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Summary: Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving mechanical ventilation in India. Surveillance of VAP is essential to implement data-based preventive measures. Implementation of ventilator-associated events (VAE) criteria for surveillance has major constraints for low resource settings, which can lead to significant underreporting. Surveillance of VAP using common protocols in a large network of hospitals would give meaningful estimates of the burden of VAP in low resource settings. This study leverages a previously established healthcare-associated infections (HAI) surveillance network to develop and test a modified VAP definition adjusted for Indian settings. Methods: In this observational pilot study, thirteen hospitals from the existing HAI surveillance network were selected for developing and testing a modified VAP definition between February 2021 and April 2023. The criteria used for diagnosing VAP were adapted from the CDC’s Pediatric VAP definition and modified to cater to the needs of Indian hospitals. Designated nurses recorded each VAP event in a case report form (CRF) and also collected denominator data. The data was entered into an indigenously developed database for validation and analysis. At the time of data analysis, a questionnaire was sent to sites to get feedback on the performance of the modified VAP definitions. Findings: Out of 133,445 patient days and 40,533 ventilator days, 261 VAP events were recorded, with an overall VAP rate of 6.4 per 1000 ventilator days and a device utilization ratio (DUR) of 0.3. A total of 344 organisms were reported from the VAP events. Of these, Acinetobacter spp (29.6%, 102) was the most frequent, followed by Klebsiella spp (26.7%, 92). Isolates of Acinetobacter spp (98%) and Enterobacterales (85.5%) showed very high resistance against Carbapenem. Colistin resistance was observed in 6% of Enterobacterales and 3.2% of Acinetobacter spp. Interpretation: Data from this pilot study needs to validated in the larger Indian HAI surveillance network so that it can help in wider implementation of this protocol in order to assess its applicability p VAP across India. Funding: This work was supported by a grant received from the Indian Council of Medical Research (code I-1203).

Background: Urinary tract infections are not only one of the most common infections, but also one of the most common sources of bacteremia in both the general population and hospitalized patients. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for bacteremia caused by urinary tract infections. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective case control study conducted from October 2012 to July 2014in a tertiary care teaching hospital in southern India. Urinary tract infections were diagnosed based on the CDC criteria.Patients witha set of blood cultures and urine culture isolating same organism were grouped as cases while patients with urine culture alone isolating organism with sterile blood cultures were identified as controls. Results: Out of the 198 patientsin the study, 66 were cases while 132 were controls. E coli was the most organism isolated (81% of cases and 66% of controls). Risk factors for bacteremia based on univariate and multivariate analysis were diabetes mellitus with uncontrolled sugars (univariate: p=0.001; OR=5.250 [2.044-13.582]; and multivariate: p=0.01; OR= 6.023 [1.52-23.51]) and pyelonephritis (univariate: p=0.001; OR=6.56 [2.87-1.48]; and multivariate: p=0.047; OR=4.95 [1.02-24.12]). Conclusion: Upper UTI and complicated UTI patients should be evaluated for bacteremia since prompt and targeted treatment may be required.

Melioidosis is a fatal infection caused by the soil saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei. Early diagnosis and befitting medical management can significantly influence the clinical outcomes among patients with melioidosis. Witnessing an annual increment in the number of melioidosis cases, over the past few years, mainly from the developing tropical nations, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic utility of Active Melioidosis DetectTMLateralFlow Assay (AMD-LFA), in comparison with enrichment culture and PCR. A total of 206clinical specimens obtained from 175 patients with clinical suspicion of melioidosis were considered for the evaluation. Positivity for B.pseudomallei using enrichment culture, PCR and AMD-LFA were observed among 63 (30.5%), 55 (26.6%) and 63 (30.5%) specimens respectively. The AMD-LFA failed to detect melioidosis from 9 culture-confirmed cases (6 whole blood specimens, 2 pus samples, and one synovial fluid). Further the test gave faint bands from 9 urine samples which were negative by culture and PCR. AMD-LFA demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity, of 85.71%(CI:74.61% to 93.25%) and 93.62% (CI:88.23% to 97.04%), with positive predictive value of 85.71% (CI: 75.98% to 91.92%) and negative predictive value of 93.62% (CI:88.89% to 96.42%). The test needs further evaluation in view of the faint bands from negative urine samples, for incorporating the test as a point of care assay.In view of its rapidity and ease of testing AMD-LFA might be useful in early diagnosis of melioidosis at resource constraint settings.

