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: Introduction: There is paucity of data related to potential gender differences in the use of interventions to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease (CVD) among HIV‐positive individuals. We investigated whether such differences exist in the observational D:A:D cohort study. Methods: Participants were followed from study enrolment until the earliest of death, six months after last visit or February 1, 2015. Initiation of CVD interventions [lipid‐lowering drugs (LLDs), angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), anti‐hypertensives, invasive cardiovascular procedures (ICPs) were investigated and Poisson regression models calculated whether rates were lower among women than men, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Women (n = 12,955) were generally at lower CVD risk than men (n = 36,094). Overall, initiation rates of CVD interventions were lower in women than men; LLDs: incidence rate 1.28 [1.21, 1.35] vs. 2.40 [2.34, 2.46]; ACEIs: 0.88 [0.82, 0.93] vs. 1.43 [1.39, 1.48]; anti‐hypertensives: 1.40 [1.33, 1.47] vs. 1.72 [1.68, 1.77] and ICPs: 0.08 [0.06, 0.10] vs. 0.30 [0.28, 0.32], and this was also true for most CVD interventions when exclusively considering periods of follow‐up for which individuals were at high CVD risk. In fully adjusted models, women were less likely to receive CVD interventions than men (LLDs: relative rate 0.83 [0.78, 0.88]; ACEIs: 0.93 [0.86, 1.01]; ICPs: 0.54 [0.43, 0.68]), except for the receipt of anti‐hypertensives (1.17 [1.10, 1.25]). Conclusion: The use of most CVD interventions was lower among women than men. Interventions are needed to ensure that all HIV‐positive persons, particularly women, are appropriately monitored for CVD and, if required, receive appropriate CVD interventions., Introduction HIV‐positive individuals are known to be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, partly due to an increased prevalence of some CVD risk factors, [...]

Plasmodium falciparum malaria is usually transmitted by mosquitoes. We report 2 cases in France transmitted by other modes: occupational blood exposure and blood transfusion. Even where malaria is not endemic, it should be considered as a cause of unexplained acute fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe non-AIDS bacterial infections (SBIs) are among the leading causes of hospital admissions among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) in regions with high antiretroviral therapy coverage., Methods: This large prospective cohort study of PWH examined the types of infections, bacterial documentation, and evolution of antibiotic resistance among PWH hospitalized with SBIs over an 18-year period., Results: Between 2000 and 2017, 459 PWH had at least 1 SBI with bacterial documentation. Among the 847 SBIs, there were 280 cases of bacteremia, 269 cases of pneumonia, and 240 urinary tract infections. The 1025 isolated bacteria included Enterobacteriaceae (n = 394; mainly Escherichia coli), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 153), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 82). The proportion of S. pneumoniae as the causative agent in pneumonia and bacteremia decreased sharply over time, from 34% to 8% and from 21% to 3%, respectively. The overall antibiotic resistance of S. aureus and S. pneumoniae decreased progressively but it increased for Enterobacteriaceae (from 24% to 48% for amoxicillin-clavulanate, from 4% to 18% for cefotaxime, and from 5% to 27% for ciprofloxacin). Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis was associated with higher nonsusceptibility of S. pneumoniae to amoxicillin and erythromycin, higher nonsusceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones, and a higher risk of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae., Conclusions: The bacterial resistance pattern among PWH between 2014 and 2017 was broadly similar to that in the general population, with the exception of a higher resistance profile of Enterobacteriaceae to fluoroquinolones. The use of cotrimoxazole as prophylaxis was associated with an increased risk of antibiotic resistance., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. F. B. reports grants or contracts from Gilead for the ANRS CO3 AquiVih Cohort study; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker’s bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Gilead, MSD, and ViiV Healthcare; and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Gilead, MSD, and ViiV Healthcare. S. P. reports support for conference attendance from bioMérieux and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Roche Diagnostics. A. S. reports support for attending conference from Gilead Sciences and ViiV Healthcare. M.