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Statistička analiza laboratorijskih rezultata i njihova prezentacija na interaktivnoj tabli igraju značajnu ulogu u svim oblastima veterinarske medicine. Kroz sistematsko prikupljanje podataka o zdravlju životinja, veterinarski stručnjaci mogu identifikovati obrasce i trendove koji ukazuju na potencijalne zdravstvene izazove. Laboratorijski rezultati pružaju veliki broj informacija o biohemijskim parametrima, hematološkim pokazateljima kao i o prisustvu infektivnih agenasa. Statistička analiza ovih podataka omogućava doktorima veterinarske medicine procenu prevalencije bolesti, identifikaciju rizičnih populacija i planiranje preventivnih mera. Korišćenje naprednih statističkih metoda olakšava preciznije tumačenje rezultata, što pomaže bržem i tačnijem donošenju odluka u veterinarskoj praksi. Prezentacija rezultata na interaktivnoj tabli dodatno poboljšava komunikaciju između stručnjaka, omogućavajući im da zajednički analiziraju podatke, postavljaju hipoteze i usklađuju strategije intervencija. Ova tehnologija olakšava vizuelizaciju podataka pomoću grafikona i interaktivne kartografije, čime se pojednostavljuje komunikacija unutar stručnog tima. Kombinacija statističke analize laboratorijskih rezultata i interaktivne prezentacije na tabli omogućava unapređenje veterinarske prakse i efikasan odgovor na izazove u oblasti zdravlja životinja.

The aim of this study was to determine the length of the contraceptive period after the application of deslorelin implant (4.7 mg) in juvenile, prepubertal bitches and assess the effects on the hormonal status (P4, E2 and melatonin), as well as on the occurrence of normal physiological estrus. Twelve crossbred prepubertal female dogs (4 months of age) were divided into the two groups, the treated group (DESLO) and control (placebo) group (C). Hormone assays, vaginal microbiological and cytological smears and the measurements of electrical resistance of cervical mucus were performed once in 3 weeks until the first signs of proestrus, and every day during estrus. GnRH implant significantly postponed time of onset of estrus (633 ± 30,38 days vs. 143.80 ± 52,30 days, P<0.001). In estrus, DESLO group showed statistically higher E2 (34.58 pg/mL vs. 20.59 pg/mL, P<0.001) and melatonin serum concentration (45.86 pg/mL vs. 18.85 pg/mL, P<0.001) compared to the control group. The average P4 serum concentration had no statistically significant differences between groups. In conclusion, deslorelin implants do not cause “flare up” effect in perpubertal bitches, however, increase of E2 and especially melatonin serum concentrations show the need to explore the consequences and mutual influence of melatonin and deslorelin implants in the future.

U stočarstvu se problem očuvanja nisko-produktivnih autohtonih rasa domaćih životinja još uvek teško objašnjava i ta činjenica otežava rad na unapređenju korišćenja životinjskih genetičkih resursa u praksi. Međutim, agrodiverzitet, pa i životinjski genetički resursi, u novom konceptu održivog korišćenja genetičkih resursa, zauzimaju veoma važno mesto, sagledavajući prirodne potencijale, ekonomsko i socijalno okruženje, ali i koristeći svetska iskustva. Gajenje malih preživara u Srbiji najveći ekonomski značaj ima za prozvodnju mesa, prevashodno mesa jagnjadi. Uspešno bavljenje ovčarstvom zavisi velikim delom od podsticaja države, od platežnih mogućnosti tržišta, ali najbitnija stavka svakako je dobar menadžment kojim se ostvaruju pozitivni ekonomski i finansijski rezultati. S obzirom na bogatstvo travnatih površina i odnosa između tih površina i broja malih preživara koje ih koriste, nije očekivano da će njihovo gajenje značajno uticati na životnu sredinu. Brdsko-planinska područja mogu da podržavaju održivi razvoj i, čak, mogu da posluže za organsku proizvodnju hrane.

