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Indonesia's vanilla industry requires continuous efforts to enhance its quality and safety to ensure its sustainability. The objective of this research is to identify the chemical composition, production constraints, and post-harvest practices impacting vanilla quality. This research investigates the quality of Indonesian vanilla through in-depth interviews with vanilla growers and exporters, as well as quality analysis in the laboratory. Purposive sampling targeted key producers across seven provinces from May to August 2023. Vanilla samples were collected for chemical analysis after a direct interview with each producer. The result shows that the physical and chemical qualities of vanilla products fulfill Indonesian standards (SNI). The vanillin content ranged from 1.21 to 3.50. Establishing universal standards requires considering various vanilla varieties and determining minimum quality attribute values. Due to the risk of theft, vanilla pods are often picked when they are less than 9 months old, before the fruit is fully ripe. This practice results in a drop in quality, particularly in vanillin concentration. Sustainable growth, stakeholder involvement, inclusive business models, education, and contract farming arrangements help navigate challenges like theft and premature harvesting. Advancements in processing methodologies and the selection of clonal materials reinforce the industry's commitment to enhancing quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A visible light-responsive magnetically separable photocatalyst Pd-g-C3N4-Vanillin@γ-Fe2O3-TiO2 is fabricated using vanillin as a natural junction under ultrasonic agitation. Structural, morphological, optical, thermal, and magnetic assessments of the as-prepared catalyst are carried out. The photocatalyst successfully drives the simultaneous benzimidazole formation, and olefin hydrogenation with high atom economy under blue LED light and mild conditions. The photocatalytic activity of Pd-g-C3N4-Vanillin@γ-Fe2O3-TiO2 is significantly affected by the γ-Fe2O3:TiO2 weight ratio. PL spectra revealed the effective separation of carriers in the fabricated catalyst promoting its photocatalytic activity. The action spectra using the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) exhibited the maximum AQEs at 520 and 750 nm in which the highest performance for styrene hydrogenation is observed. The title magnetically separable heterogeneous photocatalyst provides high yields of products under perfectly safe visible light, produces low/zero waste, and avoids using an external high-pressure hydrogen gas source, harmful solvents, undesirable additives, and reducing agents rendering green conditions for chemical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a high demand for highly biobased photocurable coatings for a wide range of applications. In this work, a photocurable coating formulation is developed based on isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and a biobased polyester diacrylate. Besides, a phosphorous‐containing biobased dimethacrylate resin having imine groups (VDDM) is synthesized. Different ratios of VDDM are added to the biobased base formulation. VDDM is characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies. The formulations are coated on aluminum substrates and photocured under UV light. The biobased contents of the prepared networks are in the range of ≈68–79%. Coatings display a good adhesion on the aluminum substrates. The incorporation of VDDM into the formulations slightly increases the glass transition temperature values. Moreover, VDDM enhances the hydrophilicity of the coatings. VDDM‐free coatings are found to be resistant to degradation under basic and acidic media, but the presence of imine bonds in VDDM leads to the partial degradation of the prepared networks under acidic aqueous conditions. Finally, it is demonstrated that the coatings prepared herein are resistant to corrosion. The prepared highly biobased networks in this study have the potential to be used as photocurable coil coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the chemical–physical properties and anticorrosion effectiveness of UV‐cured coatings produced using epoxidized vanillin (DGEVA) as biobased precursor, then reinforced by the addition of nanoclay. After optimizing the UV‐curing parameters of three different formulations by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the thermo‐mechanical properties of the coatings are assessed by differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC), dynamic thermal mechanical analysis (DTMA), and pencil hardness. The coatings are applied on mild steel substrates and then their barrier properties are investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, immersing the samples in 3.5 wt% NaCl aerated solutions. The results show the good corrosion protective effectiveness of the biobased coatings. The nanoclay addition has a beneficial effect, as it hinders the diffusion of the aggressive ions from the electrolyte solution to the metal substrate. The reported findings demonstrate the possibility of using biobased precursors and UV‐curing technology to reduce the environmental impact of the coating industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Flavors can alter the orosensory properties of tobacco products. Specifically, flavors can serve as an oral cue for smokeless tobacco products. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the impact of oral vanillin, the principal chemical of vanilla flavor in tobacco products, on nicotine's taste, and nicotine choice, intake, and seeking behaviors. Methods: Experiments were performed in young adult Sprague Dawley rats. We employed a two-bottle free-choice test (2BC) to measure the preference for different concentrations of vanillin and its effect on nicotine preference. To explore the long-term effects of early exposure to sweetened vanillin, we utilized a combined 2BC and intraoral self-administration (IOSA) model. We assessed the nicotine taking and seeking behaviors in the presence or absence of vanillin. We performed a taste reactivity test (TRT) to quantify liking (ingestive) and disliking (aversive) taste responses to oral nicotine with or without vanillin. Results: In 2BC, female rats preferred vanillin containing solutions more than their male counterparts. In IOSA, vanillin alone and in combination with nicotine led to greater IOSA compared to water. Female rats self-administered vanillin plus nicotine more than male rats. Vanillin increased motivation to nicotine taking, but only in females. In TRT, vanillin increased nicotine's ingestive responses but blocked aversive responses in both sexes. Conclusions: These results indicate that vanilla flavor can increase oral nicotine intake. It can also increase liking and decrease disliking of nicotine's taste. Furthermore, the impact of vanilla flavor on nicotine taste and nicotine choice, intake, and seeking behaviors is concentration and sex dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical modification of active scaffolds from natural products has gained interest in pharmaceutical industries. Nevertheless, the metabolites extraction is time-consuming while the lead is frequently mismatched with the receptor. Here, the diazo coupling approach was introduced to generate a series of vanillin derivatives featuring halogenated azo dyes (1a-h). The vanillin derivatives showed effective inhibition of S. aureus (7-9 mm) and E. coli (7-8 mm) compared to the parent vanillin, while 1b had the highest inhibition zone (9 mm) against S. aureus comparable to the reference ampicillin. The presence of N = N, C = O, -OH, -OCH3 and halogens established strategic binding interactions with the receptor. The potential vanillin-azo as an antimicrobial drug was supported by in silico docking with penicillin-binding proteins and DFT (using Gaussian 09) with binding affinity −7.5 kcal/mol and energy gap (Egap) 3.77 eV, respectively. This study represents a significant advancement in drug discovery for effective antibiotics with excellent properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we introduced a nitrogen-alkali lignin-doped phenolic resin (N@ALnPR) to produce palladium nanoparticles through an in situ reduction of palladium in an aqueous phase, without the need for additional reagents or a reducing atmosphere. The phenolic resin nanospheres and the resulting palladium nanoparticles were extensively characterized. Alkali lignin created a highly conducive environment for nitrogen incorporation, dispersion, reduction, and stabilization of palladium, leading to a distinct catalytic performance of palladium nanoparticles in vanillin hydrodeoxygenation. Under specific conditions of 1 mmol of vanillin, 