Search

Objective Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) has been shown to be a safe and effective alternative therapy for ameliorating medically refractory primary Meige syndrome. However, the associations between DBS target position and surrounding electrophysiological properties as well as patients’ clinical outcomes remains largely unknown. In a large number of patients, we investigated electrophysiological features around stimulation targets and explored their roles in predicting clinical outcomes following bilateral GPi-DBS. Methods The locations of DBS active contacts along the long axis of the GPi in a standard space were calculated and compared among three groups with different clinical outcomes. The firing rates of individual neurons within the GPi were calculated for each patient and compared across the three groups. Results Compared with the bad group (poor clinical outcome), active contacts in the good group (good clinical outcome) and the best group (best clinical outcome) were located in the more posterior GPi. The average firing rates in the good and best groups were significantly higher than in the bad group, and this difference was pronounced within the ventral GPi. For the bad group, the average firing rates were significantly lower in the ventral than in the dorsal GPi. Conclusions This study suggests that DBS of the posterior GPi may produce better clinical outcomes during primary Meige syndrome treatment and that higher GPi neuronal activity, particularly within the ventral part, can be used as a biomarker to guide DBS electrode implantation during surgery.

Although the ventral and dorsal regions of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) are anatomically distinct, their functional differentiation is still controversial. Local field potentials (LFPs) reflect synaptic input and are widely modulated by information from both the external world and the internal state of the brain. However, functional mapping using LFPs has not been fully tested and is expected to provide new insights into their differences. Thus, the present study analyzed the task-phase-dependent modulations of LFPs recorded from the lPFC of monkeys as they performed a shape manipulation task. Hierarchical cluster analyses of the LFP time-frequency spectra revealed characteristic patterns, especially in the theta and low gamma ranges. In particular, the theta range distinguished the ventral and dorsal parts of the lPFC well. The ventral part exhibited a block of similar LFP patterns whereas the dorsal part showed scattered patterns of small or single sites with different LFP patterns. These results suggest that functional segregation within the lPFC, especially between the ventral and dorsal regions, can be evaluated using task-phase-dependent time-frequency modulations in LFPs.

The human right inferior frontal cortex (IFC) plays a critical role in response inhibition. It has also been demonstrated that the IFC is heterogeneous and that the ventral part of the IFC (vIFC) is more critical to inhibition of prepotent response tendency. Recent areal parcellation analyses based on resting-state functional connectivity have revealed that the right vIFC consists of multiple functional areas. In the present study, we characterized the parcellated areas (parcels) in the right vIFC using graph theory analysis, which characterizes local connectivity properties of a brain network by referring to its global structure of functional connectivity. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained during performance of a stop-signal task and during resting state. The cerebral cortex was parcellated into areas using resting-state functional connectivity. The parcels were then subjected to graph theory analysis to reveal central areas. Two parcels, ventral and dorsal, in the posterior part of the vIFC, exhibited significant brain activity during response inhibition. The ventral parcel exhibited a positive correlation between betweenness centrality and brain activity while the dorsal parcel did not. Correlations were significantly stronger in the ventral parcel. Moreover, the ventral parcel exhibited a negative correlation between brain activity during response inhibition and stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), a behavioral measure used to evaluate stopping performance. These dissociation results suggest that the ventral region in the vIFC plays a more central role in the brain network by increasing brain activity, which may further predict better performance of response inhibition.

OBJECTIVES To quantitatively assess the quality of the urethral rhabdosphincter muscle by measuring its shear wave velocity (Vs ) and calculating the Young modulus (E) with supersonic shear wave imaging (SSI). METHODS This was a prospective study of 43 women with SUI and 52 female control participants who underwent a transperineal US examination with SSI. Supersonic shear wave imaging was performed at rest with a linear transducer and a specialized-preset procedure. The stability and validity of the shear waves were automatically assessed by the SSI procedure. The SSI images were visualized in a color-coded elastographic image. In the postprocessing analysis, the ventral part of the urethral rhabdosphincter muscle was manually outlined. The mean Vs and the mean E of the muscle were measured by the SSI procedure. The relationship between the mean Vs , mean E, and SUI was evaluated. RESULTS The SSI examination was successfully performed in 40 patients with SUI (93.0%) and 40 female control participants (76.9%). No significant differences between the groups in age, body mass index, and parity were identified. For the SUI and control groups, the mean Vs values were 2.54 and 2.73 m/s, respectively, and the mean E values were was 19.7 and 22.7kPa. Significant correlations were found between SUI and the mean Vs as well as the mean E (Spearman correlation coefficients, -0.41 and -0.43; P

Maldivea Gerlach, 1962 is a possible endemic genus of the Maldivian archipelago for which only M. xarifae Gerlach, 1962 has been described so far. A new species of this genus, M. complexa n.sp., was recently found in Felidhoo atoll. It reveals a more complex structure of gubernaculum than in type species which appears to be divided into two pieces: one is a sort of long wing in the ventral part of the spicule and the other one, more complex, is characterized by several curved stripes which envelop the dorsal side of the spicule distal part. According to the present considerations, diagnoses of Paroxystomininae and Maldivea are emended.

Purpose. A retrospective imaging study assessing the availability of oblique lumbar interbody fusion at the level of L5-S1 (OLIF51) and to choose ideal surgical corridor in OLIF51 by introducing V-line. Methods. The axial views through the center of L5-S1 disc were reviewed. We adopt 18 mm as the width of the simulated surgical corridor. The midline of the surgical corridor is at the center of L5-S1 disc. According to the traction distance of the left iliac vein (LCIV) and psoas major (PM), we defined all the subjects as V (+) (traction-difficultly LCIV), V (-) (traction-friendly LCIV), P (+) (traction-difficultly PM), and P (-) (traction-friendly PM). V-line was defined as a straight line dividing equally the simulated surgical corridor. All cases were divided into 2 groups: The V-line (+) group, more than half of the LCIV region, is located in the ventral part of V-line; the V-line (-) group, more than half of the LCIV region, is located in the dorsal part of V-line. Multiple variables regressive analysis was conducted to analyze the independent risk factors of V-line (+). Results. V-line (+) was found in 36 (38.7%) patients and V-line (-) in 57 (61.3%). Incidence of V (+) and P (+) was 35.4% (33/93) and 30.1% (28/93), respectively. 16.1% (15/93) subjects processed V (+) and P (+) at the same time. The independent risk factor of V-line (+) were gender of male ( P = 0.034 , OR: 12.152) and medial position of LCIV ( P < 0.001 , OR: 265.085). High iliac crest was a significant independent protective factor ( P = 0.001 , OR: 0.750). Conclusions. Most patients were suitable for OLIF51. V-line could assess the injury risk of LCIV. For patients who are V-line (+), mainly among males having the LCIV near the midline or the iliac crest relatively low, a surgical corridor external to the LCIV should be taken into consideration.