Porast broja stanovnika u svetu stavlja poljoprivrednu proizvodnju pred veliki izazov da obezbedi sigurnost hrane za sve ljude. Povećanje proizvodnje hrane može da se postigne na različite načine. Do sada su potrebe za hranom biljnog porekla u svetu zadovoljavane povećanjem obradivih površina, na račun krčenja šuma, genetskom selekcijom, odnosno gajenjem visokorodnih žita i drugih biljnih kultura, zatim primenom različitih agrotehničkih mera itd. U stočarskoj proizvodnji povećanje proizvodnje hrane animalnog porekla vezivalo se, uglavnom, za povećanje broja gajenih životinja, genetsku selekciju, optimizaciju ishrane i uslova držanja životinja. Jedan od načina kojima se poslednjih godina pridaje poseban značaj u povećanju proizvodnje hrane biljnog i životinjskog porekla je primena digitalnih tehnologija. Digitalizacija predstavlja proces upotrebe digitalne tehnologije u cilju poboljšanja i transformisanja procesa proizvodnje. U celom lancu proizvodnje hrane najveći značaj pridaje se osiguranju bezbednosti hrane. Stoga se dobre proizvođačke prakse i postupci bezbednog rukovanja hranom primenjuju u svakoj fazi proizvodnje hrane kako bi se izbegle biološke, hemijske, fizičke opasnosti i sačuvalo zdravlje potrošača. Digitalne tehnologije olakšavaju kontrolu proizvodnog procesa i dozvoljavaju prikupljanje podataka sa neograničenog broja tačaka u celom lancu proizvodnje. Cilj digitalnih tehnologija je da omogući automatizaciju, robotizaciju i poveća broj i kvalitet prikupljenih podataka, kao i njihovu obradu.

U zemljama Evropske unije redovno se sprovode redovne kontrole kvaliteta pregleda uzoraka mesa na prisustvo larvi Trichinella (PT). U ovim ispitivanjima učestvuju sve laboratorije u kojima se koristi metod veštačke digestije mesa. Prvu ovakvu proveru u Srbiji uspešno je organizovao INEP 2017 godine. U narednim godinama redovno se sprovode ovakve kontrole. Tokom 2022 Fakultet veterinarske medicine uspešno je organizovao ovakvu kontrolu za laboratorije veterinarskih specijalističkih instituta, nekih stanica i klanica. Krajem 2022 INEP je od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Uprave za veterinu imenovan kao Nacionalna referentna laboratorija za otkrivanje trihinele u mesu životinja (NRLT). Tokom 2023 godine NRLT Srbije je organizovala novu kontrolu kvaliteta rada. Naša iskustva pokazuju da redovno učešće u eksternim kontrolama kvaliteta pregleda dovodi do postizanja boljih rezultata laboratorija kroz vreme i bolje zaštite potrošača. Potrebno je da sve laboratorije u Srbiji (koje se bave pregledom mesa na prisustvo larvi trihinela u mesu) ali i u okruženju učestvuju u ovakvim proverama najmanje jednom godišnje, kao i vanredno kad kod imaju novog člana tima. Takođe, poželjno je da sve ove laboratorije imaju referentni materijal (larve trihinela u alkoholu) i po potrebi zatraže probne uzorke radi treninga., In the European Union countries regular quality controls (PT) are carried out for the examination of meat samples for the presence of Trichinella larvae. All laboratories that use the method of artificial digestion of meat participate in these tests. The first such control in Serbia was successfully organized by INEP in 2017. In the following years, such controls were carried out regularly. During 2022, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine successfully organized control for laboratories from veterinary specialist institutes, some veterinary stations and slaughterhouses. At the end of 2022, INEP was appointed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Veterinary Directorate as the National Reference Laboratory for the detection of Trichinella in meat (NRLT). During 2023, NRLT organized a new quality control. Our experience shows that regular participation in external quality control leads to better laboratory results over time and better consumer protection. It is necessary that all laboratories in Serbia (which control meat for the presence of Trichinella larvae) and in the surrounding countries participate in such controls at least once a year, as well as aditionally when they have a new team member. Also, it is desirable that all these laboratories have a reference material (Trichinella larvae in alcohol) and, if necessary, request test samples for training purposes.