40 mg of catalyst, 1 MPa H2, 90 °C, and 3 h, the optimized Pd/N@AL30PR catalyst exhibited a nearly complete conversion of vanillin, 98.9% selectivity toward p-creosol, and good stability for multiple reuses. Consequently, an environmentally friendly lignin-based catalyst was developed and used for the efficient hydrodeoxygenation conversion of lignin-based platform compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infections caused by biofilm-forming bacteria have significantly linked to dental plaque and caries. The aim of this study is to assess efficacy of some natural compounds in inhibition and eradication of biofilm formed by bacterial isolates from dental infections. Results: Bacterial isolates were recovered from dental plaque/caries and identified using standard microbiological tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. The isolated bacterial strains include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method and revealed that the majority of isolates showed high antibiotic resistance, and 61% of isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. The biofilm formation capacity of isolates was investigated using microtiter plate assay. Among the 77 bacterial isolates, seventeen showed moderate biofilm formation capacity, twenty-two showed near-moderate, thirty-four had weak biofilm-forming capacity, and four were non-biofilm producers. The antibiofilm activity of tested compounds (rose and jasmine oils, propolis, vanillin, and vinegar) was evaluated against isolates with highest biofilm-forming capacity. The in vitro antibiofilm ability of tested substances were investigated alone or in combination with each other to evaluate their ability to prevent biofilm formation or destroy preformed single-/multispecies biofilms. Finally, antibiofilm ability of tested combination was evaluated ex vivo on natural teeth. Our results showed that vanillin in combination with rose or jasmine oils showed promising biofilm inhibition and biofilm eradication activities in both the in vitro and ex vivo models. Conclusions: Dental plaque and caries can be successfully prevented using combination of vanillin with rose or jasmine oils, and these compounds can be incorporated in new anticaries dental formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and selective fluorescence sensors based on katiragum dialdehyde‐ amino acid Schiff's base is developed for fluorometric sensing to detect vanillin, Cu2+ ions and 4‐nitrophenol (4NP) in their aqueous solution. Two Schiff bases namely katiragum dialdehyde‐ arginine (KGDR) and katiragum dialdehyde‐ tryptophan (KGDT) are developed in the author's laboratory between which KGDR can detect vanillin with a detection limit of 60.29 nM whereas KGDT can detect both Cu2+ ion and 4NP with a detection limit of 72.6 nM and 97.83 nM respectively. KGDR and KGDT show significant quantum yields of 0.47 % and 0.25 % compared to a standard known substance fluorescein (0.97 %). The detection limit of vanillin, Cu2+ ions and 4NP are lower than other reported sensors. The developed Schiff base KGDR and KGDT show excellent recovery percentage and relative standard deviation (RSD) values in real sample analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promising CeO2‐Co3O4 (9 : 1 mole ratio based on oxides) non‐noble metal based mixed oxide catalyst was explored for selective oxidation of vanillyl alcohol with molecular oxygen to produce vanillin under atmosphere pressure. In particular, to enhance its efficiency, this catalyst was prepared by adopting different preparation methods namely, template assisted, coprecipitation with and without surfactant, wet‐impregnation, and solution combustion. The prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, Raman, BET surface area, ICP‐OES, FE‐SEM, HR‐TEM, H2‐TPR, and XPS. Among various catalysts investigated, the template assisted synthesized catalyst exhibited superior activity (100 % conversion and selectivity) and high stability. The better activity of this catalyst was found to be due to reduced crystallite size, high specific surface area (92 m2/g), more surface oxygen, and improved redox behaviour as confirmed from XRD, BET surface area, XPS, and H2‐TPR analysis, respectively. The stability of the catalyst was tested by reusability test and was observed that there is not much decrease in the catalytic activity up to five cycles. Further, the catalytic activity was optimized by varying the reaction parameters such as time, solvent, temperature, and catalyst weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condensation reactions of 4,4′-(ethane-1,2-diylbis (oxy)) bis(3-methoxybenzaldehyde) (VV) with cystamine, 1,6-hexamenthylene diamine, and a dimer diamine (PriamineTM 1075) produced three types of vanillin-derived imine-and disulfide-containing diamines (VC, VH, and VD, respectively). Thermal curing reactions of polyglycerol polyglycidyl ether with VD and mixtures of VC/VD and VH/VD produced bio-based epoxy vitrimers (BEV-VD, BEV-VC/VD, and BEV-VH/VD, respectively). The degree of swelling and gel fraction tests revealed the formation of a network structure, and the crosslinking density increased with a decreasing VD fraction. The glass transition temperature, tensile strength, and tensile modulus of the cured films increased as the VD fraction decreased. In contrast, the thermal degradation temperature of the cured films increased as the VD fraction increased. All the cured films were healed by hot pressing at 120 °C for 2 h under 1 MPa at least three times. The healing efficiencies, based on tensile strength after the first healing treatment, were 75–78%, which gradually decreased as the healing cycle was repeated. When imine-and disulfide-containing BEV-VC/VD and imine-containing BEV-VH/VD with the same VC/VD and VH/VD ratios were used, the former exhibited a slightly higher healing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Successful construction of Pd/WO 3-x heterostructures. • Strong photoabsorption and high photothermal efficiency. • Efficient interfacial charge transfer and utilization of hot carriers. • High reactivity and selectivity for hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin under sunlight. The selective hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of sustainable lignocellulosic biomass plays a pivotal role in the conversion of biomass into high-value fuels and chemicals. Nevertheless, HDO for biomass upgrading always demands high temperatures and high hydrogen (H 2) pressure. Photothermal catalysis has been recognized as an effective approach for boosting chemical reactions under mild conditions while maintaining superior selectivity. Herein, we report the design of palladium-decorated defective tungsten oxide (Pd/WO 3-x) catalysts with enhanced photothermal catalytic performances for the efficient HDO of vanillin. Pd/WO 3-x nanoflowers have been synthesized through a solvothermal/ in-situ reduction two-step strategy, and they exhibit notable photoabsorption in a wide range (200–1100 nm), high photothermal conversion and efficient charge separation efficiency. Under simulated sunlight irradiation (0.3 W cm−2), Pd/WO 3-x exhibits a maximum vanillin conversion up to 86.8 % with a 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (MMP) selectivity of 100 %, which is obviously higher than that (vanillin conversion = 33.1 %, MMP selectivity = 100 %) in the oil bath at the same temperature. Such higher conversion efficiency and selectivity under sunlight should result from the synergistic integration of hot electrons and photothermal heating, both of which are derived from localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in WO 3-x. Importantly, Pd/WO 3-x catalyst demonstrates good stability and high selectivity to MMP even after 5 cycles. This work may offer a novel viewpoint on the advancement of photothermal catalysts and the realization of photothermal catalytic biomass conversion under mild conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanillin is often used in food and medicine because of its unique flavor and pharmacological effects. However, excessive vanillin intake can harm human health; therefore, rapid and simple vanillin detection methods are required. In this study, porphyrin‐based conjugated microporous polymer‐grafted graphene (CMP‐rGO) was synthesized via the Sonogashira–Hagihara coupling reaction and assembled into an electrochemical sensor for vanillin detection. Due to the enhanced electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic characteristics of CMP‐rGO, the sensor demonstrated a low detection limit of 0.07 μM and a broad response range of 0.08–20 μM. Furthermore, this reusable sensor exhibited acceptable recoveries when evaluating vanillin in pharmaceuticals and human serum. This study offers technological