‘Nemacheilus’ argyrogaster, new species, is described from the Xe Kong, Mekong drainage, in Attapeu and Xe Kong provinces, southern Laos. It is distinguished from all other Nemacheilidae in Southeast Asia by its unique colour pattern made of a bold black midlateral stripe separating the yellowish brown dorsal part of the body from the silvery whitish ventral part and a middorsal row of 14–19 thin saddles. Besides, the male has a globulous suborbital flap with tubercles along its free, posterior edge, and the pectoral fin with thickened anterior ray and branched rays 1–4 and unculiferous pads behind them covered by small tubercles; lips thin, lower lip continuous with a narrow median notch. It was found in moderate to fast flowing water, over pebble to stone bottom. ‘Nemacheilus’ argyrogaster, was earlier misidentified as N. longistriatus; it is provisionally placed in the genus Nemacheilus.

The hypophysis functions as a central gland of the neuroendocrine system for regulating fundamental body physiology. Upon aging, several hormones produced by the endocrine system are dramatically altered. Recently, Nothobranchius furzeri (the turquoise killifish) has become a popular model for aging studies because of its short lifespan and highly conserved aging phenotypes. However, the anatomical details of the major neuroendocrine system of the killifish have not been investigated so far. In this study, we have identified the pituitary and pineal glands of the turquoise killifish, which are critical components of the brain endocrine system. These two neuroendocrine glands were weakly attached to the main body of the killifish brain. The pineal gland was located on the dorsal part of the brain, while the pituitary gland was located on the ventral part. Brain sections containing pineal and pituitary glands were performed and revealed that cells in both the pituitary and pineal glands are densely placed than any other regions of brain. Further, three-dimensional images both in pineal and pituitary glands were uncovered their distinctive cellular arrangements. Vasopressin intestinal peptide (VIP) was strongly expressed in the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland. Glial cells were found inside the pineal gland, while astrocytes covered the outside. These findings illustrate basic features of the neuroendocrine system of Nothobranchius furzeri.

The ventral part of the anteromedial thalamic nucleus (AMv) is in a position to convey information to the cortico-hippocampal-amygdalar circuit involved in the processing of fear memory. Corticotropin-releasing-factor (CRF) neurons are closely associated with the regulation of stress and fear. However, few studies have focused on the role of thalamic CRF neurons in fear memory. In the present study, using a conditioned fear paradigm in CRF transgenic mice, we found that the c-Fos protein in the AMv CRF neurons was significantly increased after cued fear expression. Chemogenetic activation of AMv CRF neurons enhanced cued fear expression, whereas inhibition had the opposite effect on the cued fear response. Moreover, chemogenetic manipulation of AMv CRF neurons did not affect fear acquisition or contextual fear expression. In addition, anterograde tracing of projections revealed that AMv CRF neurons project to wide areas of the cerebral cortex and the limbic system. These results uncover a critical role of AMv CRF neurons in the regulation of conditioned fear memory. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12264-020-00592-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Anisakiasis is a gastrointestinal disease caused by parasitic anisakid nematodes, mainly Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (A. simplex). Anisakiasis is prevalent in Japan and approximately 40% of anisakiasis cases in Tokyo occur through the consumption of raw or marinated mackerel. However, in 2018, there was a sudden increase in the number of the food poisoning cases in Tokyo caused by consumption of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). Therefore, we investigated anisakiasis cases resulting from ingestion of skipjack tuna in Tokyo, and surveyed the presence of Anisakis larvae in skipjack tuna in 2018 and 2019. Nineteen samples from 15 patients (13 in 2018 and 2 in 2019) with anisakiasis surely caused by ingestion of skipjack tuna were all identified as A. simplex. The higher mean abundance of Anisakis simplex larvae in skipjack tuna muscle in May 2018 (1.30; 13 larvae/10 fishes) compared to that in the other periods was regarded as a contributing factor in the increase in anisakiasis cases by ingesting skipjack tuna in 2018. To verify whether Anisakis larvae migrate from the visceral organs to the muscle during the period from fishing on the boat until processing for sale, the number of Anisakis larvae in skipjack tuna caught from August to November 2018 was investigated by removing the visceral organs at three different timings, i.e., immediately after catching, after landing, and after transport to the laboratory. Anisakis larvae were detected in the muscle irrespective of the timings at which visceral organs were removed. All larvae from the muscle were detected only from the ventral part and were identified as A. simplex. We thus consider that avoiding raw consumption of the ventral muscle should be an effective measure to prevent anisakiasis.

OBJECTIVEThe authors’ goal was to study avian motor brain mapping via wireless stimulation to induce certain behaviors. In this paper, the authors propose an electrode design that is suitable for avian brain stimulation as well as a stereotactic implant procedure for the proposed electrode.METHODSAn appropriate breed for avian brain study was chosen. A fully implantable remote-controlled electrical stimulation system was inserted to minimize discomfort. A suitable electrode design and stereotactic surgery method based on the electrode design were investigated.RESULTSUsing a wireless stimulation system, flapping and rotation behaviors were induced by stimulating the ventral part of the nucleus intercollicularis and formatio reticularis medialis mesencephali both on the ground and during flight.CONCLUSIONSThe authors were able to implant the entire brain stimulation system inside the avian body without any surgical complications. Postoperative observations suggested that the bird did not find the implant uncomfortable.

Fleas are the most common ectoparasites and flea-bite allergy can develop in cats. The clinical signs are represented by pruritus, excoriations, self-induced alopecia, manifestations of the eosinophilic granuloma complex and miliary dermatitis, which often, but not exclusively, involves the caudal dorsal and ventral part of the body. The diagnosis is obtained with the clinical presentation and response to flea control. Flea control is based on adulticides, which kill adult fleas on the cat, and insect growth regulators (IGR), which inhibit the development of pre-adult stages in the environment.

The dissection is started by a horizontal incision of the peritoneum of the ventral cul-de-sac between bladder and uterus. The cleavage consists of anterior dissection of the vesicovaginal space in the right plane, between endopelvic fascia and detrusor, as in the technique of sacrocolpopexy. The cleavage plane is usually easy to find. It may be more difficult after the caesarean section. In case of difficulty, it is sufficient to partially fill the bladder with serum coloured with methylene blue. The line of dissection to follow is then found. The dissection is made step by step with curved atraumatic scissors and with bipolar coagulation forceps for haemostasis. The bloodless space opens as and when between forward the vesical wall and behind the ventral part of the vagina. We see the vesicovaginal space after dissection with a precise haemostasis. The cranial part of the bladder pillars is often coagulated and cut.

