largest in the sixth lumbar vertebra. The average length of transverse process gradually increased from fourth to fifth lumbar vertebra and then it suddenly decreased in the sixth lumbar vertebra. The average height of the dorsal supraspinous process gradually decreased from fourth to sixth lumbar vertebrae and it was lowest in the sixth one. The data on the biometry of fourth, fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae of Blue bull would develop a baseline that could be useful to the wild life Veterinarians in identification and solving vetero-legal cases.

Purpose: To study the influence of dimensions of macular telangiectasia (MacTel) on enface optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) on vision and clinical parameters in eyes with MacTel type 2.Methods: MacTel was classified based on OCTA location, i.e. either temporal to the fovea (grade 1), or spread nasally (grade 2), or circumferentially (grade 3), or the presence of neovascular-like tissue in the outer retina–choriocapillary complex (ORCC) (grade 4). On enface images, the maximum dimensions of the MacTel in the deep plexus were noted using calipers by a single experienced observer. Results: Ninety-eight eyes of 49 patients with MacTel with a mean visual acuity was 0.46 + 0.26 logMAR and mean macular thickness of 202 ± 132 μ were included. Based on OCTA, grade 3 MacTel (n = 35, 36%) was the commonest followed by grade 4 (n = 28, 29%). The mean maximum vertical diameter of the MacTel was 2019 + 753 μ, and every 500 microns increment in vertical diameter of the MacTel was associated with a half-line drop in vision (95%CI = 0.005 to 0.08 logMAR, P = 0.03). Vision gradually reduced with increment in OCTA grades of MacTel from grade 1 to 3; however, the trend was not maintained in grade 4 MacTel, which showed better vision and lesser degenerative cysts. Conclusion: Larger telangiectasias were associated with significantly lower vision in MacTel. Eyes with deeper telangiectasia involving ORCC have better vision and evidence of far lesser neurodegeneration than type 3 disease, suggesting that this may not be part of the continuum and does not represent neovascularization.

Background In the postnatal period, some sexual dimorphism is observed from the moment of birth, but it is most pronounced from puberty. The aim of the study based on CT images was to assess possible sexual dimorphism of the maxillary sinus in children aged 0–18. Methods The retrospective analysis of CT images of the head (assessed as normal by radiologists) of 170 patients aged 0–18 (85 females and 85 males) was performed. The maxillary sinuses of every patient were bilaterally measured in three planes. Three diameters were obtained: maximum transverse (horizontal) diameter (the maxillary sinus width, MSW); maximum vertical diameter (the maxillary sinus height, MSH) and maximum antero-posterior diameter (maxillary sinus length, MSL). The automatic CT image segmentation algorithm was used (Syngo Via for Oncology, Siemens) to establish maxilla retrospective analysis of CT images of the head (assessed as normal by radiologists) of 170 patients aged 0–18 (85 females and 85 males) was performed. The maxillary sinuses of every patient were bilaterally measured in three planes. Three diameters were obtained: maximum transverse (horizontal) diameter (the maxillary sinus width, MSW); maximum vertical diameter (the maxillary sinus height, MSH) and maximum antero-posterior diameter (maxillary sinus length, MSL). The automatic CT image segmentation algorithm was used (Syngo Via for Oncology, Siemens) to establish maxillary sinus volume (MSV). The coefficient of variation used in the study allowed the biological variation between sexes to be observed. Results and conclusions The sexual dimorphism of maxillary sinus parameters is variable and depends on the phase of ontogenesis. All investigated parameters of maxillary sinuses are larger in males at 2–3 years (except for the length, which is larger in females by the end of three years, between six and nine years and after 15 years). The sexual dimorphism is less evident during the first year of age, and the most evident between 15 and 16 years. During the first two years, females are dominant with all parameters being larger than in males. The maxillary sinus length is developmentally the most stable parameter of maxillary sinuses, because throughout the investigated ontogenesis, the sexual differences are very similar. The most evident sexual dimorphism is observed in the volume of the maxillary sinus.