There is a slow but steady rise in the case detection rates of melioidosis from various parts of the Indian sub-continent in the past two decades. However, the epidemiology of the disease in India and the surrounding South Asian countries remains far from well elucidated. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) is a useful epidemiological tool to study the genetic relatedness of bacterial isolates both with-in and across the countries. With this background, we studied the molecular epidemiology of 32 Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates (31 clinical and 1 soil isolate) obtained during 2006-2015 from various parts of south India using multi-locus sequencing typing and analysis. Of the 32 isolates included in the analysis, 30 (93.7%) had novel allelic profiles that were not reported previously. Sequence type (ST) 1368 (n = 15, 46.8%) with allelic profile (1, 4, 6, 4, 1, 1, 3) was the most common genotype observed. We did not observe a genotypic association of STs with geographical location, type of infection and year of isolation in the present study. Measure of genetic differentiation (FST) between Indian and the rest of world isolates was 0.14413. Occurrence of the same ST across three adjacent states of south India suggest the dispersion of B.pseudomallei across the south western coastal part of India with limited geographical clustering. However, majority of the STs reported from the present study remained as "outliers" on the eBURST "Population snapshot", suggesting the genetic diversity of Indian isolates from the Australasian and Southeast Asian isolates.

Recently, there has been an increase in the incidence of cryptococcosis even among immunocompetent patients. We present a case of multiple subcutaneous swellings later developing into a non-healing ulcer caused by Cryptococcus in a 60 year-old immunocompetent male along with a brief review of clinical presentations of cutaneous cryptococcosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. A high index of suspicion is desired in view of possible dissemination and variable non-specific clinical presentations.