The understanding of the ways in which cows with different personalities perceive human contact is essential for improving the quality of the human-animal relationship and therefore the welfare of dairy cows. The general objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tactile stimulation on the avoidance distance, and how these effects relate to the personality of dairy cows. The specific objectives were to (1) compare the avoidance distances before and after a tactile stimulation period, (2) compare the avoidance distance according to the personality of the cows and to (3) analyse the relationship between the avoidance distance and the exit time of the cows. The study was performed with 38 Holstein Friesian cows, which received tactile stimulation by stroking the ventral part of the neck at the milking parlour, 5 min/day for 15 days (75 min of tactile stimulation per cow). Each cow’s personality was categorised as high responder (HR) or low responder (LR) based on the time taken to exit a weight scale. The avoidance distances of the cows were measured before and after the tactile stimulation period. Avoidance distances decreased after the tactile stimulation period for both HR and LR cows (p = 0.042). HR and LR cows did not differ in avoidance distances either before (p = 0.967) or after (p = 0.633) the tactile stimulation. Avoidance distances before and after the tactile stimulation did not differ for both HR cows (p = 0.104) and LR cows (p = 0.189). There was no correlation between the avoidance distances and the exit time both before (p = 0.759) and after (p =0 .979) the tactile stimulation. There was a positive correlation between age and exit time for all cows (p = 0.009). No correlation was found between age and exit time in the group of HR cows (p = 0.126) or in the group of LR cows (p = 0.143). Stroking the ventral part of the neck improved the human-animal relationship, probably due to cows fearing humans less, regardless of individual cow’s personality. This human-cow interaction could be easily used on dairy farms.

BACKGROUND: Surgery remains the gold standard both for delimited hepatocellular carcinoma by selective anatomic liver segentectomy and for colorectal liver metastases by parenchymal sparing liver resection. Right anterior sector (RAS) (segments V-VIII; Couinaud) is the largest and most difficult sector to operate on. A better knowledge of its segmentation could prevent postoperative remnant liver ischemia and its impacts on patient's survival. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PubMed for papers on anatomy and surgery of the right anterior sector. RESULTS: Segmentation of the RAS depended of the anatomic variations of the third-order portal branches. Cranio-caudal segmentation was the most commonly found (50-53%), followed by ventro-dorsal (23-26%), trifurcation (13-20%), and quadrifurcation types (5-11%). Ventral and dorsal partial or total subsegmentectomy seemed accessible in 47 to 50% of patients, including bifurcation, trifurcation, and quadrifurcation types, and could spare up to 22% of the total liver volume. The RAS hepatic vein was present in 85-100% of the patients and could be used as a landmark between RAS dorsal and ventral part in 63% of patients. Reported overall morbidity rate of RAS subsegmentectomy ranged from 33 to 59% among studies with a postoperative major complication rate (Clavien-Dindo ??III) ranging around 18% and a biliary leakage rate from 16 to 21%. In-hospital reported mortality rate was low (0-3%), and results were comparable to "classic" liver resections. RAS subsegmentectomy remains a complex procedure; median operating time ranged from 253 to 520 min and median intraoperative blood loss reached 1255 ml. CONCLUSION: Better knowledge of RAS anatomy could allow for parenchymal preservation by using subsegmentectomy of the RAS, selective or as a part of a major hepatectomy.

Whisking mammals move their whiskers in the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral directions with simultaneous rolling about their long axes (torsion). Whereas muscular control of the first two types of whisker movement was already established, the anatomic muscular substrate of the whisker torsion remains unclear. Specifically, it was not clear whether torsion is induced by asymmetrical operation of known muscles or by other largely unknown muscles. Here, we report that mystacial pads of newborn and adult rats and mice contain oblique intrinsic muscles (OMs) that connect diagonally adjacent vibrissa follicles. Each of the OMs is supplied by a cluster of motor end plates. In rows A and B, OMs connect the ventral part of the rostral follicle with the dorsal part of the caudal follicle. In rows C-E, in contrast, OMs connect the dorsal part of the rostral follicle to the ventral part of the caudal follicle. This inverse architecture is consistent with previous behavioral observations [Knutsen et al.: Neuron 59 (2008) 35-42]. In newborn mice, torsion occurred in irregular single twitches. In adult anesthetized rats, microelectrode mediated electrical stimulation of an individual OM that is coupled with two adjacent whiskers was sufficient to induce a unidirectional torsion of both whiskers. Torsional movement was associated with protracting movement, indicating that in the vibrissal system, like in the ocular system, torsional movement is mechanically coupled to horizontal and vertical movements. This study shows that torsional whisker rotation is mediated by specific OMs whose morphology and attachment sites determine rotation direction and mechanical coupling, and motor innervation determines rotation dynamics. Anat Rec, 300:1643-1653, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Background The cytoarchitecturally defined Edinger–Westphal nucleus (EW) is now referred to by many investigators as the centrally-projecting EW (EWcp) in humans. Although the mature structure is well-characterized, there have been few reports describing the precise morphology of this nucleus during the second half of gestation. Subjects/Design Eleven brains were examined from preterm infants, aged 20–39 postmenstrual weeks, who died of various causes. After fixation, the brains were embedded in celloidin and serial sections of 30-μm thickness were cut in the horizontal plane. Sections were stained using the Kluver–Barrera method. In addition to microscopic observations, computerized 3D reconstruction and morphometry were performed. Results From 21 weeks, the EWcp had a distinctive, complex 3D structure comprising two or three parts. The dorsal part was arcuate, half encircling the oculomotor somatic nuclei (OSN). The rostral part was the most voluminous, ventral to the rostral OSN, extending anteriorly. The caudal part was the smallest, and was composed of several neuronal groups near the ventral tip of the OSN. In three cases, the caudal part was absent. It could also be joined to the rostral part, forming a ventral part. The total volume of the EWcp increased exponentially with age, and the ventral part grew more rapidly than the dorsal part. The mean neuronal profile area increased linearly with age, and the rate of increase was almost equal between the dorsal and ventral parts. Conclusions This study suggests that a distinctive, complex, two- or three-part 3D structure of the EWcp is preserved after mid-gestation, and that the ventral part of the EWcp may expand in volume more rapidly than the dorsal part.