assistance for the rapid detection of vanillin in pharmaceuticals and broadens the application of CMP‐rGO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The nucleus pulposus (NP) degradation is a primary factor in intervertebral disk degeneration (IVD) and a major contributor to low back pain. Intervertebral disk-derived stem cell (IVDSC) therapy presents a promising solution, yet identifying suitable cell carriers for NP transplantation remains challenging. The present study investigates this issue by developing smart injectable hydrogels incorporating vanillin (V) and hyaluronic acid (HA) encapsulated with IVDSCs to facilitate IVD regeneration. Materials and methods: The hydrogel was cross linked by carbodiimide-succinimide (EDC-NHS) method. Enhanced mechanical properties were achieved by integrating collagen and HA into the hydrogel. The rheological analysis revealed the pre-gel viscoelastic and shear-thinning characteristics. Results: In vitro, cell viability was maintained up to 500 µg/mL, with a high proliferation rate observed over 14 days. The hydrogels supported multilineage differentiation, as confirmed by osteogenic and adipogenic induction. Anti-inflammatory effects were demonstrated by reduced cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) after 24 h of treatment. Gene expression studies indicated elevated levels of chondrocyte markers (Acan, Sox9, Col2). In vivo, hydrogel injection into the NP was monitored via X-ray imaging, showing a significant increase in disk height index (DHI%) after 8 weeks, alongside improved histologic scores. Biomechanical testing revealed that the hydrogel effectively mimicked NP properties, enhancing compressive stiffness and reducing neutral zone stiffness post-denucleation. Conclusion: The results suggest that the synthesized VCHA-NP hydrogel can be used as an alternative to NPs, offering a promising path for IVD regeneration. The of synthesis of hydrogel VCHA-NP for IVD, illustrated graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marrubium vulgareis a plant with high bioactive potential. The rich bioactive compounds of medicinal horehound, as well as their antioxidant activity have led to its wider application in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. The present work aimed to determine the phenolic compounds, total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity at vegetative and reproductive growth stages of Marrubium vulgare. The experiments were performed in Eram Garden with five replications and using SPSS software (v. 13) and Mann–Whitney U-Test at p ≤ 0.01. The total content of flavonoids and main phenolic compounds increased when plants collected at vegetative stage. On the other hand, the highest vanillin content was observed in full flowering stage. Overall, this study can provide useful information about the best harvest period for horehound to produce the desired compounds for use in the food, pharmaceutical, and plant industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanillin and ortho‐vanillin are the most important flavoring additives used in the food industry at a large scale. Herein, the aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) behavior of commercially available 3‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthohydrazide (3HN) was explored and applied for the detection of vanillin and ortho‐vanillin. The weakly fluorescent 3HN in DMSO showed fluorescence enhancement at 500 nm with the increase in HEPES or PBS buffer (pH 7.4) fractions in DMSO. The 3HN in DMSO containing 30% HEPES buffer is used as Probe 1 for the selective detection of ortho‐vanillin. Probe 1 showed a new fluorescence emission at 415 nm for ortho‐vanillin without altering the probe emission at 500 nm. With high specificity, Probe 1 can detect ortho‐vanillin down to 0.3 μM. In contrast, 3HN in DMSO containing 20% PBS buffer is used as Probe 2 for the selective turn‐off detection of vanillin. The green fluorescence emission of Probe 2 at 500 nm is selectively quenched by vanillin with a detection limit of 0.8 μM. Finally, the analytical novelty of the developed probes was examined by quantifying ortho‐vanillin and vanillin in spiked food samples with good recovery percentages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schiff bases of existing antimicrobial drugs are an area, which is still to be comprehensively explored to improve drug efficiency against consistently resisting bacterial species. In this study, we have targeted a new and eco-friendly method of condensation reaction that allows the "green synthesis" as well as improved biological efficacy. The transition metal complexes of cefpodoxime with well-enhanced biological activities were synthesized. The condensation reaction product of cefpodoxime and vanillin was further reacted with suitable metal salts of [Mn (II), Cu (II), Fe (II), Zn (II), and Ni (II)] with 1:2 molar ratio (metal: ligand). The characterization of all the products were carried out by using UV–Visible, elemental analyzer, FTIR, 1H-NMR, ICP-OES, and LC–MS. Electronic data obtained by UV–Visible proved the octahedral geometry of metal complexes. The biological activities Schiff base ligand and its transition metal complexes were tested by using in-vitro anti-bacterial analysis against various Gram-negative, as well as Gram-positive bacterial strains. Proteinase and protein denaturation inhibition assays were utilized to evaluate the products in-vitro anti-inflammatory activities. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the ligand and its complexes was evaluated by utilizing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in-vitro method. The final results proved metal complexes to be more effective against bacterial microorganisms as compared to respective parent drug as well as their free ligands. Patch Dock, a molecular docking tool, was used to dock complexes 1a-5e with the crystal structure of GlcN-6-P synthase (ID: 1MOQ). According to the docking results, complex 2b exhibited a highest score (8,882; ACE = –580.43 kcal/mol) that is well correlated with a high inhibition as compared to other complexes which corresponds to the antibacterial screening outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite tremendous advancements in icephobic coating technology, icephobic efficacy frequently declines or completely disappears in low temperatures, high humidity, and dynamic environments. Here, a hyperbranched vanillin‐based composite coating with efficient icephobic properties (HVIC) is prepared by combining vanillin‐based phosphazene compounds with oil‐stored SiO2 through imine bonds‐ HVIC exhibits excellent hydrophobicity, with a water sliding angle of 9°. This coating's exceptional slippery performance imparts outstanding non‐adhesive, self‐cleaning characteristics, and deicing properties (τice: 8.2 kPa). It is noteworthy that HVIC performs exceptional anti‐icing and anti‐frosting in low‐temperature and high humidity environments. Compared with superhydrophobic coatings (SHC), the icing delay time of HVIC is 9.1 times that of SHC, and the frosting time is extended by roughly 300%. Most importantly, the HVIC‐treated propeller experienced two ice‐shedding events during the 200s dynamic icing test, while SHC completely lost its icephobic performance. This excellent dynamic icephobic performance can ensure the normal operation of the equipment while reducing energy consumption. The HVIC also exhibits significant UV shielding, antibacterial, flame retardant, self‐healing, and recyclability properties. The HVIC is regarded as having significant potential for application due to its easy and scalable approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the partition of phenolic compounds, namely caffeic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, and vanillin, in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) formed by acetonitrile and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride ([Ch]Cl) and carbohydrates (sucrose, d-glucose, d-mannose, arabinose, and d-xylose). The binodal curves built at 25 °C and 0.1 MPa using DES were compared with ATPS composed of [Ch]Cl and the same carbohydrates. The ability to form ATPS depends on the number and kind of hydroxyl groups in DES's hydrogen-bond donor compound (carbohydrates). ATPS based on DES showed biphasic regions larger than the systems based on [Ch]Cl and carbohydrates alone due to the larger hydrophilicity of DES. The ATPS were used to study the partition of the phenolic compounds. For all the systems, the biomolecules preferentially partitioned to the acetonitrile-rich phase (K > 1), and the best recovery in the top phase ranged between 53.36% (caffeic acid) and 90.09% (vanillin). According to the remarkable results, DES-based ATPS can selectively separate ferulic acid and vanillin