-A. V. reports support for attending conference from Gilead. L. W. reports grants or contracts unrelated to this work from ANRS-MIE (paid to institution). All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Determining the etiology of aortitis is often challenging, in particular to distinguish infectious aortitis (IA) and noninfectious aortitis (NIA). This study aims to describe and compare the clinical, biological, and radiological characteristics of IA and NIA and their outcomes., Methods: A multicenter retrospective study was performed in 10 French centers, including patients with aortitis between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2019., Results: One hundred eighty-three patients were included. Of these, 66 had IA (36.1%); the causative organism was Enterobacterales and streptococci in 18.2% each, Staphylococcus aureus in 13.6%, and Coxiella burnetii in 10.6%. NIA was diagnosed in 117 patients (63.9%), mainly due to vasculitides (49.6%), followed by idiopathic aortitis (39.3%). IA was more frequently associated with aortic aneurysms compared with NIA (78.8% vs 17.6%, P < .001), especially located in the abdominal aorta (69.7% vs 23.1%, P < .001). Crude and adjusted survival were significantly lower in IA compared to NIA (P < .001 and P = .006, respectively). In the IA cohort, high American Society of Anesthesiologists score (hazard ratio [HR], 2.47 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.08-5.66]; P = .033) and free aneurysm rupture (HR, 9.54 [95% CI, 1.04-87.11]; P = .046) were significantly associated with mortality after adjusting for age, sex, and Charlson comorbidity score. Effective empiric antimicrobial therapy, initiated before any microbial documentation, was associated with a decreased mortality (HR, 0.23, 95% CI, .08-.71]; P = .01)., Conclusions: IA was complicated by significantly higher mortality rates compared with NIA. An appropriate initial antibiotic therapy appeared as a protective factor in IA., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. P. R. reports payment or honoraria from Celgene, Novartis, and AdLiva and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Janssen-Cilag, Amgen, Roche, Takeda, Mylan, and Celgene. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: To evaluate drug use (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs) and its association with mean CD4/CD8 T cell count ratio, a marker of chronic inflammation, in virally suppressed people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) in Nouvelle Aquitaine, France., Methods: A multi-centric, cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 2018-19 in the QuAliV study-ANRS CO3 AQUIVIH-NA cohort. Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and other drug use (poppers, cocaine, amphetamines, synthetic cathinones, GHB/GBL) were self-reported. CD4 and CD8 T cell counts and viral load measures, ± 2 years of self-report, and other characteristics were abstracted from medical records. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, HIV risk group, time since HIV diagnosis, and other drug use were fit for each drug and most recent CD4/CD8 ratio., Results: 660 PLWH, aged 54.7 ± 11.2, were included. 47.7% [315/660] had a CD4/CD8 ratio of < 1. Their mean CD4/CD8 ratio was 1.1 ± 0.6. 35% smoked; ~ 40% were considered to be hazardous drinkers or have alcohol use disorder; 19.9% used cannabis and 11.9% other drugs. Chemsex-associated drug users' CD4/CD8 ratio was on average 0.226 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] - 0.383, - 0.070) lower than that of non-users in univariable analysis (p = 0.005) and 0.165 lower [95% CI - 0.343, 0.012] in multivariable analysis (p = 0.068)., Conclusions: Mean differences in CD4/CD8 ratio were not significantly different in tobacco, alcohol and cannabis users compared to non-users. However, Chemsex-associated drug users may represent a population at risk of chronic inflammation, the specific determinants of which merit further investigation., Trial Registration Number: NCT03296202., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objective: To assess the efficacy of raltegravir, etravirine and darunavir/ritonavir (TRIO regimen) in treatment-experienced patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection by describing the proportion of patients who experienced virological failure (VF) at Week 24. The secondary objectives were to assess the HIV-1 plasma viral load (pVL) after Week 24, the proportion of patients who were receiving dual therapy or monotherapy at the last visit, and the number of deaths., Methods: Patients from the ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort who were prescribed the TRIO regimen between February 2007 and September 2018 were classified into two groups based on their pVL at study inclusion: the virological failure group (VFG; pVL >50 copies/mL) and the virologically suppressed group (VSG; pVL <50 copies/mL). The impact of baseline pVL and genotypic susceptibility score (GSS) on VF was analysed., Results: In total, 184 patients were enrolled in this study, with 123 (66.8%) in the VFG and 61 (33.2%) in the VSG. The median length of follow-up was 7.5 (interquartile range 4.1-9.6) years, and 29 (15.8%) patients died. Thirty-seven (25.5%) patients experienced VF at Week 24, including 32/145 (32.7%) in the VFG and 5/47 (10.6%) in the VSG (P<0.01). Resistance-associated mutations were detected in integrase, reverse transcriptase and protease for 7/37 (18.9%), 3/37 (8.1%) and 1/37 (2.7%) patients, respectively. High pVL and GSS at baseline were independently associated with VF. At the last visit, 76/184 (41.3%) patients were still receiving the TRIO regimen, while 55/184 (29.9%) were receiving dual therapy and 1/184 (0.5%) was receiving protease inhibitor monotherapy. Among the 56 patients receiving dual therapy or monotherapy, 51 (96.2%) had pVL <50 copies/mL., Conclusion: Despite a high level of mutation resistance at baseline, long-term virological follow-up was favourable and one-third of patients were eligible for drug-reducing strategies., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd and International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.)