Porast broja ljudske populacije u svetu i nastale promene prirodnog okruženja povećavaju mogućnost za interakciju između ljudi i životinja, što može dovesti do pojave i širenja različitih zaraznih bolesti. Bolesti divljih životinja mogu da utiču utiču osim na same divlje životinje i na javno zdravlje, ekonomiju ali i na očuvanje biodiverziteta. Bolesti koje se mogu preneti sa divljih i domaćih životinja na čoveka, koje se označavaju kao zoonoze, mogu biti izazvane određenim parazitima. Parazitske nematode iz roda Trichinella su uzročnici infekcije kod životinja ali i zoonotske bolesti trihineloze, koja predstavlja ozbiljan rizik po ljudsko zdravlje. Životinje zaražene trihinelom, osim u težim slučajevima, ne pokazuju spoljne znake infekcije. Brojne vrste divljih životinja mogu nositi larve trihinela. Divlje životinje se mogu zaraziti konzumiranjem drugih inficiranih divljih životinja ili otpadaka koji sadrže zaraženo meso. Rod Trichinella obuhvata 10 vrsta: T. spiralis, T. nativa, T. britovi, T. murrelli, T. nelsoni, T. patagoniensis i T. chanchalensis (vrste koje stvaraju kapsulu), T. pseudospiralis, T. papuae i T. zimbabvensis (neinkapsulirane vrste) kao i tri genotipa (Trichinella T6, T8 i T9). Ove nematode su rasprostranjene širom sveta i mogu inficirati širok spektar vrsta životinja, a prenose se u domaćem i silvatičnom ciklusu. Do 2009. godine T. spiralis se smatrala jedinom vrstom iz roda Trichinella koji je prisutan kod domaćih i divljih životinja u Srbiji. Tada je primenom molekularne analize potvrđeno prisustvo T. britovi kod lisica i vukova u Srbiji, pored već potvrđenog prisustva T. spiralis. Ove analize su bile početak opsežnih ispitivanja rasprostranjenosti trihinele kod divljih životinja u našoj zemlji. Ustanovljeno je da postoji infekcija trihinelom kod nekoliko vrsta divljih životinja (vuk, lisica, šakal, divlja svinja, divlja mačka, jazavac, kuna, mrki tvor, vidra), što omogućava održavanje ovog parazita u silvatičnom krugu ali i eventualno prenoše

The aim of this study was to examine the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in dogs and red foxes in the entity of the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, after heavy rainfall and floods in 2014 and for the two years thereafter. The seroepidemiological study involved testing serum samples from dogs (n = 98) and foxes (n = 112) using MAT (microscopic agglutination test). Antibodies to at least one Leptospira spp. serovar were found in 52.04% of the tested dogs. The dog seroprevalence in 2014 (81.25%) was significantly higher than in 2015 (51.42% p <0.0001) and 2016 (22.5% p<0.05). The highest seroprevalences were for serovars Australis (76.47%), Bratislava (70.58%), Sejroe (66.67%) and Autumnalis (45.09%). Antibodies to at least one Leptospira spp. serovar were detected in 34.82% of the examined red foxes. In 2015, the fox seroprevalence was significantly higher (52.94%) than in 2016 (6.82%) (p <0.0001). The highest seroprevalences were for serovars Sejroe (64.10%), Bratislava (48.72%), Australis (43.59%) and Bataviae (25.64%). The high seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in dogs and foxes determined during this study indicates the importance of these carnivores in maintaining leptospirosis in the study area, and the potential risk of infection for humans and other animal species that come into contact with these canids. The results obtained indicate that heavy rainfall and intense floods can result in increased Leptospira spp. infection in these canids.