Introduction: Study aim is to report the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) features of acute and chronic spontaneous spondylodiscitis. Case report: 57 year old female, complaining of a fever and longstanding cervical pain worsened during physical therapy. Methods: MR images were acquired using superconductive magnet 1.5 T, with the following sequences: sagittal PD and T2 TSE, sagittal T1 SE, axial PD and T2 TSE (lumbar spine), axial T2 GRE (cervical spine). Axial and sagittal T1 SE after administration of (gadolinium DTPA). Examination was reviewed by three radiologists and compared to CT findings. Results: Patient reported cervical pain associated with fever and minimal weight loss. Blood tests were normal except hyperglycemia (DM tip II). X Ray: vertebral destruction localized at C-4 and C-5: NECT: destruction of the C-4/C-5 vertebral bodies (ventral part). MRI: Low signal of the bone marrow on T1l images, which enhanced after Gd-DTPA administration and became intermediate or high on T2 images. The steady high signal intensity of the disk on T2 images and enhancement on T1 images is typical for an acute inflammatory process. Bone Scintigrafi results: Bone changes suspicious for metastasis. Whole body CT results: apart from spine, no other significant changes. Conclusion: MRI is the most sensitive technique for the diagnosis of spondylodiscitis in the acute phase and comparable to CT regarding chronial stage of the disease. The present imagining essay os aimed at showing the main magnetic resonance imaging findings of tuberculous discitis.

Documentamos una hembra de Chrotopterus auritus en estado de lactancia con su cría presente en la parte ventral de su cuerpo. El espécimen fue capturado con una trampa de arpa en un bosque tropical húmedo de la costa del Pacífico de Guatemala, dentro de la reserva natural privada Finca Patrocinio, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala el 29 de mayo de 2017. Hay poca información sobre la biología de esta especie, especialmente en Guatemala, lo que refleja la importancia de nuevos estudios sobre el comportamiento silvestre de esta especie.

Purpose Cage subsidence (CS) represents a risk factor for adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) and unfavorable results of anterior cervical discectomy (ACD). Methods Sixty-one patients after level 1 or 2 of ACD with implantation of Zero Profile VA cage were included in the study. CS was assessed with a follow-up period of 12 months after ACD. The impacts of factors such as sex, age, number of operated segments, osteoporosis and extent of peroperative distraction were assessed in relation to the incidence of CS. The influences of CS on clinical results (VAS, NDI, Odom's criteria) and ASD incidence were evaluated. Results In 74 % of cases there was the presence of CS into both adjacent vertebral bodies. CS into the ventral part of motion segment was dominant during the entire follow-up period. CS had no influence on clinical results of ACD. Parallel CS into both ventral and dorsal parts of motion segments significantly increased the incidence of proximal ASD (p = 0.0163). Osteoporosis and extent of peroperative distraction were linked to higher incidence of CS into the dorsal part of motion segment (p ˂ 0.05). Conclusions Osteoporosis and the extent of peroperative distraction are risk factors for the subsidence of anchored cage and while increasing the incidence of proximal adjacent segment degeneration it has no significant influence on clinical results of surgery (Tab. 3, Fig. 5, Ref. 32).

Impulsivity is a key, trait-like feature of the decision-making process. As personality traits are stable over time, we hypothesized that resting-state (RS) neural activity would predict individual impulsivity.Thirty-five healthy individuals underwent fMRI scan during RS and subsequently performed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). In BART, impulsivity was inversely correlated to monetary earnings. A group-level whole-brain regression assessed the relationship between earnings at BART and RS evaluated by the Hurst Exponent, regional homogeneity; low frequency oscillation (LFO), (including the Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations - ALFF- and the fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations -fALFF) and the Default Mode Network (DMN) functional connectivity.ALFF significantly correlates with total earnings in the ventral part of the ACC/MPFC (FWE corrected p 0.05 (uncorrected p value0.0005; cluster size: ≥10 voxels), while H significantly correlates with total earnings in the anterior insula and the part opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus.These results suggest that impulsivity and ability to change strategies according to external cues are trait characteristics shaped in the RS's functional architecture that can be detected also when individuals are not engaged in decision-making tasks.

Population structure, fecundity and morphological characteristics of M. vollenhovenii were studied around Lower Volta River, Ghana subject to dirt of information on this prawn species around the study location. The most prominent morphological characteristics already documented for identification of this species was rostrum bearing 13-15 continuous teeth dorsally and 4-5 teeth on its ventral part. These morphological traits formed the principal components for identification in this study. Results showed that morphological traits on second pereiopods such as presence of spines, spinules, teeth borne within the fingers, and dense projections of setae-like features on telson and uropod were observed relevant for identification purposes. Other results revealed that maximum total length recorded in this study (150-155mm) was higher than total length ranges (≤125mm) documented for this species in earlier studies. Consequently, two adult’s classes of prawns were identified (old adult class 81-120mm; and young adults 31-80mm) and older class was observed to be more in catches than the younger prawns. Absolute fecundity revealed that oocytes estimation varied with respect to seasons, ages of prawns and body sizes of specimens examined. In conclusion, this study observed that M. vollenhovenii fishery is operating in a sustainable manner at the time of this study around the study location.

The three-dimensionally real position and movement of the scapula in the lateral side of the ribcage could not be clarified in the horse, since the body size of the horse is too large to apply the CT scanning and image analysis methods. In this study, therefore, we examined the position and the movability of scapula using a carcass of the Falabella which is one of the smallest breeds of the horse. The whole skeletal system in thoracic part of the Falabella could be three-dimensionally observed by CT scanning method. The three-dimensional images show that the scapula cranially slides and the ventral part of the scapula dorso-cranially rotates, when the shoulder joint moves to the most cranial position as simulation. The three-dimensional rotation angle was approximately 10 degrees. As a result of comparative osteology of the scapula between Falabella and the large draft horse, the infraspinous fossa was caudally enlarged in the larger draft horse, whereas the Falabella had narrower infraspinous fossa. We suggest that it may be due to the adaptational morphological change in the scapula bearing various body weights among breeds. The three-dimensional CT image analysis and the simulation in carcass contribute to the analysis of the bone movements of the horse during walking and running locomotion as well as the motion analysis from external functional-morphological data.

The species list and taxonomic keys for the family Tokiokaispadellidae Salvini-Plaven 1986 are given. A new species, Protoheterokrohnia gen. n., is described (diagnosis): eye with dark pigment; corona ciliata located at eye level, on the neck; a greater part of the posterior fins located on the trunk section; thick rays are present in fins; no gut diverticula; papillae on the ventral part of the head form the right toruli. Drawings, data on the species distribution, and a detailed description of four new species (P. protomirabilis sp. n., P. clavata sp. n., P. bogutskayae sp. n., and P. scipioformes sp. n.) from the Laptev Sea are presented.