Introduction: The vertical diameter of the foramen is dependent upon the vertical diameter of the corresponding intervertebral disc. A decrease in disc vertical diameter has direct anatomic consequences to the foraminal diameter and area available for the nerve root passing through it. This study is to establish the relationship amongst the intervertebral disc vertical diameter, lateral foramen diameters and nerve root compression in the lumbar vertebra. Materials and Methods: Measurements of the study parameters were performed using sagittal MRI images. The parameters studied were: intervertebral disc vertical diameter (DVD), foraminal vertical diameter (FVD), foraminal transverse diameter (FTD) and nerve root diameter (NRD) of both sides. The relationship between the measured parameters were then analyzed. Results: A total of 62 MRI images were available for this study. Statistical analysis showed moderate to strong correlation between DVD and FVD at all the lumbar levels except at left L23 and L5S1 and right L3L4 and L4L5. Correlation between DVD and FTD were not significant at all lumbar levels. Regression analysis showed that a decrease of 1mm of DVD was associated with 1.3, 1.7, 3.3, 3.3 and 1.3mm reduction of FVD at L1L2, L2L3, L3L4, L4L5 and L5S1 respectively. Conclusion: Reduction of DVD was associated with reduction of FVD. However, FVD was relatively wide for the nerve root even with complete loss of DVD. FTD was much narrower than the FVD making it more likely to cause nerve root compression at the exit foramina. These anatomical details should be given consideration in treating patients with lateral canal stenosis.

A new species of the genus Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 from Fujian, China is described in this paper. The new species Mongolotettix.fujianensis sp. nov. is similar to M. wulingyuanensis Shi, Liu et Li, 2016, but differs from the latter by maximum width of cubital area 1.4 times maximum width of medial area in tegmina of male; body small, length of body ♂ 21.5. mm, ♀ 30.6 mm; vertical diameter eye 1.3 times horizontal diameter in male; hind femur of male with 103 stridulatory pegs on inner side and epiphallus with indistinct projection on inner side of lateral plates. Type specimens are deposited in the Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.

Fruit shape is an important external characteristic that consumers use to select preferred fruit cultivars. In peach, the flat fruit cultivars have become more and more popular worldwide. Genetic markers closely linking to the flat fruit trait have been identified and are useful for marker-assisted breeding. However, the cellular and genetic mechanisms underpinning flat fruit formation are still poorly understood. In this study, we have revealed the differences in fruit cell number, cell size, and in gene expression pattern between the traditional round fruit and modern flat fruit cultivars. Flat peach cultivars possessed significantly lower number of cells in the vertical axis because cell division in the vertical direction stopped early in the flat fruit cultivars at 15 DAFB (day after full bloom) than in round fruit cultivars at 35 DAFB. This resulted in the reduction in vertical development in the flat fruit. Significant linear relationship was observed between fruit vertical diameter and cell number in vertical axis for the four examined peach cultivars (R2 = 0.9964) at maturation stage, and was also observed between fruit vertical diameter and fruit weight (R2 = 0.9605), which indicated that cell number in vertical direction contributed to the flat shape formation. Furthermore, in RNA-seq analysis, 4165 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected by comparing RNA-seq data between flat and round peach cultivars at different fruit development stages. In contrast to previous studies, we discovered 28 candidate genes potentially responsible for the flat shape formation, including 19 located in the mapping site and 9 downstream genes. Our study indicates that flat and round fruit shape in peach is primarily determined by the regulation of cell production in the vertical direction during early fruit development.