Background: The gut microbiota, comprising billions of microorganisms, plays a pivotal role in health and disease. This study aims to investigate the effect of sepsis on gut microbiome of neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit., Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried out in the NICU of tertiary care hospital in Karnataka, India, from January 2021 to September 2023. Preterm neonates with birth weight < 1500 g and gestational age < 37 weeks were recruited, excluding those with congenital gastrointestinal anomalies, necrotizing enterocolitis, or blood culture-negative infections. The study population was divided into three groups: healthy neonates (Group A), neonates with drug-sensitive GNB sepsis (Group B), and neonates with pan drug-resistant GNB sepsis (Group C). Stool samples were collected aseptically, snapped in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80⁰C for extraction of DNA and microbiome analysis., Results: The gut microbiota of healthy neonates (Group A) was dominated by Proteobacteria (24.04%), Actinobacteria (27.13%), Firmicutes (12.74%), and Bacteroidetes (3%). Predominant genera included Bifidobacterium (55.17%), Enterobacter (12.55%), Enterococcus (50.69%), Streptococcus (7.92%), and Bacteroides (3.58%).Groups B and C, the microbiota exhibited higher Proteobacteria abundance (57.16% and 66.58%, respectively) and reduced diversity of beneficial bacteria. Notably, the presence of sepsis was associated with an increase in pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in beneficial commensal bacteria., Conclusion: Neonates with sepsis exhibited significant gut microbiome dysbiosis, characterized by increased Proteobacteria and reduced beneficial bacteria diversity. These findings highlight the potential of microbiome profiling as a diagnostic tool and underscore the importance of gut microbiota modulation in managing neonatal sepsis., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background and Objectives: Candidaemia is a potentially life-threatening emergency in the intensive care units (ICUs). Surveillance using common protocols in a large network of hospitals would give meaningful estimates of the burden of candidaemia and central line associated candidaemia in low resource settings. We undertook this study to understand the burden and epidemiology of candidaemia in multiple ICUs of India, leveraging the previously established healthcare-associated infections (HAI) surveillance network. Our aim was also to assess the impact that the pandemic of COVID-19 had on the rates and associated mortality of candidaemia., Methods: This study included adult patients from 67 Indian ICUs in the AIIMS-HAI surveillance network that conducted BSI surveillance in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ICUs during and before the COVID-19 pandemic periods. Hospitals identified healthcare-associated candidaemia and central line associated candidaemia and reported clinical and microbiological data to the network as per established and previously published protocols., Results: A total of 401,601 patient days and 126,051 central line days were reported during the study period. A total of 377 events of candidaemia were recorded. The overall rate of candidaemia in our network was 0.93/1000 patient days. The rate of candidaemia in COVID-19 ICUs (2.52/1000 patient days) was significantly higher than in non-COVID-19 ICUs (1.05/patient days) during the pandemic period. The rate of central line associated candidaemia in COVID-19 ICUs (4.53/1000 central line days) was also significantly higher than in non-COVID-19 ICUs (1.73/1000 central line days) during the pandemic period. Mortality in COVID-19 ICUs associated with candidaemia (61%) was higher than that in non-COVID-19 ICUs (41%). A total of 435 Candida spp. were isolated. C. tropicalis (26.7%) was the most common species. C. auris accounted for 17.5% of all isolates and had a high mortality., Conclusion: Patients in ICUs with COVID-19 infections have a much higher risk of candidaemia, CLAC and its associated mortality. Network level data helps in understanding the true burden of candidaemia and will help in framing infection control policies for the country., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: Colistin is the last resort treatment against resistant Gram-negative bacteria, necessitating reliable and rapid means for sensitivity testing of colistin. Automated systems like VITEK®2 are adopted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) due to easy usage. Broth microdilution (BMD) for colistin MIC was suggested by EUCAST and CLSI., Objective: To compare and evaluate colistin MIC by BMD and VITEK®2 against Gram-negative organisms from the ICU in a tertiary care hospital., Method: Clinically significant organisms isolated from ICU patients were included. MIC was determined using BMD and VITEK®2. Very major error (VME), major error (ME), essential agreement (EA), categorical agreement (CA), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity, and specificity were analysed., Result: 533 isolates were obtained from blood (435,81.60%), respiratory samples (57,10.70%), pus and exudates (20,3.80%), urine (18,3.40%), and CSF (3,0.60%). The Enterobacterales were K. pneumoniae (185,34.70%) E. coli (73,13.70%) and E. cloacae (26,4.90%) while non-fermenters were A. baumannii (209,39.20%) and P. aeruginosa (40,7.50%). The VITEK®2 sensitivity was >99%; specificity ranged from 14.28 to 52.94%. PPV was 93.81% while NPV was 93.75%. VME ranged from 47 to 100% between isolates. ME was up to 20%. The highest VME was obtained in E. coli (100%). The total EA and CA observed were 68.5% and 99.79% respectively., Conclusion: Automated system VITEK®2 failed to detect the resistance in 32 (60%) isolates. The obtained VME and ME values were >3%, which is unacceptable as per the standard guidelines. EA of ≥90% wasn't obtained. Sensitivity for VITEK®2 was >99%, but had low specificity (14.28%). Hence, VITEK®2 is not reliable for colistin susceptibility testing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Dr. Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay reports financial support was provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose of Review: This article aims to review the epidemiology of nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) based on recent literature reports, particularly, of the less common, but with emerging clinical significance species., Recent Findings: The reported frequency of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasing, with very significant variability, however, between different countries. Apart from the major NFGNB, that is, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, already recognized as of critical importance healthcare risks, several other NFGNB genera have been increasingly associated with diverse severe infections, such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia spp., Elizabethkingia spp., Chryseobacterium spp., Achromobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Sphingomonas spp., Shewanella spp. and Ralstonia spp., among others., Summary: The exploration of the epidemiology, as well as the pathogenic potential of the of the less frequent, but emerging and increasingly reported NFGNB, is crucial, not only for immunocompromised patients, but also for critically ill patients without overt immunosuppression. As we are heading fast towards a postantibiotic era, such information would contribute to the optimal antimicrobial management, that is, providing prompt, appropriate antimicrobial coverage when needed and, at the same time, avoiding overuse and/or inappropriate use of antimicrobial therapy. Also, it would help to better understand their transmission dynamics and to develop effective prevention strategies., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Diphenyl ether derivatives inhibit mycobacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting an enzyme, enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA), which catalyses the last step in the fatty acid synthesis cycle of genus Mycobacterium. To select and validate a protein crystal structure of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for designing inhibitors using molecular modelling, a cross-docking and correlation study was performed. A series of novel 1-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-phenoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) ethan-1-ones were synthesized from this model and screened for their antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Compound PYN-8 showed good antitubercular activity on M. tuberculosis H37Rv (MIC = 4-7 µM) and Mycobacterium bovis (% inhibition at 10 µM = 95.91%). Cytotoxicity of all the synthesized derivatives was assessed using various cell lines, and they were found to be safe. Structure of PYN-8 was also confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecular modelling studies also corroborated the biological activity of the compounds. Further, in silico findings revealed that all these tested compounds exhibited good ADME properties and drug likeness and thus may be considered as potential candidates for further drug development.

