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Production 2016, version révisée en 2021 car le volume a pris du retard: The Oxford guide to the Atlantic languages of West Africa, edited by Friederike Lüpke. Oxford University Press: Oxford.; This is the first grammatical sketch of Keeraak (also referenced as Keeraku or Her), an Atlantic language belonging to the Joola cluster and spoken in the Kabrousse village, Casamance, South-West Senegal,Keeraak shares with other Atlantic languages several morpho-syntactic features such as its rich and fully operative noun class system, a large inventory of derivational (mostly verbal) suffixes, a small number of true adjectives but many ideophones, and a remarkable set of demonstratives with three degree of deictic distance. Other features make it a typical Joola (and Bak) language: it does not show any consonant alternation, has a lateral fricative /ɬ/, three locative classes, locative copulas, complex TAM paradigms, and two sets of bound subject prefixes with an inclusive/exclusive opposition for the 1PL person, which are clearly related to those of other Joola languages as are all the personal morphemes and most of the derivational suffixes.Lastly, Keeraak shows some remarkable features such as the followings: the absence of/p/, which has been spirantised to /f/ realised [ɸ], the inconsistency of vowel harmony (probably undergoing restructuration), the ‘obligatory’ default determiner, some specific verbal derivational suffixes such as the aesthetic or the assistive, and the (ʊ)wa negation. Keeraak also makes an extensive use of the three spatial deictics across several parts of speech, having systematised the combination of these distance suffixes with the three locative class morphemes (deconnected from the lexicon) used to specify the nature of the space (large, small, inner) to produce various morphemes. But most of all, Keeraak shows a remarkable verbal system contrasting with most existing descriptions of Joola languages. Two types of reasons made it difficult to sort out and analyze the twenty paradigms of this inflectional system: first, its complex morphology, second, the morphophonological rules that blur the common underlying patterns. As for morphology, the main difficulties are threefold: (a) Keeraak makes use of two sets of bound subject prefixes in an at first puzzling complementary distribution; moreover, some verbal inflections also requires the free personal pronouns; (b) focus and negation are expressed through verbal morphology; and most of all (c) beside simple forms using TAM suffixes, the language also yields complex verb forms made of an inflectional copula, particles, and also more or less grammaticalised auxiliaries (with personal prefixes both on the verb stem and on the auxiliaries). This morphological complexity is made harder to uncover by the following morphophonological factors: (a) the complex paradigms are generally realised in shortened or fused forms after vowel assimilation, contraction or haplology; moreover, some inflectional paradigms show morphological irregularities; (b) there is a strong tendency to assimilate the vowels of the auxiliaries or verbal particles with the subject affixes, and in the case of complex forms it is sometimes difficult to decide whether the vowel includes an underlying subject affix or not; (c) the very common completive suffix has three possible realisations, conditioned by the phonological environment.