One of the most important approaches in the prevention and treatment of nosemosis is the use of herbal preparations as food supplements for bees. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a plant-based supplement branded as “B+” on honeybees in a laboratory experiment. Four experimental groups were established: treated group (T), N. ceranae-infected and treated group (IT), N. ceranae-infected group (I) and non-infected group (NI). Survival, N. ceranae spore load and oxidative stress parameters together with expression levels of antioxidant enzyme genes and vitellogenin gene were monitored. The mortality in the T, IT and NI groups was significantly (p < 0.001) lower than in than in the I group. Within Nosema-infected groups, the IT group had a significantly lower (p < 0.001) number of N. ceranae spores than the I group. In addition, expression levels of genes for antioxidant enzymes were lower (p < 0.001) in the IT group compared to the I group. The concentration of malondialdehyde and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase) were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the IT group compared to the I group. No negative effects of the tested supplement were observed. All these findings indicate that the tested supplement exerted beneficial effects manifested in better bee survival, reduced N. ceranae spore number and reduced oxidative stress of bees (lower expression of genes for antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress parameters).

One of the main goals of food safety measures is to increase consumer confidence in food in general, and meat in particular, and therefore consumers are provided with information about the quality and safety of meat through declaration. Consumer confidence and food safety have become central issues in the food chain. Recent developments in labelling, traceability and quality assurance schemes offer a large amount of information available to the consumer. Declaring is today one of the most reliable ways of informing consumers about food quality. For the purposes of this study, data were collected by surveying 1,000 consumers from the Banja Luka and Gradiška areas. The results of this survey show that the majority of consumers (98.1%) believe that meat should have a declaration and that the statistically most important (p<0.05) information on the declaration is the expiration date (75.8% of responses) compared to other information (nutritional value, method of production, country of origin). The way the meat is packaged is also important for consumers (45.3% of responses). Also, the statistical significantly different answers (p<0.05) were given related to the trust in information about the safety/quality of meat obtained in different ways (butcher, seller, relative, friend, cook). The consumers showed that they mostly believe to information about the safety/quality of meat received from doctors/nutritionists (53.1%), and most often have a neutral attitude towards information received from consumer protection associations (41.9%). It is not sufficiently clarified what type of information consumers are most looking for on declarations, especially when it comes to meat and meat products. Because of that, continuous examination of consumers is needed, including sociological and economic factors, what motivates them to buy, what quality characteristics they require and what sources of information they believe the most.

The objective was to expand and update the knowledge on the presence and genotype diversity of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 (PCV2 and PCV3) in the wild boar populations from the hunting grounds in northeastern Serbia. The presence of PCV3 was not determined, and PCV2 was confirmed in 40.32% of the organ samples from 124 wild boars hunted from 2018 to 2019, indicating their significance in virus circulation since traditional pig farms with irregular PCV2 vaccination strategies are widespread in this region. The most prevalent genotype was PCV2d, followed by PCV2b and PCV2a in 55.6%, 38.9%, and 5.5% of the examined samples, respectively. Nucleotide sequences of the detected strains were homogenous within the genotype and clustered within the subgroups PCV2d-2, PCV2b-1A/B, and PCV2a-2D with high identity to European, Chinese, and Serbian domestic pig sequences suggesting their origin. Wild boars presented with no clinical or pathological signs of infection, implying that these animals might be less susceptible to disease, particularly since the cofactors present in pig farming systems that support the disease development are absent in the wild. The high PCV2 detection frequency demonstrates the importance of wildlife monitoring to track virus population dynamics, especially in regions with free-range pig farming in order to plan adequate disease control strategies.