The current global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has magnified the risk to healthcare providers when inititiating airway management, and safe tracheal intubation has become of paramount importance. Mitigation of risk to frontline providers requires airway management to be an orchestrated exercise based on training and purposeful simulation. Role allocation and closed-loop communication form the foundation of this exercise. We describe a methodical, 10-step approach from decision-making and meticulous drug and equipment choices to donning of personal protective equipment, and procedural concerns. This bundled approach will help reduce unplanned actions, which in turn may reduce the risk of aerosol transmission during airway management in resource-limited settings.

Introduction: Melioidosis, caused by the soil saprophyte B. pseudomallei, is a 'neglected' infectious disease in many Asian countries. It remained undiagnosed or misdiagnosed in India for long due to a lack of awareness and facilities to diagnose the disease; however, it is slowly gaining the status of an emerging disease recently. The disease is well known as a great mimicker, as the presentations are very similar to many other tropical diseases, and more importantly, to tuberculosis ., Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted from January 2016 - December 2018 to find the occurance of melioidosis  in patients with 'recurrent' tuberculosis infection in a tertiary health care hospital from southern India. All suspected cases of recurrent tuberculosis were simultaneously tested for the presence of B. pseudomallei, and basic demographics and clinical details were documented., Result: Among 11,138 patients admitted with suspected tuberculosis infection, 586 (5.2%) patients were confirmed. There was recurrent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in 11/586 (1.8%) cases, and 7/586 (1.2%) had growth of B. pseudomallei in culture. Patients with melioidosis had either pulmonary involvement, or bone and joint infections and deep abscesses.  Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus was the major risk factor., Conclusion: The study foreshadows the need for prompt and accurate microbiological diagnosis along with a high index of suspicion from the clinicians in countries which are endemic for both melioidosis and tuberculosis, thus ameliorating the irrational anti-tuberculosis treatment., Competing Interests: No Conflict of Interest is declared, (Copyright (c) 2020 Rahul Garg, Tushar Shaw, Kalwaje E Vandana, Rahul Magazine, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay.)

Aims: In this present study, the utility of a newly developed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and real-time PCR assays designed to amplify the virB gene region of Brucella melitensis was evaluated from human clinical specimens., Methods and Results: Fifty-four culture-confirmed cases of brucellosis and 54 culture negative but clinically suspected cases of brucellosis were included in the study. Whole blood, serum and other nonblood specimens were collected and subjected to blood culture using automatic blood culture system, serological tests, LAMP assay and real-time PCR. Overall sensitivities of LAMP and real-time PCR assays were 67·5 and 68·3% respectively. For nonblood clinical specimens, we noticed a marked increase in the sensitivities of LAMP (88·9%) and real-time PCR (100%) assays., Conclusions: Performance of LAMP and real-time PCR was not satisfactory for whole-blood specimens because of the low abundance of bacteria or DNA. On the other hand, using nonblood specimens, both the assays showed higher sensitivity and specificity which makes them a good alternative for the rapid diagnosis of human brucellosis., Significance and Impact of the Study: The developed LAMP and real-time PCR assays are a specific and rapid diagnostic tool for direct and early detection of Brucella in clinical specimens., (© 2019 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)