Objective: We aimed to investigate whether anakinra, an interleukin-1receptor inhibitor, could improve outcome in moderate COVID-19 patients., Methods: In this controlled, open-label trial, we enrolled adults with COVID-19 requiring oxygen. We randomly assigned patients to receive intravenous anakinra plus optimized standard of care (oSOC) vs. oSOC alone. The primary outcome was treatment success at day 14 defined as patient alive and not requiring mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation., Results: Between 27th April and 6th October 2020, we enrolled 71 patients (240 patients planned to been enrolled): 37 were assigned to the anakinra group and 34 to oSOC group. The study ended prematurely by recommendation of the data and safety monitoring board due to safety concerns. On day 14, the proportion of treatment success was significantly lower in the anakinra group 70% (n = 26) vs. 91% (n = 31) in the oSOC group: risk difference-21 percentage points (95% CI, -39 to -2), odds ratio 0.23 (95% CI, 0.06 to 0.91), p = 0.027. After a 28-day follow-up, 9 patients in the anakinra group and 3 in the oSOC group had died. Overall survival at day 28 was 75% (95% CI, 62% to 91%) in the anakinra group versus 91% (95% CI, 82% to 100%) (p = 0.06) in the oSOC group. Serious adverse events occurred in 19 (51%) patients in the anakinra group and 18 (53%) in the oSOC group (p = 0·89)., Conclusion: This trial did not show efficacy of anakinra in patients with COVID-19. Furthermore, contrary to our hypothesis, we found that anakinra was inferior to oSOC in patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

We aimed to estimate the prevalence of depressive disorder in people living with HIV (PLWH) and evaluate its association with non-HIV-specific and HIV-specific factors in PLWH and in PLWH compared to the general population (GP). We used cross-sectional data from the QuAliV study, conducted within the ANRS-CO3 Aquitaine-AQUIVIH-NA cohort of PLWH in Nouvelle-Aquitaine (2018-2020), and a nationally-representative survey in the GP (EHIS-ESPS, 2014-2015), we included all participants aged ≥ 18 years old who had completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8). Depressive disorder was defined as Patient Health Questionnaire-8 score greater or equal to 10. Its association with non-HIV-specific (demographic, socio-economic, behavioral, health status), HIV-specific factors (immuno-viral markers, antiretrovirals, level of perceived HIV-stigma), and HIV-status was assessed using Poisson regression models with robust variance in women and men separately. We included 914 PLWH (683 men/231 women). More than one in five PLWH had depressive disorder. It was strongly associated with being younger and experiencing severe pain in both sexes. Unemployment in women, being single, and lack of family ties in men were also associated with depressive disorder. More than 30% of our sample reported HIV-stigma, with a dose-response relationship between level of perceived HIV-stigma and depressive disorder. The crude prevalence of depressive disorder was 2.49 (95%CI 1.92-3.22) and 4.20 (95%CI 3.48-5.05) times higher in women and men living with HIV respectively compared to GP counterparts and 1.46 (95%CI 1.09-1.95) and 2.45 (95%CI 1.93-3.09) times higher after adjustment for non-HIV specific factors. The adjusted prevalence ratio of depressive disorder was not significantly different in HIV-stigma free women, but remained twice as high in HIV-stigma free men. The prevalence of depressive disorder compared to the GP tended to decrease with age in PLWH. Excess depressive disorder remains a major concern in PLWH. Our findings reaffirm the importance of regular screening. Tackling social inequalities and HIV-stigma should be prioritized to ensure that PLWH achieve good mental as well as physical health outcomes., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Context: In 2007, we performed a nationwide prospective study to assess the epidemiology of encephalitis in France. We aimed to evaluate epidemiological changes 10years later., Methods: We performed a 4-year prospective cohort study in France (ENCEIF) from 2016 to 2019. Medical history, comorbidities, as well as clinical, biological, imaging, and demographic data were collected. For the comparison analysis, we selected similar data from adult patients enrolled in the 2007 study. We used Stata statistical software, version 15 (Stata Corp). Indicative variable distributions were compared using Pearson's Chi 2 test, and means were compared using Student's t-test for continuous variables., Results: We analyzed 494 cases from 62 hospitals. A causative agent was identified in 65.7% of cases. Viruses represented 81.8% of causative agents, Herpesviridae being the most frequent (63.6%). Arboviruses accounted for 10.8%. Bacteria and parasites were responsible for respectively 14.8% and 1.2% of documented cases. Zoonotic