Студија Морфолошке одлике глаголских облика говора Тутина, Новог Пазара и Сјенице представља измењен и допуњен текст докторске дисертације под насловом Глаголски систем говора Тутина, Новог Пазара и Сјенице – облици и употреба, израђене под менторством проф. др Радивоја Младеновића. Докторски рад одбрањен је 5. новембра 2016. године на Филолошко-уметничком факултету Универзитета у Крагујевцу, а комисију су сачињавали: проф. др Софија Милорадовић, проф. др Милош Ковачевић и проф. др Жарко Бошњаковић. Захвалност упућујем ментору, проф. др Радивоју Младеновићу, јер су његова научна компетентност из области дијалектологије, подршка и професионални савети допринели осветљивању и дефинисању мог научног пута. Члановима комисије захваљујем се на пажљивом читању текста дисертације, корисним и конструктивним саветима, чији је значај за настанак ове књиге драгоцен. Захвалност упућујем и академику Слободану Реметићу на значајним и подстицајним коментарима и детаљном читању овога рукописа. The goal of the study is to determine the inventory of morphological categories and means which are included in building verb forms in the speech of Tutin-Novi Pazar-Sjenica. The dialect in question belongs to the northwest region of the Zeta-Sjenica dialect. It is located in Serbia and covers three municipalities – Tutin, Novi Pazar and Sjenica. In the introduction of the paper we shall define the geographic position of the researched area, single out historiographic and ethnographic remarks, that is, facts about the population (origin, confessional belonging and ethnical structure), migration, traditional spirit and material culture. A review of dialect characteristics of the aforementioned speech is given along with the most relevant aspects of each level of the language structure, which enables us to typologically determine the analyzed speech, define its relation towards adjacent idioms, thus determining the micrlayering within the idiom that is the focus of this research. With the aim of determining the degree to which this topic has been researched we present an overview of previous studies in the field of dialectology that have included the speech of Tutin-Novi Pazar-Sjenica and neighboring territories of this part of the Serbian ethnolinguistic space. Introductory remarks about the methodological aspects will include defining the ways of gathering and forming the corpus for the study and the criteria according to which it is analyzed and presented in the paper itself. The central part of the paper consists of a morphological analysis of verbal units. By presenting an overview of the verbal categories we may determine the relation between bases and monitor how they are mixed, that is, the transition of a verb from one category to another, leading to varieties and parallel usages of two or more morphological functions. Following this, verbal forms are analyzed individually. Special attention shall be placed on verbal suffixes, whose distribution is significant for following the evolution and synchronic status of each of the units. Analogical equation within the paradigm, elimination of morphological means driven by the principle of linguistic economy, intersecting suffixes of two or more forms – these are all phenomena which may be detected in the collected material. Throughout the entire analysis the fixed state of the researched environment is compared to the characteristics of other Shtokavian idioms so as to enable areal tracking of the noticed phenomena. In the concluding remarks we extract the most signifi cant conclusions and provide a general picture of the tense system, based on which the speech of the researched region is precisely positioned within a wider dialectal area. The most dominant developmental tendencies are also stated, that is, the path for the possible future evolutionary course from the synchronic perspective. The texts presented at the end of the paper include examples of connected speech, noted in conversation with informers.

O objetivo desta dissertação é aprofundar os nossos conhecimentos sobre a forma como se desenvolveu o pretérito perfeito passivo na transição do latim para o português. Na primeira parte, apresentamos os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos do projeto de investigação, salientando alguns dados sobre o funcionamento do verbo em latim, nos sistemas do infectum e do perfectum, e caraterizando as formas e os valores que estão associados ao paradigma acima identificado. Na segunda parte, apresentamos o corpus epigráfico e procedemos à análise dos dados linguísticos, sob os pontos de vista scriptográfico, sintático e semântico, formulando uma hipótese que tenta explicar a coexistência de duas formas para uma só categoria verbal: (1) PPV + AUX est (= perífrases-E); (2) PPV + AUX fuit (= perífrases-F). Na terceira parte, discutimos as conclusões extraídas da análise dos dados integrados no corpus para efeitos de caraterização do funcionamento da língua, no contexto histórico que precede o aparecimento do português como língua escrita. Entre outras conclusões relevantes, o estudo do problema linguístico permitiu constatar que: 1) Em latim, havia duas construções verbais com a mesma função gramatical. Esta coexistência resultou de ambiguidades de interpretação relacionadas com os valores de tempo e aspeto; 2) As construções (1) e (2) entraram em competição para efeitos de marcação da categoria verbal. Nesta competição, uma das formas (1) desapareceu e outra (2) manteve a sua função original; 3) A hipótese que explica este processo relaciona-se com a noção de inferência semântica. Nesta hipótese, o critério da transparência linguística depende de uma relação de convergência entre estrutura verbal e significado verbal; 4) O corpus epigráfico ajuda a esclarecer estes fenómenos e alarga os dados cuja análise permite explicar este problema linguístico. The scope of this dissertation is to deepen our knowledge on the development of the passive perfect in the transition from Latin to Portuguese. In the first part, we present the theoretical and methodological backgrounds of the research project, highlighting some data on the functioning of the Latin verb, in the infectum and perfectum systems, and characterizing the forms and values related to the above mentioned paradigm. In the second part, we present the epigraphic corpus and proceed with the analysis of the linguistic data, from a scriptographic, syntactic and semantic point of view, testing the hypothesis that tries to explain the coexistence of two forms for one verbal category: (1) PPV + AUX est (= E-periphrases); (2) PPV + AUX fuit (= F-periphrases). In the third part, we discuss the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the data incorporated in the corpus, in order to characterize the functioning of the language in the historical context that precedes the emergence of Portuguese as a written language. Among other relevant conclusions, the consideration of the linguistic problem showed that: 1) In Latin, there were two verbal constructions with the same grammatical function. This coexistence resulted from ambiguities of interpretation related to tense and aspect values; 2) Both constructions entered into competition for marking the verbal category. In this competition, one form (1) disappeared and the other (2) kept its original function; 3) The hypothesis that explains this process relates to the notion of semantic inference. In this hypothesis, the criterion of linguistic transparency depends on the convergence between verbal structure and verbal meaning; 4) The epigraphic corpus helps to clarify these phenomena and expands the data that explain this linguistic problem.