Introduction: Antimicrobial-resistant HAI (Healthcare associated infection) are a global challenge due to their impact on patient outcome. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programmes (AMSP) is needed at institutional and national levels. Assessment of core capacities for AMSP is an important starting point to initiate nationwide AMSP. We conducted an assessment of the core capacities for AMSP in a network of Indian hospitals, which are part of the Global Health Security Agenda-funded work on capacity building for AMR-HAIs., Subjects and Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's core assessment checklist was modified as per inputs received from the Indian network. The assessment tool was filled by twenty hospitals as a self-administered questionnaire. The results were entered into a database. The cumulative score for each question was generated as average percentage. The scores generated by the database were then used for analysis., Results and Conclusion: The hospitals included a mix of public and private sector hospitals. The network average of positive responses for leadership support was 45%, for accountability; the score was 53% and for key support for AMSP, 58%. Policies to support optimal antibiotic use were present in 59% of respondents, policies for procurement were present in 79% and broad interventions to improve antibiotic use were scored as 33%. A score of 52% was generated for prescription-specific interventions to improve antibiotic use. Written policies for antibiotic use for hospitalised patients and outpatients were present on an average in 72% and 48% conditions, respectively. Presence of process measures and outcome measures was scored at 40% and 49%, respectively, and feedback and education got a score of 53% and 40%, respectively. Thus, Indian hospitals can start with low-hanging fruits such as developing prescription policies, restricting the usage of high antibiotics, enforcing education and ultimately providing the much-needed leadership support., Competing Interests: None

Early identification and diagnosis of sepsis and septic shock is vitally important; despite appropriate management, mortality and morbidity rates remain high. For this reason, many biomarkers and screening systems have been investigated in accordance with the precision medicine concept. A narrative review was conducted to assess the role of mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) as a biomarker for sepsis and septic shock. Relevant studies were collected via an electronic PubMed, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library search. The review focused on both diagnosis and prognosis in patients with sepsis and septic shock and specifically in subpopulations of patients with sepsis and septic shock with burns or malignant tumors. No exclusion criteria regarding age, sex, intensive care unit admission, follow-up duration, or co morbidities were used so as to maximize sensitivity and due to lack of randomized controlled trials, opinion paper and reviews were also included in this review. A total of 22 studies, one opinion paper, and one review paper were investigated. MR-proADM levels were found to be useful in assessing patients' initial evolution and become even more useful during follow-up with increased area under curve values in the mortality prognosis by exceeding values of 0.8 in the data shown in several studies. These results also improve along with other biomarkers or severity scores and especially correlate with the organ failure degree. The results of this study indicate that MR-proADM is a good biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis and septic shock patients as well as for organ failure. Although several publications have discussed its role as a biomarker for pneumonia, its value as a biomarker for sepsis and septic shock should now be assessed in randomized controlled trials and more collaborative prospective studies with larger patient samples.

Melioidosis has recently gained importance as an emerging disease in India. Recurrent melioidosis has been reported from different parts of the world and can be due to relapse or reinfection. Distinction between relapse and reinfection is important for epidemiology, investigation and management. Here, we present the data regarding rate of recurrence and utility of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in differentiating relapse form reinfection amongst melioidosis patients from a tertiary care hospital in South India. Amongst the 31 patients who survived and underwent follow-up, 4 (13%) presented with recurrence. Three cases (75%) were identified as reinfection and one (25%) as relapse based on MLST. Re-exposure to environmental Burkholderia pseudomallei amongst patients with melioidosis in endemic areas is likely. In such a scenario, more often than not, recurrence of melioidosis can be attributed to reinfection.