Redox imbalance in peripartum period influences health of dairy cows and their foetus and, through the colostrum, health of new-born calves. Oxidative stress in cattle can be suppressed by dietary supplementation with natural minerals, and we investigated the effect of supplementation with organically modified clinoptilolite on redox status parameters in healthy pregnant primiparous dairy cows. Holstein cows were randomly assigned to receive daily oral drenching, with 1 L of water containing either 0 g/L (n = 14; control group) or 150 g/L of clinoptilolite (n = 17; supplemented group). Treatment lasted from 24 ± 4 days prior to parturition until 2 days postpartum (pp). Blood samples were collected on days 24 ± 4 (–24 D) and 4 ± 2 (–4 D) prior to parturition and on days 1 (+1 D), 2 (+2 D), and 7 (+7 D) pp, and colostrum were collected at 2, 12, 24 and 36 h pp. Total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxides, and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) levels were determined in peripheral blood plasma, erythrocytes, and colostrum whey. The concentration of antioxidants in the peripheral blood of supplemented cows was increased by 41% and 19% on (+2 D) and (+7 D), respectively, while the concentration of lipid peroxides on (+7 D) was lowered by 57% compared with the control group. In addition, this supplementation increased erythrocyte AOPP level on (–4 D) 61%) and colostral lipid peroxides level (90%) at 24 h pp. The results of this study showed that applied short-term supplementation with clinoptilolite influences redox homeostasis and may contribute to effective adaptation of primiparous cows to redox imbalance in the peripartum period. Highlights Short-term dietary supplementation with clinoptilolite in the prepartum period modulates redox homeostasis of the dairy cows’ blood plasma. Short-term dietary supplementation with clinoptilolite contributes to adaptation of dairy cows to redox imbalance in the peripartum period. Short-term dietary supplementation with clino

The hygienic behavior in honey bees is a complex polygenic trait that serves as a natural defense mechanism against bacterial and fungal brood diseases and Varroa destructor mites infesting brood cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a dietary amino acids and vitamins supplement “BEEWELL AminoPlus” on hygienic behavior of Apis mellifera colonies combating microsporidial and viral infections. The experiment was performed during a one-year period on 40 colonies alloted to five groups: one supplemented and infected with Nosema ceranae and four viruses (Deformed wing virus - DWV, Acute bee paralysis virus - ABPV, Chronic bee paralysis virus - CBPV and Sacbrood virus – SBV), three not supplemented, but infected with N. ceranae and/ or viruses, and one negative control group. Beside the l isted pathogens, honey bee trypanosomatids were also monitored in all groups.The supplement “BEEWELL AminoPlus” induced a significant and consistent increase of the hygienic behavior in spite of the negative effects of N. ceranae and viral infections. N. ceranae and viruses significantly and consistently decreased hygienic behavior, but also threatened the survival of bee colonies. The tested supplement showed anti-Nosema effect, since the N. ceranae infection level significantly and consistently declined only

With an almost global distribution, Varroa destuctor is the leading cause of weakening and loss of honey bee colonies. New substances are constantly being tested in order to find those that will exhibit high anti-Varroa efficacy at low doses/concentrations, without unwanted effects on bees. Lithium (Li) salts stood out as candidates based on previous research. The aims of this study were to evaluate Li citrate hydrate (Li-cit) for its contact efficacy against Varroa, but also the effect of Li-cit on honey bees by estimating loads of honey bee viruses, expression levels of immune-related genes and genes for antioxidative enzymes and oxidative stress parameters on two sampling occasions, before the treatment and after the treatment. Our experiment was performed on four groups, each consisting of seven colonies. Two groups were treated with the test compound, one receiving 5 mM and the other 10 mM of Li-cit; the third received oxalic acid treatment (OA group) and served as positive control, and the fourth was negative control (C group), treated with 50% w/v pure sucrose-water syrup. Single trickling treatment was applied in all groups. Both tested concentrations of Li-cit, 5 and 10 mM, expressed high varroacidal efficacy, 96.85% and 96.80%, respectively. Load of Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus significantly decreased (p < 0.01) after the treatment in group treated with 5 mM of Li-cit. In OA group, loads of Acute Bee Paralysis Virus and Deformed Wing Virus significantly (p < 0.05) increased, and in C group, loads of all viruses significantly (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) increased. Transcript levels of genes for abaecin, apidaecin, defensin and vitellogenin were significantly higher (p < 0.05—p < 0.001), while all oxidative stress parameters were significantly lower (p < 0.05—p < 0.001) after the treatment in both groups treated with Li-cit. All presented results along with easy application indicate benefits of topical Li-cit treatment and complete the mosaic of evidence on the a

