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There is an urgent need for countries to transition their national food and land-use systems toward food and nutritional security, climate stability, and environmental integrity. How can countries satisfy their demands while jointly delivering the required transformative change to achieve global sustainability targets? Here, we present a collaborative approach developed with the FABLE—Food, Agriculture, Biodiversity, Land, and Energy—Consortium to reconcile both global and national elements for developing national food and land-use system pathways. This approach includes three key features: (1) global targets, (2) country-driven multi-objective pathways, and (3) multiple iterations of pathway refinement informed by both national and international impacts. This approach strengthens policy coherence and highlights where greater national and international ambition is needed to achieve global goals (e.g., the SDGs). We discuss how this could be used to support future climate and biodiversity negotiations and what further developments would be needed.

Indian jujube or ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) is an important hardy underutilised fruit crop of arid and semi-arid regions of India, symbolizing the production at a minimal cost. Ber fruits are potent source of nutritional as well as medicinal values and are generally consumed fresh. Ber fruits follow non-climacteric respiratory pattern. Fruits that are allowed to ripen on the tree typically have a limited shelf life and the ideal results are obtained if they are picked before the onset of ripening. Fruit harvesting at the appropriate stage of maturity is critical for both quality control and marketing. The time taken by ber fruit to mature from fruit set to maturity depends upon cultivar as well as location. Immature fruits lack desirable sweetness and flavour while over ripe fruits quickly lose their attractiveness and crispiness with slimy texture. Hence, an experiment was conducted to determine the optimum maturity indices for harvesting Indian jujube during 2019-20. Cultivar selected for this experiment was Narendra Ber Selection-2. The fruits on tagged current season shoots were harvested 21, 36, 51, 66, 81, 96, 111, 126, 141, 156, 171 and186 days after fruit setting. Fruit colour, shape, specific gravity, total soluble solids (%), T.S.S.: Acid ratio and organoleptic score of fruits were recorded at 15 days interval after fruit set. The results revealed that ber fruit of cultivar NBS-2 matures for harvesting between 171 to186 days after fruit setting i.e., between 29th February to 15th March when fruits attain yellowish to green colour, 0.95-0.92 specific gravity, ovate shape,17.29-17.94 T.S.S. and 123.72-128.37 T.S.S.: Acid ratio with organoleptic score of 7.5 to 8.0 range.

Genetic structure and genetic distance of Rapana venosa populations from remote regions of the Black Sea (Odessa Bay and eastern Crimea, Ukraine) were defined. Despite the significant difference in morphometric parameters, the investigated samples of mollusks are genetically very similar, and the distance between them is at the level of local populations. Common features of observed groups of Rapana in the northern part of the Black Sea are the unequal occurrence of some alleles and genotypes, a high level of heterozygosity and nonequilibrium in the Hardy-Weinberg equation. The gene flow is the most significant of the evolutionary factors that form the genetic structure of Rapana venosa populations.

The recent events in the Himalayas have depicted more than ever, that we require development strategy for the Himalayas that assesses the susceptibility of the region and requirement for the safety of environment. There is no distrust that the economic growth is the need of the region, but this cannot come on the cost of the environmental degradation. The resource base of Himalayan watersheds sustains traditional mountain societies. However, driven by population explosion, the Himalayan environment has experienced the effects of extension and intensification of agriculture, deforestation; land use and land cover changes and land degradation. The fragile watersheds of Himalayan region are facing multiple and complex environmental crisis and challenges. Therefore, the objectives of the present paper are following – (i) to identify the key drivers for maintaining environment services of the Himalayan watersheds; (ii) to assess the resource base and processes operating within the watershed as an ecosystem; (iii) to establish links between ecological and social ecosystem services and finally (iv) to analyze the LULC (Land use/Land cover) changes and patterns to evolve a sustainable strategy based on geospatial technology.

