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La presente monografía se realiza para optar por el título de arquitectas; en ella se analiza y da a conocer la aquejante situación actual que presenta el patrimonio arqueológico de la ciudad de Tunja, específicamente aquel que se encuentra en predios de la universidad pedagógica y tecnológica de Colombia, a causa de la falta de espacios y desconocimiento del mismo; atreves del proyecto museo arqueológico Hunza que busca ser el vínculo funcional y espacial el campus de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia con la estructura urbana de la ciudad, a fin de recuperar la memoria perdida de nuestra cultura Muisca. This monograph is done to opt for the title of architects; it analyzes and discloses the current situation that presents the archaeological heritage of the city of Tunja, specifically that which is on the grounds of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia because of the lack of space and ignorance of it; through the Hunza archaeological museum project that seeks to be the functional and spatial link the campus of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia with the urban structure of the city, in order to recover the lost memory of our Muisca culture. Arquitecto Pregrado

RESUMEN: Objetivo/contexto: El género y el rol de las mujeres se han convertido en preocupaciones centrales de los análisis sobre los conflictos armados y las transiciones hacia la paz. Colombia no ha sido la excepción. ¿Cómo han evolucionado la investigación y el activismo en torno al género en la intersección del conflicto armado y la construcción de paz en Colombia? Metodología: Con base en una detallada revisión de la literatura académica y oficial, complementada con veintisiete entrevistas a personas de la academia, el sector público, el activismo y la sociedad civil, identificamos algunos de los momentos, las disyuntivas y los hitos más importantes en esta evolución. Conclusiones: En primer lugar, mostramos de qué manera la producción académica y el activismo en torno al género han sido profundamente marcados por el conflicto armado. Esto permitió visibilizar las experiencias específicas de las mujeres en la guerra, pero ha dificultado la emergencia de temas por fuera de las necesidades y agendas en un contexto de guerra. Por otro lado, observamos que la conversación sobre género, conflicto y paz refleja y profundiza viejas discusiones en torno al centro y la periferia: parecen ser distintas y distantes las conversaciones alrededor del género en el ámbito de ciudades capitales y otras regiones. Finalmente, pudimos observar el impacto de agendas internacionales en la producción intelectual y el activismo. La visión panorámica que ofrece este documento busca contribuir al estado del arte sobre este tema en Colombia y a la visibilización de un campo en construcción en el que se intersecan el género, el conflicto armado y la construcción de paz. Originalidad: A diferencia de otras investigaciones sobre los estudios de género en Colombia, no solo realizamos un análisis documental y bibliográfico, también centramos los hallazgos en las experiencias y reflexiones de las personas -mayoritariamente mujeres- que han trabajado y liderado este campo, así como en sus biografías. ABSTRACT. Objective/Context: Gender and the role of women have become central concerns when analyzing armed conflict and peace transitions. Colombia has not been the exception. How has gender research and activism evolved at the intersection of armed conflict and peacebuilding in Colombia? Methodology: Based on a detailed review of academic and official literature, complemented by 27 interviews with individuals from academia, the public sector, activism, and civil society, we identify some of the most significant moments, dilemmas, and milestones in this evolution. Conclusions: First, we show how scholarly production and activism related to gender have been deeply marked by the armed conflict, which has made it possible to draw attention to the specific experiences of women in war but hindered the emergence of topics outside the needs and agendas of the context of war. We observed that conversation around gender, conflict, and peace reflects and deepens old discussions on the center and the periphery: conversations on gender seem different and distant at the level of capital cities and other regions. Finally, it was possible to observe the impact of international agendas on intellectual production and activism. The panoramic vision offered by this article seeks to contribute to the state-of-the-art on this topic in Colombia and the visibility of a field under construction in which gender, armed conflict, and peacebuilding intersect. Originality: Unlike other research on gender studies in Colombia, we not only conducted a documentary and bibliographic analysis but also focused our findings related to the experiences and reflections of people, mainly women, who have worked and led this field, as well as on their biographies. RESUMO. Objetivo/contexto: O gênero e o papel das mulheres vêm se tornando preocupações centrais das análises sobre os conflitos armados e as transições para a paz. A Colômbia não é exceção. Nesse sentido, questiona-se sobre como a pesquisa e o ativismo sobre o gênero vêm evoluindo na interseção do conflito armado e na construção da paz na Colômbia. Metodologia: Com base numa detalhada revisão da literatura acadêmica e oficial, complementada com 27 entrevistas com pessoas do contexto acadêmico, do setor público, do ativismo e da sociedade civil, identificamos alguns dos momentos, das disjuntivas e dos marcos mais importantes nessa evolução. Conclusões: Em primeiro lugar, mostramos de que forma a produção acadêmica e o ativismo em torno do gênero têm sido marcados profundamente pelo conflito armado. Isso permitiu visibilizar as experiências específicas das mulheres na guerra, mas vem dificultando a emergência de temas mais além das necessidades e agendas em contexto de guerra. Em seguida, observamos que o diálogo sobre gênero, conflito e paz reflete e aprofunda velhas discussões sobre centro e periferia: os diálogos sobre gênero parecem diferentes e distantes no âmbito de cidades capitais e outras regiões. Finalmente, pudemos observar o impacto de agendas internacionais na produção intelectual e no ativismo. A visão panorâmica que este documento oferece pretende contribuir para o estado da arte sobre o tema na Colômbia e para a visibilização de um campo em construção no qual gênero, conflito armado e construção da paz se interseccionam. Originalidade: À diferença de outras pesquisas sobre o estudo de gênero na Colômbia, não somente realizamos uma análise documental e bibliográfica, mas também centralizamos os achados nas experiências e reflexões das pessoas - a maioria mulheres - que trabalham e lideram esse campo, bem como em suas biografias.