Objective: Organophosphorus poisoning (OPP) is a major concern for developing countries. There are no guidelines for the prophylactic use of antibiotics in the management of OPP which in such critical cases might add to the economic burden of the patients as well as antibiotic resistance. We compared the health and economic outcomes in patients prescribed with prophylactic antibiotics with respect to the patients not prescribed with any antibiotics. Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out for two years for patients admitted to ICU with OPP. Patients were graded for severity of OPP, and divided into two groups based on prophylactic prescription and no prescription of antibiotics. The length of stay (LOS), hospitalization cost and outcomes were measured and compared between the two groups using statistical tests. Results: Out of the 254 patients observed, 108 were prescribed with prophylactic antibiotics and 94 were not prescribed with any antibiotic. There was a significant difference between LOS, cost of treatment and outcomes in the two groups ( p  < 0.001). When antibiotics were not prescribed, the odds of improvement was 1.854 times higher compared to those who received prophylactic antibiotics although after adjusting for severity of poisoning, significance was lost. On an average, 2-3 antibiotics were prescribed to every patient in the first group. Conclusion: OPP is an important health concern where issues of antibiotic misuse and overuse are practiced. Our study suggested that systemic antibiotic prophylaxis did not offer any advantage over non-use of any antibiotics in patients with OPP.

Background: Although melioidosis, is an important disease in many Southeast Asian countries and Australia, there is limited data on its prevalence and disease burden in India. However, an increase in case reports of melioidosis in recent years indicates its endemicity in India., Aims and Methods: A population-based cross-sectional seroprevalence study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of B. pseudomallei by indirect haemagglutination assay and to investigate the associated risk determinants. Subjects were 711 adults aged 18 to 65 years residing in Udupi district, located in south-western coast of India., Key Results: Overall, 29% of the study subjects were seropositive (titer ≥20). Females were twice as likely to be seropositive compared to males. Rates of seroprevalence were similar in farmers and non-farmers. Besides gardening, other factors including socio-demographic, occupational and environmental factors did not show any relationship with seropositive status., Major Conclusions: There is a serological evidence of exposure to B. pseudomallei among adults in India. While the bacterium inhabits soil, exposure to the agent is not limited to farmers. Non-occupational exposure might play an important role in eliciting antibody response to the bacterium and may also be an important factor in disease causation.

Context: Acinetobacter infections are a major nosocomial infection causing epidemics of infection in the Intensive Care Units (ICU)., Aims: This study estimates the clinical and economic outcomes of Acinetobacter infections and compares them with those of non-Acinetobacter bacterial infections., Settings and Design: Prospective cross-sectional observational study carried out for 6 months in the medicine ICU of a tertiary care hospital., Materials and Methods: Patients were divided in two groups, one group with Acinetobacter infections and the other with non-Acinetobacter infections. The data was collected for infection, length of stay (LOS), mortality and cost along with patient demographics from the hospital records for analysis., Statistical Analysis Used: The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 15.0. The LOS and cost of treatment (COT) for the two groups were compared using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test., Results: A total of 220 patients were studied out of which 91 had Acinetobacter infections. The median LOS was 20 days in Group-A and 12 days in Group-B (P < 0.0001). The median COT was INR 125,862 in Group-A and INR 68,228 in the Group-B (P < 0.0001). Mortality in Group-A and Group-B was 32.97 and 32.56 (P = 0.949) respectively., Conclusion: The burden of Acinetobacter infections in ICUs is increasing with the increase in LOS and COT for the patients. The infection control team has to play a major role in reducing the rate of nosocomial infections.

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Burkholderia pseudomallei CM&#95;Manipal, the causative agent of melioidosis isolated from a diabetic patient in Manipal, southern India. The draft genome consists of 107 contigs and is 7,209,157 bp long. A total of 5,600 coding sequences (CDSs), 60 tRNAs, 12 rRNAs, and one noncoding RNA (ncRNA) were predicted from this assembly., (Copyright © 2015 Mukhopadhyay et al.)

Blood culture reports in neonatal sepsis aid physician in either optimizing therapy or discontinuing antibiotics. We determined the time taken for neonatal blood cultures to become positive using the aerobic BacT/Alert system. Of 944 blood cultures from 816 neonates, 139 (14.7%) were positive. Growth of all definitive bacteria, 95% of possible bacteria and 84% of fungi were detected within 48 hours of incubation.