A protocol was developed for organogenesis and in vitro multiplication of chironji using young leaf and nodal segments. Maximum 41 callus were induced in MS containing 2.5mg/l 2,4-D after 3 weeks of inoculations of leaf explants. Further, callus and nodal segments were inoculated alone and combination of Thidiazuron (TDZ), BAP, and Kinetin and the maximum shoot induction was obtained in a wood plant medium 2.5mg/L TDZ alone enriched with 0.1% of activated charcoal. In comparison, the maximum shoot proliferation (78%) was observed in ½WPM containing 2.5mg/L TDZ and 0.5mg/L GA3 with 5.7 shoots per explants. Maximum 8 roots were observed in vitro regenerated shoots with WPM supplemented with 2.0 mg/l IBA enriched with 0.2% activated charcoal. Plants with 3-4cm in root length were acclimatized and transferred to pots containing an autoclaved mixture of soil, sand and manure in 2:1:1 ratio. Approximately 70% survival rate was recorded from in vitro grown plantlets on transfer to pots.

Heavy metals being persistent pose conglomerated hazards towards safety and human health. Impacts of heavy metal pollution can be exhibited by both natural and anthropogenic activities. Therefore, developing nations are under immense pressure of controlling the environmental impacts of increasing industrialization and pollution, subject to their limited resources and infrastructure. Bioindicators are important biological entities to determine the positive/ negative changes in the desired ecosystem. They are the fast respondents towards the slightest changes and provide early reliable results. Identifying & establishing a suitable bioindicator can provide a faster and inexpensive way to address the undesirable effects. Cyprinus carpio, a freshwater fish, is used to determine the Lead (Pb) at different locations of Yamuna River and the bioavailability in different tissues. In the present study, we are trying to establish fish as an indicator of lead pollution in the river. It is a well-known fact that the water bodies are most affected by human activities. Polluted water bodies can lead to adverse effects on human health. Lead is also known to cause phytotoxicities in aquatic and terrestrial plants. This study is therefore an attempt to identify the harmful impacts of lead in River ecology. Ten fish specimens of C. carpio were collected from four different sites of Yamuna River and analyzed for Lead accumulation in fish tissues. High concentration and accumulation were observed in specimens collected from various locations and found to be higher than the permissible limits for human consumption.

Energy is one of the most basic parts of the framework, and very essential for the national growth and economic development, of any country. The sustainable new sources of energy reproduction from traditional mediums like coal, lignite, petroleum, hydro, and nuclear capacity to non-traditional medium like wind, solar, agriculture, and home waste. Energy interest in the nation was prolonged very fast and is relied upon to rise further in the years to come. To fulfill the expanding need for energy, solar- or sun-based energy will play a real job in helping to this interest. The current scenario indicates that 60 GW of conventional power/energy capacity has been add over the last three years, which is believed to be the highest addition so far. As of April 2021, India has a thermal installed ability of 234 GW, and 53% of the part is covered by coal, diesel, and natural gas. The private sector produces 47.4% of thermal energy, although states and centres generate 27.1% and 25.5% individually. As of now, solar energy in India is exceptionally good.

Micro-propagation refers to the technique of in vitro multiplication of plants in a short duration using any plant parts (nodes, leaves, flowers, seeds etc.) under aseptic conditions. It is advantageous over vegetative propagation and its application in horticultural aspects. It is well-proven method of surplus production of elite identical plants in a controlled environment which are uniform, stable, disease-free, true-to-type and are independent of any seasonal restrictions or limitations. India is homeland to diverse of significant but minor fruit crops such as Indian gooseberry, (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Karonda (Carissa carandas L.), Bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii L.), Jackfruit (Artocarpus hetrophylous L.) which bear high nutritional, medicinal, therapeutic values and of great commercial importance (medicinal, food and cosmetics). Due to a paucity of desirable planting materials, the commercial production process for these crops is restricted. Micropropagation has the potential to significantly increase the number of new cultivars or genotypes of such fruit crops. The objective of this review study is to compile existing research work done on the micropropagation of these underutilized fruit crops.