Voltage-gated T-type Ca2+(CaV3) channels regulate diverse physiological events, including neuronal excitability, and have been linked to several pathological conditions such as absence epilepsy, cardiovascular diseases, and neuropathic pain. It is also acknowledged that calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinases A and C regulate the activity of T-type channels. Interestingly, peripheral nerve injury induces tactile allodynia and upregulates CaV3.2 channels and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn. Here, we report that recombinant CaV3.2 channels expressed in HEK293 cells are regulatory targets of Cdk5. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the relevant sites for this regulation are residues S561 and S1987. We also found that Cdk5 may regulate CaV3.2 channel functional expression in rats with mechanical allodynia induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Consequently, the Cdk5 inhibitor olomoucine affected the compound action potential recorded in the spinal nerves, as well as the paw withdrawal threshold. Likewise, Cdk5 expression was upregulated after SNL in the DRG. These findings unveil a novel mechanism for how phosphorylation may regulate CaV3.2 channels and suggest that increased channel activity by Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation after SNL contributes nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuropathic pain is a current public health challenge. It can develop as a result of injury or nerve illness. It is acknowledged that the expression of various ion channels can be altered in neuropathic pain, including T-type Ca2+channels that are expressed in sensory neurons, where they play a role in the regulation of cellular excitability. The present work shows that the exacerbated expression of Cdk5 in a preclinical model of neuropathic pain increases the functional expression of CaV3.2 channels. This finding is relevant for the understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of the disease. Additionally, this work may have a substantial translational impact, since it describes a novel molecular pathway that could represent an interesting therapeutic alternative for neuropathic pain.