One of the main goals of food safety measures is to increase consumer confidence in food in general, and meat in particular, and therefore the consumer is provided with information on the quality and safety of meat through declaration. Consumer trust and food safety have become central issues in the food chain. Recent developments in the field of labeling, traceability and quality assurance schemes offer wide flows of information available to the consumer. Declaration is today one of the most reliable ways to inform consumers about food quality. For the purposes of this research, data were collected by surveying 1,000 consumers from the area of Banja Luka and Gradiška. The test results refer to the needs of food declaration, then to issues related to meat quality and safety, the most important information on the declaration, identification of safety and quality elements that speak about meat safety and quality (origin, source of information, place of purchase). it is not clear enough what type of information consumers ask for most on declarations, especially when it comes to meat and meat products, which justifies continuous examination of consumers, including sociological and economic factors, what motivates them to buy, what quality characteristics they require and what sources of information they believe the most.

Pčelari imaju na raspolaganju različite metode za suzbijanje pčelinjeg krpelja Varroa destructor. Kako bi se utvrdilo koje metode se koriste u pčelinjacima u Republici Srbiji, anketirano je u okviru upitnika COLOSS za 2021. godinu, 112 pčelara koji ukupno imaju 12 912 pčelinjih društava. Od 18 različitih kontrolnih mera protiv V. destructor najčešće korišćene metode su bile: primena oksalne kiseline (nakapavanje i sublimacija), primena amitraza (nadimljavanje/aerosol i preko traka), primena kumafosa (preko traka), uklanjanje trutovskog legla i primena mravlje kiseline (kratkoročni i dugoročni tretman). U odnosu na broj košnica, najčešće je korišćen amitraz (nadimljavanje/ aerosol i preko traka), oksalna kiselina (nakapavanje i sublimacija), kumafos (preko traka) i mravlja kiselina (kratkoročni i dugoročni tretman), Tau-fluvalinat i uklanjanje trutovskog legla. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, zaključeno je da pčelari u Srbiji protiv Varroa destructor najčešće koriste amitraz (nadimljavanjem/aerosol i preko traka).

Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi uticaj različitih količina organskog selena u ishrani pataka na ekonomske parametre tova. Eksperiment je sproveden na ukupno 240 jednodnevnih pačića poreklom iz komercijalne inkubatorske stanice, zasnovan na grupno-kontrolnom sistemu i trajao je 49 dana (kontrolna grupa K – bez dodatka organskog selena, ogledna OI grupa – sa dodatkom 0,20 mg/kg organskog selena, ogledna OII grupa – uz dodatak 0,40 mg/kg organskog selena, i ogledna OIII grupa – uz dodatak 0,60 mg/kg organskog selena). Proizvodni rezultati (telesna masa, prosečni dnevni prirast, konverzija hrane) i parametri ekonomske efikasnosti tova brojlera (EPEF, EBI) su izračunati za dva perioda (od 0. do 14. dana; od 0. do 49. dana). Dodavanje organskog selena u različitim količinama uticalo je na masu, prirast, potrošnju hrane i konverziju kod pataka 14., odnosno 49. dana. Najbolje vrednosti EPEF i EBI zabeležene su u grupama pačića koje su hranjene uz dodatak 0,2 mg/kg, odnosno 0,4 mg/ kg organskog selena u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu i grupu koja je u hrani dobijala 0,6 mg/kg organskog selena.

The work was aimed to research into the vital signs, haematological and biochemical parameters, acute-phase protein concentrations (CRP, albumin), progesterone (PG) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations in bitches with pyometra and their comparison with those in healthy bitches. In addition, the goal of this work was to assess if some of the tested parameters may be used as a biomarker in the diagnostics of pyometra and the monitoring of the postoperative recovery. Forty 3-6-year-old bitches of various breeds were included in the research and allotted to two groups: the control (C, n = 20) and the diseased – bitches diagnosed with pyometra (P, n = 20). Blood samples for the analyses were taken immediately before surgery (0 h), and 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after, excepting for AMH and PG concentrations, which were determined only at 0 h. Clinical examination detected significantly higher respiration rates in bitches with pyometra in comparison to healthy ones at all time points, higher heart rates before and 12 h after surgery, and higher body temperature before and 12 h, 48 h and 72 h post operation (p <.01). Significantly higher concentrations of CRP (p <.01) and lower concentrations of albumin were detected in bitches with pyometra in comparison to their healthy counterparts at all time points. Progesterone and AMH concentration analysis immediately before surgery detected significantly higher levels of the hormone in bitches with pyometra than in the control (p <.01). The inflammatory reaction of the endometrium resulted in a significant AMH concentration increase, whilst increased CRP concentrations and lower albumin concentrations throughout the research may be used as biomarkers of proinflammatory activities, that is of the acute-phase response.