This paper provides a dynamic (i.e. cognitive, typological and grammaticalization driven) analysis of short yiqtol in Biblical Hebrew. The author argues that short yiqtol can be understood as a coherent construction if it is modeled as a wave – a synchronic two-dimensional map whose components are related cognitively (as visualized by the x axis) and specified for their degree of prototypicality (as visualized by the y axis). The evidence demonstrates that short yiqtol should be classified as a gram that travels a modal-contamination path. Its contamination originated in a deontic context of speaker modality (both affirmative and negative), subsequently extended to subordinate uses (goal) and future values (first in apodoses and next in other syntactic environments). In Biblical Hebrew, the zone of prototypicality includes deontic senses. The value of goal constitutes the secondary peak of prototypicality. The sense of futurity is non-prototypical.En el presente artículo, el autor ofrece un análisis dinámico (cognitivo, tipológico y de gramaticalización) del yiqtol corto en hebreo bíblico. El gram, con toda su variedad de valores, se puede presentar como un fenómeno coherente por medio de una onda (un mapa sincrónico bidimensional cuyos valores están relacionados cognitivamente) con zonas de mayor o menor prototipicalidad y, por eso, semantización. El yiqtol corto se define como un gram de camino modal por contaminación, contaminado en el contexto deóntico de hablante (afirmativo y negativo), extendido después a usos subordinados de finalidad y, a continuación, empleado como futuro (primero apodótico y luego independiente). La zona de prototipicalidad corresponde a usos deónticos. El valor de finalidad constituye el pico de prototipicalidad secundario, mientras que el significado de futuro es minoritario.

Conditionality and concessivity are two linguistic categories that are closely related. So far, they have hardly been studied in Judeo-Spanish. This article helps closing this research gap. As its main objective, the paper offers a synthesis of the linguistic mechanisms of conditional and concessive expression in Sephardic texts from 1880 to 1930. The considered linguistic mechanisms do not only include syntactic aspects but also semantic, pragmatic and contextual ones. Next to the prototypical conditional and concessive clauses, two further, peripheral categories will be presented: the pseudo-conditionals and the concessive conditionals. For the history of Judeo-Spanish, the mentioned decades are characterized by processes of expanding and modernizing the language. This development is primarily influenced by the contact with French and Italian and can not only be observed in the lexicon but also in syntactic structures such as the conditional and concessive clauses.La condicionalidad y la concesividad constituyen dos categorías lingüísticas estrechamente relacionadas, que hasta el momento apenas se han estudiado en judeoespañol. A esta laguna desea contribuir el presente trabajo, cuyo objetivo principal es ofrecer una síntesis acerca de los mecanismos de expresión condicional y concesiva en textos sefardíes de los años 1880 a 1930. El estudio toma en consideración tanto aspectos sintáctico-formales como semántico-pragmáticos y contextuales. Aparte de las oraciones condicionales y concesivas prototípicas, asimismo se presentan dos categorías periféricas: las oraciones pseudocondicionales y las condicionales concesivas. Para la historia del judeoespañol, las décadas señaladas se caracterizan por profundos procesos de elaboración lingüística con el fin de ampliar y modernizar la lengua. Dicha elaboración ante todo se nutrió de los contactos con el francés y el italiano y, aunque donde más se hace notar es en el léxico, también halla su reflejo en la sintaxis, así por ejemplo, en las construcciones condicionales y concesivas.