Chronic pain is an incapacitating condition that affects a large population worldwide. Until now, there is no drug treatment to relieve it. The impairment of GABAergic inhibition mediated by GABAA receptors (GABAA R) is considered a relevant factor in mediating chronic pain. Even though both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA inhibition are present in neurons that process nociceptive information, the latter is not considered relevant as a target for the development of pain treatments. In particular, the extrasynaptic α5 GABAA Rs are expressed in laminae I-II of the spinal cord neurons, sensory neurons, and motoneurons. In this review, we discuss evidence showing that blockade of the extrasynaptic α5 GABAA Rs reduces mechanical allodynia in various models of chronic pain and restores the associated loss of rate-dependent depression of the Hoffmann reflex. Furthermore, in healthy animals, extrasynaptic α5 GABAA R blockade induces both allodynia and hyperalgesia. These results indicate that this receptor may have an antinociceptive and pronociceptive role in healthy and chronic pain-affected animals, respectively. We propose a hypothesis to explain the relevant role of the extrasynaptic α5 GABAA Rs in the processing of nociceptive information. The data discussed here strongly suggest that this receptor could be a valid pharmacological target to treat chronic pain states.

Voltage-gated Ca(2+) (Ca(V)) channels regulate multiple cell processes, including neurotransmitter release, and have been associated with several pathological conditions, such as neuropathic pain. Cdk5, a neuron-specific kinase, may phosphorylate Ca(V) channels, altering their functional expression. During peripheral nerve injury, upregulation of Ca(V) channels and Cdk5 in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the spinal cord, has been correlated with allodynia. We recently reported an increase in the amplitude of the C component of the compound action potential (cAP) of afferent fibers in animals with allodynia induced by L5-6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL), recorded in the corresponding dorsal roots. This was related to an increase in T-type (Ca(V)3.2) channels generated by Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation. Here, we show that Ca(V) channel functional expression is also altered in the L4 adjacent intact afferent fibers in rats with allodynia induced by L5-6 SNL. Western blot analysis showed that both Cdk5 and Ca(V)3.2 total levels are not increased in the DRG L3-4, but their subcellular distribution changes by concentrating on the neuronal soma. Likewise, the Cdk5 inhibitor olomoucine affected the rapid and the slow C components of the cAP recorded in the dorsal roots. Patch-clamp recordings revealed an increase in T- and N-type currents recorded in the soma of acute isolated L3-4 sensory neurons after L5-6 SNL, which was prevented by olomoucine. These findings suggest changes in Ca(V) channels location and function in L3-4 afferent fibers associated with Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation after L5-6 SNL, which may contribute to nerve injury-induced allodynia.

