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For centuries, mushrooms have been used as a component of skincare formulations. Environmental stresses and a modern lifestyle expose the skin to accelerated aging. To slow down this process, natural anti-aging skincare ingredients are being sought. In this review, 52 scientific publications about the effects of chemical compounds extracted from the fruiting bodies of macrofungi on skin cells were selected. The effects of extracts from nine species that are tested for anti-aging effects have been described. According to available literature data, macrofungi contain many polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, polysaccharide peptides, free amino acids, sterols, proteins, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, which can have an anti-aging effect on the skin by acting as antioxidants, photoprotective, skin whitening, moisturizing, anti-inflammatory and stabilizing collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid levels in the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serine is a functional amino acid that effectively regulates the physiological functions of an organism. This study investigates the effects of adding exogenous serine to a culture medium to explore a feasible method for the rejuvenation of V. volvacea degenerated strains. The tissue isolation subcultured strains T6, T12, and T19 of V. volvacea were used as test strains, and the commercially cultivated strain V844 (T0) was used as a control. The results revealed that the addition of serine had no significant effect on non-degenerated strains T0 and T6, but could effectively restore the production characteristics of degenerated strains T12 and T19. Serine increased the biological efficiency of T12 and even helped the severely degenerated T19 to regrow its fruiting body. Moreover, exogenous serine up-regulated the expression of some antioxidant enzyme genes, improved antioxidase activity, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial morphology. Meanwhile, serine treatment increased lignocellulase and mycelial energy levels. These findings form a theoretical basis and technical support for the rejuvenation of V. volvacea degenerated strains and other edible fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health concern as innovative therapeutic strategies to enhance treatment outcomes. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of the ethanol extract derived from Volvariella volvacea in combination with cetuximab for CRC. Aims: To evaluate the inhibition of topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) and include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a key regulator of cell growth and differentiation. Methods: The method used computational modeling and molecular docking to assess the binding affinities and interactions between the bioactive components, cetuximab, TOP2A, and PPARγ. In vitro experiments were conducted using CRC cell lines. Cells were treated with cetuximab alone or in combination with V. volvacea extract. Cell viability and immunofluorescence were conducted to evaluate the effect of combination therapy on TOP2A and PPARγ. Results: The results unveiled compelling binding interactions, suggesting the potential for dual targeting of TOP2A and PPARγ. The results demonstrated a reduction in cell viability, downregulation of TOP2A, and modulation of PPARγ. These findings indicate the potential of V. volvacea extract as an adjuvant therapy to cetuximab in CRC. Targeting both TOP2A and PPARγ enhances the efficacy of CRC treatment. Conclusions: Moreover, it highlights the importance of harnessing natural compounds and molecular insights to develop innovative combinatorial therapies for complex diseases like CRC.

Merang mushroom (Volvariella volvaceae) grows in rice tangaki (merang) after harvesting (crab). This research aims to find alternative growing media using cotton fiber (industrial waste), in an effort to solve the sustainability of the mushroom business due to the increasingly limited availability of merang. The research was carried out with community groups who are used to trying to grow mushrooms, trying to spread seeds on cotton fibers that have been fermented with yeast bacteria using livestock manure, lime and bran. Through bio-engineering, cotton fiber waste, which was originally a waste material in the furniture industry and yarn spinning, can be used as a medium for growing merang mushrooms. Merang mushroom business actors are able to apply bio-technology engineering appropriately so as to produce merang mushrooms with excellent quality. The results of the economic analysis show that: The average production obtained was 227.21 kg with a revenue of Rp.4,771,500, after deducting production costs of Rp.2,858,928, so the income of merang mushroom farming was obtained of Rp.1,912,571, with an R/C of 1.65. This means that for each victim one unit of cost (Rp.1.00) in the process of merang mushroom farming will be obtained 1.65 units (Rp.1.65). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradation of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) by straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) was investigated. The present research mainly focused on the effects of effective microorganism (EM) treatment (M) and composting duration of OPEFB (C) on straw mushroom production. Two main stages were involved in this research. The first stage was emphasized on the V. volvacea culture process while the second stage was to evaluate the chemical properties of the OPEFB. Zero percent EM solution increased the OPEFB decomposition rate significantly for cellulose and slightly for hemicellulose. The EM solution of 20% increased the OPEFB decomposition rate significantly for hemicellulose after 5 days of composting. In contrast, 10% EM solution increased the OPEFB decomposition rate significantly for cellulose and lignin that were composted for 5 days and for hemicellulose that were composted for 10 and 15 days. The introduction of different EM solutions and varied composting days significantly affected the final compositions of the lignocellulose degraded by the V. volvacea. Most of the lignocellulose composition had positive correlation which depend on the nature of lignocellulose