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Chloroplast genomes (plastomes) represent a very important source of valuable information for phylogenetic and biogeographic reconstructions. The use of short reads (as those produced from Illumina sequencing), along with de novo read assembly, has been considered the "gold standard" for plastome reconstruction. However, short reads often cannot reconstruct long repetitive regions in chloroplast genomes. Long Nanopore (ONT) reads can help bridging long repetitive regions but are by far more error-prone than those produced by Illumina sequencing. Verbesina is the largest genus of tribe Heliantheae (Asteraceae) and includes species of economic importance as ornamental or as invasive weeds. However, no complete chloroplast genomes have been published yet for the genus. We utilized Illumina and Nanopore sequencing data and different assembly strategies to reconstruct the plastome of Verbesina alternifolia and evaluated the usefulness of the Nanopore assemblies. The two plastome sequence assemblages, one obtained with the Nanopore sequencing and the other inferred with Illumina reads, were identical, except for missing bases in homonucleotide regions. The best-assembled plastome of V. alternifolia was 152,050 bp in length and contained 80, 29, and four unique protein-coding genes, tRNAs, and rRNAs, respectively. When used as reference for mapping Illumina reads, all plastomes performed similarly. In a phylogenetic analysis including 28 other plastomes from closely related taxa (from the Heliantheae alliance), the two Verbesina chloroplast genomes grouped together and were nested among the other members of the tribe Heliantheae s.str. Our study highlights the usefulness of the Nanopore technology for assembling rapidly and cost-effectively chloroplast genomes, especially in taxonomic groups with paucity of publicly available plastomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nepal harbors a rich diversity of cultures and traditions, including the unique practice of creating an indigenous grain called Marcha by various ethnic groups such as Newar, Tamang, Sherpa, Rai, Limbu, Gurung, Magar, and Tharu people. In the eastern region of Nepal, Marcha producers utilize over 42 different plants, including Vernonia cinerea, Clematis grewiae, Polygala arillata, Buddleja asiatica, Inula sp., Scoparia, and more, which shows regional diversity. The primary objective of the study was to explore the diversity of yeast present in Marcha samples. The studied Marcha samples were collected from 10 different geographic regions of Nepal, which included altogether 27 samples. The isolates were grouped into Groups A, B, and C based on morphological and physiological characteristics. Notably, Group B yeast displayed high amylase production, an enzyme responsible for starch breakdown, and exhibited the ability to produce ethanol. To further investigate the potential of these isolates, stress exclusion tests were conducted, with 30 isolates (70%) showing positive responses. The yeast isolates demonstrated resilience to high glucose concentrations of up to 36% (w/v) at a pH above 3 and a temperature of 37°C, which is the ideal growth condition. The study observed a direct correlation between the yeast isolates' ethanol production capabilities and their tolerance to different ethanol concentrations. Considering that all tested Marcha samples contained yeast capable of starch degradation and ethanol production, it was expected that these yeast isolates would actively participate in the fermentation of starch‐based alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as bitter leaf, is a widely grown plant in Africa that has several health benefits. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial activities of ciprofloxacin with those of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) on selected bacteria. Swabs were collected from patients presenting with bacterial conjunctivitis at the Eye Clinic, Department of Optometry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri. The samples were transported to the Microbiology Laboratory at the Federal University Teaching Hospital, Owerri, for culturing and identification of microorganisms using standard microbiological methods. The zones of inhibition of ciprofloxacin on selected bacteria isolated from the swab samples were compared with those of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. Four bacteria were isolated from the samples: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. At concentrations of 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 mg/ml respectively, there were significant differences (p=0.05) in the zones of inhibition between ciprofloxacin and the ethanolic and aqueous extracts against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes. With 12.5 mg/ml concentration, the extracts showed no significant differences (p>0.05) in the zone of inhibition. Ciprofloxacin showed significantly higher (p=0.05) zones of inhibition, followed by Vernonia amygdalina ethanolic extract (p=0.05) and Vernonia amygdalina aqueous extract (p=0.05). The zones of inhibition produced by Vernonia amygdalina ethanolic extract on both grampositive and gram-negative bacteria highlight its antibacterial effect and its potential as an alternative treatment option for bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia volkameriifolia DC. 1836, is a woody shrub of the subfamily Vernonioideae within the family Asteraceae. The complete chloroplast genome of V. volkameriifolia spans 152,934 bp, comprising four subregions: a large single-copy region (84,035 bp), a small single-copy region (18,543 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (25,178 bp). Within the chloroplast genome of V. volkameriifolia, 114 unique genes were identified, including 80 unique protein-encoding genes, four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete chloroplast genome of six related taxa in the Vernonieae tribe indicates that V. volkameriifolia show closer relationships with Vernonia parishii and Strobocalyx arborea. The first chloroplast genome of V. volkameriifolia was reported in this work, contributing to the enrichment of genomic data for the genus Vernonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vernonia amygdalina (V. amygdalina ) (Del.) has been reported to have medicinal values, and the phytochemical constituents which is present in different parts of the plant have been found to be responsible for the antimicrobial efficacy of the plant. This study focuses on the antibacterial activity of the stem bark extracts of V. amygdalina against multiple antibiotic-resistant (MAR) bacteria isolated from wound samples and characterize the bioactive compounds present in the plant. Methods: Bacteria were isolated from wound samples using standard microbiological techniques and disc diffusion method was used to determine the sensitivity patterns of the isolated bacteria to conventional antibiotics and to the various extracts of V. amygdalina stem bark. Ciprofloxacin was used as control during the antibacterial assay. GC-MS analysis was carried out to identify the bioactive compounds in the stem bark extracts of the plant. Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36%), Staphylococcus aureus (29%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (14%), Bacillus subtilis (6%), Escherichia coli (6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5%), and Proteus mirabilis (4%) were the bacteria isolated from the wound swabs sampled in this study. The ethyl acetate extract of V. amygdalina (300 mg/ml) inhibited the growth of these organisms with the greatest effect on S. aureus with inhibition zone of 23.17±0.60 mm. The GC-MS analysis of the plant extracts revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as coumarin and oleic acid, among others. Conclusion: The findings from this study have further established that V. amygdalina is a promising candidate and effective alternative treatment means for MAR bacteria that are associated with wound infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract, employing a sustainable and eco-friendly green synthesis approach. Characterization of the green-synthesized AgNPs was conducted using various analytical techniques, including UV-visible, FTIR, DLS, SEM, TEM, XRD, EDX, and assessment of their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The presence of AgNPs was indicated by the maximum absorbance at 430 nm. In the case of Va-AgNPs nanocomposites, two distinct peaks were observed at 417 nm and 230 nm, providing confirmation of the formation of AgNPs with caps. These bands suggest the adsorption of flavonoids and triterpene acids in the capping layer of the