Resumen Introducción: el tumor fibroso solitario de pleura (TFSP) es una patología poco frecuente, corresponde a menos del 5 % de los tumores primarios de pleura, siendo aún más raros los tumores mayores de 15 cm y aquellos en pacientes menores de 35 años, ya que el pico de incidencia es entre los 60 a 70 años con un solo caso reportado en Colombia. Presentación del caso: paciente femenina de 33 años, sin exposición a asbesto o cigarrillo. Consultó por cuadro de disnea de moderados esfuerzos y dolor dorsal derecho. La tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) contrastada de tórax evidenció una gran masa sólida de contornos lobulados que comprometía el 70 % del hemitórax derecho de origen extrapulmonar y que comprimía la aurícula derecha, la inmunohistoquímica de la biopsia percutánea clasificó la lesión como tumor fibroso solitario. Fue llevada a toracotomía posterolateral derecha extendida, donde se encontró un tumor dependiente de la pleura parietal derecha resecado en su totalidad. Histopatología e inmunohistoquímica del producto de resección quirúrgica, compatibles con tumor fibroso solitario de pleura, tamaño 30 x 23 x 16 cm sin características de malignidad. La evolución posoperatoria fue satisfactoria, con un egreso hospitalario temprano. Discusión: en una paciente joven, el TFSP gigante es inusual, posterior a su diagnóstico, y a pesar de tener algunas características que sugerían malignidad: tamaño y origen en la pleura parietal, la resección quirúrgica fue el tratamiento indicado para este tumor, con posterior confirmación histopatológica compatible con tumor benigno. Abstract Introduction: The solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (SFTP) is an uncommon pathology. It corresponds to less than 5 % of the primary tumors of the pleura. Even much rare is to find one solitary fibrous tumor, of more than 15 cm in patients younger than 35 years since the incidence peak is between 60 to 70 years. There has been only one case reported in Colombia. Case presentation: The subject of study was a 33-year-old female patient, no exposure to asbestos or cigarette. The chief complaints of the patient were mild dyspnea and right dorsal pain. Thoracic contrast-enhanced computerized tomography showed a large solid mass of lobulated contours that compromised 70 % of the right hemithorax, of extrapulmonary origin compressing the right atrium. Immunohistochemistry of the percutaneous biopsy demonstrated a solitary fibrous tumor. The patient underwent an extended right posterolateral thoracotomy. We found and completely resected a tumor hanging on the right parietal pleura. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the product of the surgical resection were compatible with a solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura, 30 x 23 x 16cm in size, and no malignancy. The evolution after surgery was satisfactory with an early hospital discharge. Discussion: In a young patient, a giant TFSP is unusual. After diagnosis and despite having some characteristics that suggested malignancy: its size and origin in the parietal pleura, surgical resection was the appropriate procedure for this tumor, with subsequent histopathological confirmation compatible with a benign tumor. Resumo Introdução: o tumor fibroso solitário de pleura (TFSP) é uma patologia pouco frequente, corresponde a menos do 5 % dos tumores primários de pleura, sendo ainda mais estranhos os tumores maiores de 15 cm e aqueles em pacientes menores de 35 anos, pois o pico de incidência é entre os 60 a 70 anos com um só caso reportado na Colômbia. Apresentação de caso: paciente feminina de 33 anos, sem exposição a asbesto ou cigarro. Consultou por quadro de dispneia de moderados esforços e dor dorsal direita. A tomografia axial computadorizada (TAC) contrastada de tórax evidenciou uma grande massa sólida de contornos lobulados que comprometia o 70 % do hemitórax direito de origem extrapulmonar e que comprimia a aurícula direita, imuno-histoquímica da biopsia percutânea classificou a lesão como tumor fibroso solitário. Foi levada à toracotomia posterolateral direita estendida, encontrando um tumor dependente da pleura parietal direita ressecado em sua totalidade. Histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica do produto de ressecção cirúrgica, compatíveis com tumor fibroso solitário de pleura, tamanho 30 x 23 x 16cm sem características de malignidade. A evolução pós-cirúrgica foi satisfatória, conseguindo um egresso hospitalar precoce. Discussão: em uma paciente jovem, o TFSP gigante é inusual, posterior a seu diagnóstico e apesar de ter algumas características que sugeriam malignidade; tamanho e origem na pleura parietal, a ressecção cirúrgica foi o tratamento indicado para este tumor, com posterior confirmação hispatológica compatível com tumor benigno.