substrates. The final composition of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose in the spent OPEFB on average were 44.17 ± 0.04%, 22.66 ± 0.03%, and 11.39 ± 0.04%. Conversely, the raw OPEFB composition were 53.62% + 0.06%, 32.68% + 0.03%, and 15.23% + 0.19%. Based on the reduced percentage of the lignocelluloses, V. volvacea cultivation on OPEFB proved to be a good alternative in degrading biowastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to show the increasing incidence of invasive fungal infections due to Volvariella Volvacea in patients with immunosuppression. Methods: We present a case of an invasive fungal infection caused by Volvariella volvacea, and summarize the clinical and pathological features based on this case and a review of the literature. Results: A total of seven patients with IFIs due to Volvariella Volvacea have been reported in the literature. The majority of cases have been obtained between 2019 and 2022. Including our case, they all had acquired immunosuppression. The lung and brain were the most commonly affected organs. All eight of these patients received antifungal therapy, but five still died one to seven months after occurrences of IFIs. Conclusion: The incidence of invasive fungal infections due to Volvariella Volvacea is increasing in recent years. It mainly occurred in patients with immunosuppression, especially in patients with malignant hematological cancers, and increased mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volvariella volvacea is a mushroom known for its high palatability and nutritional value. However, it is susceptible to spoilage thus making it challenging to preserve and keep fresh after harvest, resulting in constraints in long-distance transportation and long-term storage. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using irradiation and sodium dehydrogenate (SD) as a preservative in the preservation process of V. volvacea. The effects of three treatments of 0.8 kGy 60Coγ irradiation (B), 0.04% SD (C), combined with 0.04% SD and 0.8 kGy 60Coγ irradiation (A) on the postharvest freshness of V. volvacea were investigated. The assessment indices for V. volvacea, including appearance, browning rate, weight loss, respiration rate, MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activities, vitamin C (Vc), and soluble protein content, were measured and compared. The three treatments were compared to determine the changes in storage time over 7 days post-harvest. The results demonstrated that the hardness of the fruiting body exhibited a significant increase of 81.19%, 97.96% and 168.81% in comparison to the control, B and C, respectively, following the application of the treatment A. Compared to the control group, the soluble protein content was significantly increased by 20.28%. Respiration intensity and browning rate were significantly lower in the control treatment, decreasing by 35.07% and 45.49% respectively. On the 6th day of storage, the activities of SOD and POD increased by 81.06% and 73.71%, respectively, compared to the control, which significantly delayed the senescence of the fruiting bodies. The Vc content was significantly increased by 50.27%, 133.90%, and 101.39% in treatment B, which received 0.8 kGy 60Coγ irradiation alone, compared to the control, treatment A, and treatment C, respectively. The treatment C alone significantly reduced respiratory intensity and MDA variables by 39.55% and 31.01%, respectively, compared to the control. The findings can provide theoretical references and technical support for extending the preservation period of V. volvacea after harvesting by using irradiation and sodium dehydrogenate as a preservative.

The thesis “Research for growing straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea on cotton in basket” was performed at the laboratory of An Giang University from 04/2021 to 03/2022. The thesis was carried out with the goal of “building a process of growing straw mushrooms on cotton and waste sawdust”. The study was conducted with three contents: Content 1: To select the best mixing ratio of cotton and waste sawdust to carry out contents 2 and 3. Content 2: Determine the suitable pasteurization temperature for the mushroom’s high yield and best biological efficiency. Content 3: to determine the ratio of adding bran to the mushroom with the highest yield and biological efficiency. The results of the study were to develop a process for growing straw mushrooms on cotton with a mixture of waste sawdust and rice bran with the ratio of 76.5% cotton, 8.5% sawdust, and 15% unpasteurized rice bran. The averaged 503g of mushrooms per 3.5kg basket, and the biological yield was 14.3%.

The wild mushroom Volvariella volvacea is widely picked and consumed in Côte d’Ivoire. However, it is highly perishable due to its high moisture content. This study aimed to determine the effects of three drying methods on the biochemical and mineral composition, as well as antioxidant properties, of V. volvacea powders. Three V. volvacea powders were obtained by sun drying, oven drying, and freeze-drying. Each powder was analyzed for its biochemical and mineral composition according to standard analytical methods. The powder methanolic extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant components by colorimetric methods or titration, while their antioxidant capacities were determined by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) scavenging and the ferric reducing antioxidant power. The freeze-dried powder of V. volvacea had a better (lower) moisture content than the oven-dried and sun-dried powders. The highest protein, ash, and fiber contents were also recorded in the freeze-dried powder. In addition, freeze-drying provided the highest contents of iron, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Regarding the antioxidant components, the freeze-dried powder showed the highest levels of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and vitamin C. Similarly, freeze-drying provided the best antioxidant capacities in terms of DPPH scavenging and the ferric reducing antioxidant power. Our study showed that freeze-drying ensured a better retention of essential nutrients and antioxidant components in the mushroom V. volvacea, while sun-drying led to greater losses of these compounds.