nanoparticles. Additionally, the peak at 1618.02 cm–1 and the intense band at 1060.01 cm–1 correspond to N-H bonds and ether groups (C–O bond stretch), respectively. DLS analysed Z-Average Size is measured at 70.00 ± 10.0 nm with a PDI of 0.600 ± 0.02, and a Zeta potential of -22.00 ± 1.5 mV. SEM analysis confirmed nanoparticle sizes ranging from 10 to 25 nm, contributing to the morphological and characterization analysis of AgNPs. TEM analysis revealed V. amygdalina-synthesized AgNPs as spherical, 20–50 nm in diameter. Biosynthesized AgNPs with small crystallite size and cubic spinel ferrite structure effectively degrade dyes and pathogens, closely matching standard cubic-phase AgNPs (JCPDS card number 22-1089) in 2-theta values and (hkl) plane values (220), (311), (222), (400), (422), (511), and (400). EDX analysis shows 54% oxygen and 40% AgNPs in the synthesized material, with excess oxygen likely coming from the glass substrate. In-vitro antioxidant activity of V. amygdalina extract AgNPs effectively reduced DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radicals in a dose-dependent manner. V. amygdalina AgNPs showed the highest antibacterial activity against Gram-negative pathogens, including E. coli, S. typhi, V. cholerae, and P. vulgaris. These findings underscore the potential of Vernonia amygdalina-synthesized AgNPs, rich in polyphenolic compounds, for pharmacological applications of antipyretic and anticancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysolaena flexuosa (Sims.) H. Rob. is a South American species in the tribe Vernonieae, with potential ornamental value: it has attractive inflorescences, is suitable for pot cultivation, and its cypselae are useful for dried flower arrangements. Apart from studies on the growth dynamics of this species under cultivation, chromosome number, DNA content, ploidy level, size, pollen viability, and the characterization of phenotypic and genetic variability, it is noteworthy that other aspects regarding the floral architecture, reproductive mode, and gametophyte formation of C. flexuosa have not yet been studied. For this reason, our study encompasses a floral morphoanatomical survey and a comprehensive assessment of gametophyte development in the species. As a result of this study, we report new floral morphotypes, confirming that the morphological variability of the species might be greater than speculated. The morphoanatomy of the androecium and gynoecium and the male and female gametophyte developmental characteristics are uniform in all the populations studied despite the different ploidy levels. Chrysolaena flexuosa has five tetrasporangiate stamens of the dicotyledonous type of development; all the populations studied displayed a unilocular inferior ovary with a single anatropous, unitegumented, and tenuinucellar ovule. Given that all the embryo sacs observed were of the Polygonum-type development regardless of the ploidy level, we infer that the populations analyzed are fertile and undergo sexual reproduction. Our results not only contribute further research in the field of breeding systems and propagation of this species, but also promote the successful introduction of C. flexuosa to the plant ornamental market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recognition of its numerous medicinal benefits, bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina L.) is widely used in traditional medicine. Despite substantial research, a comprehensive comparative analysis of the antioxidants and phytochemical properties of its methanolic and aqueous extracts remains undocumented. This study addresses this gap by examining the differences in antioxidant values and phytochemical constituents between the two extracts using advanced analytical techniques. NMR and FTIR spectroscopy were employed to investigate probable phytochemicals, while HPLC and GC-MS determined the differences in biological components. Both DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging tests evaluated variations in antioxidant activity. NMR Results indicated the presence of aromatic protons, phenolic hydroxyl groups, methyl groups, and methoxylated substances by the singlet signal at 7.1–7.5 ppm, singlet at 4.0–4.5 ppm, doublet at 1.0–1.5 ppm, and singlet at 2.0–2.5 ppm, respectively. FTIR results showed a C=O stretching at 1700 cm-1, an O-H stretching at about 3250 cm-1, and a C=C stretching between 1500 and 1600 cm-1 . Methanolic extracts had higher phytochemical values according to GC-MS and HPLC data, except for rutin, delta-cadinene, and alphacadinol, which were higher in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract exhibited superior antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS assays, with maximal scavenging activities of 90.5% and 96.8%, respectively. At 200 µg/mL, the aqueous extract demonstrated scavenging activities of 85.4% and 92.7%. These findings underscore the enhanced potential of methanolic extract for therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia elaeagnifolia is an evergreen creeping plant belonging to the sunflower family. It has been investigated for various medicinal properties, but there is limited information on its antioxidant and anticancer properties. This study therefore aims to examine the antioxidant and anticancer potentials of the ethanol extract of Vernonia elaeagnifolia leaves (VEE). VEE was obtained by maceration in 96% ethanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done according to standard method. Antioxidant activity of VEE was assessed using the 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+) radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxic effect against 4T1 and MCF7 breast cancer cells, as well as Vero non-cancerous cells was examined by the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Phytochemical screening of VEE reveals the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, and tannins. VEE exhibited modest antioxidant activity with IC50 of 147.28 μg/mL, compared to ascorbic acid which had an IC50 of 5.43 μg/mL. VEE possessed moderate cytotoxic effect against 4T1, and MCF7, and a mild cytotoxic effect against Vero cells with IC50 of 165.50, 185.68, and 299.66 μg/mL, respectively. VEE was less potent than Doxorubicin which exhibited IC50 values of 0.44, 2.09, and 4.51 μg/mL, against 4T1, MCF7, and Vero cells, respectively. The selectivity index of VEE was 1.6 - 1.8, indicating limited selectivity for cancer cells. The findings from this study have shown the potentials of Vernonia elaeagnifolia leaves as an antioxidant and a mild cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is still a health problem in the world. The number of sufferers and deaths from cancer continues to increase from year to year, especially breast cancer. Cancer treatment is often associated with high toxicity and low selectivity, and the emergence of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is a serious problem. Therefore, the development of new anticancer agents is a priority. This research provides information regarding the potential of the Vernonia amygdaline Delile plant for the development of breast cancer. Several studies show that this plant has the potential to be used as an anticancer agent. The research was conducted by extracting and fractionating this plant's leaves and then assessing the cytotoxic effect on T47D cell viability using Microtetrazolium. Next, cell cycle inhibition, apoptosis, p53 and Akt protein expression were analyzed using flow cytometry techniques. The results showed that the dichloromethane fraction had the highest yield. The dichloromethane fraction had the best IC50 value, 76.72 ± 1.79 μg/mL. Able to inhibit the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, stimulate apoptosis, increase p53 protein expression and inhibit Akt protein expression in T47D cells. The dichloromethane fraction can potentially be developed in treating breast cancer development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast cancer whose treatment is significantly more complicated than that for other forms of breast cancer. Chemotherapy is now the mainstay of treatment, but it often causes adverse effects for patients, making nature-based therapies an alternative. Aim of the study: Vernonia amygdalina is a medicinal plant with significant potential to be utilised as a chemo-preventive agent due to its exceptional antioxidant qualities. This research aims to evaluate the anticancer properties of this plant on Hs587t breast cancer cells. Methods: The extract was extracted using ethanol and fractionated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate, then separated by column chromatography. The toxicity was tested on the Hs587t cell line using the micro-tetrazolium technique. The three best subfractions for phytochemical constituents were analyzed using LCHRMS. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the patterns of apoptosis and cell cycle. Results: Cytotoxicity on cells showed that subfractions 1, 2, and 3 (IC50 13.76 ± 0.10, 4.57 ± 0.22, and 9.77 ± 0.27 µg/mL) were the best. This subfraction induces both early and late apoptosis while inhibiting the advancement of the G2−M phase of the cell cycle. Conclusion: The study found that subfractions 1, 2, and 3 of V. amygdalina leaves demonstrated significant anticancer properties against breast cancer. This was observed through their toxicity and ability to induce apoptosis in Hs587t cells. However, additional clinical trial investigations are necessary to obtain more dependable outcomes.