International audience; Despite its significant functional and clinical interest, the anatomy of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) has received little attention. It is known as a ‘hook-shaped’ fascicle connecting the frontal and anterior temporal lobes and is believed to consist of multiple subcomponents. However, the knowledge of its precise connectional anatomy in humans is lacking, and its subcomponent divisions are unclear. In the present study, we evaluate the anatomy of the UF and provide its detailed normative description in 30 healthy subjects with advanced particle-filtering tractography with anatomical priors and robustness to crossing fibers with constrained spherical deconvolution. We extracted the UF by defining its stem encompassing all streamlines that converge into a compact bundle, which consisted not only of the classic hook-shaped fibers, but also of straight horizontally oriented. We applied an automatic-clustering method to subdivide the UF bundle and revealed five subcomponents in each hemisphere with distinct connectivity profiles, including different asymmetries. A layer-by-layer microdissection of the ventral part of the external and extreme capsules using Klingler’s preparation also demonstrated five types of uncinate fibers that, according to their pattern, depth, and cortical terminations, were consistent with the diffusion-based UF subcomponents. The present results shed new light on the UF cortical terminations and its multicomponent internal organization with extended cortical connections within the frontal and temporal cortices. The different lateralization patterns we report within the UF subcomponents reconcile the conflicting asymmetry findings of the literature. Such results clarifying the UF structural anatomy lay the groundwork for more targeted investigations of its functional role, especially in semantic language processing.

The infracapitulum of eriophyoid mites comprises a cone-like basal infracapitulum, containing a pharynx, and a distal infracapitulum, forming a proboscis ensheathing a bunch of stylets. A well-developed basal labral section was observed in all studied specimens. A newly discerned structure, the suboral fork, situated in the ventral part of the proboscis was discovered. It is larger in diptilomiopids and Nalepella and notably smaller in eriophyids and phytoptids. This structure presumably determines the site of piercing and functions in a similar way to the pressure foot of a sewing machine which controls the movements of a needle. In diptilomiopids the suboral fork might have an additional function: it is a stopper which prevents the proboscis from further penetrating into plant tissues. It is possible that the suboral fork is homologous with the labium of early derivative acariform mites. The proboscis might be a fusion product of the infracapitular lateral lips, malapophyses and the labium. The proboscis serves as a feeding structure in eriophyoids; two ways of sucking plant cell sap, depending on shapes of proboscis and labrum, are hypothesized. Further work is needed to draw conclusions on homologies and the function of all gnathosomal structures in eriophyoids.

An unknown disease event in marine cage-cultured Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) was observed in Malaysia in September 2019, which affected adult-sized fish and resulted in significant mortality. Affected fish showed gross signs resembling scale drop disease such as lethargy, darkened dorsal part of the body, easily detached scales, severe scale loss, reddening and hemorrhage at the ventral part of the body, and tendency to swim at the water surface. Histopathological examinations revealed abnormal changes in multiple internal organs including vacuolated cytoplasm hepatocytes, necrotic kidney tubules, atrophied glomeruli, blood congestion and hemorrhage in the spleen and brain, as well as penetration of lymphocytic inflammatory cells. Notably, basophilic hypertrophied cells and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were occasionally observed in the liver, indicating suspected viral aetiology. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of multiple viral particles in the cytoplasm of the infected cells. Subsequently, PCR and sequence analyses revealed that all affected fish were positive to scale drop disease virus (SDDV), which was absent from the clinically healthy fish. Phylogeny analysis based on complete ORF 060 L (encoding major capsid protein) revealed high similarity between the SDDV from Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore. This study provides first evidence of SDDV infection in cultured Asian seabass in Malaysia. We thus recommend that active surveillance should be prioritized for concentrated Asian seabass farming areas in Malaysia to prevent spread of the disease nation-wide.

Missourian-Virgilian asymmetrical Idiognathodus represent a distinct clade of species with strong dextral-sinistral P1 element asymmetry that exhibit a series of morphological events before the Late Pennsylvanian extinction of Idiognathodus. Previous taxonomic work and morphometric analyses were completed separately for the three major groups of the clade. From oldest to youngest, these are the I. magnificus, I. eudoraensis, and I. simulator groups. The dextral-sinistral P1 element asymmetry is more apparent in larger specimens and the asymmetry is caused by ontogenetic distortion of the dextral element, which widens in the ventral part of the rostral side. At smaller sizes, both sinistral and dextral elements grow predominately dorsal-ventral, and at larger sizes growth is predominately rostral-caudal. Lobe groups correspond with different platform shapes, suggesting that lobe groups are useful taxonomic identification criterion for classifying morphologically distinct species. There are four major morphological events that occur within the asymmetrical Idiognathodus clade: 1) the development of simulator-style P1 element asymmetry in the I. magnificus group; 2) the replacement of flat ungrooved platforms in the I. magnificus group with the grooved platforms of the I. eudoraensis group; 3) the shortening of the adcarinal ridges and development of stronger dextral-sinistral element P1 asymmetry in the I. simulator group; and 4) the replacement of the asymmetric Idiognathodus clade with the I. tersus group which have grooveless narrow platforms, long adcarinal ridges and no apparent dextral-sinistral P1 element asymmetry. These morphological events likely reflect significant biological and paleoecological changes that ultimately culminate with the extinction of Idiognathodus.

The inferior pharyngeal bones are a characteristic feature of the Cyprinidae. Morphology of inferior pharyngeal bones is important in the diagnosis of carnivorous food, or determining the diet of fishes. Due to the lack of literature data, the aim of the study was to examine the morphology of the inferior pharyngeal bone in detail. 102 Blicca bjoerkna specimens caught in the River Warta (Poland) were analysed. 204 inferior pharyngeal bones were collected. The parameters of the inferior pharyngeal bones correlated with the measured head features and the total fish length. The arches of inferior pharyngeal bones did not have directional asymmetry for the two main parameters (height and width of inferior pharyngeal bone). However, there was a left-sided directional asymmetry of the ventral part of inferior pharyngeal bone. In the case of the B. bjoerkna from River Warta, large differences in terms of individual parameters of inferior pharyngeal bones were observed. Fluctuation asymmetry was low. Shape of inferior pharyngeal bones was very round. In total, 12 teeth formulas were described. The 35.29% of the fish had formula different than described in the literature 2.5-5.2 and more teeth in the right arches. Following identification, measurements of the structures enable estimation of the lengths and weights of prey to be determined from biometric relationships. Analysis of body morphological features in combination with pharyngeal bone morphology could show a hybrid in the Warta river's population.