for the top phase and syringic, caffeic, and vanillic acids for the bottom phase, achieving a selectivity higher than two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To make pyrolytic bio‐oil useful as a transportation fuel, the oxygen content must be reduced, and this can be carried out by using catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction. The greatest challenge is associated with the removal of strongly bound oxygenated groups without saturating the aromatic ring while preserving the number of carbons. However, the development of a stable catalyst that can selectively remove such oxygenated groups with low hydrogen consumption is still challenging. In this context, a systematic study on HDO of vanillin on bimetallic Pd−Pt catalysts was carried out. It aims to study the effect of bimetallic synergy in terms of activity and selectivity to creosol. Metallic nanoparticles of Pd and Pt were synthesized by sol immobilization technique and deposited on TiO2. The conversion of vanillin was correlated to the Pd−Pt atomic ratio, while the production of the creosol was correlated to the Pd(0)/(Pd+Pt) ratio at the surface. Full conversion of vanillin was obtained at low reaction temperature (20 °C) achieving nearly 100 % selectivity to creosol. These results represent a step forward in advancing the development of more efficient and sustainable processes for bio‐oil upgrading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni(II) metal complex of Schiff base (SB) ligand 2-methoxy-4-[(4-nitrophenyl) iminomethyl]phenol (MNIMP); derived from vanillin and 4-nitroanilline was synthesized in 1:2 M:L by refluxing solution containing metal salt (NiCl2.6H2O, 97.0%) and SB in ethanol and characterized based on powder (XRD), NMR, FT-IR, UVVis spectrophotometer, and physicochemical measurements. The FT-IR spectra revealed that the complex is coordinated through azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen of the bi-dentate ligands. The chemical shift d = 9.8 ppm in 1H-NMR of SB; corresponds to the azomethine proton of the ligand suggesting the presence of -C=N- linkage and 13C-NMR confirms the presence of 14C in the ligand and the complex. The shift to a lower wavelength of UVVis spectra of the complex compared to the ligand signifying complex formation. The powder (XRD) pattern put forward the crystalline phase of the complex through nickel(II) occupying the center of octahedron geometry. The higher molar conductance value of the complex confirms its electrolytic nature. In-vitro antibacterial activities for synthesized compounds have been evaluated towards human pathogenic microbes Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and compared with standard, gentamicin. The result demonstrated that Ni(II) complex; [Ni (MNIMP)2(H2O)2]Cl2 has greater zone of inhibition against the tested organism than free MNIMP ligand as antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binary terpenoid-based eutectic systems consisting of the natural substances camphene (CA), fenchol (FE), thymol (TH), menthol (ME), dodecanoic acid (DA), and 1-dodecanol (DO) are synthesized and screened for their Solid–Liquid Equilibrium (SLE) and eutectic compositions. Out of nine eutectic systems, 13 solvent compositions at eutectic points and next to them, in addition to the reference solvent, TH:ME, are synthesized and applied for the solvent extraction of the aromatic aldehydes vanillin (VAN), syringaldehyde (SYR), and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HYD) from an acidic aqueous model solution. The extraction efficiency is determined from aldehyde concentrations measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), taking into consideration mutual solubility measured by Karl Fischer titration (KF) and a Total Organic Carbon-analysis (TOC). Physicochemical properties, such as the density, viscosity, and stability of the solvents, are evaluated and discussed. Additionally, 1H-NMR measurements are performed to verify hydrogen bonding present in some of the solvents. The results show that all synthesized eutectic systems have a strong hydrophobic character with a maximum water saturation of ≤2.21 vol.% and solvent losses of ≤0.12 vol.% per extraction step. The hydrophobic eutectic solvents based on CA exhibit lower viscosities, lower mutual solubility, and lower extraction efficiency for the aromatic aldehydes when compared with FE-based solvents. The highest extraction efficiencies for VAN (>95%) and for SYR (>93%) at an extraction efficiency of 92.61% for HYD are achieved by the reference solvent TH:ME (50:50 mol.%). With an extraction efficiency of 93.08%, HYD is most preferably extracted by the FE–DO-solvent (80:20 mol.%), where the extraction efficiencies for VAN and SYR reach their maximum at 93.37% and 90.75%, respectively. The drawbacks of the high viscosities of 34.741 mPas of the TH:ME solvent and 31.801 mPas of the FE–DO solvent can be overcome by the CA–TH solvent, which has a viscosity of 3.436 mPas, while exhibiting extraction efficiencies of 71.92% for HYD, >95% for VAN, and >93% for SYR, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine actinobacterial isolates were purified from the sediment sample of Kogilvai village, Warangal, Telangana, based on their capability to grow on the minimal medium with Ferulic acid (FA) as only Carbon (C) source. FA to Vanillin conversion capacity of these isolates was identified by Thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Biotransformation of FA to Vanillin was high by four isolates, S1, S3, O3 and O4 when compared to other five isolates (O1, O2, S2, S4 and S5) with initial pH 7 in basal medium. Among these four isolates, optimal and rapid FA to Vanillin bioconversion of 140 mg/L was shown by isolate S1 with UV-spectrophotometry. Its conversion was confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis with retention time of 2.9 min after 28hrs of incubation at 37°C with 1g/L ferulic acid in the medium with 150 rpm. Isolate S1 could utilize Lactose, Maltose, Glycerol, Fructose, Galactose, Sucrose, Dextrose, L-Arabinose, ONPG, Esculin and not other carbohydrates present in the Himedia Hicarbo kit. Molecular characterization showed that 16S rDNA gene sequence of isolate S1 was 98.27% similar to Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT 562 with completeness of 96.7% and was identified as Limosilactobacillus sp. 16S rDNA gene sequence of isolate S1 was submitted to NCBI GenBank and its accession number was OR136396. As this isolate has high potential of FA to Vanillin biotransformation capacity, it can be further explored to be used for industrial setups for commercial exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixtures of polyglycerol polyglycidyl ether (PGPE) and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) with different molar ratios were cured with imine-containing phenolic hardeners prepared by the reactions of vanillin with ethylene glycol bis(3-aminopropyl) ether, diethylene glycol bis(3-aminopropyl) ether, and a polyetheramine (JEFFAMINE® ED-600) to produce bio-based epoxy cured products. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the cured products revealed that the curing reaction of the epoxy and phenolic hydroxy groups was almost complete. The cross-linking density, glass transition temperature, and mechanical strength of the cured products decreased with decreasing the PGPE/PEGDGE ratio and increasing the oligoalkyleneoxy chain length of the phenolic hardeners. All cured products were healed three times at 100 °C under 2 MPa for 2 h. The healing efficiency, in terms of tensile strength, increased with decreasing PGPE/PEGDGE ratio and increasing oligoalkyleneoxy chain length. The polyetheramine-based cured product with the lowest PGPE/PEGDGE ratio exhibited the highest healing efficiency (94–97%), which only slightly decreased following repeated healing treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two series of vanillin derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one scaffolds were prepared and evaluated for their antifungal activity. The results revealed that compounds 6j (29.73 μg/ml) and 7a (38.15 μg/ml) displayed excellent inhibitory activity against the spore of Fusarium solani. The inhibitory activity of compound 7d (10.53 μg/ml) against the spore of Alternaria solani was more than 42-fold that of vanillin. Compound 7a (37.54 μg/ml) showed better antifungal activity against the spore of B. cinerea than positive controls. The cytotoxicity assay confirmed that compounds 6k, 7a, and 7d showed good selectivity and less toxicity to normal mammalian cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diverse applications of azo compounds as reagents to bring about chemical synthesis is one of the fastest-growing areas of research. It is well known that the position of the substituents has an important role in the effect of the medicinal, dye industry, thermal, and optical properties of the compounds. In this work, we limit our studies to synthesizing two new diazo dye vanillin derivatives starting from aniline. Nitro aniline compounds 10 and 12 were prepared starting from aniline, and new nitro diazo vanillin derivatives were obtained 4 and 5. Through coupling reactions with vanillin 15 via diazonium salts, 4- hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-((2,4-dinitrophenyl)diazenyl)benzaldehyde 4 was obtained from 2,4-dinitroaniline 10, while 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-((2,4- 6,trinitrophenyl)diazenyl)benzaldehyde 5 resulted from 2,4,6- trinitroaniline 12. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods; UV-Vis., FTIR, MS, and 1HNMR and melting point determination. The results of the reactions gave good yields of all products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable resources based polymers provides a sustainable alternative to petroleum derived polymeric materials. As a part of our series on synthesis of vanillin based renewable polymers, we report the synthesis of poly(hydrovanilloin-furfural) [poly(HVL-Fur)] and poly(hydrovanilloin–5-hydromethylfurfural) [poly(HVL-5-HMF)]. Vanillin was dimerized to a mixtures of meso/DL-hydrovanilloins with 94% meso product by electrochemical reductive coupling in aqueous sodium hydroxide using lead electrodes in quantitative yield. Then sodium hydroxide catalyzed condensation of hydrovanilloin with furfural in water at 80°C for 72 h was used to synthesize poly(HVL-Fur) with Mw = 8600 g mol−1, PDI = 1.28 in 78% yield. Similarly, condensation of hydrovanilloin with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural at 80°C for 48 h produced poly(HVL-5-HMF) with Mw = 12,100 g mol−1, PDI = 1.27 in 68% yield. poly(HVL-Fur) and poly(HVL-5-HMF) showed similar Tg values of 59°C and 60°C, respectively; whereas melting behaviors are dissimilar with Tm 171°C–173°C and 148°C–182°C, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanilla planifolia is grown as a high-value orchid spice for its odor and savor attributes that increase due to the curing process associated with microbial colonization. This tends to influence the aromatic properties of vanilla. Hence, 11 Bacillus sp. strains were isolated from V. planifolia and identified with 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The liquid culture (1 mL of 107 CFU mL−1) of selected Bacillus vallismortis NR_104873.1:11-1518, Bacillus velezensis ZN-S10, and Bacillus tropicus KhEp-2 effectively fermented green-blanched vanilla pods kept at 10 °C during the sweating stage. GC-MS analysis showed that the methanol extract of non-coated, and B. vallismortis treated vanilla detected three (3) volatile compounds, whereas seven (7) components were obtained in B. tropicus and B. velezensis treatment. 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl was found in B. velezensis ZN-S10, B. tropicus KhEp-2, and B. vallismortis while it was not present in the control samples. This ketone compound suggested a Maillard reaction resulting in brown-increased aroma pods. Linoleic acid and Hexadecanoic acid ethyl esters were detected only in ZN-S10 strain-coated vanilla. A novel 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone was detected only in B. vallismortis-treated vanilla characterized as a new compound in V. planifolia which suggested that the new compound can be altered with the coating of bacteria in vanilla during fermentation. Thus, the Bacillus strains improved the volatile profile and exhibited a new aroma and flavor profile of vanilla owing to bacteria fermentation during the curing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A visible light-responsive magnetically separable photocatalyst Pd-g-C3N4-Vanillin@γ-Fe2O3-TiO2 is fabricated using vanillin as a natural junction under ultrasonic agitation. Structural, morphological, optical, thermal, and magnetic assessments of the as-prepared catalyst are carried out. The photocatalyst successfully drives the simultaneous benzimidazole formation, and olefin hydrogenation with high atom economy under blue LED light and mild conditions. The photocatalytic activity of Pd-g-C3N4-Vanillin@γ-Fe2O3-TiO2 is significantly affected by the γ-Fe2O3:TiO2 weight ratio. PL spectra revealed the effective separation of carriers in the fabricated catalyst promoting its photocatalytic activity. The action spectra using the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) exhibited the maximum AQEs at 520 and 750 nm in which the highest performance for styrene hydrogenation is observed. The title magnetically separable heterogeneous photocatalyst provides high yields of products under perfectly safe visible light, produces low/zero waste, and avoids using an external high-pressure hydrogen gas source, harmful solvents, undesirable additives, and reducing agents rendering green conditions for chemical reactions.

Abstract Background Infections caused by biofilm-forming bacteria have significantly linked to dental plaque and caries. The aim of this study is to assess efficacy of some natural compounds in inhibition and eradication of biofilm formed by bacterial isolates from dental infections. Results Bacterial isolates were recovered from dental plaque/caries and identified using standard microbiological tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. The isolated bacterial strains include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method and revealed that the majority of isolates showed high antibiotic resistance, and 61% of isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. The biofilm formation capacity of isolates was investigated using microtiter plate assay. Among the 77 bacterial isolates, seventeen showed moderate biofilm formation capacity, twenty-two showed near-moderate, thirty-four had weak biofilm-forming capacity, and four were non-biofilm producers. The antibiofilm activity of tested compounds (rose and jasmine oils, propolis, vanillin, and vinegar) was evaluated against isolates with highest biofilm-forming capacity. The in vitro antibiofilm ability of tested substances were investigated alone or in combination with each other to evaluate their ability to prevent biofilm formation or destroy preformed single-/multispecies biofilms. Finally, antibiofilm ability of tested combination was evaluated ex vivo on natural teeth. Our results showed that vanillin in combination with rose or jasmine oils showed promising biofilm inhibition and biofilm eradication activities in both the in vitro and ex vivo models. Conclusions Dental plaque and caries can be successfully prevented using combination of vanillin with rose or jasmine oils, and these compounds can be incorporated in new anticaries dental formulations.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for approximately 20% of all breast cancer cases and is characterized by a lack of estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor 2 receptors. Current targeted medicines have been unsuccessful due to this absence of hormone receptors. This study explored the efficacy of Tulbaghia violacea, a South African medicinal plant, for the treatment of TNBC metastasis. Extracts from T. violacea leaves were prepared using water and methanol. However, only the water-soluble extract showed anti-cancer activity and the effects of this water-soluble extract on cell adhesion, invasion, and migration, and its antioxidant activity were assessed using MCF-10A and MDA-MB-231 cells. The T. violacea extract that was soluble in water effectively decreased the movement and penetration of MDA-MB-231 cells through the basement membrane in scratch and invasion tests, while enhancing their attachment to a substance resembling an extracellular matrix. The sample showed mild-to-low antioxidant activity in the antioxidant assy. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed 61 chemical components in the water-soluble extract, including DDMP, 1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione, vanillin, schisandrin, taurolidine, and α-pinene, which are known to have anti-cancer properties. An in-depth examination of the transcriptome showed alterations in genes linked to angiogenesis, metastasis, and proliferation post-treatment, with reduced activity in growth receptor signaling, angiogenesis, and cancer-related pathways, such as the Wnt, Notch, and PI3K pathways. These results indicate that T. violacea may be a beneficial source of lead chemicals for the development of potential therapeutic medicines that target TNBC metastasis. Additional studies are required to identify the precise bioactive chemical components responsible for the observed anti-cancer effects.