The high prevalence of nutrition-related health issues has spurred a growing interest in developing healthier snack alternatives. The aim of this study therefore was to develop and assess the sensory as well as the nutritional properties of biscuits supplemented with Vernonia amygdalina leaf (VA) and Heteroclarias spp viscera oil. Four biscuit samples were developed: one without Vernonia amygdalina and fish oil (labeled BWVF) and three others containing increasing quantities of VA (BWVF-1 g, BWVF-2 g, and BWVF-3 g). A commercially purchased conventional biscuit (CB) was utilized as a control. Physicochemical parameters of fish viscera oil, proximate analysis and sensory evaluation using a 9-point hedonic scale was carried out on the formulated biscuits. Results showed that the physicochemical properties of the fish viscera oil were within range recommended for edible oil. Carbohydrate was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in BWVF- 1 g, BWVF- 2 g and BWVF- 3 g in a dose dependent manner compared to the CB, while percentage crude protein, lipid and ash contents increased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to CB. The rating of appearance, texture/consistency, crunchiness, and overall acceptability of the test biscuits were not significantly different (p > 0.05) to CB. However, there was a dose-dependent decrease in the ratings for the taste of BWVF-1 g, BWVF-2 g and BWVF-3g compared to CB and BWVF. In conclusion, Vernonia amygdalina and fish oil-supplemented biscuits have good sensory evaluation and contain nutrients that can contribute to the daily nutritional and caloric needs of consumers.

Even when fresh, non-alcoholic, and low-alcoholic beers (NABLABs) exhibit significant staling defects due to premature oxidation. In this study, the antioxidant power of eleven fresh commercial NABLABs was assessed by means of three different assays: the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), the linoleic acid-induced oxidation (TINH), and the indicator time test (ITT). Only the first two assays, both involving radicalar degradations initiated by AAPH, were found to correlate with each other. NABLABs displayed lower ORAC values than conventional beers (on average, 6127 μmol eq. Trolox/L), except for three samples made with special-colored malts or dry-hopped. Dealcoholization was the step with the greatest impact on the ORAC value (up to a 95% loss) and on flavan-3-ols, sotolon, and polyfunctional thiols, while pasteurization strongly affected color, TBA, and Strecker aldehydes. ORAC assays applied to hop, alternative cereals, and various botanical ingredients indicated that mashing with red sorghum, dry hopping/spicing, and wood maturation could bring the antioxidant power of a NABLAB close to those of conventional beers. With an ORAC value not reached by any other tested botanical ingredient (5234 µmol eq. Trolox/g), African Vernonia amygdalina leaves (traditionally used for Rwandan Ikigage beers) emerged here as the best candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia amygdalina L., commonly utilized in traditional Vietnamese folk medicine for the management of afflictions including liver diseases, hypertension, diabetes, and elevated cholesterol levels. Despite its extensive employment in local herbal remedies, there exists a scarcity of scientific investigations elucidating its pharmacological and therapeutic potential. This research investigated the antioxidant activity of leaf extracts using a range of solvents, including n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, ethanol, and water. The ethyl acetate extract was identified as the most potent antioxidant, exhibiting EC50 values of 8.42 and 71.88 µg/mL in ferric reduction and DPPH assays, respectively. The hepatoprotective activity, as measured using the cellular lipid peroxidation method of ethanol leaf extract (IC50 = 5.87 µg/mL) is 4.75 times stronger than the trolox. Additionally, the ethanol extract demonstrated significant inhibitory potential against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes (IC50 of 480.00 and 72.53 µg/mL, respectively). The acute oral toxicity study conducted on a mouse model indicates a safety margin at the experimental dose Dmax = 18.44 g extract/kg. Additionally, this study encompassed a leaf microdissection of V. amygdalina, elucidating pivotal morphological features. So, it is safe for further studies and producing functional products for disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. is a traditional treatment for vitiligo in Xinjiang. However, its therapeutic mechanism remains unclear owing to its complex composition and limited research on its chemical profile. Methods: We employed a targeted metabolome approach, combining selective reaction monitoring/multiple response monitoring (SRM/MRM) with highperformance liquid chromatography and MRM mass spectrometry to quantitatively analyze the flavonoid constituents of Vernonia anthelmintica. We also used network pharmacology and molecular docking to identify potential vitiligo-linked compounds and targets of V. anthelmintica seeds. Additionally, we assessed HaCaT cell proliferation by AAPH-induced, alongside changes in SOD activity and MDA content, following treatment with V. anthelmintica components. Finally, flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and ROS levels. Results and Discussion: We identified 36 flavonoid compounds in V. anthelmintica seeds, with 14 compounds exhibiting druggability. AKT1, VEGFA, ESR1, PTGS2, and IL2 have been identified as key therapeutic target genes, with PI3K/AKT signaling being an important pathway. Notably, kaempferol, one of the identified compounds, exhibited high expression in network pharmacology analysis. Kaempferol exhibited a strong binding affinity to important targets. Further, kaempferol enhanced HaCaT cell viability, inhibited apoptosis, reduced MDA levels, suppressed ROS activity, and upregulated SOD activity, increase the expression of cellular antioxidant genes, including HO-1, GCLC, GCLM, Nrf2, NQO1 and Keap1, providing significant protection against oxidative stress damage in vitro. Here, we present the first comprehensive study integrating SRM/MRM approaches and network analysis to identify active flavonoid compounds within V. anthelmintica (L.) Willd. Moreover, we revealed that its active ingredient, kaempferol, offers protection against AAPH-induced damage in keratinocytes, highlighting its potential as a clinical resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia amygdalina is an African traditional leafy vegetable which is a source of income for many households involved in its production in West and Central Africa. The species possesses several medicinal and nutritional properties. Despite its importance, there is limited information on farmers' access to seed, seed production practices, seed trade, and related constraints. This research aimed at investigating farmers' seed access and management practices. A non-probabilistic snowball method was used to sample and interview 164 bitter leaf seed sector actors from urban and peri-urban areas in Benin. Results indicated that vegetable farming is mainly practiced by men and it was the main occupation for 94.47% of the farmers interviewed. A significant association was found between the location and farmers' experience (pvalue = 0.01358). A diversity of Vernonia amygdalina morphotypes were found. Sixty-three percent of the farmers surveyed use seeds as planting material, 29% use purchased seedlings and only 7% use stem cuttings for Vernonia amygdalina production. Most of the seeds used (74%) were from farmer-saved seeds, harvested from isolated plants during production. The main constraints to V. amygdalina production reported by farmers were the unavailability of seeds (41% of respondents), low germination percentage (18%) and low seed longevity (12%). Findings from this study can inform solutions to