The clavicular portion of the deltoid muscle (CPDM) in the human clavicle does not have a nomenclature in the Terminologia Anatomica (TA). This area is relevant in anatomy since the muscle participates in motions of glenohumeral articulation. The aim of this study was to describe the origin of the CPDM and to propose a name for the structure. Dry clavicles of 176 adults were studied, without distinction by sex. An osteometric board was used to measure the maximum length of the clavicles and a digital caliper to measure length of the CPDM's origin, distance from the origin to the sternal end, distance from the origin to the acromial end, distance of the lateral third and middle vertical diameter. The mean of maximum of the distances and CPDM's origin of left/right clavicle do not present significant differences. The CPDM s origin showed a high prevalence of structures as groove and roughened area (over 96% of cases). In conclusion, our definition of the CPDM shows the importance of clearly describing the observed groove and roughened area. Due to the high prevalence of the structures, the authors suggest that the terms "sulcus musculi deltoidei" and "tuberositas musculi deltoidei" be included in the TA to denominate the CPDM's origin on the human clavicle.

Background and Objective: In this observational study, morphometric data were obtained and analyzed by taking plain x-rays in various age groups to establish the morphometric values in Nepalese population. Methods: All the pedicle dimensions were measured by taking plain x-ray AP (Antero-posterior) and Lateral view of the lumbar spine in 246 Nepalese of different age groups. Pedicle diameters (Vertical and Horizontal) and interpedicular distance were measured in AP radiographs and sagittal angle was measured in the lateral radiographs. Differences between mean dimensions of pedicles of male and female of various age groups were tested by using ANOVA, independent t-test was used to test the individual mean dimensions. Results: Mean values of the pedicle dimensions were found as: Horizontal diameter (L1=7.17mm, L2=7.26mm, L3= 9.50mm, L4= 10.57mm and L5=11.3mm), Vertical diameter (L1= 15.00mm, L2=15.28mm, L3=15.21mm, L4=13.44mm and L5= 12.59mm), Interpedicular distance (L1= 25.54mm, L2 =27.03mm, L3 = 27.70mm, L4 =28.62mm and L5= 31.29mm) and the sagittal angle (L1=17.83degree, L2=15.7degree, L3= 15.91degree, L4=13.94degree, and L5=12.97degree) respectively. Conclusions: Values of pedicle dimensions found in Nepalese population by this study can be guidelines for the transpedicular procedure and for further research activities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v10i4.12972 JCMS Nepal 2014; 10(4):12-17

In this study, we investigated children's fine motor development by analyzing drawing trajectories, kinematics and kinetics. Straight lines drawing task and circles drawing task were performed by using a force sensitive tablet. Forty right-handed and Chinese mother-tongue students aged 6-12, attending classes from grade 1 to 5, were engaged in the experiment. Three spatial parameters, namely cumulative trace length, vector length of straight line and vertical diameter of circle were determined. Drawing duration, mean drawing velocity, and number of peaks in stroke velocity profile (NPV) were derived as kinematic parameters. Besides mean normal force, two kinetic indices were proposed: normalized force angle regulation (NFR) and variation of fine motor control (VFC) for circles drawing task. The maturation and automation of fine motor ability were reflected by increased drawing velocity, reduced drawing duration, NPV and NFR, with decreased VFC in circles drawing task. Grade and task main effects as well as significant correlations between age and parameters suggest that factors such as schooling, age and task should be considered in the assessment of fine motor skills. Compared with kinematic parameters, findings of NFR and VFC revealed that kinetics is another important perspective in the analysis of fine motor movement.

Introduction: Femur bone is used for anthropometric analysis in the cases of unidentified parts if available. So that very difficult to identify sex by an individual bone. My present study is aimed to calculate a range of anthropometric parameters of the proximal end of dried femora for sex determination. Material and Methods: The study was carried out on undamaged, dried, non-pathological 50 dried femora of both sexes at L N Medical College and Research Centre, Bhopal. Total length of femur, vertical diameter of Neck, vertical diameter of Head measured through osteometric board and vernier caliper. Result : The outcome was statistically significant. All bones were found to be symmetrical. Conclusion: P value of present study point towards symmetrical femora. Femoral length were next best sex discriminatory parameter after Vertical diameter of Head.