infections represented 21% of cases. When comparing ENCEIF with the 2007 cohort (222 adults patients from 59 hospitals), a higher proportion of etiologies were obtained in 2016-2019 (66% vs. 53%). Between 2007 and 2016-2019, the proportions of Herpes simplex virus and Listeria encephalitis cases remained similar, but the proportion of tuberculosis cases decreased (P=0.0001), while tick-borne encephalitis virus (P=0.01) and VZV cases (P=0.03) increased. In the 2016-2019 study, 32 causative agents were identified, whereas only 17 were identified in the 2007 study., Conclusion: Our results emphasize the need to regularly perform such studies to monitor the evolution of infectious encephalitis and to adapt guidelines., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Bacterial infections remain one of the main causes of morbidity and death in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the most recent years. Several studies have demonstrated a protective effect of statins in the primary prevention of bacterial infections in other immunocompromised populations, but this effect remains controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of statin use on the occurrence of a first episode of severe bacterial infection (SBI) in PLHIV in the ANRS CO3 Aquitaine cohort between 2000 and 2018., Methods: All individuals included in the prospective ANRS CO3 Aquitaine cohort who had at least two follow-up visits between 2000 and 2018 were included. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of a first episode of bacterial infection leading to hospitalization of ≥48 hours or death. Statin exposure was updated during follow-up. Marginal Cox structural models were developed to consider the potential indication bias and time-dependent confusion. Numerous sensitivity analyses were carried out., Results: In this study 51 658 person-years were followed. The overall incidence of a first episode of SBI was 12.4/1000 person-years. No effect of statins on the occurrence of SBI was demonstrated when subjects were considered on statins throughout their follow-up after treatment initiation (HR = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.75-1.25). The results were similar for the effect of statins on the risk of pneumonia and for all sensitivity analyses., Conclusion: In this large cohort of PLHIV with 18 years of follow-up and a high risk of severe infections, we found no effect of statins on the risk of occurrence of SBI or pneumonia., (Copyright © 2020 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Bing-Neel syndrome is a rare complication of Waldenström macroglobulinemia, defined by monoclonal lymphoplasmocytic cells in the cerebrospinal fluid or in central nervous system biopsy., Case Report: We report a 47-year-old man, with no prior history, who presented a recurrent aseptic lymphocytic meningitis with central nervous manifestations. The presence of a monoclonal lymphoplasmacytic proliferation in cerebrospinal fluid, blood and bone marrow biopsy results was compatible with a diagnosis of Bing-Neel syndrome. Despite the absence of any specific treatment, there was no recurrence of symptoms at 4-month follow-up, and the MRI lesions remained stable., Conclusion: We report a case of Bing-Neel syndrome revealed by a recurrent meningitis. Outcome without treatment was favorable at 4-month follow-up., (Copyright © 2021 Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To describe the efficacy and safety of prolonged cefazolin course for Staphylococcus infection and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria carriage after treatment., Methods: Monocentric retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized for blood stream infections (BSI) and osteoarticular infections (OAI) by methicillin susceptible staphylococcal species treated with cefazolin from January 2015 to July 2017. Rectal and nasal swabs were performed at cefazolin initiation and end of treatment to detect respectively methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria., Results: Fifty-eight patients were included, 41 had a bacteremia including 22 endocarditis and 22 OAI. Mean duration of treatment was 21.5 days at a mean daily dose of 6.5g/d. Fifty-five (94.5%) received combination therapy. Fifty-two (89.7%) of patients achieved bacteriological cure. Four patients were ESBL carriers at inclusion. No additional ESBL or MRSA were detected by end of treatment., Conclusion: Cefazolin appears as an effective and safe treatment for BSI or osteoarticular infection and does not appear to select MRSA or ESBL., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

We report 5 cases of vascular Q fever complicated by polymicrobial superinfection in patients who had no risk factors for acute Q fever. Q fever was diagnosed by serologic and molecular assays for Coxiella burnetii. We confirmed additional infections using conventional graft cultures.