CONTEXTMillions of people living in the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of India engage in agriculture to support their livelihoods yet are income poor, and food and climate insecure. To address these challenges, policymakers and development programs invest in irrigation-led agricultural intensification. However, the evidence for agricultural intensification to lift farmers’ incomes above the poverty line remains largely anecdotal. OBJECTIVEThe main objective of this study is to use a large household survey (n=15,572; rice: 8,244, wheat: 7,328; 2017/18) to assess the link between agricultural intensification and personal daily incomes from farming (FPDI) in the rice-wheat systems of the EGP – the dominant cropping system of the region.METHODSWe use the Intensification Benefit Index (IBI), a measure that relates farm size and household size to FPDI, to assess how daily incomes from rice-wheat production change with irrigation-led intensification across the EGP.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSRelative to the international poverty line of 1.90 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)$ day-1 and accounting for variations in HH size in the analysis, we found that small farm sizes limit the potential for agricultural intensification from irrigation to transform the poverty status of households in the bottom three quartiles of the IBI. The estimated median FPDI of households with intensified systems in the bottom three quartiles is only 0.51 PPP$ day-1 (a 0.15 PPP$ gain). The median FPDI increases to 2.10 PPP$ day-1 for households in the upper quartile of the IBI distribution (a 0.30 PPP$ gain). Irrigation-led agricultural intensification of rice-wheat systems in the EGP may provide substantial benefits for resilience to climatic change and food security but achieving meaningful poverty reduction will require complementary investments.SIGNIFICANCETransforming the poverty status of most smallholder farmers in the EGP requires diversified portfolios of rural on- and off-farm income-generating opportunities. While bolstering food- and climate security, agronomic intervention programs should consider smallholders’ limited monetary incentives to invest in intensification. Irrigation-led agricultural intensification programs and policies should explicitly account for the heterogeneity in household resources, irrigation levels, and degree of dependence on agricultural income.

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a broad spectrum of congenital cystic lung lesions caused by the arrested bronchoalveolar development. Approximately, 80% of CPAMs are diagnosed prenatally or during the neonatal period when patients present with respiratory failure and cyanosis. CPAM is often associated with other organ anomalies and aplasia, and they have poor prognoses. Many CPAMs are detected in infants and school-age children, and infections like pneumonia trigger these diagnoses. It rarely manifests in adults. These often get missed because of the superadded diseases, and hence, it is essential to have a correct approach to their diagnosis to avoid misdiagnosis.

Background Abruptio placentae is a complication of pregnancy that can lead to uterine rupture, increasing maternal and fetal mortality, especially when there is a lack of medical outreach in remote areas. Case presentation We present two maternal deaths due to uterine rupture in a term pregnancy consequent to abruptio placentae. In one case, the uterus ruptured at the previous lower segment Caesarean section (LSCS) scar site and in another over the lateral wall of Couvelaire uterus. In both cases, the fetus was partially lying outside the uterus in the peritoneal cavity, and there was a massive retro-placental clot. Conclusions Early identification of high-risk factors, followed by institutional delivery, may reduce maternal and fetal mortality due to abruption followed by uterine rupture.

India is a developing country and is laying emphasis on the infrastructure growth and is focusing on development of telecommunications, airlines, airports, ports, highways, railways, housing, power, motor vehicles, banking, manufacturing and others. The impact of development is seen on the environment in the form of air pollution, greenhouse gases emission, water pollution, land pollution, noise pollution, waste generation and its management, depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, loss of water bodies, deforestation, threat to animal life and so on. An approach to balance development, environment impact and wellbeing of society is the need. Sustainable development, along with sustainable manufacturing strategies and sustainable performance measures, is required to facilitate and monitor the infrastructure growth, manufacturing growth and use of goods and services to keep a balance between environment and growth. For the infrastructure development, construction equipment are widely used and hence it is important that their manufacturing and use should be sustainable. This paper focuses on the sustainable strategies adopted by earthmoving and construction equipment manufacturing industries in India which include prevention of pollution, clean technology, product stewardship, life cycle assessment and impact on the environment in the entire life cycle of the product. The paper concludes that the efforts in this direction are presently focused on reducing CO2 emissions, energy conservation and designing and manufacturing the products reducing impact on environment by making them more fuel, carbon and consumable efficient. The scope of this paper is limited to original equipment manufacturers of the earthmoving and construction equipment and does not cover the complete value chain in the life cycle of product. The methodology deployed included introduction to the topic, review of literature, formulating questionnaire and getting responses on questionnaire from the earthmoving and construction equipment manufacturing organisations and use of the statistical tool of Relative Importance Index (RII) for analysing the result. The goal of this paper is to identify the sustainable strategies adopted by these organisations and what aspects are currently being focused and what are the other focus areas. The same is adequately described in the result and discussion section. High importance is given to technologies reducing CO2 emissions, energy consumption and conservation and designing the product to be more fuel-, carbon- and consumable-efficient. Circular economy concepts, integrating the suppliers to reduce environmental impacts in value chain, and renewable energy use are in the initial phase and catching up.