Introducción: el tumor fibroso solitario de pleura (tfsp) es una patología poco frecuente, corresponde a menos del 5 % de los tumores primarios de pleura, siendo aún más raros los tumores mayores de 15 cm y aquellos en pacientes menores de 35 años, ya que el pico de incidencia es entre los 60 a 70 años con un solo caso reportado en Colombia. Presentación de caso: paciente femenina de 33 años, sin exposición a asbesto o cigarrillo. Consultó por cuadro de disnea de moderados esfuerzos y dolor dorsal derecho. La tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) contrastada de tórax evidenció una gran masa sólida de contornos lobulados que comprometía el 70 % del hemitórax derecho de origen extrapulmonar y que comprimía la aurícula derecha, la inmunohistoquímica de la biopsia percutánea clasificó la lesión como tumor fibroso solitario. Fue llevada a toracotomía posterolateral derecha extendida, donde se encontró un tumor dependiente de la pleura parietal derecha resecado en su totalidad. Histopatología e inmunohistoquímica del producto de resección quirúrgica, compatibles con tumor fibroso solitario de pleura, tamaño 30 x 23 x 16 cm sin características de malignidad. La evolución posoperatoria fue satisfactoria, se logró un egreso hospitalario temprano. Discusión: en una paciente joven, el TFSP gigante es inusual, posterior a su diagnóstico, y a pesar de tener algunas características que sugerían malignidad, tamaño y origen en la pleura parietal, la resección quirúrgica fue el tratamiento indicado para este tumor, con posterior confirmación histopatológica compatible con tumor benigno. Introduction: The solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (sftp) is an uncommon pathology. It corresponds to less than 5 % of the primary tumors of the pleura. Even much rare is to find one solitary fibrous tumor, of more than 15 cm in patients younger than 35 years since the incidence peak is between 60 to 70 years. There has been only one case reported in Colombia. Case presentation: The subject of study was a 33-year-old female patient, no exposure to asbestos or cigarette. The chief complaints of the patient were mild dyspnea and right dorsal pain. Thoracic computerized tomography (ct) showed a large solid mass of lobulated contours that compromised 70 % of the right hemithorax, of extrapulmonary origin compressing the right atrium. Immunohistochemistry of the percutaneous biopsy demonstrated a solitary fibrous tumor. The patient underwent an extended right posterolateral thoracotomy. Doctors found and completely resected a tumor hanging on the right parietal pleura. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the product of the surgical resection were compatible with a solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura, 30 x 23 x 16cm in size, and no malignancy. The patient's discharge happened five days after surgery. Discussion: In a young patient, a giant tfsp is unusual. After diagnosis and despite having some characteristics that suggested malignancy its size and origin in the parietal pleura, surgical resection was the appropriate procedure for this tumor, with subsequent histopathological confirmation compatible with a benign tumor. Introdução: o tumor fibroso solitário de pleura (TFSP) é uma patologia pouco frequente, corresponde a menos do 5 % dos tumores primários de pleura, sendo ainda mais estranhos os tumores maiores de 15 cm e aqueles em pacientes menores de 35 anos, pois o pico de incidência é entre os 60 a 70 anos com um só caso reportado na Colômbia. Apresentação de caso: paciente feminina de 33 anos, sem exposição a asbesto ou cigarro. Consultou por quadro de dispneia de moderados esforços e dor dorsal direita. A tomografia axial computadorizada (TAC) contrastada de tórax evidenciou uma grande massa sólida de contornos lobulados que comprometia o 70 % do hemitórax direito de origem extrapulmonar e que comprimia a aurícula direita, imuno-histoquímica da biopsia percutânea classificou a lesão como tumor fibroso solitário. Foi levada à toracotomia posterolateral direita estendida, encontrando um tumor dependente da pleura parietal direita ressecado em sua totalidade. Histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica do produto de ressecção cirúrgica, compatíveis com tumor fibroso solitário de pleura, tamanho 30 x 23 x 16cm sem características de malignidade. A evolução pós-cirúrgica foi satisfatória, conseguindo um egresso hospitalar precoce. Discussão: em uma paciente jovem, o tfsp gigante é inusual, posterior a seu diagnóstico e apesar de ter algumas características que sugeriam malignidade; tamanho e origem na pleura parietal, a ressecção cirúrgica foi o tratamento indicado para este tumor, com posterior confirmação hispatológica compatível com tumor benigno.

Background: Influenza A (H1N1) is the most recent pandemic disease that has affected the human population. Objective: To evaluate knowledge and preventive measures related with this disease one year after the epidemic of Mexico- that took place in 2009. Material and methods: An epidemiologic survey regarding influenza A (H1N1) was conducted in June 2010 among 2541 students from the second grade of all public high schools in a borough in Mexico City. The questionnaire included items on the knowledge of the disease and practice of preventive measures. Results: Most students obtained the information from television, half of them from parents and only one fifth from teachers; 72% of the participants had a favorable knowledge about the disease and the measures to avoid being infected. However, only 37% practiced such preventive measures. Conclusion: Knowledge has a positive influence on practices towards health. Parents and teachers have an important role in health education, thus efforts should be directed to involve them more intensely in health education.