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) have become popular around the world. An important reason is the variety of available flavors. However, many countries have imposed restrictions on flavor substances in E-cigarettes due to their potential health risks. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective way to identify flavorings in E-cigarette liquids. In this work, direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in the quick strip (QS) mode was developed and applied to determine flavorings in the E-cigarettes. Vanillin, ethyl vanillin, maltol, and ethyl maltol were quantified. Meanwhile, the ionization efficiency of flavorings in the different solvents was compared in the QS mode, which revealed that the solvent boiling point was related to the analyte ionization efficiency. The effect of endogenous matrix (propylene glycol and glycerol) on flavoring ionization was also investigated. Calibration curves with satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.99) were established from 1 to 1000 μg L−1. Good sensitivity (limits of detection [LODs] < 0.3 μg L−1), recoveries (92.6% to 104.7%), and acceptable repeatability (relative standard deviations < 14.6%, n = 5) were obtained. The limits of quantification (LOQs; 10–50 μg g−1) for the E-cigarette liquid sample were much lower than the regulatory limits. The developed method provided a simple way for rapidly determining flavorings in E-cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel electroanalytical platform for the sensitive quantification of vanillin, an essential flavouring substance widely utilized in various industries, is presented. The design of the platform involves the modification of a glassy carbon paste electrode (GCPE) with copper nanoparticles decorated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The developed copper nanoparticlesdecMWCNTs/GCPE modified electrode exhibited a wide linear range (2.5–320 nM) with a detection limit of 0.7 nM. Interference tests confirmed the selectivity of the electrode in determining vanillin in complex matrices. The analysis of commercial samples of vanillin demonstrated its accuracy, yielding 92–103% recovery for vanillin content in commercial products. Furthermore, the electrode′s performance was validated through a comprehensive comparison of the electrochemical method with a well‐established high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The congruence between the electrochemical measurements and the HPLC data highlights its accuracy and shows its potential as a reliable alternative for vanillin quantification. The electrode′s exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy position it as a valuable analytical method in various applications, including food quality assessment and other industries requiring rapid and precise analytical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing recyclable and self-healing non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) from renewable resources to replace traditional petroleum-based polyurethane (PU) is crucial for advancing green chemistry and sustainable development. Herein, a series of innovative cross-linked Poly(hydroxyurethane-urea)s (PHUUs) were prepared using renewable carbon dioxide (CO2) and vanillin, which displayed excellent thermal stability properties and solvent resistance. These PHUUs were constructed through the introduction of reversible hydrogen and imine bonds into cross-linked polymer networks, resulting in the cross-linked PHUUs exhibiting thermoplastic-like reprocessability, self healing, and closed-loop recyclability. Notably, the results indicated that the VL-TTD*-50 with remarkable hot-pressed remolding efficiency (nearly 98.0%) and self-healing efficiency (exceeding 95.0%) of tensile strength at 60 °C. Furthermore, they can be degraded in the 1M HCl and THF (v:v = 2:8) solution at room temperature, followed by regeneration without altering their original chemical structure and mechanical properties. This study presents a novel strategy for preparing cross-linked PHUUs with self-healing and closed-loop recyclability from renewable resources as sustainable alternatives for traditional petroleum-based PUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein engineering is crucial to improve enzymes' efficiency and robustness for industrial biocatalysis. NOV1 is a bacterial dioxygenase that holds biotechnological potential by catalyzing the one-step oxidation of the lignin-derived isoeugenol into vanillin, a popular flavoring agent used in food, cleaning products, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. This study aims to enhance NOV1 activity and operational stability through the identification of distal hotspots, located at more than 9 Å from the active site using Zymspot, a tool that predicts advantageous distant mutations, streamlining protein engineering. A total of 41 variants were constructed using site-directed mutagenesis and the six most active enzyme variants were then recombined. Two variants, with two and three mutations, showed nearly a 10-fold increase in activity and up to 40-fold higher operational stability than the wild-type. Furthermore, these variants show 90–100 % immobilization efficiency in metal affinity resins, compared to approximately 60 % for the wild-type. In bioconversions where 50 mM of isoeugenol was added stepwise over 24-h cycles, the 1D2 variant produced approximately 144 mM of vanillin after six reaction cycles, corresponding to around 22 mg, indicating a 35 % molar conversion yield. This output was around 2.5 times higher than that obtained using the wild-type. Our findings highlight the efficacy of distal protein engineering in enhancing enzyme functions like activity, stability, and metal binding selectivity, thereby fulfilling the criteria for industrial biocatalysts. This study provides a novel approach to enzyme optimization that could have significant implications for various biotechnological applications. [Display omitted] • NOV1 catalyzes the one-step coenzyme-free formation of vanillin from isoeugenol. • Computational tools predicted beneficial mutations distal from active site. • Distal mutations significantly enhance NOV1 activity and stability properties. • Distal mutations improved immobilization efficiency in metal affinity resins. • Our study emphasizes distal interactions' role in enhancing enzymatic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion-inhibiting effect of vanillin molecule (VAN) and its protonated ( VANH + ) and deprotonated ( VAND - ) forms was investigated to evaluate the relationship between molecule structures and their associated efficiencies using density functional theory (DFT). The primary objective is to establish a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between molecular structures and their corrosion-inhibiting efficiencies. Global and local reactivity descriptors based on conceptual density functional theory (DFT), including the highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO), energy gap (ΔEgap), global hardness (η), global softness (σ), global electrophilicity (ω), electro-donating power ( ω - ), electro-accepting power ( ω + ), and Hirshfeld Fukui indices, have been investigated. The central aim of the present study is to elucidate the adsorption mechanism and provide a clear understanding of how these inhibitors interact with the Al(111) surface under different conditions. Molecular dynamics simulations in solid-state physics were employed to explore the adsorption mechanism of inhibitors in their neutral, protonated, and deprotonated species onto the Al(111) surface. The predicted adsorption suggests that the studied inhibitors for both parallel and perpendicular orientations decrease in the order VAND - > VAN > VANH + . The VAN molecule can adsorb on the Al(111) surface in various orientations, both parallel and perpendicular, as well as using different sides of the molecule. The parallel adsorption of VAN and VAND - inhibitors on the Al(111) surface occurs primarily due to the creation of an Al‒O bond, while the VANH + form adheres to the Al(111) surface through the formation of an Al‒C bond. Furthermore, the adsorption of the neutral VAN on the Al(111) surface is not only via the oxygen atom but also through the carbon C7 atom of the carbonyl group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Ayurvedic herbal medicines have grown more commercialized, it has become crucial to standardize these products using modern techniques. Mansyadi Kwatha is an Ayurvedic formulation indicated for insomnia, epilepsy, hysteria and anxiety. It consists of three potent drugs, i.e., Nardostachys jatamansi rhizome, Withania somnifera L. root and Hyoscyamus niger L. seed. In this study, a novel instrumental thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of atropine, rutin and vanillin. It was then employed for marker-based standardization of Mansyadi Kwatha for detection of these constituents and quantifying the same in the formulation. A pre-coated silica gel TLC plate 60 F254 was used as the stationary phase with tetrahydrofuran‒toluene‒methanol‒formic acid (5:3.5:2:0.5, V/V) as the mobile phase for chromatographic separation with densitometric scanning at 206 nm. The developed method gave the desired separation with optimum RF values of 0.090 ± 0.0039, 0.290 ± 0.0099 and 0.679 ± 0.0056 for atropine, rutin and vanillin, respectively. The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q2(R1) guidelines were followed for method validation. The method was found to be specific with comparable RF and no interference of the mobile phase. It showed a good linear relation with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. The method was also precise, robust with percentage relative standard deviation less than 2% and accurate with percent recovery between 95‒105%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers' growing knowledge of healthy, environmentally friendly flavors and scents drives the demand for vanillin bioproduction. To save costs on nitrogen during the bioproduction of vanillin, this study investigated the feasibility of using corn steep as a substitute. Using the response surface methodology (RSM) model, the synergistic effects of three variables on vanillin yield were evaluated using Box–Behnken design (BBD). When corn steep liquid, ferulic acid concentration, and pH were 7.72 g/L, 2.33 g/L, and 9.34, respectively, the highest vanillin production of 386 mg/L was achieved. The findings indicated that a maximum overall desirability (D) of 1.0 and a significant (p < 0.05) quadratic model with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.995 can be used to establish ideal circumstances for the bioproduction of vanillin. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of using corn steep liquor as a low-cost nitrogen source in the medium formulation for the extraction and production of vanillin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the effect of ferulic acid and chitosan on cell suspension cultures of Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. The study analyzes and quantifies vanillin using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry following ferulic acid and chitosan treatments. It observes the biomass of suspension cultures and accumulation of vanillin, callus development on murashige and skoog (MS) medium containing Picloram and benzylaminopurine (BAP), and cell suspension cultures created on MS medium.

The article presents a comparative analysis of different species of Sariva plants using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) profiling and antioxidant activity. It examines vanillin contents in the Sariva species Hemidesmus indicus, Decalepsis hamiltonii, Ichnocarpus frutescence and Cryptolepsi buchananii. It assesses the antioxidant ability of Sariva drugs using free radical scavenging assays and suggests the potential of vanillin to prevent oxidative stress-related diseases.

In this study, the vanilla extract was hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase and the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were investigated, in order to explore the enzymatic fragrance production process of vanilla extract. The vanilla extract was prepared by Soxhlet extraction method using ethanol as extraction solvent. On the basis of single factor experiments, the enzymatic fragrance production process was optimized using orthogonal experiment, and the vanillin contents were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the optimal enzymatic fragrance production conditions were determined as follows: enzyme amount of 62.5 U/g, hydrolysis temperature of 35 °C, hydrolysis time of 26 h, and material-liquid ratio of 1:8 (g/mL). Under these conditions, the vanillin content in the extract was the highest. These results indicate that the enzymatic process can significantly increase vanillin content in vanilla extract, which has the potential values of production and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain in adults with an overall prevalence of 0.85% in the adult population of the US, affecting over 2 million adults annually. Most current treatment modalities are not supported by sufficient evidence to recommend one particular strategy over another. Topical application of analgesics for soft tissue pain is well established, however the plantar fascia presents challenges in this regard due to thick skin, fibrotic tissue, and an often thickened fat pad. Sixty-two patients with plantar fasciitis were randomized to a placebo controlled trial testing the efficacy of a topical solution of plant terpenes containing camphor, menthol, eugenol, eucalyptol, and vanillin. Skin permeation of the mixture was enhanced with 15% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 1% limonene, and rosemary oil. One ml of solution was applied topically twice daily, and pain scores evaluated on Day 0, Day 1, Day 3, and Day 10. Using the validated foot function index 78.1% of patients reported an 85% or greater decrease in their total pain score by day 10 while placebo treatment was without effect (One Way ANOVA, P < 0.01). This study adapts the treatment modality of topical analgesia for soft tissue pain to a problematic area of the body and shows therapeutic promise. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05467631 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the flavoring effect of milk-flavored gel filter rod in cigarettes, a GC-MS analytical method was established, the pretreatment conditions were optimized, and the transfer rates of the characteristic components in milk-flavored gel filter rod cigarettes were investigated. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions: anhydrous ethanol was used as the solvent, the extraction volume was 10 mL, and the ultrasonic extraction time was 60 min; the sample adding recovery rates of five characteristic components (vanillin, ethyl vanillin, veratraldehyde, anisyl alcohol, anisyl acetate) in the milk-flavored gel filter rod were 94.1%-104.1%, and the detection limits were 0.118.23 µg/mL, with a quantification limit of 0.25-27.42 µg/mL. The transfer rates of the five characteristic components were divided into three gradients. The transfer rates of vanillin and ethyl vanillin to the mainstream flue gas particulate matter were higher, at 8.44% and 8.14%, respectively, followed by anisyl alcohol (5.42%) and anisyl acetate (4.35%), the transfer rate of veratraldehyde was the lowest, at 2.44%. The filter tip retention rate of the five characteristic components was 85.31%-90.37%, indicating that most of the characteristic components were trapped in the filter tip under the gel flavoring mode. The vanillin content in the filter tip and the transfer rate of vanillin in the mainstream smoke particles decreased rapidly 180 days before being placed in the natural environment, and showed a gradual decline trend 180-360 days after being produced, indicating that 180 days after being produced was the best time for smoking milk-flavored gel filter rod cigarettes. Under the condition of constant temperature and humidity, the vanillin content in the filter tip and the transfer rate of vanillin in the particulate matter of mainstream smoke were higher than those in the natural ventilation environment, indicating that milk-flavored gel filter rod cigarettes were best stored in the environment with relatively constant temperature and humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work includes the synthesis of new pyrazoline derivatives 6-20 over two steps. The first step included a condensation between vanillin and various aromatic ketones (acetophenone, p-nitroacetophenone, p-chloroacetophenone, pbromoacetophenone, and 2-acetylnaphthalene) to provide the corresponding chalcone derivatives 1-5 in high yields (up to 93%). The second step involved a reaction of 1- 5 with hydrazine hydrate, phenyl hydrazine, and p-nitrophenyl hydrazine, which gave the desired products 6-20 in yields ranging from 60 to 85%. The structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. A few of the produced compounds were tested for antibacterial and antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanillin is one of the most important flavoring agents worldwide. Currently, consumers' awareness and concern for biovanillin production has been increasing. This study aimed to screen the potential of clove rhizospheric bacteria isolates producing vanillin through a biotransformation process of eugenol and to conduct the