improve farmers' access to high-quality seeds and enhance V. amygdalina vegetable production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia patula Merr. (VP) is a traditional medicine used by the Zhuang and Yao people, known for its therapeutic properties in treating anemopyretic cold and other diseases. Distinguishing VP from similar varieties such as Praxelis clematidea (PC), Ageratum conyzoides L. (AC) and Ageratum houstonianum Mill (AH) was challenging due to their similar traits and plant morphology. The HPLC fingerprints of 40 batches of VP and three similar varieties were established. SPSS 20.0 and SIMCA-P 13.0 were used to statistically analyze the chromatographic peak areas of 37 components. The results showed that the similarity of the HPLC fingerprints for each of the four varieties was >0.9, while the similarity between the control chromatogram of VP and its similar varieties was <0.678. Cluster analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis provided consistent results, indicating that all four varieties could be individually clustered together. Through further analysis, we found isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C were present only in the original VP, while preconene II was present in the three similar varieties of VP. These three components are expected to be identification points for accurately distinguishing VP from PC, AC and AH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards fabricated from Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham and Eleocharis sp. fibers with PVAc adhesive based on the SNI 03-2105-2006. A two-factor factorial in completely randomized design was used with adhesive contents of 10% and 20% as the first, and ratios of V. arborea Buch.-Ham to Eleocharis sp. of 30/70, 50/50 and 70/30 as the second factor. The materials were V. arborea Buch.-Ham wood shaving (mesh size of 4), Eleocharis sp. (chop length of 1-2cm), and PVAc adhesive. The parameters were moisture content, density, water absorption, and thickness swelling for physical properties, and modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, internal bond strength, and screw holding strength for mechanical properties. However, both properties do not meet the SNI 03-2105-2006 (except for thickness swelling), allegedly caused by imprecise concentration and uneven distribution of PVAc. Additionally, 3h boiling of Eleocharis sp. is not able to remove its wax layer, causing less optimal adhesion between materials. Particleboard with 20% PVAc shows the best result. Principally, the adhesive concentration has significant effects, while the combination between V. arborea Buch.- Ham and Eleocharis sp. has insignificant effects on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards. The evaluated composition is recommended for interior uses (partition walls, wall panels, information boards, and lightweight ceilings), with the addition of coating to improve durability and decorative value. As an additional material, Eleocharis sp. has a high sustainability value due to its availability in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitiligo, a prevalent hypopigmented skin disorder, profoundly impacts patients' psychological well-being and quality of life. Therefore, the development of more efficacious antivitiligo drugs is imperative. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of four flavonoids found in Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd such as Butin, Butein, Eriodictyol, and Liquiritigenin—against H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT cells). Materials & Methods: Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT kit. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured via the WST-1 method, while the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined using the thiobarbituric acid method. Transcription and protein expression of nuclear transcription-related factors (Nrf2), heme oxidase-1 (HO-1), and Quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) were analyzed through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western Blotting. Results: Upon treatment with the four flavonoids, SOD activity exhibited a significant increase compared to the H2O2 induction model (P <.01), and MDA content was significantly lower (P <.01). This effect showed a dose-dependent relationship, with an increment in SOD activity and a reduction in MDA content. All four flavonoids upregulated the expression levels of nuclear transcription-related factor, HO-1, and NQO1 genes, as well as their corresponding proteins. Conclusion: The identified flavonoids in V anthelmintica (L.) Willd demonstrate a protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in HaCaT cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), or "insulin-independent diabetes mellitus," is a worldwide health concern. Diabetes affects roughly 415 million individuals worldwide, with 193 million undiagnosed cases. The number of people afflicted in the following decades is predicted to double. Although various synthetic medications are currently available to treat/manage T2DM, their side effects compel researchers to seek novel treatment options. Because of their affinity for biological receptors and broad bioactivity, nature has long been a source of innovative medication. V. amygdalina is one of the numerous natural productswith antidiabetic properties. Several studies have shown that the extracts have antidiabetic effects in vitro and in vivo. This review examined the antidiabetic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of phytoconstituents found in V. amygdalina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, nanoscience explores the potential of nanoparticles due to their extraordinary properties compared to bulk materials. The synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts is a very promising method for environmental remediation, which gets global attention due to pollution-led global warming. In the present study, iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) were successfully synthesized by the green method using Vernonia amygdalina plant leaf extract as a natural reducing and capping agent. Biosynthesized FeNPs were characterized with different analytical techniques such as UV–visible, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. The analysis revealed the formation of amorphous FeNPs with an irregular morphology and non-uniform distribution in size and shape. The average particle size was approximately 2.31 µm. According to the catalytic degradation investigation, the FeNPs produced via the green approach are highly effective in breaking down both CV and MB into non-toxic products, with a maximum degradation efficiency of 97.47% and 94.22%, respectively, when the right conditions are met. The kinetics study exhibited a high correlation coefficient close to unity (0.999) and (0.995) for the degradation of MB and CV, respectively, for the zero-order pseudo-kinetics model, which describes the model as highly suitable for the degradation of both dyes by FeNPs compared to other models. The reusability and stability of biosynthesized nano-catalysts were studied and successfully used as efficient catalysts with a slight decrease in the degradation rate more than four times. The results from this study illustrate that green synthesized FeNPs offer a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient means for the catalytic degradation of organic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flatworms and the disease is endemic to most countries in sub-Saharan Africa including Ghana. The current therapeutic agent for managing this disease solely relies on praziquantel. The continual dependence on this single available drug could lead to possible drug resistance. This study seeks to evaluate the antischistosomal activity of the following Ghanaian medicinal plants: Khaya senegalensis, Vernonia amygdalina, Clausena anisata, and Bridelia ferruginea. Methodology. Two concentrations (100 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL) of each extract were tested in a 96-well plate containing 30 newly transformed schistosomula (NTS). Moreover, six worms of both sexes of adult Schistosoma mansoni were exposed to the extracts diluted in the RPMI medium. The assay was performed in a 24-well plate. The parasitic worms were examined using an inverted optical microscope. Results. At 100 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL, all extracts performed better and showed strong activity (p < 0.001) against NTS; thus, 98.08%, 100%, 80.77%, and 100% for Clausena, Vernonia, Bridelia, and Khaya, respectively, when compared to praziquantel. Strong activity was recorded when the extracts underwent testing