Овај рад представља измењени текст докторске дисертације под на- словом Глаголски систем говорa Тутина, Новог Пазара и Сјенице – облици и употреба, израђене под менторством проф. др Радивоја Младеновића, а одбрањене 5. новембра 2016. године на Филолошко-уметничком факултету Универзитета у Крагујевцу, пред комисијом коју су сачињавали професори: проф. др Софија Милорадовић, проф. др Милош Ковачевић, проф. др Жар ко Бошњаковић. Члановима комисије се овом приликом захваљујем на пажљивом читању рукописа и корисним сугестијама, а ментору на саветима, драгоценим смерницама и вишегодишњој несебичној подршци у целокупном научном раду. Захваљујем и рецензентима академику Слободану Ре метићу и проф. Радивоју Младеновићу, чији су савети и коментари допринели да овај рукопис буде бољи. In this work we analyze the verbal system of the speech of Tutin, Novi Pazar and Sjenica from the syntactic perspective. The detailed and complete description of the verbal forms which function in this idiom in the Serbian dialectology has not been given yet. Except for the study of Danilo Barjaktarević Sjenica-Novi Pazar speeches (Barjaktarević 1966), in which, besides the descriptions of the other linguistic levels, the main notes on the forms and principles of their usage are mentioned, there has not been a more important and ampler research done on the dialectal material of this speech. Our goal is, therefore, to depict the syntacticsemantic conditions of the usage of every individual unit, especially in their primary and secondary functions, and to thus analyze the eff ects which are caused on the narrative level when they appear together, while entering the network of complex relations. The material for this work consists of the dialectal matter from the territory of Tutin, Novi Pazar and Sjenica, gathered during an interview conducted on the informers who are autochthonous dialectal speakers. The topics for conversation were various, mostly quite familiar to the interlocutors: the conversation about what life used to be in comparison to what it is like now, about customs, beliefs, the holidays of the annual and life cycle, about the work on the fi eld, and in the house, about the crafts and so on. All of that made it possible for the texts to be various as far as the structural aspects are concerned (narrative discourse, procedural texts, dialogues and so on), and in that way to satisfy the need for the even presence of all the forms and their functions, so as to select the suffi cient number of confi rmations which support the theoretical background.

The work presented below is a contrastive analysis of Spanish, Russian, and Czech verbal systems, with an emphasis on past tenses and their usage. The study begins by analyzing the concept of aspectuality, which will be proven to be essential in order to understand how tenses are used in Slavic languages, particularly in Russian and Czech. Following this introduction, the above-mentioned verbal systems are described, with special attention given to past tenses. Subsequently, the work presents two independent practical studies, which try to determine the main difficulties for Russian and Czech students when using past tenses in Spanish. In order to achieve this goal, the study has been carried out among students with different levels and backgrounds. Finally, the data collected in this study is used to design a didactic proposal, which aims to cover the main difficulties for these students regarding the use of past tenses in Spanish.

For Old Russian past tense forms (aorist, perfect, pluperfect, imperfect, periphrastic form with načati and periphrastic tense formed with present participle) which occur in the Old Russian translation of the Life of St Andrew the Fool their equivalents with the tenses in the Greek original are analyzed, the numbers of these types of equivalents are counted.

First we present the theorical frames of our research and how we have modified the system created by Reichebach (1947). Then we specify the model we propose to describe the tenses of the indicative French verbal system. At the end we discuss four issues that can be found in our model: the nature of the R parameter, the aspect of past participle, the relationship between simple tenses, compound tenses and periphrastic forms and the transition from the meaning in language to the various usages in speech., Après avoir présenté les cadres de notre recherche et le retravail que nous faisons de la modélisation de Reichenbach (1947), nous décrivons le système des temps de l’indicatif que nous proposons. Nous revenons pour finir sur quatre éléments de notre description : la nature du paramètre R, l’aspect du participe passé, le rapport formes synthétiques / formes analytiques et périphrastiques, le passage de la valeur en langue aux effets de sens en discours.

The augment in Homeric past tenses is an optional feature. In this thesis, I study the coexistence of augmented and unaugmented verbs in Homer, offering an overview and a discussion of the literature on the topic, and suggest a new approach to the phenomenon from a syntactic and textual perspective. The aim of this work is to describe, on a synchronic level, some of the distributional tendencies of the augment and to explore if these tendencies are related to its diachronic reconstruction as a temporal marker. Having first considered the phenomenon within a Comparative Philology framework, I then highlight the distribution of augmented and unaugmented verbs in Homer through a detailed investigation of scholarship on this matter. I then give an account of the different opinions on the reconstruction of the original function and morphology of the augment, also underlining how Homeric data can contribute to this general debate. The comparison and discussion of the various proposals suggest that the more reliable theory is the reconstruction of the augment as a temporal marker. In the second part of the thesis, I present a personal analysis of a corpus of four books from the Iliad. The textual analysis of the data shows that the presence or absence of the augment is often related to narrative effects or strategies. Syntactic analysis, carried out within a Generative Grammar framework, then explores whether augmented and unaugmented verbs have different syntactic behaviour. Results from this investigation illustrate that the syntactic distribution of augmented and unaugmented verbs constistently match with certain narrative effects. In the conclusion, having presented the time related information given by tenses as a complex structure, I try to discuss how the augment in Homer can be considered a temporal marker and I explore whether tendencies which have emerged from my analysis can be related to this interpretation.