Aim: We investigated the relationship between the acute (within 3 days after injury) and sub-acute (1 month after injury) MRI features and neurological prognosis. Method: The acute MRI (within 3 days after injury): We evaluated the relationship between the vertical diameter of T2 high-intensity changed area in MR images and neurological outcome. The sub-acute MRI (1 month after injury): We evaluated the relationship between the antero-posterior diameter of T1 low-intensity changed area in MR images and neurological outcome. Conclusion: At the acute MRI, 2-3 days after injury, a significant relationship was observed between the vertical diameter of T2 high-intensity area and the neurological prognosis at discharge. 0-1 days after injury, a relationship between the vertical diameter of T2 high-intensity area and the neurological prognosis at discharge was weak. Neurological prognosis is more correlation with MRI after 2-3 days after the injury. If the vertical diameter of T2 highintensity area was

Background: The aim of this study was to establish standards for determining sex from fragmentary and complete femurs in a Korean population. Materials and methods: The statistical analysis of 12 variables (6 about breadth and 6 about length) based on 100 Korean femurs (from 50 males and 50 females) showed that all variables have significant sex differences. Results: The most accurate discriminant variable was the condylar breadth parallel with epicondylar breadth (87.6% accuracy). In contrast, the transverse shaft diameter was not a discriminant variable for sex determination (67.0% accuracy). Breadth-related variables were generally more accurate than length-related variables. Three variables (vertical diameter of the neck [VDN], medial epicondylarlength [MCL], and condylar breadth [CB]) were selected from stepwise analysis fordiscriminating sex (93.5% accuracy). The discriminating equation was as follows: 0.171 × VDN + 0.172 × MCL + 0.128 × CB2 – 21.471. Conclusions: The results of this study are helpful for determining sex, even if a femur is found in a fragmented condition in the field.

Sex determination from bones is of vital importance in anthropological studies and medico-legal cases. The present study focused on measurements of the Humerus and to evaluate the differences in sex present in the morphology through statistical analysis. Method: In our study, 120 dry adult humeri (56 right side & 64 left side) were studied of known sex. Damaged bones were excluded from the study. Each Humerus was measured for 11 parameters; measurements were taken by using a sliding caliper as described in the textbook of anthropology and previous studies. The osteometric data of the Humerus of present study is statistically analyzed and compared with other similar studies. Results: Statistical tests were applied to the metrical data obtained to assess whether the differences between the means of each parameter are statistically significant or not. Length of Humerus, the weight of the Humerus, Mid-shaft circumference, Transverse and Vertical diameter of superior articular surface, Bi-epicondylar width of the Humerus have been found to be more discriminatory parameters for the identification of sex from Humerus.

The sliding of a heavy bead, threaded on a thin circular hoop, rotating with a constant angular velocity around a vertical axis, situated in its plane and, in the general case, not passing through its vertical diameter, is considered. It is assumed that dry friction acts between the bead and the hoop. A set of unisolated positions of relative equilibrium of the bead on the hoop is obtained, and their dependence on the problem parameters is investigated. The results are presented in the form of bifurcation diagrams. The stability properties of the unisolated relative equilibria obtained are discussed.

The separation is one of the important processes in exploration and production oil technology. Phase separation across T-junction with orientation vertical up branch is simplicity method to achieve maximum efficiency, but useful information is rather limited. This paper is presented only for inlet flow pattern and T-junction flow pattern of kerosene water mixture with inlet diameter 36 mm and branch diameter 19 mm (diameter ratio 0.5) on the variation inclination branch are 30o, 60oand 90o. Regulating flow by closing valve at downstream was done to obtain three flow resistance in the downstream. The flow pattern obtained in this study were : stratified (ST), three-layer-13 (3L-13) , three layer-2 (3L-2), and three layer-3 (3L-3). The results of the phase separation is best achieved under conditions inlet flow pattern stratified (ST) and T-junction three layer-3 (3L-3) flow pattern, angle 90°and downstream resistance 6471 Pa.Keywords: phase separation, T-junction, flow patterns, downstream resistance.