against Schistosoma mansoni adults at 100 μg/mL; 96.35%, 100%, and 94.55% for Vernonia, Bridelia, and Khaya, respectively, except for Clausena which exhibited weak activity, i.e., 56.02%. There was no significant difference between Vernonia, Bridelia, and Khaya when compared to praziquantel. Conclusion. At 100 μg/mL, Khaya senegalensis, Vernonia amygdalina, and Bridelia ferruginea extracts demonstrated strong activity against both schistosomula and adult Schistosoma mansoni. These data can serve as baseline information in the quest to find alternative therapeutic agents to treat schistosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the essential oil (EO) extracted from the leaves of Vernonia volkameriifolia DC., a Vietnamese plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. The focus was on determining the chemical composition of the EO and assessing its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Methods: The EO obtained from V. volkameriifolia underwent comprehensive analysis using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify its chemical constituents. Antimicrobial activity was determined against eight microorganisms using the broth microdilution susceptibility method, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values calculated. Additionally, antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH and ABTS assays, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values indicating the potency of the EO. Results: The main components of the V. volkameriifolia EO were identified as ß-bisabolene (25.2%), ß-pinene (19.1%), germacrene D (13.1%), and cis-ß-elemene (11.4%). The EO exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, with a MIC value of 200 µg/mL against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Additionally, it displayed activity against Candida albicans with a MIC value of 100 µg/mL. In antioxidant tests, the EO demonstrated notable potential, with IC50 values of 144.1 µg/mL and 179.8 µg/mL for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. Conclusion: This study represents the inaugural investigation into the EO extracted from the leaves of V. volkameriifolia. The identified chemical components, along with the demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, contribute valuable insights into the potential applications of V. volkameriifolia EO in pharmaceutical and therapeutic contexts. Further research can build upon these findings to uncover additional properties and applications of this EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new vernonioside K (1) and vernonioside L (2) and four known Δ7,9(11) stigmastane-type steroidal saponins—vernonioside B2 (3), vernoniacum B (4), vernonioside B1 (5), and vernoamyoside A (6)—were isolated from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Their structures were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis with one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. All isolated compounds (1–6) were evaluated to determine their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase. Among them, two new compounds 1 and 2 showed significant inhibition of α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 78.56 ± 7.28 and 14.74 ± 1.57 (μM), respectively, comparable with acarbose as a positive control (127.53 ± 1.73 μM); none of these compounds inhibited xanthine oxidase activity. Compounds 1 and 2 are promising candidates for the development of antidiabetic agents from natural sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biscuit, a popular snack, serve as an ideal vehicle for incorporating therapeutic agents for disease management. This study aimed to assess the effect of Vernonia amygdalina (VO) and fish oil (FO)- supplemented biscuits (VFSB) on the total lipid profile and blood glucose concentration of diabetic rats. Forty-nine Wistar rats were allocated into seven groups (A to G). Upon induction and confirmation of diabetes in experimental rats, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level were monitored weekly using glucometer. Twenty-four hours after the last day of treatment, rats were sacrificed and serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) concentrations were assayed using assay kits. Results showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in FBG, TC, LDL-c, and TG concentrations in biscuit fed groups D, E, and F compared to group B fed VFSB. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly increased (p < 0.05) in groups D, E, and F compared to Group B. In conclusion, Vernonia amygdalina and fish oil-supplemented biscuits exhibited a glucose-lowering effect and mitigated dyslipidemia associated with diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The cytotoxicity of Vernonia amygdalina Delile in HER2+ breast cancer remains elusive. • Using of integrative bioinformatics analysis and in vitro analysis. • Identification of PIK3CA, ERBB2, ESR1, EGFR , and PTPN11 as drug targets. Vernonia amygdalina Delile or bitter leaf, a traditional medicinal plant endemic to Africa, has shown anticancer properties by inhibiting the downstream signaling of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in several cancer cells through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. This study explored the potential target of Vemonia cardiac glycosides for the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer (CTG) using bioinformatics and in vitro experiments. The similarity ensemble technique Swiss TargetPrediction was used to predict protein targets of cardiac glycosides. DisGeNET and UALCAN were used to collect the regulatory genes of HER2+ breast cancer cells. We obtained 75 CTG sequences from the predicted target and regulatory genes of HER2+ breast cancer. Subsequent analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment revealed that CTG was enriched for multiple pathways, such as PI3K-Akt signaling, breast cancer, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, and ErbB signaling pathways. Further bioinformatic analysis identified five CTG: ERBB2, ESR1, EGFR, PIK3CA, and PTPN11. The ethanolic extract and its ethyl acetate fraction of V. amigdalina were referred to as REF and EA, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests showed that EA exerted strong cytotoxicity on MCF-7/HER2 cells by inducing S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, modulating the mRNA expression of CTG: ERBB2, ESR1 , and proliferation and apoptosis markers, PCNA, CCND1 , BAX, BCL2 , and CASP7. Future studies should develop EA and cardiac glycosides as anticancer agents against HER2+breast cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic encephalopathy (HE) has been reported in several studies. Sequel to acute or chronic liver failure, there is impairment in the hippocampal structure and hippocampal-mediated functions. The precise pathophysiological mechanism leading to neurological alterations remains elusive. The hippocampus also has rarely been examined in HE, hence this study. Vernonia amygdalina (VA) which possesses diverse biological activities has been studied and has promising therapeutic potential in several neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective activities of Vernonia amygdalina against thioacetamide-induced neuronal damage in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the rat model. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups A-E (n=6). Group A (control) was the placebo and was administered 2mL/kg distilled water, group B was administered 100mg/kg thioacetamide only. Groups C-E were administered 100mg/kg of thioacetamide and were subsequently treated with 100mg/kg VA, 200mg/kg VA, and 3mg/kg vitamin C respectively. All administration was carried out for 14 days duration orally. Neurobehavioral tests were conducted. Required brain tissues for biochemical analyses were harvested following rat sacrifice. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and hippocampal Glutamate levels were evaluated. Histological stains (H&E and cresyl violet) and immunohistochemical expression of Iba-1 protein (microglial marker) were used to assess neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the CA1 subfield. Statistical analyses were carried out using Graph pad prism 5 and all results were expressed as Mean±SEM. Means differences were identified by Tukey's post hoc test. Statistical significance was set at (p< 0.05). The neurobehavioral test results showed an observable increase in anxiety and impaired spatial working memory of the Wistar rats while glutamate (p = 0.6187; F =0.6844) and G6PDH activity (p = 0.6187; F= 0.9486) were not significantly different across groups. Thioacetamide treatment also resulted in neuroinflammation vis-à-vis microglial activation, causing neurodegeneration in the CA1 subfield. Vernonia amygdalina treatment ameliorated these neurotoxic changes. Altogether, Vernonia amygdalina treatment ameliorated thioacetamideinduced neurotoxicity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus via anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as bitter leaf, has been traditionally used for its potential antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Vernonia amygdalina extract (VAE) in ameliorating hyperglycemia using a streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rat model of diabetes. Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: normal control, diabetic control, and four treatment groups receiving different doses of VAE (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight) orally for eight weeks. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) after four weeks of Nicotinamid feeding. Body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, HbA1c, serum insulin levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Results: Treatment with VAE significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner compared to the diabetic control group (p < 0.05). VAE administration also led to a significant decrease in HbA1c levels and an increase in serum insulin levels in a dosedependent manner (p < 0.05). Furthermore, VAE supplementation restored SOD activity and reduced MDA levels, indicating improved antioxidant status in the treated groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of Vernonia amygdalina as an antidiabetic agent in the STZ and HFD-induced rat model of diabetes. VAE supplementation effectively reduced fasting blood glucose levels, improved glycemic control as indicated by reduced HbA1c levels, and enhanced insulin secretion. Moreover, VAE exhibited antioxidant activity by restoring SOD activity and reducing MDA levels. These findings suggest that Vernonia amygdalina could be a promising natural remedy for the management of diabetes. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate its long-term safety and efficacy in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the effect of an herbal toothpaste containing Little Ironweed and Java Tea, on reducing dentine permeability in vitro. Materials and Methods: Dentine discs from human mandibular third molars were divided into three groups and brushed with herbal toothpaste, nonherbal toothpaste, or deionized water. Each group was immersed in artificial saliva (AS) or 6% citric acid. The permeability of each dentine disc was evaluated before and after saliva or acid challenge using a fluid filtration system. The morphology of dentine discs after treatment was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mean permeabilities were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Results: The nonherbal and herbal toothpaste groups demonstrated reduced dentine permeability. AS immersion decreased dentine permeability in both toothpaste groups with values lower than the control group. Dentine permeability values increased after acid immersion in the toothpaste groups and were similar to each other. SEM revealed small granular crystal-like and round particles on the dentine surface and opening of dentinal tubules of both toothpaste groups. More dentinal tubules were opened after brushing with deionized water. Conclusions: The reduction of dentine permeability caused by the herbal toothpaste was similar to that of the nonherbal toothpaste after brushing and the simulated oral conditions. Both herbal plants have the possibility to alleviate clinical hypersensitivity by reducing dentine permeability. Little Ironweed and Java Tea in the toothpaste composition is a potential choice for treating hypersensitive dentine. Graphical Abstract {Figure 4} [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia missurica Raf. (Compositae: Vernonieae: Vernoniinae) is described and illustrated, a full synonymy provided, the location of known type material provided, and its taxonomic position discussed; a selected iconography is indicated. The cultivation, propagation, pests and diseases and availability of the species are commented on. The complexity of the tribe Vernonieae in a global context is discussed and compared with that of the Eupatorieae. Vernonia Schreb. sensu stricto is considered by some to be restricted to North America and Mexico, with two disjunct species in South America. The infrageneric classification of Vernonia s.s. is commented on, although it is clearly appropriate to regard any formal classification as work in progress as historical attempts are a nomenclatural issue still to be resolved, if needed. The etymology of the generic names Vernonia and Vernoniopsis is introduced and then discussed at length. Vernoniopsis Dusén (Vernonieae), described following anatomical work on xylopodia, is considered to be congeneric with Pycnocephalum (Less.) DC. (Vernonieae). Dusén's name, once highlighted, has subsequently been added to Index Nominum Genericorum, although incorrect assumptions have been made in the Plants of the World Online record, and still have to be updated. A revised generic synonymy of Pycnocephalum and that of Pycnocephalum plantaginifolium (Less.) DC. is provided; the types of all heterotypic synonyms is stated, along with the location of known type material. The later homonym, Vernoniopsis Humbert (currently in the Astereae: Madagasterinae), thus requiring a replacement name, is given the name Jalantzia, and the appropriate new combinations, Jalantzia caudata and J. lokohensis, aremade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using the co-precipitation method with the support of Vernonia Amygdalina (VA) (bitter leaf) extract for the efficient sequestration of rhodamine 6G dye (Rhd 6G) from a water-soluble solution. The prepared MNPs were characterized using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM,) X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrometry. The average particle sizes from TEM and XRD analyses were 4.81 ± 2.2 nm and 5.61 nm respectively. The sorption of Rhd 6G dye to the MNPs was pH-dependent, with ideal confiscation of dye molecules observed at pH 10 ( ∼ 91.4 %) . The sorption process of Rhd 6G dye was reported to follow the Freundlich (FRH) isotherm model, while the pseudo-first-order model (PFOM) best depicted the sorption process of Rhd 6G dye to the MNPs from the non-linear modelling. The determined sorption capacity of the MNPs was established to be 454 mg.g−1. Also, the sorption of Rhd 6G dye to the MNPs was observed to be thermodynamically spontaneous, endothermic and with increasing randomness between the interface of the water-soluble solution and the MNPs. Hence, the prepared MNPs have proven to be an effective potential magnetic sorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from an aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal parasites are developing resistance to various commercial anthelmintics. Hence, the need to explore the efficacies of herbal plants against gastrointestinal parasites. The study was therefore conducted to determine the efficacy of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf against strongyles and coccidia spp. in sheep. A total of 60 sheep were used for the study. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the four groups. Those in group A, B, C, and D were given albendazole (ABZ), 10% aqueous V. amygdalina extract (BL10), 20% aqueous V. amygdalina extract (BL20), and 10 mL distilled water, respectively. All four treatments were given orally, depending on the body weight of the animals, with the exception of the distilled water, which was constant (10 mL) for each animal. Faecal samples were collected from each sheep and examined using McMaster technique. The data were analyzed using R version 4.2. The study brought to light that the prevalence of strongyles in sheep was 70% in the study area at pre-treatment. BL10 had efficacies of 52.58% and 65.08% against strongyles and coccidia spp., respectively. BL20 produced similar anthelmintic effect against strongyles as ABZ. Strongyle spp. showed resistance against ABZ in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a complex heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterized by a defect in the function of insulin, is on the rapid rise globally. Sustained hyperglycemia which is a major sign of DM is linked to the generation of reactive oxygen species which promotes adverse complications of the disorder. Traditional herbal treatment of DM is a common practice in Africa and other tropical parts of the world. Vernonia amygdalina (VA), one of the highly researched species in the Asteraceae family, has proven to possess potent antidiabetic properties. Several phytochemicals identified in multiple extracts from VA are purported to be responsible for the antidiabetic potential of the plant. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of VA in diabetes and its associated complications. We appraise the current evidence and further suggest potential areas that could be effectively exploited in future VA research on diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malted sorghum wort, supplemented with Vernonia amygdalina extract during boiling, was fermented with a Saccharomyces strain for 192 h. This was a preliminary study to examine how use of this substitute hop compound affected alcohol production and yeast growth. Alcohol content was modelled as a 3-parameters Gompertz growth model. The three levels of extract of Vernonia amygdalina, which were added to sorghum malt wort, induced reductions in alcohol content of 3, 12, and 25% after 192 h of fermentation and reductions in optical density at 600 nm of 27, 33, and 48%, respectively, were obtained. Yeast growth curve peaked at around 60 h and alcohol decreased as the content of Vernonia amygdalina extract increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes is a serious metabolic disorder and many medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine to manage it. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Vernonia calvoana (V. calvoana) extract fractions on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat models. In this study, we first investigated the binding affinity of ligands from extracts of V. calvoana crystal structure proteins using a molecular docking approach. Furthermore, the in silico predictions were validated by in vitro and in vivo biochemical evaluations to ascertain the efficacy of these extract fractions. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the fractions was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP, SOD, and LPx scavenging. For biological activity, extract fractions of V. calvoana and metformin (400 mg and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively) were administered to diabetic rats for 21 days after induction and confirmation of diabetes. Results: The radical scavenger activities of the fractions showed a good dose-dependent reaction activity. A significant reduction in hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity was observed in all experimental treated groups. Improved hematological and histopathological changes were also observed. Conclusion: The In silico analyses revealed that all the compounds from extract fractions of V. calvoana have varying binding affinity for PFK and lipoprotein lipase, with some showing higher affinity than the standard drug, further validating the biological activity of the plant. The results of this study indicated that V. calvoana extracts might have potential value in treating complications arising from diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial potential of Euphorbia tirucalli L. and Vernonia glabra (Steetz) Vatke and their safety level. The plants were obtained from Kiwere ward in the Iringa district, prepared and extracted in aqueous and ethanol solvents. The E. tirucalli and V. glabra plant extracts were studied for their antimicrobial activities against E. coli isolates and E. coli ATCC 25922 using the agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) were determined. Among the tested plant extracts, the ethanol extracts of V. glabra showed the highest activity against E. coli isolates and E. coli 25922 with a mean inhibition zone of 17.909±0.3297 and 22.5 ± 0.500 respectively. Furthermore, on MIC and MBC, the ethanol extracts of V. glabra had a better activity with the values ranging from 1.25-2.5 mg/ml and 2.5-5 mg/ml respectively compared to other plant extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed the extract's presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenes and steroids. The brine shrimp lethality test showed that the aqueous extract of E. tirucalli was non-toxic with LC50 of 1007 µg/mL, while ethanol extract of E. tirucalli, aqueous extract of V. glabra and ethanol extract of V. glabra were less toxic with LC50 values of 589, 507 and 658 µg/mL respectively. These results indicate that the plant extracts have bioactive constituents that could be accounted for their pharmacological properties. Furthermore, these results proved the claim of indigenous people in the study area on the effectiveness and safety of the plants and supported the use of these plant species in traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Vernonia auriculifera Hiern (Asteraceae) is among Ethiopian herbal medicines that are traditionally used to treat skin and gastrointestinal cancers. In this study, the chemopreventive potential of Vernonia auriculifera leaf extract in dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in rats was investigated.Methods: Rats were assigned to nine groups (normal, positive, and negative control groups, and three pre- and three post-initiation groups). Except for the normal control group (administered with 1 mL/100 g distilled water), the remaining eight groups were given DMH (20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (ip) for 15 consecutive weeks to induce colorectal tumours. The extract was given orally to the pre-initiation and post-initiation groups at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg before and after the induction of cancer, respectively. The positive control group was treated with aspirin (60 mg/kg/day) orally for the whole experimental period. Parameters including body weight, average tumour number, size, progression, incidence, total cholesterol, serum total protein, and triglyceride levels were determined. The cytotoxic activity of the extract in Caco-2 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay, and the antioxidant activity of the extract was also assessed using 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) and reducing power methods. Moreover, total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined using appropriate methods.Results: Rats treated with the extract showed a lower incidence of up to 50% in the pre-initiation higher dose, average number (p< 0.05),and size (p< 0.05) of tumours compared to untreated rats. It also inhibited colorectal cancer-associated increases in serum total cholesterol and triglycerides. The extract's IC50 value in the MTT assay was found to be higher than 200 μg/mL. The extract had an IC50 of 74.88 ± 0.86 μg/mL and 84.69 ± 2.02 μg/mL in the reducing power and DPPH assays, respectively. Total flavonoid and phenol contents were 14.51 ± 0.41 mg quercetin acid equivalent/gm and 47.37 ± 0.72 mg gallic acid equivalent/gm of the crude extract, respectively.Conclusion: The findings collectively indicated that the leaves of V. auriculifera possess chemopreventive activity, probably mediated through antioxidant mechanisms, which supports the traditional claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By virtue of its floral form and chemical makeup, the family Asteraceae is widely distribute in India. It is regarded as one of the most developed dicotyledonous family. In the Asteraceae family, the genus Vernonia has herbs and shrubs. In India, Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. is a widely distributed species. The plant has a reputation as a folklore remedy in several traditional medical systems. This study's goal was to learn more about Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. leaf epidermal micromorphology. On the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of leaves, glandular and non-glandular trichome types as well as anomocytic stomatal types were identified as diagnostic markers by qualitative and quantitative analysis of epidermal properties. On both leaf surfaces, the epidermal cells were predominantly sinuous or polygonal in shape. The study's objective is to assess the Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. plant's therapeutic benefits among the local indigenous communities in the semi-arid areas of Barmer, Rajasthan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus is an important economic plant in Thailand. The infection of citrus roots by Phytophthora nicotianae leads to root rot, reduced growth, and branch death. Although fosetyl aluminum and metalaxyl are commonly employed to address citrus root rot, they possess limitations in terms of their ability to diffuse to the root of citrus. Vernonia amygdalina leaf ethyl acetate extract (VLE) has been demonstrated to effectively inhibit Pythium deliense, a fungus closely related to Phytophthora nicotianae. This study aimed to investigate the anti-fungus activity of fractions obtained