Referencias bibliográficas: p. 50-51. La consideración del tiempo como el significado básico y definitorio del verbo mantiene secularmente la descripción del uso del sistema verbal en los términos de reglas generales que es necesario matizar y contradecir constantemente con multitud de usos no temporales inexplicados y ofrecidos como “excepcionales”, “dislocados” e incluso “incorrectos”. Esta situación, claramente precientífica desde un punto de vista teórico, es especialmente lesiva en el campo de la enseñanza, donde el estudiante es enfrentado a una maraña de usos sin un sentido unitario que permita aplicar lógica a su comprensión y su uso. El presente artículo parte de la negación del tiempo como valor operativo del verbo en español (Ruiz 2014) para explorar las posibilidades e implicaciones didácticas de una definición espacial del mismo. Bajo esta concepción, el aprendizaje memorístico a que obliga la descripción temporal puede ser sustituido por una comprensión lógica del sistema como sistema y sus posibilidades de uso. Una lógica que conduce, además, a la posibilidad de definir “temas” de gramática que nunca han estado presentes en nuestros sílabos. Abstract: The consideration of time as the basic and defining meaning of the verb keeps the description of the use of the verbal system bogged down in a set of rules of thumb that must be constantly clarified and contradicted by a multitude of unexplained non-temporal uses, which are presented as “exceptional”, "dislocated" or even “incorrect”. This situation, clearly pre-scientific from a theoretical point of view, is especially harmful in the field of teaching. Here students are faced with a tangle of uses without a unitary sense that allows to apply logic to their understanding and use. The present article starts with the rejection of time as an operational value of the Spanish verb (Ruiz 2014) to explore the didactic possibilities and implications of a spatial definition. Under this conception, the rote learning required by the time reference rule-of-thumb can be replaced by a logical understanding of the system as a system and its possibilities of use. This is a logic that leads, furthermore, to the possibility of defining "themes" of grammar that have never been present in our syllabi. Disponible en formato .pdf Sitio web de la revista (Consulta: 23-10-2020)

International audience; This article shows that the evolution of a fundamentally aspectual verbal system, as it is the case for Arabic, results from needs of the speaker to clarify a notion, concomitance, which was not taken into account by this system as such. In the first part, we summarize the principles on which the verbal system of "literary" Arabic is based because it is from this state of the language that it is possible to understand the phenomena which led to the states of the various varieties of spoken Arabic which we know today. The second part is devoted to the presentation of the process according to which the evolution occurs as well as to the presentation of its dynamics. In the third part we supply the data coming in support of this presentation. Lastly, we reveal, that, starting from a common system and a common need of clarification, the various Arabic dialects spoken currently have introduced new oppositions within their verbal system while subordinating them to the aspectual opposition which continues to govern their verbal system.; Cet article a montre que l’évolution d’un système verbal fondamentalement aspectuel, comme l’est celui de l’arabe, résulte des besoins du locuteur d’expliciter une notion, la concomitance, qui n’était pas prise en charge en tant que telle par ce système. Dans la première partie, nous résumons les principes sur lesquels le système verbal de l’arabe « littéraire » est basé car c’est à partir de cet état de la langue qu’il est possible de comprendre les phénomènes qui ont conduit aux états des différentes variétés de l’arabe parlé que nous connaissons aujourd’hui. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’exposé du processus selon lequel l’évolution se produit ainsi qu’à la présentation de sa dynamique. Enfin, dans la troisième partie nous fournissons des données venant à l’appui de cet exposé. Ce faisant, nous faisons apparaître, notre conclusion, que, partant d’un système commun et d’un besoin d’explicitation commun, les différents dialectes arabes parlés actuellement ont introduit de nouvelles oppositions au sein de leur système verbal tout en les subordonnant à l’opposition aspectuelle qui continue de gouverner leur système verbal.