The ventral part of the anteromedial thalamic nucleus (AMv) receives substantial inputs from hypothalamic sites that are highly responsive to a live predator or its odor trace and represents an important thalamic hub for conveying predatory threat information to the cerebral cortex. In the present study, we begin by examining the cortico-amygdalar-hippocampal projections of the main AMv cortical targets, namely, the caudal prelimbic, rostral anterior cingulate, and medial visual areas, as well as the rostral part of the ventral retrosplenial area, one of the main targets of the anterior cingulate area. We observed that these areas form a clear cortical network. Next, we revealed that in animals exposed to a live cat, all of the elements of this circuit presented a differential increase in Fos, supporting the idea of a predator threat-responsive cortical network. Finally, we showed that bilateral cytotoxic lesions in each element of this cortical network did not change innate fear responses but drastically reduced contextual conditioning to the predator-associated environment. Overall, the present findings suggest that predator threat has an extensive representation in the cerebral cortex and revealed a cortical network that is responsive to predatory threats and exerts a critical role in processing fear memory.

Comparison of avian and crocodylian lung structure suggests a basic archosaurian structural type, consisting of four rows of chambers that radiate independently from an intrapulmonary bronchus. The later structure is cartilage-reinforced cranially. Caudally, the cartilage reinforcement diminishes and the radiating pattern of tubular chambers becomes irregular. The presence of extensive pneumatic spaces in the dorsal vertebrae combined with the extremely large size of Brachiosaurus suggests that the dorsal margin of the lungs was strongly attached to the body wall, thus restricting lung inflation in this region. By analogy with similarly structured testudine lungs, it is highly probable that the ventral part of the very large and cavernous lungs consisted of sac-like chambers, which acted as air reservoirs and also ventilated the gas exchange tissue, which was concentrated dorsally. Die Strukturen der Vogel- und der Krokodillunge deuten auf einen basalen Bauplan der Archosaurierlunge hin, der aus vier Reihen von Kammern besteht, die von einem intrapulmonalen Bronchus entspringen. Dieser ist cranial knorpelig verstärkt. Caudal vermindert sich die knorpelige Verstärkung und das Verteilungsmuster der Kammern wird ungleichmäßig. Die Anwesenheit von pneumatischen Räumen in den Wirbelkörpern und die extreme Größe von Brachiosaurus deuten daraufhin, daß der dorsale Bereich der Lunge mit der Körperwand verbunden war. Dies schränkte die Belüftung der Lunge in dieser Region ein. In Analogie zu den ähnlich strukturierten Schildkrötenlungen ist es höchst wahrscheinlich, daß der ventrale Teil der sehr großen Lungen aus sackartigen Kammern bestand, die als Luftreservoir dienten und das dorsal liegende Gasaustauschgewebe ventilierten. doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020104

The shell of pearl oysters consists of two distinct layers, nacre and prismatic. Mantle is the tissue involved in the shell formation, and its ventral part (mantle edge) forms the prismatic layers, whereas the dorsal part (pallium) forms the nacre. In pearl culture, mantle grafts from the pallium of donor are transplanted into the recipient. Then pearl sac is formed by proliferation of epithelial cells from the grafted mantle to form pearls. It has been reported that gene expression patterns are different between mantle edge and pallium in accordance with their distinct functions in the shell formation. However, it is not well addressed whether gene expression is identical or not between two nacre-forming tissues, pallium and pearl sac. Here, we examined expression patterns of known genes related to nacre and prismatic layer formation in mantle edge, pallium, and pearl sac of Pinctada fucata. Although the pallium and pearl sac have the same function in terms of nacre formation, various genes were not expressed identically to the respective tissues, suggesting that shell matrix proteins differently function in the formation of shell nacre and pearls.

