1. Proinflammatory Cytokine Responses in Extra-Respiratory Tissues During Severe Influenza.
- Author
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Short KR, Veeris R, Leijten LM, van den Brand JM, Jong VL, Stittelaar K, Osterhaus ADME, Andeweg A, and van Riel D
- Subjects
- Animals, Cytokines biosynthesis, Cytokines genetics, Ferrets, Orthomyxoviridae Infections pathology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections virology, Cytokines metabolism, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Orthomyxoviridae Infections veterinary
- Abstract
Severe influenza is often associated with disease manifestations outside the respiratory tract. While proinflammatory cytokines can be detected in the lungs and blood of infected patients, the role of extra-respiratory organs in the production of proinflammatory cytokines is unknown. Here, we show that both 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A (H1N1) virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus induce expression of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 in the respiratory tract and central nervous system. In addition, H5N1 virus induced cytokines in the heart, pancreas, spleen, liver, and jejunum. Together, these data suggest that extra-respiratory tissues contribute to systemic cytokine responses, which may increase the severity of influenza., (© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2017
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