The Studies on changes in biochemical attributes during growth and development of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) fruit cv. (Narendra Ber Selection-2) was conducted during growing season of 2019-20. The fruits on tagged current season shoot were harvested at 21, 36, 51, 66, 81, 96, 111, 126, 141, 156, 171 and 186 days after fruit set. Samples were collected from Main Experiment Station, Horticulture and transported to the post graduate laboratory of Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, ANDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. The objective was to probe the pattern of biochemical changes in developing ber fruits. The outcomes reveal that total soluble solids increased from 1.04% to 17.94% during 186 days of fruit growth and development whereas acidity content continuously decreased and recorded 0.39% on 21th day and 0.14% on 186th day of growth and development. Ascorbic acid content increased from 3.29 mg/100g to 90.26 mg /100g of fruit. Reducing, Non-reducing and total sugar content significantly increased from 0.22% to 4.76%, 0.11% to 5.77% and 0.35% to 10.87%, respectively. Moisture content showed decreasing trend and was maximum 71.12% on 21st day and minimum 65.79% on 186th day of observation. An abrupt decrease in chlorophyll content was recorded with growth and development of the fruit.

Precise measurement of geomorphometric parameters is significant for assessing watershed conditions, nevertheless these are very difficult to measure accurately in context of the mountain ecosystems and the extensive areas. In the present research work drainage density has been used to assess the soil erosion by employing the Geographical Information System (GIS) for the Sarbari Khad watershed located in the lesser Himalayan region of the Himachal Pradesh, India. For assessing drainage density along with remotely sensed digital data, direct survey based large scale (1:50,000) topographical map have been used. The drainage density analysis unveiled that the Sarbari Khad watershed is vulnerable to surface erosion as well as soil degradation. Further, depending on the drainage density values the watershed has been classified under low, moderate, severe and very severe erosion categories. This classification revealed that about 60 percent area of the watershed suffers from very severe erosion. In this study, the drainage density values have been used for estimating erosion status of watershed. These soil erosion differentials in the watershed can be used for watershed areas prioritization for ensuring soil and water conservation measures to make the watershed sustainable.

Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes represent anthropogenic transformation of natural landscape. These changes are an important tool in developing strategies for the management of natural resources as well as monitoring environmental changes. LULC mapping and monitoring is required to understand the causes and consequences of over exploitation of natural resources such as soil, forest and water. By assessing the uses and misuses of resources and identifying the reasons for misuses, the measures for sustainable development of resources in the fragile Himalayan watersheds can be identified and implemented. The main objective of the present study is to assess the land use/land cover changes in the Sabari Khad watershed of KulluValley. The Sabari Khad watershed is part of Beas River basin. The changes in LULC have been detected by using remote sensing and GIS (Geographical Information System) techniques for a period of twelve years (2000–2021). The satellite images of the National European Space Agency Sentinal-2 of November, 2021 and LandSat-7 image of November 2000 were processed with the help of ERDAS Imagine (2015) and Arc View (3.2a) software. This study reveals that substantial amount of deforestation and snow cover retreat has occurred during this period of two decades due to anthropogenic activities such as expansion of agriculture, especially horticulture and infrastructure.

Never-ending suburbia is a quick expansion in the size of metropolitan and rural regions, frequently portrayed by low thickness of single-use lodging and expanded dependence on confidential vehicle vehicles. Never-ending suburbia is halfway because of the need to oblige the developing metropolitan populace however in numerous metropolitan regions it is because of the longing for expanded lodging and other private assets. Never-ending suburbia is related with expanded energy use, land contamination and gridlock and declining social union and fortitude. As well as expanding the normal and biological variety of metropolitan regions this present circumstance prompts the obliteration of untamed life and the discontinuity of the leftover regular territories. During the Great Depression in the United States after the finish of World War II, expanded creation and new government loaning programs permitted more Americans to purchase single-family homes and confidential vehicles. Simultaneously, street development projects are in progress, most eminently the presentation of the Interstate Highway System in 1956, as well as other foundation upgrades made it conceivable to assemble houses in already out of reach regions. they were more affordable, and the houses based on this site offered the tenants more space than city occupants. A few inhabitants moved to suburbia to partake in an obviously eco-accommodating lifestyle; notwithstanding, some moved to stay away from the clog, wrongdoing, and commotion of the city. Metropolitan occupants have stayed in contact with the city through their vehicles. &nbsp