As with most complex problems, the simple, easy-to-understand hypothesis that novel traits arise from new genetic mutations is wrong. Although scientists have known this for decades, an alternative explanation has yet to present itself. On page 1004 of this issue, Hu et al. ([ 1 ][1]) show that deciphering the mechanisms underlying the evolution of a new biological trait is intimately intertwined with our evolving understanding of the concept of homology and its role in developmental genetics. Darwin's postulate of descent with modification implies that all biological traits must have an evolutionary antecedent—that is, every trait is structurally related to a preceding one. This concept of homology among traits was developed more than a decade before Darwin's major works by paleontologist Richard Owen, who defined it as: “…the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function.” This seems clear enough until you parse the language and ask what exactly is meant by “the same.” Owen expanded on his original definition by noting that homology among traits could be recognized by correspondences in their structure, position in the body, and embryonic development. Paradoxically, as more has been learned about the development of biological structures, it has become increasingly difficult to recognize homologies. Part of the reason is that most structures are built from preexisting parts with different developmental and evolutionary histories. This conundrum has led to the concepts of partial homology and homology of a selected attribute of a structure—but not the structure as a whole—with a feature in an ancestor ([ 2 ][2]–[ 4 ][3]). Modern developmental genetics has made the task of identifying homologies even more fraught by revealing that a surprisingly small toolbox of regulatory genes controls the development of exceptionally diverse and seemingly unrelated structures ([ 5 ][4]). Hu et al. investigated the developmental and genetic basis of an evolutionarily novel structure, the prothoracic horns of dung beetles (members of the family Scarabaeidae). The prothorax is the anteriormost of the three thoracic segments of insects. All three segments have a pair of ventral walking legs, and the second and third also bear a pair of dorsal wings. Among the great and continuing puzzles in insect evolution are the origin of the wings and why the prothorax does not have any. The dorsal prothorax has, however, undergone a tremendous diversification of structure in various lineages of insects, ranging from elaborate three-dimensional helmets in treehoppers; great crests in wheel bugs; crests and long spikes in some grasshoppers; and single, double, triple, or quadruple horns of scarabaeid beetles—a remarkable example of a secondary sexual trait in the animal kingdom. Wings and legs are thought to have evolved from a single common precursor that split into a dorsal part and a ventral part for the wing and leg, respectively. Moreover, recent work has shown that the wing also has a composite origin, deriving from parts of the dorsal and lateral plates of the thorax. This dual origin of the wing, it turns out, plays an important role in the developmental origin of horns. ![Figure][5] Dorsal wing field drives development of beetle horn Panels show the steps in the development of a horn in dung beetles. The horn develops at the larval stage, beginning in specified regions of tissue in the insect dorsal-wing development field. GRAPHIC: N. CARY/ SCIENCE , (PHOTOS, TOP TO BOTTOM) Y. HU ET AL. , ALEXANDER WILD Hu et al. began their elegant series of experiments by using RNA interference (RNAi) in scarabaeid beetle larvae and pupae to inhibit the expression of several genes known to be associated with wing development. They found that the beetle's wings were indeed reduced or lost completely. More surprising, however, was the observation that the large medial prothoracic horn was also reduced in size and split into two small bilateral projections. The authors then showed that vestigial , a selector gene for wing development, was expressed throughout the developing wings (as expected) but also at the base of the horn precursors in the pupal stage. Hu et al. also found that the medial prothoracic horn begins its development as two lateral protuberances during the pupal stage that gradually migrate to the middle of the pronotum. These findings led the authors to conclude that wing-related genes are required for initiating horn development and that, therefore, the prothoracic horns might share partial homology with wings. Hu et al. then used RNAi to inhibit expression of the Sex combs reduced ( Scr ) gene, whose normal activity specifies the prothoracic segment and in whose absence this segment acquires the characteristics of the second thoracic segment, which bears the forewings. This resulted in the development of structures that resembled the normal forewing (elytra), as well as a severe reduction in the size of the prothoracic horn, which was again reduced to two small lateral protuberances. Not all transformations of the thorax were equally severe. In fact, Hu et al. found a reciprocal relationship between the size of the wings and the size of the two horns that developed when the expression of individual wing-related genes was inhibited by RNAi; large wings appeared to develop at the expense of large horns and vice versa. Inhibiting expression of the pannier ( pnr ) gene, which specifies the medial region of the notum (the dorsal part of the insect's thoracic segment), confirmed the hypothesis that thoracic horn primordia provide the material from which the ectopic wings developed. Hu et al. then conducted a series of RNA-sequencing studies to determine what kinds of genes were expressed in the developing horns and adjacent tissues. They found that soon after horn development started, wing-specific gene expression ceased and further development of the horns was accompanied by new gene expression patterns. The overall conclusion is that horns arise from tissues that would have formed the dorsal component of the wing and use part of the wing's gene network to get started. However, subsequent growth and morphogenesis of the horn use a diverse set of genes unrelated to wing development (see the figure). The single medial horn of these beetles thus appears to come about by the migration and fusion of two lateral primordia derived from the dorsal wing field. It seems possible, therefore, that beetles that have two horns fail to merge their primordia, and those with four horns split the two primordia. The flexibility of using wing genes to initiate a primordium and then building on that foundation by selecting for genetic networks that promote specific morphogenesis might well have been the foundation for the elaborate and sometimes riotous diversification of form seen in the pronotum of insects. This raises a new question: What is the primitive function of what is now called the wing gene network? Is it to specify wings, or are wings latecomers in a network that evolved to regulate various outgrowths on the thorax and abdomen? Novelty may be in the eye of the beholder. 1. [↵][6]1. Y. Hu, 2. D. M. Linz, 3. A. P. Moczek , Science 366, 1004 (2019). [OpenUrl][7][Abstract/FREE Full Text][8] 2. [↵][9]1. V. L. Roth , Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 22, 13–29 (1984). [OpenUrl][10][CrossRef][11][Web of Science][12] 3. 1. M. J. West-Eberhard , Developmental Plasticity and Evolution (Oxford Univ. Press, 2003). 4. [↵][13]1. G. P. Wagner , Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation (Princeton Univ. Press, 2014). 5. [↵][14]1. S. B. Carroll, 2. J. K. Grenier, 3. S. D. Weatherbee , From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design (Blackwell Science, 2004). [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #ref-4 [4]: #ref-5 [5]: pending:yes [6]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [7]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DHu%26rft.auinit1%253DY.%26rft.volume%253D366%26rft.issue%253D6468%26rft.spage%253D1004%26rft.epage%253D1007%26rft.atitle%253DBeetle%2Bhorns%2Bevolved%2Bfrom%2Bwing%2Bserial%2Bhomologs%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.aaw2980%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [8]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEzOiIzNjYvNjQ2OC8xMDA0IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9zY2kvMzY2LzY0NjgvOTQ2LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ== [9]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [10]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBiol.%2BJ.%2BLinn.%2BSoc.%2BLond.%26rft.volume%253D22%26rft.spage%253D13%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8312.1984.tb00796.x%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [11]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00796.x&link_type=DOI [12]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1984SV01300002&link_type=ISI [13]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [14]: #xref-ref-5-1 "View reference 5 in text"

An ongoing debate in human memory research is whether the encoding and the retrieval of memory engage the same part of the hippocampus and the same cells, or whether encoding preferentially involves the anterior part of the hippocampus and retrieval its posterior part. Here, we used a human to rat translational behavioral approach combined to high-resolution molecular imaging to address this issue. We showed that successful memory performance is predicted by encoding and reactivation patterns only in the dorsal part of the rat hippocampus (posterior part in humans), but not in the ventral part (anterior part in humans). Our findings support the view that the encoding and the retrieval processes per se are not segregated along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus, but that activity predictive of successful memory is and concerns specifically the dorsal part of the hippocampus. In addition, we found evidence that these processes are likely to be mediated by the activation/reactivation of the same cells at this level. Given the translational character of the task, our results suggest that both the encoding and the retrieval processes take place in the same cells of the posterior part of the human hippocampus. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Corticostriatal projections from the primate cortical motor areas partially overlap in different zones of a large postcommissural putaminal sector designated as "motor" putamen. These zones are at the origin of parallel basal ganglia-thalamocortical subloops involved in modulating the cortical motor output. However, it is still largely unknown how parietal and prefrontal areas, connected to premotor areas, and involved in controlling higher order aspects of motor control, project to the basal ganglia. Based on tracer injections at the cortical level, we analyzed the corticostriatal projections of the macaque hand-related ventrolateral prefrontal, ventral premotor, and inferior parietal areas forming a network for controlling purposeful hand actions (lateral grasping network). The results provided evidence for partial overlap or interweaving of these projections in correspondence of 2 putaminal zones, distinct from the motor putamen, one located just rostral to the anterior commissure, the other in the caudal and ventral part. Thus, the present data provide evidence for partial overlap or interweaving in specific striatal zones (input channels) of projections from multiple, even remote, areas taking part in a large-scale functionally specialized cortical network. Furthermore, they suggest the presence of multiple hand-related input channels, possibly differentially involved in controlling goal-directed hand actions.

Clarification of the trunk structure in Urodela is important in understanding the locomotive evolution of basal tetrapods. The components of the muscular trunk wall among Urodela using different modes of locomotion were compared. Since the whole trunk may be used for swimming and the effect of limbs may be small in the more aquatic species, they showed smaller differences in the trunk muscles among anterior, middle and posterior sections of the trunk. By contrast, in the more terrestrial species, the dorsal and abdominal muscles are larger in the middle section than those in the anterior and posterior sections. High compressive stresses occur in the supporting limbs and their insertion at the trunk on the ventral side, and spread from the forelimbs along the back to the supporting hindlimbs on the dorsal side. Tensile stresses occur in the middle ventral part. The components of the trunk muscles among the three sections may reflect differences in stresses occurring in the trunk of the more terrestrial species. The findings also suggest that in the middle section, larger dorsal muscles for stiffening the back to maintain posture and larger abdominal muscles are responsible for balancing the body weight while it is supported by the limbs in the more terrestrial species.