As one of the most nutritious and delicious mushroom varieties, Volvariella volvacea has always been popular among people around the world. Different from other artificially cultivated mushrooms, Volvariella volvacea is mostly planted on non-sterile substrates. As the cultivation time increases, the yield of mushroom houses continues to decrease. In our experiment, we selected two groups of samples from the old and new mushroom houses, environmental samples and substrate samples. The results showed that the diversity and abundance of microorganisms in the culture environment of the old mushroom room were consistent with that of the new mushroom room, but the proportion of actinomycetes in the former was significantly higher than that of the new mushroom room. The metabolic activity of microorganisms in the old mushroom room was enhanced compared with the new mushroom room. The microbial diversity in the growth substrate was investigated, and it was found that the structure and diversity of the microbial community in the substrate had changed. In conclusion, the interplay between mushrooms, the culture environment, and the host bacterial community may be the cause of the changes in the yield of Volvariella volvacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serine is a functional amino acid that effectively regulates the physiological functions of an organism. This study investigates the effects of adding exogenous serine to a culture medium to explore a feasible method for the rejuvenation of V. volvacea degenerated strains. The tissue isolation subcultured strains T6, T12, and T19 of V. volvacea were used as test strains, and the commercially cultivated strain V844 (T0) was used as a control. The results revealed that the addition of serine had no significant effect on non-degenerated strains T0 and T6, but could effectively restore the production characteristics of degenerated strains T12 and T19. Serine increased the biological efficiency of T12 and even helped the severely degenerated T19 to regrow its fruiting body. Moreover, exogenous serine up-regulated the expression of some antioxidant enzyme genes, improved antioxidase activity, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial morphology. Meanwhile, serine treatment increased lignocellulase and mycelial energy levels. These findings form a theoretical basis and technical support for the rejuvenation of V. volvacea degenerated strains and other edible fungi.

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The chemical structures and functional properties of plant-based polysaccharides are critically influenced by extractive solvents, but their roles are not clear. In this study, the structural characteristics and multiple bioactivities of Volvariella volvacea polysaccharides (VVPs) subjected to water (VVP-W), alkalis (sodium hydroxide, VVP-A), and acids (citric acid, VVP-C) as extractive solvents are investigated systematically. Of the above three polysaccharides, VVP-W exhibited the highest molecular weights, apparent viscosity, and viscoelastic properties. Functional analyses revealed that VVP-C had an excellent water-holding capacity, foaming properties, and emulsifying capacity, while VVP-A exhibited a promising oil-holding capacity. Moreover, VVP-C displayed strong inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which could be attributed to its content of total phenolics, proteins, and molecular weights. These findings have important implications for selecting the appropriate extraction techniques to obtain functional polysaccharides with targeted bioactive properties as food additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to optimize the processing technology of edible fungi and evaluate its application potential as flavoring agents in the food industry. Methods: The content of non-volatile flavor components of the samples was determined by ion chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, and the umami of the samples was evaluated by equal umami concentration. The volatile aroma components in the samples were detected by GC-MS, electronic nose and electronic tongue. The microstructure before and after Nano-pulverization was observed, and the experiment of increasing freshness and reducing salt was carried out. Results: After Nano-pulverization, the contents of umami amino acids, flavor nucleotides and organic acids in Stropharia rugosoannulata and A. bisporus increased significantly, and the types and quantities of volatile compounds increased significantly, while Nano-pulverization had little effect on the flavor components of Volvariella volvacea. The results of the electronic tongue showed that the pulverized samples were significantly improved in both umami and saltiness, the addition of 0.5% Nano-pulverization A. bisporus could increase the salt concentration by 0.28%, and the umami value was increased by 145%. Conclusion: Nano-pulverization technology can improve the taste of food. Nano-pulverized edible fungus powder can be used as an effective alternative to salt and flavor enhancers in the food manufacturing industry.