Strategija borbe protiv BTV se bazira na depopulaciji obolelih životinja u zaraženim područjima, najčešće u kombinaciji sa vakcinacijom i uvođenjem visokih biosigurnosnih mera na farmama i u objektima u kojima se drže životinje. Primenom ovakvih mera može se obezbediti odsustvo bolesti većih razmera. Zbog značajnog uticaja klimatskih faktora na pojavljivenje i širenje vektora bolesti, samog načina držanja prijemčivih životinja kao i zoohigijenskih i biosigurnosnih mera, ne postoji univerzalni obrazac kontrole BTV. Osnovni cilj je razvijanje i primena stohastičkog modela, koji međusobno povezuje klimatske faktore, populaciju vektora, prijemčive domaćine i mere intervencije, odnosno mere kontrole BPJ. Model simulira dnevno prenošenje bolesti vektorima kroz prijemčivu populaciju, a sam intenzitet prenošenja, odnosno brojnost i vektorski kapacitet uslovljeni su klimatskim faktorima, odnosno dnevnim promenama prosečne temperature. Model je uprošćeno preslikavanje (prikazivanje) stvarnog okruženja, procesa ili sistema. U osnovi, model ima za cilj da na osnovu iskustva, prikupljenih podataka, mišljenja i naliza eksperata, predstavi stvarni sistem, fenomen ili određenu pojavu. Izbor modela svakako zavisi od potreba, vremena u kome je potrebno doneti neku odluku, vrste ispitivanja, potrebe za što preciznijim rezultatima, raspoloživim podacima i finansijskim sredstvima Analizirani model odnosa dobiti i troškova ima pozitivan ekonomski efekat jer je ustanovljena pozitivna neto sadašnja vrednost (NSV=110.363.000,88 dinara), parametar CBR iznosi 1,03, dok je na osnovu interne stope povraćaja (ISPS=6,70) ustanovljeno da bi ovaj model programa za rano otkrivanje, dijagnostiku, sprečavanje širenja, suzbijanje i iskorenjivanje zarazne bolesti plavog jezika na teritoriji Republike Srbije ekonomski bio opravdan sve dok kamatna stopa na godišnjem nivou ne bi prelazila 6,70%., The strategy to combat BTV is based on the depopulation of infected animals in infected areas, most often in combination with vaccination and the introduction of high biosecurity measures on farms and in facilities where animals are kept. The application of such measures can ensure the absence of large-scale diseases. Because of to the significant influence of climatic factors on the emergence and spread of disease vectors, the very way of keeping receptive animals as well as zoohygienic and biosecurity measures, there is no universal pattern of control of BTV. The main goal is to develop and apply a stochastic model, which interconnects climatic factors, vector populations, receptive hosts and intervention measures, ie BPJ control measures. The model simulates the daily transmission of disease by vectors through a susceptible population, and the intensity of transmission, ie the number and vector capacity are conditioned by climatic factors, that is, daily changes in average temperature. A model is a simplified mapping (representation) of an actual environment, process, or system. Basically, the model aims to present an actual system, phenomenon or a certain phenomenon based on experience, collected data, opinions and analyzes of experts. The choice of model certainly depends on the needs, the time in which it is necessary to make a decision, the type of testing, the need for the most accurate results, available data and financial resources. The analyzed model of the ratio of profit and costs has a positive economic effect because a positive net present value was established (NSV = 110,363,000.88 dinars), the CBR parameter is 1.03, while based on the internal rate of return (ISPS = 6.70) it was established that this model program for early detection, diagnosis, prevention of spread, control and eradication of infectious bluetongue in the territory of the Republic of Serbia would be economically justified until the annual interest rate would not exceed 6.70%.