A 71-year-old female was diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The tumor measured 65 mm in diameter and was located in the caudate lobe. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was performed repeatedly; however, a follow-up dynamic computed tomography (CT) scan showed that the tumor remained viable. Thus, TACE was performed using drug-eluting beads that had been preloaded with epirubicin. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography (CE-EUS) was conducted for evaluating the treatment effects. First, we detected the internal part of the tumor. Then, a perflubutane suspension was injected intravenously. Next, CE-EUS was performed for the external ventral part of the tumor in the same manner. The perflubutane flowed into the tumor and spread into both its internal and external ventral regions. Thus, we considered that the tumor was still viable and planned to carry out TACE again. CE-EUS could be a useful tool for evaluating the treatment effects of TACE on HCC deep inside the liver.

Background Normal histologic architecture of acetabular labrum, regarding presence of Free Nerve Endings (FNEs) and Nerve End Organs (NEOs) has been four times described. Nevertheless, elderly cadaveric specimens and individuals were recruited, leading to considerably high unreliability probability due to microscopic degenerative alterations. Aim of this paper is to analyze distribution pattern of FNEs and NEOs in acetabular labra of healthy middle-aged individuals, configuring thus more reliably acetabular labrum microscopic profile. Materials and methods Six patients with middle age 52 ± 2.5 years were enrolled in this study. Injury of acetabular labrum and normal hip radiograph were present in all cases. Patients were all subjected to successful hip hemi-arthroplasty and derived acetabular labra were subsequently histologically processed and observed under a compound microscope. Results FNEs and NEOs were detected in all specimens. All types of NEOs were identified, including Paccini, Golgi-Mazzoni, Ruffini and Krause corpuscles. FNEs and NEOs were both in ventral part and in chondral side of labrum predominantly detected. Conclusion FNEs and NEOs presence was greater in ventral side of labrum, being thus in partial agreement with previous studies results. Further study is required, in order to elucidate the exact acetabular labrum normal microscopic anatomy. Level of evidence IV.

Butterflies and moths develop highly ordered coloration in their wing for signal transmission. We have investigated the ultrastructural arrangement of wing coloration of a moth Asota caricae, applying light, optical polarized, and scanning electron microscopy, and spectrophotometry. The forewing of the moth is brown in color with a white spot at the center. The hindwing is golden yellow in color with many black patches in it. The ventral part of the forewing and dorsal hindwing share the similar color pattern. The ventral part of the hindwing has dull coloration in comparison to the dorsal one although the pattern remains same. The spectrometry analysis reveals various patterns of absorbance and reflectance spectra for various colors. The peak observed for various colors remain same although the intensity of peak changes. Bright colors possess highly ordered structures whereas irregular structures are found in dull colored scales. The color variation observed due to dorsal and ventral part of the wing is due to the minute difference observed in terms of ultrastructural arrangement revealed by scanning electron microscope. The color pattern of A. caricae is due to variation of microstructures present within the scale.

Although several previous studies have shown that individuals' attitude towards time could affect their intertemporal preference, little is known about the neural basis of the relation between time perspective (TP) and delay discounting. In the present study, we quantified the gray matter (GM) cortical volume using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) methods to investigate the effect of TP on delay discounting (DD) across two independent samples. For group 1 (102 healthy college students; 46 male; 20.40 ± 1.87 years), behavioral results showed that only Future TP was a significant predictor of DD, and higher scores on Future TP were related to lower discounting rates. Whole-brain analysis revealed that steeper discounting correlated with greater GM volume in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and ventral part of posterior cingulate cortex (vPCC). Also, GM volume of a cluster in the vmPFC was correlated with Future TP. Interestingly, there was an overlapping region in vmPFC that was correlated with both DD and Future TP. Region-of-interest analysis further indicated that the overlapping region of vmPFC played a partially mediating role in the relation between Future TP and DD in the other independent dataset (Group 2, 36 healthy college students; 14 male; 20.18±1.80 years). Taken together, our results provide a new perspective from neural basis for explaining the relation between DD and future TP.

The authors of this study (1), who have a strong tradition of well-designed studies treating mental disorders by deep brain stimulation (DBS) attempt to find out whether the beneficial effects of DBS of the ventral part of the anterior limb of the internal capsule (vALIC) for treatment resistant depression (TRD) are due to placebo or a real effect.

Circadian rhythm disturbances are a common symptom among individuals with mood disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in the ventral part of the anterior hypothalamus, orchestrates physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms. The SCN consists of self-sustaining oscillators and receives photic and nonphotic cues, which entrain the SCN to the external environment. In turn, through synaptic and hormonal mechanisms, the SCN can drive and synchronize circadian rhythms in extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral tissues. Thus, genetic or environmental perturbations of SCN rhythms could disrupt brain regions more closely related to mood regulation and cause mood disturbances. Here, we review clinical and preclinical studies that provide evidence both for and against a causal role for the SCN in mood disorders.

Thermography is a noninvasive diagnostic technique that measures thermal field and temperature distribution of a targeted surface and generates thermal patterns in the form of a color map. Even though thermography has been already used in detection of breast cancer, its predictive value has not been fully solved yet. The aim of our study was to evaluate the predictive role of thermography in the process of chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague Dawley rats. Breast cancer was induced to 20 female Sprague Dawley rats by 2 doses of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (50 mg.kg-1 intraperitoneal) on the 43rd and the 50th postnatal day. Digital infrared camera with a resolution was used to evaluate the thermal patterns of ventral part of the body. Symmetrical body areas were monitored to detect temperature patterns of intact breast in compare to potential affected one. Only tumors developing non-parallel were further evaluated. Most developed breast tumors were characterized as ductal carcinomas in situ. 19/28 tumors were characterized by the increased temperature before their appearance. 9/28 breast tumors showed either no temperature difference or decrease of the temperature of the place with the potential cluster of neoplastic transform cells before tumor appearance diagnosed by the palpation. The temperature increase ≥ 0.5°C was seen in 38% ductal carcinoma in situ forms and the temperature decrease ≥ 0.5°C in 11% ductal in situ forms. Thermography could be used as an effective noninvasive predictive tool in breast cancer diagnosis. However, more studies are required to describe the potential of this predictive method.