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present investigation entitled "Studies on shelf life of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under different organic packaging materials" was conducted at the Research lab, ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.). Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important and indigenous vegetable crop of India. Brinjal or eggplant belongs to the family of Solanaceae is one of the most common popular and principle vegetable crops grown in India and other parts of the world. Brinjals or eggplants are rich sources of vitamins, minerals and antioxidant capacity. Eggplant is also a natural source of vitamin A; thus, it plays an important role for vision and eye health. Lack of appropriate postharvest storage management practices are reported to cause up to 50% of yield losses of vegetable crops between harvesting and consumption. Packaging is a co-ordinated system of preparing goods for transport, and good for shelf life, distribution, storage, retailing and end use. The experiment was laid out in the Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Each replication was comprised of ten treatment consisting of different packing material viz., news paper, tissue paper, paddy straw, gunny bag, butter paper, banana leaf, CFB, craft paper and caster leaf were used for induced the shelf life of brinjal. Result concluded that the different packing materials viz., newspaper, tissue paper, paddy straw, gunny bag, butter paper, banana leaf, CFB (10 x 10 cm²), craft paper and caster leaf were significantly influenced the shelf life of brinjal. The treatment T3 (Paddy straw) was found the best packing material treatment among all packing material treatments for enhancing shelf life of brinjal and it gave the maximum physical parameters. However, the minimum physical parameters were recorded in treatment T0 (Control). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungal fruiting body is the organized mycelium. Tissue isolation and mycelium succession are common methods of fungal species purification and rejuvenation in the production of edible mushrooms. However, repeated succession increases strain degeneration. In this study, we examined the effect of repeated tissue isolation from Volvariella volvacea fruitbodies on the occurrence of degeneration. The results showed that less than four times in succession improved production capacity, however, after 12 successions, the traits indicating strain degeneration were apparent. For instance, the density of aerophytic hyphae, hyphal growth rate and hyphal biomass were gradually reduced, while the hyphae branching was increased. Also, other degenerative traits such as prolonged production cycles and decreased biological efficiency became evident. In particular, after 19 successions, the strain degeneration became so severe no fruiting bodies were produces anymore. Meanwhile, with the increase in successions, the antioxidant enzyme activity decreased, reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased, the number of nuclei decreased, and the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased along with morphological changes in the mitochondria. This study showed that repeated tissue isolation increased oxidative damage in the succession strain due to the accumulation of ROS, causing cellular senescence, in turn, degeneration in V. volvacea strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most nutritious and delicious mushroom varieties, Volvariella volvacea has always been popular among people around the world. Different from other artificially cultivated mushrooms, Volvariella volvacea is mostly planted on non-sterile substrates. As the cultivation time increases, the yield of mushroom houses continues to decrease. In our experiment, we selected two groups of samples from the old and new mushroom houses, environmental samples and substrate samples. The results showed that the diversity and abundance of microorganisms in the culture environment of the old mushroom room were consistent with that of the new mushroom room, but the proportion of actinomycetes in the former was significantly higher than that of the new mushroom room. The metabolic activity of microorganisms in the old mushroom room was enhanced compared with the new mushroom room. The microbial diversity in the growth substrate was investigated, and it was found that the structure and diversity of the microbial community in the substrate had changed. In conclusion, the interplay between mushrooms, the culture environment, and the host bacterial community may be the cause of the changes in the yield of Volvariella volvacea.

An examination of the process of extracting crude polysaccharides from Volvariella volvacea solely through hot water treatment (HWE) at 60, 80, and 100 °C and through an approach involving high pressure processing (HPP) at 200, 400, and 600 MPa followed by HWE. The physiological properties of the polysaccharides could be explained by the structural analysis performed via FT-IR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy, which revealed the extract composition of the protein-bound polysaccharides connected by β-glycosidic bonds. Under the extraction conditions investigated in this current study, the recommended extraction condition was a combination of HPP (600 MPa, 10 min) and HWE (60 °C, 2 h). This condition gave high crude polysaccharide yields (with a 2–12% increase), and β-glucan content (with a 15–20% increase) without disrupting the β-glycosidic bond, as compared to using HWE alone. High pressure extraction could be an alternative technique for reduced extraction temperatures of active compounds from mushrooms.

The edible paddy straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea (Bull. ex F.) Singer has high nutritional and medicinal values. They are grown on a wide variety of agricultural by-products using different several methods. The result of this present study showed that type of bed and cultivation condition (outdoor/indoor) had effects on the yield of paddy straw mushrooms grown on the spent oyster mushroom sawdust. The treatment of circular compact bed under indoor cultivation condition (CYIC) had the best yield and biological efficiency (B.E.) with 2,119.2 g/bed and 14.5%, respectively, followed by the treatment of conventional bed under outdoor cultivation condition (COOC) with the yield and B.E. of 1,935.5 g/bed and 13.2%, respectively, but the lowest yield and B.E. were observed in the treatment of conventional bed under indoor cultivation condition (COIC) with 1,226.1 g/bed and 8.4%, respectively. Paddy straw mushrooms cultivated on spent oyster mushroom sawdust should be proper in both outdoor and indoor conditions by conventional and circular compact methods as well. However, in indoor conditions, paddy straw mushrooms should be grown in a circular compact bed to ensure the temperature of the bed is suitable for the mushroom growth.

In order to explore the effect of edible mushroom on the protein flavor adsorption capacity of meat products, beef myofibrillar protein (MP) was treated with Volvariella volvacea extract (VV) and the changes of MP protein intermolecular force and flavor adsorption capacity before and after VV treated were analyzed. The results showed that the extract improved the adsorption capacity of MP to phenylacetaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-heptanone, benzaldehyde and D-limonene in different degrees. After VV incorporated, the proportion of the above flavor substances in the MP-extract system decreased by 2.09%, 6.1%, 6.41%, 9.85% and 11.66%, respectively, compared with the untreated group. Urea, guanidine hydrochloride, propylene glycol and β-mercaptoethanol were used to destroy the protein interaction force, and it was found that the hydrophobic force between protein molecules played a dominant role in the process of flavor adsorption, followed by hydrogen bond, covalent bond and ionic bond. VV may improve the adsorption capacity of MP on 2-heptanone, 1-octen-3-ol and D-limonene by enhancing the non-covalent bond between MP molecules, and improve the adsorption capacity of MP on benzaldehyde by enhancing the covalent interaction between MP molecules.