Background: Antiretroviral therapy has prolonged the lives of those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but the effects of chronic infection on their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) remain a concern. Numerous instruments have been developed to measure HRQoL, yet evidence of their cross-cultural equivalence and continued applicability is limited. We adapted the WHOQOL-HIV BREF to French and assessed its psychometric properties in a sample of community-dwelling adults living with HIV who were mostly virally suppressed., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study within the ANRS CO3 Aquitaine cohort from July 2018 to May 2019. Five hundred eighty-six participants were consecutively enrolled at their HIV-consultations and completed either a web-based (n = 406) or paper self-administered assessment (n = 180). The means and standard deviations for items and domains were computed and the presence of floor and ceiling effects assessed. We evaluated internal consistency by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients per domain. We assessed construct validity by performing a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Concurrent, convergent and discriminant validity were assessed with Pearson's correlations and known-group validity was assessed according to CD4 cell count, viral load, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical categories for HIV, and hospitalization of more than 48 h within 2 years of the most recent consultation using one-way analysis of variance and independent t-tests., Results: Five hundred eighty-six PLWH were included in this analysis. Their median age was 55; 73% were male; 85% were of French descent; 99% were on ART and 93% were virally suppressed. We found floor effects for one and ceiling effects for 11 items. Four of the six domains showed good internal consistency (α range: 0.63-0.79). CFA showed that the WHOQOL-HIV BREF's six-domain structure produced an acceptable fit (SRMR = 0.059; CFI = 0.834; RMSEA = 0.07; 90% CI: 0.06-0.08). It showed good concurrent, convergent and discriminant validity. There was some evidence of known-group validity. The personal beliefs domain had the highest score (15.04 ± 3.35) and the psychological health domain had the lowest (13.70 ± 2.78)., Conclusions: The French WHOQOL-HIV BREF has acceptable measurement properties. Its broad conceptualisation of HRQoL, going beyond physical and mental health, may be of particular value in our older, treatment-experienced and virally suppressed population., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03296202 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6zgOBArps ).

Introduction: Many clinical manifestations can be related to Tropheryma whipplei infection., Case Report: We report a Tropheryma whipplei limbic encephalitis developed as a relapse of classical Whipple's disease., Discussion: This case is to the best of our knowledge the first proof of the effective brain-blood barrier crossing of both doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine as demonstrated by direct concentration monitoring on brain biopsy.

Background: Postoperative instrumented spine infection (PISI) is a severe complication of invasive spine procedures., Methods: Retrospective study of patients treated for PISI between 1st January 2008 and 31st December 2012 in a French University Hospital. The objectives of this study were to describe the outcome of patients treated with debridement-irrigation, antibiotic therapy and implant retention (DAIR) within three months after the occurrence of PISI and to identify factors associated with relapse., Results: Among 4290 patients who underwent spinal arthrodesis surgery during the 5-year study period, 129 had PISI treated by debridement-irrigation in the first three months (3.0%, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.5-3.5). Fifty-two (40%) were female and the median age was 57 years. Fourteen patients (10.8%) had diabetes and 73 (56.6%) had a BMI (Body Mass Index) ≥25 kg/m 2 . Staphylocccus aureus, enterobacteria or polymicrobial infections were identified in 44.0, 18.0 and 13.0% of cases, respectively. One hundred and six patients (82.2%) and one hundred and twenty-one patients (93.8%) were cured after one DAIR and after two DAIR, respectively. In multivariate logistic analysis, polymicrobial infection was associated with relapse (Odd Ratio [OR] = 3.81; 95%CI: 1.06-13.66; p = .03), while a BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 was a protective factor (OR =0.25; 95%CI: 0.07-0.89; p = .03)., Conclusion: DAIR may be effective for PISI when performed within the first 3 months after onset of infection. Relapses are significantly associated with polymicrobial infection and negatively associated with moderate overweight. These results need to be confirmed in future prospective studies.

Objective: We report the features and diagnosis of complicated mumps in previously vaccinated young adults., Patients and Methods: We retrospectively studied 7 cases of complicated mumps managed during 1 year at the Bordeaux University Hospital. The diagnosis was suggested by the clinical presentation and confirmed using specific RT-PCR., Results: Five cases of meningitis, 1 of orchitis, and 1 of unilateral hearing impairment were identified. Each of the 7 patients had been previously vaccinated with MMR, 4 had received 2 doses of this vaccine. Blood tests revealed high rates of IgG antibodies, usually considered as sufficient for immunological protection, and every patient had at least 1 positive RT-PCR test for mumps., Conclusion: Outbreaks of complicated mumps may still occur despite a broad coverage of MMR vaccination. The clinical presentation suggested mumps but the final diagnosis could only be confirmed by genomic detection of the virus. Unusual viral strains with increased neurovirulence, insufficient population coverage associated with immunity decrease over time may explain outbreaks of complicated mumps. A full vaccine scheme of contact people or a third injection of vaccine for previously vaccinated people who are at risk of developing mumps are required to prevent further spreading of the disease during the outbreak., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)