Transpedicular spinal fusion is the most commonly used fixation technique for the surgical treatment of vertebral disorders. However, the instrumentation of the thoracic spine using this technique continues to be controversial. The objective of the present study was to determine the morphometric characteristics of the thoracic pedicle and to establish how these characteristics vary with gender and age. Two hundred thoracic spines (4800 thoracic pedicles) from individuals of known gender and age were analyzed (in accordance with the order of vertebrae). The spines were divided into six groups according to age and gender. The horizontal and vertical diameters of the thoracic pedicle were determined for each piece. The mean and standard deviation of each variable were determined, and differences between age groups for each gender were evaluated using parametric correlation tests. The pedicle diameters of men and women differed significantly for most groups (P

Objective The purpose of the study is to determine the precision of whole globe and cornea measurements acquired using calipers, and to quantify the intraoperator and interoperator variance. Design Experimental study. Participants Ten human donor eyes. Methods Ten human eyes (donor age, 16–54 years) were obtained between 18.5 and 66.5 hours postmortem. The horizontal and vertical diameters and the anteroposterior length of the globe were measured using a digital Vernier caliper. The horizontal and vertical diameters of the cornea were measured using both a digital Vernier caliper and a Castroviejo caliper. The measurements were performed by 3 operators with 5 repeat measurements for each dimension. Results No significant differences were observed between measurements of globe anteroposterior length, horizontal diameter, and vertical diameter. Horizontal corneal diameter was greater than vertical diameter with all instruments and all operators. Variability of either instrument did not change with measurement object scale, and was similar across all operators. No significant differences were observed between the variabilities of the 2 devices. The mean intraoperator SD was 0.127 ± 0.023 mm with the digital caliper and 0.094 ± 0.056 mm with the Castroviejo caliper. Conclusions The precision of commercially available calipers in ophthalmic biometry measurements is limited to approximately 0.1 mm.

This study aimed to compare the eyes of beautiful women and femme fatales depicted in Western portraits. A total of 37 samples were collected; 19 beautiful women and 18 femme fatales. Nine aspects were measured in reference to the corneal horizontal diameter. The estimated corneal vertical diameter was calculated by a corneal horizontal diameter multiply constant, 1.11.The double-fold was observed in 89% (17 of 19) of the beautiful women and 83% (15 of 18) of the femme fatales. The eye-width ratio was 2.42 (SD, 0.28) in the beautiful women and 2.31 (SD, 0.34) in the femme fatales. The eye-height ratio was 0.91 (SD, 0.18) in the beautiful women and 0.84 (SD, 0.10) in the femme fatales. Eyebrow-to-upper lid distance was 0.92 (SD, 0.35) in the beautiful women and 0.89 (SD, 0.23) in the femme fatales. The interpupillary distance was 5.00 (SD, 0.46) in the beautiful women and 5.00 (SD, 0.71) in the femme fatales. The intercanthal distance was 2.72 (SD, 0.42) in the beautiful women and 2.78 (SD, 0.73) in the femme fatales The outer canthal distance was 7.32 (SD, 0.64) in the beautiful women and 7.20 (SD, 1.01) in the femme fatales. The ptosis amount was -0.01 (SD, 0.18) in the beautiful women and 0.06 (SD, 0.01) in the femme fatales. For the above 7 measurements, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups (P > 0.05, t test).It is noteworthy that the beautiful women and femme fatales have the same interpupillary distance (5.00). Also, the ptosis ratio was almost zero in both groups (-0.01 [SD, 0.18] in the beautiful women and 0.06 [SD, 0.01] in the femme fatales). The results of this study might be of some reference in performing eyelid surgeries especially in brow lifts or canthoplasties.