Burning of paddy straw in the field is a national issue nowadays. Many researches have been taken up for efficient utilization of paddy straw at national and international level. But the use of paddy straw for various applications is known since ancient days. The application of paddy straw varies from region to region. Therefore, an attempt has been made to collect information on the traditional uses of paddy straw and its management in the Northeastern states of India particularly Manipur. The information has been collected through review of literature and interaction with the villagers. The study revealed that the people of this region used paddy straw for different purposes such as thatching, wall construction, cattle feed, animal bedding, fuel, mulching, mushroom cultivation, handicraft products, extraction of substrate from straw ash and preparation of fermented beverages. This traditional knowledge on the utilization of paddy straw can provide an idea for scientific exploration for better and efficient uses in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The chemical structures and functional properties of plant-based polysaccharides are critically influenced by extractive solvents, but their roles are not clear. In this study, the structural characteristics and multiple bioactivities of Volvariella volvacea polysaccharides (VVPs) subjected to water (VVP-W), alkalis (sodium hydroxide, VVP-A), and acids (citric acid, VVP-C) as extractive solvents are investigated systematically. Of the above three polysaccharides, VVP-W exhibited the highest molecular weights, apparent viscosity, and viscoelastic properties. Functional analyses revealed that VVP-C had an excellent water-holding capacity, foaming properties, and emulsifying capacity, while VVP-A exhibited a promising oil-holding capacity. Moreover, VVP-C displayed strong inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which could be attributed to its content of total phenolics, proteins, and molecular weights. These findings have important implications for selecting the appropriate extraction techniques to obtain functional polysaccharides with targeted bioactive properties as food additives.

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Maize is an important base crop in intensive irrigated cereal based cropping system because of its wider climatic acclimatization. In contrast, a certain microclimate is needed for commercial mushroom production. Favourable microclimatic condition that prevails in maize field created a greater opportunity to grow the warm loving Paddy Straw Mushroom "Volvariella volvacea" as intercrop. In this context, a comparative study was taken up at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University to determine the performance of paddy straw mushroom as intercrop under different microclimate created in irrigated maize and polyhouse during summer and kharif 2022. Study concluded that the microclimate variables during kharif season was more favourable for obtaining higher straw mushroom yield as maize intercrop, but the summer season was also an economically viable one. The study found that the most ideal limits of microclimate variables such as morning and afternoon temperature, morning and afternoon RH for paddy straw mushroom was 26 to 29oC, 29 to 33oC, 80 to 98 per cent and 66 to 88 per cent, respectively. The polyhouse showed its superiority in providing controlled favourable microclimate for paddy straw mushroom than the fluctuating microclimate under maize canopy, however the higher infrastructural investment in polyhouse farming is not affordable for the small and marginal farmers. The microclimate prevailed in between maize rows could support paddy straw mushroom intercropping as a viable system, which had Land Equivalent Ratio of more than 1.6 and double the time of Crop Equivalent Yield when compare to sole cropped maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Low temperature leads to the variation in both transcriptome and metabolome. • Autolysis was due to intra- and extracellular interactions. • Starch and sucrose metabolism and pyruvate metabolism pathways were focused on. Volvariella volvacea is a type of high-temperature edible fungus that is prone to low-temperature autolysis, which makes postharvest storage and long-distance transportation difficult. In this study, transcriptomics integrated with metabolomics analysis provided the profiling of genes and metabolites in V. volvacea fruiting bodies stored at 4 °C. According to the transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis, 1613 and 1846 differentially expressed genes, 126 and 136 differential metabolites were identified at 12 h and 24 h compared to control (0 h), respectively. 6 common metabolic pathways were found by integrated analysis, of which starch and sucrose metabolism and pyruvate metabolism were further analyzed. The results exhibited that low-temperature autolysis was the consequence of the intracellular and extracellular interactions. Expression changes of genes (CEL2, CEL3, CEL6B and GH5–1) involved in cellulose metabolism led to the degradation of cellular structure. The rapid reduction of soluble sugar resulted in a decrease in the cytoplasmic concentration and an increase in osmotic potential, thereby liquefying the surface of fruiting bodies. The differential metabolites and genes of malate metabolism participated in the electron supply of the electron transport chain, but long-term low temperature made the intracellular energy supply insufficient, causing cold damage. This study provides a theoretical basis for further understanding in the mechanisms of low-temperature autolysis of V. volvacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) is one of the important vegetables that is popular for its delicious taste. However, the straw mushroom is sensitive to low