Background Most anal cancers are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. The incidence is increasing, especially in high-risk individuals such as HIV-positive men. Evidence shows that the new quadrivalent HPV vaccine reduces the rates of anal intraepithelial neoplasia among men who have sex with men. Objective To determine whether vaccinating against HPV-related anal cancer is cost-effective in HIV-positive men in Chile. Methods A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted by constructing a cohort multistate life-table–based Markov model in MS Excel in which the prevention of HPV infection was expected to influence the incidence of anal cancer in HIV-positive men. The comparator was the current practice of no systematic HPV prevention. Estimates of the efficacy of the vaccine were obtained from a substudy of a larger randomized controlled trial, incidence rates from the Chilean Population Cancer Registries, mortality rates from the National Institute of Statistics, and disease costs from a cost-effectiveness report. A public health care sector perspective was applied. The outcome was measured in averted disability-adjusted life-years. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated considering a lifetime horizon for costs and health outcomes. Results The estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was US $138,269/ disability-adjusted life-year (95% confidence interval $95,936–$221,862). Assuming a threshold of 3 times the gross domestic product per capita, the intervention was not cost-effective. The outcome was sensitive to the vaccine price and vaccine efficacy. Conclusions HPV vaccination in HIV-positive men from a Chilean public health care sector perspective is not cost-effective.

In Mexico informed consent is a legal requirement that ensures that patients who are invited to participate in clinical trials are provided with all the information needed to decide whether to participate, or not, in a research protocol. To improve our understanding of the problems physicians in developing countries encounter, when obtaining informed consent (IC), we examined their opinion on the importance of IC in clinical research, the quantity and quality of the information provided to the participant, and the conditions in which the IC is obtained. Investigators considered that IC was useful to the patients, providing information that helped the patient to make a decision about his/her participation. Nevertheless, they felt that for some aspects of the research, like drug development in general, the use of placebos, and the randomization process, many of the patients were not capable of fully understanding the information provided, referring to the complexity of the information and illiteracy as the main reasons. Many investigators were not acquainted with some of the guidelines established in the Mexican General Law of Health,(1) 36% of them admitting to not having completed their IC letters. Most investigators gave only minutes to the patient to make a decision and 20% of ICs were obtained while the patient was hospitalized. Except for one investigator, all of them considered that specific training in medical ethics would be useful for the daily clinical work.

The 2009 pandemic arrived suddenly and lethally, exposing our plans to reality. Are we now better prepared?

In April this year, a new influenza virus of swine origin emerged in Mexico and spread rapidly around the world. As the Northern hemisphere winter flu season kicks off, Laura Vargas-Parada reports on the measures that Mexico is taking to combat the H1N1 pandemic.

Platyhelminths, like many other organisms, are capable of producing mineral concretions. In cestodes these are referred to as calcareous corpuscles. Studies on these concretions in different cestodes both in vivo and in vitro have resulted in a number of hypotheses on their origin, formation, and structure. Calcareous corpuscles are believed to be of cellular origin, although the kind of cell involved and the mechanisms of mineralization remain under discussion. In the present paper we show that formation of calcareous corpuscles in cysticerci of Taenia solium is not of intracellular origin, as described for other cestodes, but occurs extracellularly in the lumen of protonephridial ducts in a way similar to that proposed for trematodes. This finding enhances the function of the protonephridial ducts, at least in the larvae of T. solium, to the roles formerly ascribed to the calcareous corpuscles.

Linking specific types of HPV with cervical cancer and developing effective vaccines against should be celebrated. But there are gaps in our understanding of these viruses and how they cause disease.