This study investigated the effects of light type (spot, directional, and point), forward-rotated stimulus angle (20 degrees, 45 degrees, and 70 degrees), and surface texture (wood, metal, transparent glass, dark brown leather, and translucent plastic) on errors in the estimated vertical diameter of a three-dimensional object. Twenty female and 12 male Taiwanese college students, ages 18-22 years, participated in the current study. Participants were asked to judge the vertical diameter of an elliptical hole within a square plate that was displayed on an LCD monitor. Analysis indicated that the errors in estimated vertical diameter for rotated angles of 20 degrees and 45 degrees were greater than were those for 70 degrees. Additionally, the error of estimated vertical diameter for a rotated angle of 45 degrees was less than was that for 20 degrees. The surface texture also affected errors in estimated vertical diameter: transparent glass was associated with more errors than were wood and metal textures. However, light type had no effect on errors in estimated vertical diameter. These results have implications for the graphics-based design of interfaces.

Background Infarctions of the anterior choroidal artery affect multiple anatomical structures, leading to a wide spectrum of neurological deficits with frequent symptom fluctuation or progression. Aims To assess etiological mechanisms, frequency, and predicttorsof symptom progression, as well as its impact on prognosis. Methods Anterior choroidal artery infarct patients were prospectively identified via predefined infarct locations with ischemic lesions ⩾1·5 cm vertical diameter in cerebral imaging. Definition of neurological progression was ⩾2 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale points in motor function or ⩾4 in total National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Stroke etiology was determined according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification. We assessed demographical data, risk factors, and acute phase parameters in order to find predictors of neurological progression. Results Thirty patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Eighteen patients (60%) had neurological progression during days 1–3. Despite similar stroke severity at admission (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale in progressive infarcts 4·5 versus 4; P = 0·72), patients with progression had more severe deficits at day 3 (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 9 vs. 3·5; P = 0·04) and worse three-month outcome. Only 31% of patients with progression scored Conclusions Neurological deterioration is frequent in anterior choroidal artery infarcts and is associated with worse outcome. While mechanisms of small and large vessel disease seem to overlap in anterior choroidal artery infarction, we were not able to identify predictors of neurological progression.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 41 (12), ISSN:1573-9686, ISSN:0191-5649, ISSN:0090-6964

To assess relationships between axial length and the horizontal and vertical globe diameters.The study consisted of enucleated human eyes. The horizontal, vertical, and sagittal diameters were measured.The study included 135 globes removed because of malignant uveal melanoma (111 globes) or end-stage painful glaucoma (n = 24 eyes). Mean axial, horizontal, and vertical diameters were 24.6 ± 2.6 mm (range: 20-35 mm), 23.7 ± 1.4 mm (range: 21-29 mm) and 23.7 ± 1.4 mm (range: 20-29 mm) respectively. The horizontal diameter and vertical diameter did not differ significantly (P = 0.92), while both were significantly (P 0.001) shorter than the axial diameter. The horizontal diameter was significantly and linearly correlated with the vertical globe diameter (P 0.001; regression line: vertical globe diameter = 0.84 × horizontal globe diameter + 3.69). The axial diameter was significantly (P 0.001) associated with the horizontal diameter and vertical diameters in a bipartite manner. In eyes with an axial length ≤24 mm, horizontal and vertical diameters increased by 0.44 and 0.51 mm, respectively, for each mm increase in axial diameter, while in eyes with an axial length24 mm, the horizontal and vertical globe diameter increased by a lower amount of 0.19 and 0.21 mm, respectively, for each mm increase in axial diameter.Myopic enlargement of the globe beyond an axial length of 24 mm takes place predominantly in the sagittal axis, leading to a change in the globe form from a sphere to an elongated form. It fits with the notion that myopic elongation may occur by an elongation of the eye walls in regions close to the globe's equator.