temperature, resulting in economic loss during transportation and storage. We obtained a novel straw mushroom strain, named VH3, via ultraviolet mutagenesis. Results Our study revealed that VH3 exhibited high cold resistance compared to an ordinary straw mushroom cultivar, V23. We found that the electrolyte leakages of VH3 were always significantly lower than that of V23 treated with 4 °C for 0 h, 2 h,4 h, 8 h, 16 h, and 24 h. Before cold treatment (0 h), there were no difference of MDA contents, SOD activities, and CAT activities between VH3 and V23. At the late stage (8 h, 26 h, and 24 h) of cold treatment, the MDA contents of VH3 were lower while both the SOD and CAT activities were higher than those of V23. To investigate the potential mechanisms of VH3 cold resistance, we performed transcriptome sequencing to detect the transcriptome profiling of VH3 and V23 after 0 h and 4 h cold treatment. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that 111 differentially expressed genes (DEG) between V23 (0 h) and VH3 (0 h) (V23–0_vs_VH3–0), consisting 50 up-regulated and 61 down-regulated DEGs. A total of 117 DEGs were obtained between V23 (4 h) and VH3(4 h) (V23–4_vs_VH3–4), containing 94 up-regulated and 23 down-regulated DEGs. Among these DEGs, VVO_00021 and VVO_00017 were up-regulated while VVO_00003, VVO_00004, VVO_00010, and VVO_00030 were down-regulated in V23–0_vs_VH3–0 and VH3–4_vs_V23–4. KEGG and GO analysis revealed that the 6 DEGs were annotated to pathways related to cold stress. Besides, the GA3 content was also decreased in VH3. Conclusions Collectively, our study first revealed that the increased cold resistance of VH3 might be caused by the expression change of VVO_00003, VVO_00004, VVO_00017, VVO_00021, and VVO_00030, and decreased GA3.

Maize is an important base crop in intensive irrigated cereal based cropping system because of its wider climatic acclimatization. In contrast, a certain microclimate is needed for commercial mushroom production. Favourable microclimatic condition that prevails in maize field created a greater opportunity to grow the warm loving Paddy Straw Mushroom “Volvariella volvacea” as intercrop. In this context, a comparative study was taken up at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University to determine the performance of paddy straw mushroom as intercrop under different microclimate created in irrigated maize and polyhouse during summer and kharif 2022. Study concluded that the microclimate variables during kharif season was more favourable for obtaining higher straw mushroom yield as maize intercrop, but the summer season was also an economically viable one. The study found that the most ideal limits of microclimate variables such as morning and afternoon temperature, morning and afternoon RH for paddy straw mushroom was 26 to 29oC, 29 to 33oC, 80 to 98 per cent and 66 to 88 per cent, respectively. The polyhouse showed its superiority in providing controlled favourable microclimate for paddy straw mushroom than the fluctuating microclimate under maize canopy, however the higher infrastructural investment in polyhouse farming is not affordable for the small and marginal farmers. The microclimate prevailed in between maize rows could support paddy straw mushroom intercropping as a viable system, which had Land Equivalent Ratio of more than 1.6 and double the time of Crop Equivalent Yield when compare to sole cropped maize.

Prevention of liver cancer cell metastasis significantly contributes to the lowering of mortality incidence. Moreover, a daily diet rich in natural ingredients has been reported to play important roles in prevention of metastatic development. This study, therefore, focused to screen and identify the potential edible mushrooms that possess the inhibitory effect on the invasion of hepatic cancer cells. The edible mushrooms were extracted by distilled water under temperature of 100oC for 3 h. The wound healing assay was used to investigate the cancer cell migration. The cytotoxicity of extracts (100-1000 µg/ml) on Hep-3B cells was examined by MTT assay. The expression levels of genes controlling migration process was assessed by real time PCR. Among different edible mushrooms, the extracts of Lentinula edodes (LE) and Volvariella volvacea (VV) have been found to be potential agents for inhibition of Hep-3B cell invasion. This inhibition was identified due to induction of apoptosis and regulation of genes involved in migration process. In particular, the treatment of L. edodes and V. volvacea extracts increased the expression of apoptosis-activating molecules, including caspase-3, -8, -9, and Bax. Moreover, these extracts caused suppression of enzyme matrix metalloproteinases, including MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13, and up-regulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, including TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Notably, the activities of L. edodes and V. volvacea extracts were not due to cytotoxic effect. These results indicated that LE and VV extracts possess the promising anti-metastatic activity, supporting them as potential functional foods for prevention of metastasis of hepatic cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strain degradation is a common problem in many artificially-cultivated edible mushrooms. As a fungus with poor tolerance to low-temperature, Volvariella volvacea cannot delay its degradation by long-term low temperature storage like other fungi, so its degradation is particularly severe, which hinders industrial applications. Periodic mycelial subculture is a common storage method for V. volvacea, but excessive subculturing can also lead to strain degeneration. After 20 months of continuous subculturing every 3 days, V. volvacea strains S1-S20 were obtained, and their characteristics throughout the subculture process were analyzed. With increasing number of subculture, the growth rate, mycelial biomass, the number of fruiting bodies and biological efficiency gradually decreased while the production cycle and the time to primordium formation was lengthened. Strains S13-S20, obtained after 13-20 months of mycelial subculturing, also lacked the ability to produce fruiting bodies during cultivation experiments. Determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) content as well as enzyme activity showed that decreased lignocellulase activity, along with excessive accumulation of ROS, was concomitant with the subculture-associated degeneration of V. volvacea. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was eventually used to analyze the gene expression for lignocellulase and antioxidant enzymes in subcultured V. volvacea strains, with the results found to be consistent with prior observations regarding enzyme activities. These findings could form the basis of further studies on the degeneration mechanism of V. volvacea and other fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volvariella volvacea is a mushroom known for its high palatability and nutritional value. However, it is susceptible to spoilage thus making it challenging to preserve and keep fresh after harvest, resulting in constraints in long-distance transportation and long-term storage. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using irradiation and sodium dehydrogenate (SD) as a preservative in the preservation process of V. volvacea . The effects of three treatments of 0.8 kGy 60 Coγ irradiation (B), 0.04% SD (C), combined with 0.04% SD and 0.8 kGy 60 Coγ irradiation (A) on the postharvest freshness of V. volvacea were investigated. The assessment indices for V. volvacea , including appearance, browning rate, weight loss, respiration rate, MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activities, vitamin C (Vc), and soluble protein content, were measured and compared. The three treatments were compared to determine the changes in storage time over 7 days post-harvest. The results demonstrated that the hardness of the fruiting body exhibited a significant increase of 81.19%, 97.96% and 168.81% in comparison to the control, B and C, respectively, following the application of the treatment A. Compared to the control group, the soluble protein content was significantly increased by 20.28%. Respiration intensity and browning rate were significantly lower in the control treatment, decreasing by 35.07% and 45.49% respectively. On the 6th day of storage, the activities of SOD and POD increased by 81.06% and 73.71%, respectively, compared to the control, which significantly delayed the senescence of the fruiting bodies. The Vc content was significantly increased by 50.27%, 133.90%, and 101.39% in treatment B, which received 0.8 kGy 60 Coγ irradiation alone, compared to the control, treatment A, and treatment C, respectively. The treatment C alone significantly reduced respiratory intensity and MDA variables by 39.55% and 31.01%, respectively, compared to the control. The findings can provide theoretical references and technical support for extending the preservation period of V. volvacea after harvesting by using irradiation and sodium dehydrogenate as a preservative., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024 Mao et al.)

Polysaccharides from Volvariella volvacea (VVP) were investigated for their cosmetic-related activities and in vivo efficacy for use as a multifunctional active cosmetic ingredient. Three different polysaccharide extraction methods, including hot water shaking (HS), microwave-assisted (MA) and ultrasonic-assisted (UA), were used. Extractable yield, polysaccharide contents and biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-elastase activities, were compared. The polysaccharides from HS provided the highest extraction yield (15.58 ± 0.96% w/w) and the highest beta-glucan content (18.80 ± 0.81% w/w). The HS polysaccharides also possessed the highest inhibitory effects toward lipid peroxidation (IC50 of 0.0378 mg/mL), tyrosinase (51.46 mg KAE/g), and elastase (604.21 ± 73.66 mg EGCG/g). The cytotoxicity of the VVP was determined for safe use. A cosmetic gel cream containing VVP was developed and 0.2% VVP formulation was observed to be the most stable in color. UV protection factors, skin irritation by single patch test, and in vivo efficacy, including skin moisturization, anti-wrinkle and whitening, were measured. The VVP showed no cytotoxicity against human dermal skin fibroblast. The gel cream containing VVP provided less sun protection factor; however, it significantly exhibited the skin benefits of increasing moisture, gross elasticity, net elasticity, and skin firmness. Improvements to skin roughness, scaliness, wrinkles and in melanin content were also depicted gradually along 8 weeks. V. volvacea, therefore, could be a good source for polysaccharides being used as a moisturizing, anti-wrinkle, and whitening agent in cosmetic preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to screen the excellent strains of Volvariella volvacea suitable for the industrial cultivation, six new strains of Volvariella volvacea were introduced from the places such as Fujian, Jiangsu, Hubei, and Guangdong, etc. By taking the local main cultivated strain V9715 as the control group, the mycelial growth of the tested Volvariella volvacea strains on the culture medium of mother seeds and pedigree seeds was investigated, and then the indexes such as the characters during the growth period, agronomic characters, yield and biological efficiency were determined. The results showed that there were significant differences in the aspects such as the growth period, bacteria film thickness, mushroom color, size and single weight among the seven strains. Among which, Shanghai No. 3 showed good commercial characters, with thick bacteria film, not easy to open, storage resistance, dark gray black and large mushroom body, and heavy average single commercial mushroom. The average yield and average biological efficiency were 24.352% higher than that of V9715. V1295 showed the characteristics of fast mycelial growth, early bud and early harvest. Volvariella volvacea No. 3 showed good commercial characters. The mushroom body was dark gray black, larger and oval, and the yield and biological efficiency were higher, which was 17.273% higher than the control group V9715. Based on the indicators such as mycelial growth, commodity characters, and yield, the suitable strain for the industrial cultivation in Zhangzhou was Shanghai No. 