Redox imbalance in peripartum period influences health of dairy cows and their foetus and, through the colostrum, health of new-born calves. Oxidative stress in cattle can be suppressed by dietary supplementation with natural minerals, and we investigated the effect of supplementation with organically modified clinoptilolite on redox status parameters in healthy pregnant primiparous dairy cows. Holstein cows were randomly assigned to receive daily oral drenching, with 1 L of water containing either 0 g/L (n ¼ 14; control group) or 150 g/L of clinoptilolite (n ¼ 17; supplemented group). Treatment lasted from 24 ± 4 days prior to parturition until 2 days postpartum (pp). Blood samples were collected on days 24 ± 4 (–24 D) and 4 ± 2 (–4 D) prior to parturition and on days 1 (þ1 D), 2 (þ2 D), and 7 (þ7 D) pp, and colostrum were collected at 2, 12, 24 and 36 h pp. Total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxides, and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) levels were determined in peripheral blood plasma, erythrocytes, and colostrum whey. The concentration of antioxidants in the peripheral blood of supplemented cows was increased by 41% and 19% on (þ2 D) and (þ7 D), respectively, while the concentration of lipid peroxides on (þ7 D) was lowered by 57% compared with the control group. In addition, this supplementation increased erythrocyte AOPP level on (–4 D) 61%) and colostral lipid peroxides level (90%) at 24 h pp. The results of this study showed that applied short-term supplementation with clinoptilolite influences redox homeostasis and may contribute to effective adaptation of primiparous cows to redox imbalance in the peripartum period.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of using phytobiotics in broiler feed on the economic efficiency parameters of fattening. The study was conducted on 240 broilers originating from a commercial incubator station, and the dietary trial was based on the group-control principle and lasted for 42 days (control group C - without the addition of phytogenic additives; experimental OI group - with the addition of phytogenic additive containing thymol and cinnamaldehyde, 100 g/t of food; experimental OII group - with the addition of phytogenic additive containing cumin, mint, cloves and anise, 150 g/t of food and; experimental OIII group - with the addition of phytogenic additive containing thymol, 750 g/t of food). The production results (body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio) and economic efficiency parameters of broiler fattening were calculated for three intervals (1-10, 1-20 and 1-42 days). All production results in each interval were significantly better (p<0.01) in experimental broilers than in the control broilers. The best values of European factor of production efficiency and European broiler index were recorded in experimental groups that received feed with added phytobiotics (values were significantly higher, p<0.01, than in the control broilers). Also, the results obtained were compared with standard values for COBB 500 hybrids. The values obtained in this research were significantly lower (p<0.05) than standard values for Cobb 500. Analysing the data obtained from our study, the positive effects of including phytogenic additives in broiler feed mixtures were measured. © 2022 University of Nigeria, Institute of African Studies. All rights reserved.

Background The Sarconema eurycerca heart infection may be one of the main causes of death in swans and geese due to severe heart lesions. To date, there have been no reports of Sarconema eurycerca in mute swans (Cygnus olor) in Serbia and this parasite has never been morphologically characterized in wild birds from this region. Methods In spring 2021, eight dead mute swans (Cygnus olor) were collected during avian influenza surveillance on the territory of the Province of Vojvodina and submitted to Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad” to determine the cause of death. The presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 was determined in all swans using molecular methods. Results Necropsy of the swans revealed changes characteristic for highly pathogenic avian influenza infection, such as severe haemorrhages and necrosis in different organs. Three of the eight swans showed massive subepicardial haemorrhages and myocarditis with intralesional 2–4 cm long whitish roundworms. Histopathologically, haemorrhages and many adult heart worms were observed in the myocardium. Based on morphological features of parasites, infection by Sarconema eurycerca was concluded. Conclusion According to the available scientific literature, the presence of heart roundworms in swans has not yet been confirmed in our country. This report is the first published case of cardiac filariasis associated with S. eurycerca infection in mute swans in the Republic of Serbia.