Background: Spontaneous ascitic fluid infection (SAI) is common in cirrhotic patients leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Third-generation cephalosporins are currently recommended as first-line therapy. We conducted a prospective study to determine bacterial etiology, susceptibility patterns, and clinical epidemiology including 1-month mortality of SAIs among patients with cirrhosis., Methods: Records of 600 patients with suspected SAI over a 4-year period were analyzed. Empirical cefotaxime/ceftriaxone was initiated in patients who had a neutrophil count >250/mm(3). Treatment failure was defined by absence of clinical improvement and/or significant decrease in neutrophil count of ascites (<25 % of base line value) by 72 h of therapy., Results: Seventy patients (11.6 %) had SAI, including 40 (57.1 %) culture-negative neutrocytic ascites (CNNA), 25 (35.8 %) spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), and five (7 %) monomicrobial non-neutrocytic bacterascites (MNB). Gram-negative bacilli (Klebsiella and E. coli) were the commonest organisms. The overall response rate to ceftriaxone was 62.8 % (44/70). Among culture-positive patients (SBP and MNB), sensitivity rates to ceftriaxone was 50 %, while it was 53.3 % for quinolones, 70 % for piperacillin-tazobactam, and 93.3 % for cefoperazone-sulbactam combination. Thirty-day mortality was lower for CNNA compared to SBP (20 % vs. 40 %, p < 0.001) and for patients with response compared to no response to first antibiotic (11.3 % vs. 53.8 %, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: The response of SAI to third-generation cephalosporins was low at our center. Cefoperazone-sulbactam could be a better alternative choice.

Renal papillary necrosis due to Candida albicans is a rare but treatable cause of acute renal failure. We report this case of a middle aged male with history of type 2 diabetes mellitus who presented with infected right lower extremity and right lower lobe pneumonitis with hypotension. Though, he improved initially, during his stay in the hospital, he developed acute renal failure. Blood culture grew Candida albicans and the renal biopsy revealed candidal renal papillary necrosis. He also had candidal retinitis on ophthalmoscopy examination. He was treated with parenteral fluconazole for two weeks followed by oral fluconazole for a total of 4 weeks. Following treatment, the patient improved symptomatically and his renal parameters returned to normal. This case illustrates the need to consider candidal papillary necrosis as a differential in an immunocompromised patient with acute renal failure. It is potentially reversible, nonetheless a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

Background: Health science students (HSS) are at increased risk of contracting and transmitting viral diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox). This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of susceptibility of HSS to these infections., Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, 790 HSS of Manipal University, Manipal, India, answered a questionnaire and provided a blood sample which was tested for specific IgG antibodies to measles, mumps, rubella and varicella by ELISA (Enzygnost(®))., Results: The study group was comprised of medical (53.9%), nursing (16.6%), and allied health (29.5%) students. Among the overall group (n = 790), the prevalence of serological susceptibility to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella were 9.5%, 32.0%, 16.6%, and 25.8%, respectively. Among the subgroup of vaccinated subjects, susceptibility to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella were 7.9%, 34.7%, 10.7%, and 35.2%, respectively., Conclusion: HSS susceptible to measles, mumps, rubella, and/or varicella are at risk of acquiring these diseases during their training period. In addition, they may be a potential source for nosocomial transmission posing a risk to immunocompromised patients. Hence, in the Indian setting, HSS should be immunized against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella at the time of joining the medical school., (Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Multilocus sequence typing of seven isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from India showed considerable diversity, with six different sequence types. Possible dissemination of melioidosis by historical trading routes is supported by links to strains from Southeast Asia, China, and Africa and the presence of the Burkholderia mallei allele of the bimA gene.

Recently, there has been an increase in the incidence of cryptococcosis even among immunocompetent patients. We present a case of multiple subcutaneous swellings later developing into a non-healing ulcer caused by Cryptococcus in a 60 year-old immunocompetent male along with a brief review of clinical presentations of cutaneous cryptococcosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. A high index of suspicion is desired in view of possible dissemination and variable non-specific clinical presentations.

Gram negative bacilli are the commonest cause of infections at all sites in the Indian setting. There is a considerable degree of resistance to both first line and second line gram negative agents. Resistance to gram positive cocci is less of a problem than that of gram negative bacilli. MRSA prevalence though is not insignificant.