preliminary optimization of the biotransformation condition. Twenty-eight bacteria isolates were screened for their capability to transform eugenol into vanillin. BKL 15 isolate, which was identified as Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus, was selected as the highest vanillin producer among the isolates. The optimum molar yield of vanillin produced by the selected isolate was 4.99% (1.11 g/L) after 168 hours of biotransformation process in the medium consisting of TSB (30 g/L), eugenol (24 g/L), yeast extract (20 g/L), and concentration of casamino acid (20 g/L). Throughout the publications we have read, this is the first report of L. xylanolyticus that produces vanillin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gambiered Guangdong gauze is the only silk fabric in the world that is dyed with plants. In its processing the silk fabric is repeatedly impregnated in Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour extract and exposed to the sun for dozens of times and then coated with the pollution-free river mud in Guangdong province. After full reaction the excessive river mud is washed away and dried. It takes four weeks to complete the production. Due to its pure handmade long production cycle and limited annual production in Guangdong the market price of gambiered Guangdong gauze is relatively high. At present the printing and dyeing process of synthetic dyes has appeared in the market to imitate gambiered Guangdong gauze in order to seek high profits which has caused unnecessary economic losses to ordinary consumers and employees. However there is a lack of objective and efficient methods of identifying Gambiered Guangdong gauze in the market. To identify the authenticity of Gambiered Guangdong gauze reduce the economic losses of consumers and practitioners and standardize the sales market of Gambiered Guangdong gauze three kinds of aromatic aldehydes including vanillin 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde and 4- dimethylamino cinnamaldehyde were used to formulate an identification reagent to identify Gambiered Guangdong gauze. Firstly the color change of the identification reagent was observed after its reaction with the Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour solution and the mechanism of the color reaction was investigated by UVabsorption spectrum and infrared spectrum. Subsequently based on the color and absorbance changes of the chromogenic reaction the optimum reaction conditions for the identification reagent were explored. Finally the reagent was added onto the surface of the authentic Gambiered Guangdong gauze the color change of the silk surface was observed and the K/ S of the silk surface was measured. In this paper the developed identification reagent was applied to the authentification identification of Gambiered Guangdong gauze. Combined with the color of silk surface and the change of K/ S the authenticity identification of Gambiered Guangdong gauze was realized. The experimental results indicated that after reacting with vanillin 4-methoxycinnamical and 4- dimethylamino cinnamaldehyde identification reagents the color of Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour pigment changed to pink magenta and black respectively. New peaks were generated in the UV-Vis at 500 nm 510 nm and 640 nm respectively. In the FTIR new absorption peaks were generated at 1 045 cm-1 and 1 428 cm-1 in vanillin group 2 857 cm-1 and 2 927 cm-1 in 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde group and 1 680 cm-1 in 4- dimethylamino cinnamaldehyde group and all three groups generated new absorption peaks near 1 724 cm-1 . The analysis of UV-Vis and FTIR of the reaction products showed that the phenolic condensation reaction occurred between aromatic aldehyde identification reagents and Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour pigment which changed the color structure of the pigment. The optimal reaction conditions for identification reagent are follows a mass fraction of 0. 2% a pH value of 1. 4 a reaction temperature of 40 ℃ and a reaction time of 10 minutes. Based on the optimal reaction conditions the identification reagent was added to the surface of the authentic Gambiered Guangdong gauze the color of the authentic silk surface was darker and the K/ S increased from 5. 13 to 6. 68. The color of the genuine Gambiered Guangdong gauze became lighter and the K/ S decreased from 6. 26 to 5. 33. The method of this article can be used to identify the authenticity of Gambiered Guangdong gauze by identifying the color changes after reacting with reagents which proves the validity of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanilla is one of the most widely used flavors in the food and beverage industry; however, it is thermally unstable and volatile. In this study, microparticles consisting of ternary complexes of vanillin/γ-cyclodextrin/dextran (V/C/D) were prepared, in which vanillin served as a crosslink between the γ-cyclodextrin and dextran. One end of vanillin was inserted into the interior of γ-cyclodextrin through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, while the other end was bound to dextran through hydrogen bonding. The encapsulation efficiency of vanillin in the microparticles increased from around 59 to 92% when the mass ratio of dextran in the complexes increased (V/C/D ratio ranging from 1:9:0 to 1:5:4). Moreover, the crystallization peak of vanillin disappeared in complexes with higher dextran contents. The dispersibility of vanillin in cold water (4 ℃) increased as the dextran content in the complexes increased, with the highest value being 15 mg/mL. Encapsulation of vanillin within the microparticles protected it from volatilization during storage, with more than 90% being retained after holding at 60 ℃ for a month, as well as increasing its resistance thermal processing. The release of vanillin during baking (200 ℃, 30 min) could be controlled by altering the composition of the microparticles. Our findings provide a novel strategy for improving the stability and controlling the release of aromas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to synthesize two different benzoxazines (Bz) monomers using bio-based and petroleum-based primary amines, respectively, and they have been compared to study their thermal and mechanical performances. Design/methodology/approach: A bio-based bisphenol, Divanillin (DiVa), was formed by reacting two moles of vanillin with one mole of ethylenediamine (EDA) which was then reacted firstly with paraformaldehyde and EDA to form the benzoxazine DiVa-EDA-Bz, and secondly with paraformaldehyde and furfuryl amine (FFA) to form the benzoxazine DiVa-FFA-Bz. The molecular structure and thermal properties of the benzoxazines were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H,13C) spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The benzoxazines were further coated on mild steel panels to evaluate their mechanical properties and chemical resistance. Findings: The DSC results of DiVa-FFA-Bz showed two exothermic peaks related to crosslinking compared to the one in DiVa-EDA-Bz. The DiVa-FFA-Bz also showed a higher heat of polymerization than DiVa-EDA-Bz. The TGA results showed that DiVa-FFA-Bz exhibited higher thermal stability with a residual char of 54.10% than 43.24% for DiVa-EDA-Bz. The chemical resistance test results showed that DiVa-FFA-Bz showed better chemical resistance and mechanical properties due to its higher crosslinking density. Originality/value: This study shows the use of bio-based materials, vanillin and FFA, for synthesizing a benzoxazine resin and its application at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of oak chips is one of the basic techniques for artificial aging of brandy, but its effect on mulberry brandy flavor is unknown. In this study, the effect of oak chips addition on the aging of mulberry brandy and the evolution of volatile compounds during the aging process were investigated using flavoromics techniques. The results showed that the 15 g/l oak chips had the highest ethyl acetate content and the highest sensory scores at 30 °C aging conditions, with the tannin and total phenol contents at 233.7 ± 6.4 mg/l and 15.83 ± 1.18 mg/l, respectively. Through Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and correlation analysis, 12 essential compounds during aging were identified, among which Ethyl acetate, Whiskey lactone, Furfural, and Vanillin also showed a positive correlation with aroma intensity, positively influencing the quality of mulberry brandy, resulting in a richer brandy flavor. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis and reference for the artificial aging technology of mulberry brandy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]