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The research was conducted to determine with the title “Effect of Different Levels of Tapioca (Manihot esculenta) as a Fat Replacer in low Fat Probiotic Ice Cream” to develop suitable technology for the preparation of fat replacer in low fat probiotic ice cream, to access the feasibility of using four levels (5, 10, 15 and 20%) of tapioca (Manihot esculenta) with 1, 2 and 3% of L. Casei. Total 12 treatment combination was used in this study as T1L1(5% Tapioca + 1% L. Casei), T1L2(5% Tapioca + 2%L. Casei), T1L3(5% Tapioca + 3% L. Casei), T2L1(10% Tapioca + 1% L. Casei), T2L2(10% Tapioca + 2% L. Casei), T2L3(10% Tapioca + 3% L. Casei), T3L1(15% Tapioca + 1% L. Casei), T3L2(15% Tapioca + 2% L. Casei), T3L3(15% Tapioca + 3% L. Casei), T4L1(20% Tapioca + 1% L. Casei), T4L2(20% Tapioca + 2% L. Casei) and T4L3(20% Tapioca + 3% L. Casei) and all were replicated 4 times. The highest average value of colour and appearance score was obtained in the treatment T1L3 5% Tapioca + 3% L. casei (8.72). The highest average value of body and texture score was obtained in the treatment T1L3 5% Tapioca + 3% L. casei (8.04). The highest average value of flavor and taste score was obtained in the treatment T1L3 5% Tapioca + 3% L. casei (8.00). The highest average value of overall acceptability score content was obtained in the treatment T1L3 5% Tapioca + 3% L. casei (8.12). the highest average value of melting score was obtained in the treatment T4L3 20% Tapioca + 3% L. casei (8.52). the highest average value of over run was obtained in the treatment T1L1 5% Tapioca + 1% L. casei (71.80).

The temperature-dependent thermal expansion coefficient of graphene is estimated for as-grown chemical vapor deposited graphene using temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy. For as-grown graphene on copper, the extent of thermal expansion mismatch between substrate and the graphene layer is significant across the entire measured temperature interval, T = 90-300 K. This mismatch induces lattice strain in graphene. However, graphene grown on copper substrates has a unique morphology in the form of quasi-periodic nanoripples. This crucially influences the profile of the strain in the graphene membrane, which is uniaxial. An estimate of the thermal expansion coefficient of grapheme α(T) is obtained after consideration of this strain profile and after incorporating temperature-dependent Grüneisen parameter corrections. The value of α(T), is found to be negative (average value, -3.75 × 10(-6) K(-1)) for the entire temperature range and it approaches close to zero for T 150 K. For graphene wet-transferred to three kinds of substrates: copper, poly-dimethylsiloxane, and SiO2/Si, the Raman shifts can largely be modeled with lattice expansion and anharmonic contributions, and the data suggests limited interfacial interaction with the substrate.