Biological data is a new era with new growth in numerical and memory retention capacity, many microbial and eukaryotic genomes encapsulate the human genome's pure structure, followed by raising the prospect of higher viral control. The goal is as high as the development of drug development based on the study of the structures and functions of target molecules (rational drug) and antimicrobial agents, the growth is simple to manage drugs, protein biomarkers that develop different bacterial infections and healthier considerate of protein(host)-protein(bacteria) interactions to avert bacterial disease. In addition to many bioinformatics processes and cross-reference, databases have made easy the understanding of these goals. The current study is divided into (I) genomics - sequencing and gene-related studies to determine the genetic function and genetic engineering, (II) proteomics - classification of associated properties of protein and rebuilding of the metabolic and regulatory pathway, (III) growth of drug and antimicrobial agents' application. Our center of attention on genomics and proteomics strategies and their restrictions in the current chapter. Bioinformatics study can be grouped under several main criteria: (1) research-based on existing wet-lab testing data, (2) new data obtained from the use of mathematical modelling and (3) an incorporated method that combines exploration procedure with a mathematical model. The main implications of bioinformatics examined area have automated genetic sequence, robotic expansion of integrated data of genomics and proteomics, computer-assisted comparison to find genome utility, the automatic origin of a metabolic pathway, gene expression analysis which was derived from the regulatory pathway, clustering techniques and strategies of data mining to identify the interaction of protein-protein and protein-DNA and silico modelling of three-dimensional protein arrangement and docking between proteins and biological chemicals for rational drug design, investigation of differences among infectious and non-infectious species to recognise genes drugs and antimicrobial agents and all genome comparisons to be aware of the development of microorganisms. Advanced bioinformatics has the potential to help (i) cause disease detection, (ii) develop new drugs and (iii) improve cost-effective bioremediation agents. Recent research is a part of the lack of genetic functionality found in wet laboratories information, the absence of computer algorithms to test large amounts of information on unidentified function and the continuous discovery of protein-to-protein, protein-to-DNA and Protein to RNA interaction.

Heavy metals are ubiquitous and persistent pollutants thus pose a huge risk in nature. Lead is one such heavy metals, which is known to cause many lethal/sub-lethal toxicities in aquatic animals. Lead is also known to cause phytotoxicities in aquatica and terrestrial plants. This study is an attempt to identify the bioaccumulation of lead in Labeo rohita and the location differences of the bioavailability in different tissues. High concentration and bioaccumulation were observed in specimens collected from various locations and found to be higher than the permissible limits for human consumption.

The study was undertaken with the objectives to survey the source and chain of procurement process of the various types of wood being used in the market, assess their requirement of the kind of suitable wood preferred for a particular item of woodcraft for marketing in the particular countries and to explore the potential of alternate wood species which can be adopted by an artisan with existing technology/up-gradation of technology. The study was conducted through the collection of secondary data and primary data. The primary data was collected through a preliminary survey, a standardized questionnaire survey of various components of stakeholder’s namely (a) manufacturers and exporters, (b) commission agents/brokers, (c) traders, and(d) artisans. The present study revealed that 58% of manufactures and exporters and 86.38% of craftsmen agreed that the raw material procurement chain starts from the farmer’s field to Middleman then Commission agents and goes to the Craftsman. The majority of stakeholders responded that the middleman is the most important in the supply chain of the wood procurement process. The survey indicated that there is 0-5% incremental cost in every stage of the raw material procurement process and the approximately total incremental cost of wood is between 5-10% due to the existing supply chain. The data analysis related to a sequence of most demanding wood species for wood carving work indicated that 60% of commission agents/brokers responded for the sequence of Mango>Shisham>Poplar>Other, whereas 56.50% manufacturers and others. 83.33% commission agents/brokers, 85.71% manufacturers, and exporters, 97.87% traders, 98.26% craftsman responded negatively to the existence of imported wood species in the Saharanpur wood market.