from the ethyl acetate extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf against Phytophthora nicotianae, identify the most effective fraction, and formulate it into polymeric micro/nanoparticles using the electrospray process. The findings revealed that the VLE fraction eluted with ethanol:chloroform 1:1 had a high alkaloid content from metabolomic study and exhibited the potential to inhibit Phytophthora nicotianae at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. Consequently, this fraction was selected for incorporation into polymer blends of Poly Vinyl Alcohol/cellulose acetate to generate electrosprayed particles with a diameter of 0.97 ± 0.55 microns. These particles effectively suppressed in vitro Phytophthora nicotianae, thereby suggesting that VLE-containing electrosprayed particles have the potential to be applied and their in vivo performance in the treatment of citrus root rot evaluated in future experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the important traditional medicinal plants listed in the Chinese pharmacopoeia, Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd has been shown to possess various biological activities. In this study, we characterized culturable endophytic bacteria associated with the medicinal plant V. anthelmintica collected from Hotan within the Xinjiang autonomous region of China. Bacterial endophytes were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and compared to similar sequences from the GenBank. Isolated strains exhibited 99.08–100% similarity to Bacillus haynesii XJB-5, Bacillus proteolyticus XJB-16, Bacillus halotolerans XJB-35, Bacillus safensis XJB-71, Pseudomonas punonensis XJB-7, Lysinibacillus fusiformis XJB-17, Streptococcus lutetiensis XJB-66, Leclercia adecarboxylata XJB-12, Paenibacillus alvei XJB-14, and Pantoea agglomerans XJB-62. The ethyl acetate extracts of the bacterial endophytes demonstrated various pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activity, according to a melanin content assay and have shown tyrosinase activity in murine B16 cells. A crude extract of B. halotolerans XJB-35 displayed more powerful biological activities than other bacterial endophytes; therefore, this strain was studied further in order to select the optimized parameters for enhancing the synthesis of bioactive compounds. The optimal culture medium was found to be nutrient broth (NB) medium, using peptone as its carbon source and yeast extract as its nitrogen source. A 24 h incubation time produced the optimal conditions for the maximum growth of B. halotolerans XJB-35 and the production of bioactive compounds. Moreover, we investigated the volatile chemical component of the dichloromethane fraction using GC-MS analysis. Our findings provide valuable information regarding the synthesize of bioactive natural products by B. halotolerans XJB-35 for use by the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the extent and distribution of genetic diversity is an essential component of plant breeding. In the present study, we explored the genetic diversity and population structure of Vernonia amygdalina, a fodder, vegetable and medicinal species of Africa and some parts of Yemen. Most empirical studies demonstrate that populations that are separated by geographic or ecological factors may experience genetic differentiation resulting from restricted gene flow between populations. A total of 238 individuals were sampled from two populations: i) Lake Victoria crescent (LVC) and ii) Southern and Eastern Lake Kyoga basin (SEK) agroecological zones of Uganda and genotyped using DArT platform. Of the two populations, the overall mean observed heterozygosity (Ho) was low to medium (Ho = 0.07[silicoDArTs] and 0.2[SNPs]). Inbreeding levels were also very low (-0.04 to -0.08) suggesting the presence of random mating. Partitioning of genetic structure in the two populations indicated that SEK exhibited a higher genetic diversity than LVC. The principal coordinates analysis (PCA) showed no geographical structuring, consistent with the low genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.00) and the low Euclidean genetic distance (1.38–1.39) between the LVC and SEK populations. However, STRUCTURE analysis with admixture models revealed weak possible genetic clusters with very small genetic distance among them. Overall, the results suggest low genetic diversity and weak genetic differentiation between the two populations. One possible explanation of the results could be the presence of human assisted gene flow over long distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphologically diverse and globally distributed tribe Vernonieae (Compositae) has had a long taxonomic history whereby the majority of its taxa ended up being put into its "core" genus, Vernonia Schreb. Recent phylogenetic studies using DNA sequence data are only now beginning to tease apart this complicated "evil tribe" and provide a better understanding of the underlying morphological relationships within. With strong support from a recent molecular phylogenetic study of the Vernonieae across its entire geographical range, 10 Mexican species of Vernonia and Vernonanthura are examined in this paper and placed in a new genus, Vickianthus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical investigation of the whole plants of Vernonia gratiosa Hance. led in the isolation and identification of two new stigmastane-type steroidal glucosides (1–2), namely vernogratiosides A (1), and B (2). Their chemical structures were fully elucidated based on 1 D/2D NMR spectroscopic, HR-ESI-MS data analyses, and by producing derivatives by chemical reactions. The binding potential of the isolated compounds to replicase protein − main protease of SARS-CoV-2 were examined using the molecular docking simulations. Our results show that the isolated steroidal glucosides (1–2) bind to the substrate‐binding site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease with binding affinities of −7.2 and −7.6 kcal/mol, respectively, as well as binding abilities equivalent to N3 inhibitor that has already been reported (–7.5 kcal/mol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is a native plant from Africa that is widely distributed to Asia, especially in Indonesia. One of the factors that can affect the pharmacological activity of natural ingredients is the extraction process. This study aims to show the effect of extraction methods in the VA leaves extraction process on phytochemical content and their correlation with pharmacological activities. VA leaves extract in this study was obtained using different extraction methods. The extracts were investigated for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) using a calorimetry assay. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to group the extracts based on FTIR data. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was done using DPPH and ABTS assay. While the cytotoxic activity of the extracts was carried out using an MTT assay on T47D, WiDr, and HeLa cells. The cytotoxic activity of extracts was described using the IC50 value. There were significantly different total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of extracts (p<0.05). The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) extract was identified to have the highest TFC, DPPH, ABTS, and cytotoxic values of 11.06±0.77 mg QE/g dry powder, 63.05±3.21 μg/mL, 32.19±1.23 μg/mL, and 133.922±3.22 μg/mL (T47D), 194.547±3.43 μg/mL (WiDr), and 1275.436±11.42 μg/mL (HeLa), respectively (p<0.05). This is supported by PCA analysis which shows that there are differences in extracts based on FTIR data. This study reports that each extract of VA leaves gives a distinct phytochemical profile (TPC, TFC, and FTIR spectrum) that contributes to the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four polyoxygenated stigmastanes (1–4) alongside known analogues (7–8) and flavonoids (5–6) were isolated from a dichloromethane/methanol (1:1, v/v) extract of the whole plant of Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae). Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis. The relative stereochemistry of the new compounds was established and confirmed via biosynthesis evidence and cyclization of 1 under acidic conditions. A plausible biosynthetic pathway to the new compounds and the chemophenetic significance of the isolated constituents were also discussed. The crude extract, fractions, and compounds (1–3) were assessed for their antibacterial activity against five highly prevalent bacterial strains. The fractions and compounds showed low to moderate activity with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) > 125 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]