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• The mushrooms were treated with ε-polylysine combined with 1-MCP treatment. • The sensory and nutritional quality of V. volvacea was maintained after treatment. • Energy metabolism enzyme activity of V. volvacea increased after treatment. • The post-harvest energy content of V. volvacea increased after treatment. • The enzyme genes related to energy metabolism were up-regulated after treatment. It is difficult to keep the fruiting-body of Volvariella volvacea fresh. This study investigated the relationship between energy deficit and quality deterioration in post-harvest V. volvacea after ε-polylysine (ε-PL) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment and then stored at 15±1 °C for 6d The sensory quality, physiological and biochemical parameters, and the gene expression levels of key enzymes of the glucose and energy metabolism pathways of V. volvacea were estimated. Results showed that the combined treatment (ε-PL+1-MCP) effectively maintained good sensory quality, improved texture and surface color, reduced water loss and the rate of decrease in the protein and soluble sugar contents, maintained high adenosine triphosphate levels, and effectively reduced energy-metabolizing enzyme activity. Moreover, the combined treatment upregulated the expression levels of genes related to glucose and energy metabolism. Therefore, the combined treatment maintained high post-harvest energy levels in V. volvacea by increasing the expression of the energy metabolism-related genes, which prolonged the freshness during post-harvest V. volvacea storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Combined with high O 2 and nanomaterials was effective in V. volvacea preservation. • High O 2 with nanocomposite packaging alleviated quality deterioration of V. volvacea. • High O 2 with nanocomposite packaging ameliorated postharvest oxidative stress. • High O 2 triggers phenylpropane metabolism under nanocomposite packaging. Volvariella volvacea is a highly perishable mushroom that severely affects its postharvest commercial value. This study aimed to investigate the impact of high oxygen (O 2) levels combined with nanocomposite packaging on the shelf-life quality of V. volvacea. Results showed that treatment with high concentrations of O 2 (80% and 100% O 2) and nanocomposite packaging effectively delayed the quality deterioration of V. volvacea , resulting in better postharvest appearance, higher firmness, lower weight loss, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and leakage of membrane electrolytes. Further analysis revealed the combination treatments ameliorated oxidative stress by inducing antioxidant enzymes and the glutathione-ascorbate (GSH-AsA) cycle at both enzymatic and transcriptional levels, thereby activating the antioxidant system. Additionally, the treatments enhanced activities of key enzymes in phenylpropane metabolism, leading to a reduction in the decrease of total phenolics and flavonoids. This work provides new insights into the development of postharvest technologies to prolong the storage life of V. volvacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) is one of the important vegetables that is popular for its delicious taste. However, the straw mushroom is sensitive to low temperature, resulting in economic loss during transportation and storage. We obtained a novel straw mushroom strain, named VH3, via ultraviolet mutagenesis. Results: Our study revealed that VH3 exhibited high cold resistance compared to an ordinary straw mushroom cultivar, V23. We found that the electrolyte leakages of VH3 were always significantly lower than that of V23 treated with 4 °C for 0 h, 2 h,4 h, 8 h, 16 h, and 24 h. Before cold treatment (0 h), there were no difference of MDA contents, SOD activities, and CAT activities between VH3 and V23. At the late stage (8 h, 26 h, and 24 h) of cold treatment, the MDA contents of VH3 were lower while both the SOD and CAT activities were higher than those of V23. To investigate the potential mechanisms of VH3 cold resistance, we performed transcriptome sequencing to detect the transcriptome profiling of VH3 and V23 after 0 h and 4 h cold treatment. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that 111 differentially expressed genes (DEG) between V23 (0 h) and VH3 (0 h) (V23–0_vs_VH3–0), consisting 50 up-regulated and 61 down-regulated DEGs. A total of 117 DEGs were obtained between V23 (4 h) and VH3(4 h) (V23–4_vs_VH3–4), containing 94 up-regulated and 23 down-regulated DEGs. Among these DEGs, VVO_00021 and VVO_00017 were up-regulated while VVO_00003, VVO_00004, VVO_00010, and VVO_00030 were down-regulated in V23–0_vs_VH3–0 and VH3–4_vs_V23–4. KEGG and GO analysis revealed that the 6 DEGs were annotated to pathways related to cold stress. Besides, the GA3 content was also decreased in VH3. Conclusions: Collectively, our study first revealed that the increased cold resistance of VH3 might be caused by the expression change of VVO_00003, VVO_00004, VVO_00017, VVO_00021, and VVO_00030, and decreased GA3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]