India has committed to reducing the emissions intensity of GDP by 33-35% from the 2005 level by 2030 in alignment with objectives of the Paris Agreement. This will require a significant reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the food and land-use sector. In this paper, we construct three potential pathways for India to achieve its emissions target by 2050 involving moderate ambitions of mitigation action (BAU), moderate ambitions combined with achieving healthy diets (BAU + NIN), and high levels of mitigation action inclusive of healthy diets (SUSTAINABLE). Using an integrated accounting tool, the FABLE Calculator, that harmonizes various socioeconomic and biophysical data, we project these pathways under the conditions of cross-country balanced trade flows. Results from the projections show that the demand for cereals will increase by 2050, leading to increased GHG emissions under BAU. Under the SUSTAINABLE pathways, GHG emissions will decrease over the same period due to reduced demand for cereals, whereas significant crop productivity and harvest intensity gains would lead to increased crop production. The exercise reveals the indispensability of healthy diets, improved crop, and livestock productivity, and net-zero deforestation in achieving India's mid-century emission targets from the agriculture sector.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11625-022-01193-0.

Climate change is a word that we have heard hundreds of times, but what is it? Is it happening or is it something made by us? There are thousands of such questions, thoughts, doubt which come to our minds as soon as we hear the words “climate change.” Even though there are hundreds of research works and many more proofs stating that the climate change is happening, there is a side which has been generally overlooked, and that is what if the climate change that we look is just something made by us. Climate change refers to long-lasting changes in temperature, clouds, humidity, and rainfall around the world. Both local and global factors cause regional climate change. This difference is significant because if a regional climate change occurs on account of local factors, then these changes can be mitigated by local actions. This chapter explores flood hazard casting prediction of climate change impressions.

Titanium dioxide is a widely used photocatalyst for hydrogen splitting. Some other properties, such as CO2 reduction, self-cleaning agent, and high chemical stability under UV light were also found. It has also shown superhydrophilicity. Its energy band gap lies in the region of 3.3 eV. Solar spectrum produced a very small part of UV radiation. A lot of work has been done in the band gap engineering of TiO2 to bring its band gap in the visible region and to further increase its quantum efficiency. Some of the methods are metal-ion implantation, making TiO2 composites, dye sensitization, and nanoparticles formation by various methods. This review throws light on various chemical methods used for preparation of TiO2 -based materials and resultant change in photocatalytic properties. It also discusses the mechanism involved in hydrogen splitting.

Biodiversity protection and maintenance are important for the elimination of poverty and sustainable development. India is a nation rich in biodiversity and supports 18% of the world’s population over just 2.4% of the total land area in the world. It comprises notable sections of four global biodiversity hotspots with high taxa concentrations and some of the highest wild populations of large, widespread mammals. In India, the maintenance of its great biological resources and enhanced human growth and well-being are facing special, challenging challenges. Climate change brings to this problem an overall level. There are many expectations that climate change would have several detrimental effects on wildlife and harmful consequences on human nature. Biodiversity, however, is important both to climate change mitigation and to adaptation by its supportive ecosystem services. Climate change has a major effect on the availability of numerous earthly resources, especially water that supports the life of the earth. Biosphere transitions, habitats and natural resources have harmful consequences for human well-being and life quality. India is predicted to undergo global warming in the twenty-first century. India will also undergo more seasonal temperature fluctuations with more winter warmth than summers. In recent years, the longevity of heatwaves in India has extended with hotter and colder night temperatures and is forecast to continue. It is estimated that the overall temperature rise will be 2.33–4.78 °C with the concentrations doubling. These heatwaves will contribute to increased variability of the summer monsoon vine, which will have significant effects on Indian agriculture. Weather simulations expect a steady increase in concentration and temperature of carbon dioxide (CO2) worldwide. However, these simulations do not forecast changes in local weather patterns very well. Local climate conditions, such as rain, temperatures and the sun and the wind, along with the locally adaptable plant diversity, cropping systems and soil quality, can optimize food production so long as plants can be regulated by plant conditions. The most successful way of promoting swift improvements required for human populations to respond to future climate change is by maintaining biological diversity on all levels, from genes to biomes. India is well placed to face this challenge due to its vast diversity of human and biological processes.