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The economic results of the development of Muslim countries have raised the question of the existence of an increasingly focused Islamic financial and tax model. Taxes in the Islamic economic model provide an implicit link in the relations between the state and individuals, thus determining the limits of conditioned freedom and mutual obligations. The article is aimed at identifying the indicative features of progressive taxation of individual income in some Islamic countries. The research results show that Islamic countries are characterized by the unity of religion (faith) and such elements of the social system as the organization of power, as well as family, economic and other relations. The boundaries of the personal and the public, the individual and the national are transparent and strictly regulated. The peculiarities of the Tax Institute in Muslim countries, terms of taxation and tax usage rules are considered. It is proven that nowadays approaches to taxation in Islamic countries are diverse. It is determined that progressive taxation of individual income is widely used in Turkey, Pakistan, Tunisia, Indonesia, Nigeria, and other countries, and partly in Saudi Arabia; "tax heavens" are typical for the UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Omani; proportional taxation is still used in Malaysia, Sudan, and Kazakhstan. The main types of taxes in Muslim countries are analyzed, their evolution is studied. Modern foci of progressive taxation of individual incomes in specific Muslim countries are revealed. The advantages of the Islamic financial model in terms of tax policy modernization and compliance with tax discipline, unconditional fulfillment of obligations and concluded agreements are identified. It is substantiated that using some elements of the progressive tax scale applied in the practice of Islamic finance can prove useful in a number of areas, providing budgetary and social balance in the "corridor of opportunities", bringing mutual responsibility of citizens and the state in fulfilling obligations, creating an annuity and mutually beneficial economic behavior pattern. It is proved that the progressive tax withdrawal of a part of large incomes will give a restrictive and restraining result of control over their redistribution in the public interest, as the socio-economic behavior of individuals, their powers and responsibilities must be balanced

The analysis carried out in the article shows the possibility of creating a problem-oriented VLSI, fabricated according to the technological standards of 28 nm or less, for at least one family of digital signal processing problems using similar computing nodes in structure. The use of distributed arithmetic allows one to apply a technique based on performing only those multiplication steps for which non-zero digits are set in the corresponding positions of the filter coefficients. Therefore, the performance of 200 nodes executing 2 steps at 1 GHz is equivalent to approximately 80 GMAC/s/mm2 for 16-bit coefficients. The VLSI architecture view opens up the possibility to study the effectiveness of implementing other families of tasks and refine the architectural parameters for their implementation. The proposed functionality of VLSI computing nodes allows them to be used in various fields of technology, which potentially increases the need for the release of such VLSI.

Issues of permanent magnet synchronous motor with a fractional slot winding design are discussed in this paper. Fractional slot concentrated windings are windings with less than one slot per pole and phase. This type of winding has the following features. A machine with such a winding has manufacturing advantages, since there are no conductors overlapping at the winding ends; consequently, the manufacturing process is simpler and there is a higher level of reliability. This kind of winding also allows one to create multipole machines of relatively small dimensions. In turn, this makes it possible to increase the stator inner diameter and torque density by reducing the stator yoke. Features of the construction solutions are considered. Means of development and solutions used, as well as methods of calculation and simulation, are described. Experimental results are given. The developed motor is compared with similar induction motors, and the advantages of the synchronous machine are presented.

We studied coordination of central motor commands (СMCs) coming to muscles of the shoulder and shoulder belt in the course of single-joint and two-joint movements including flexion and extension of the elbow and shoulder joints. Characteristics of rectified and averaged EMGs recorded from a few muscles of the upper limb were considered correlates of the CMC parameters. Special attention was paid to coordination of CMCs coming to two-joint muscles that are able to function as common flexors (m. biceps brachii, caput breve, BBcb) and common extensors (m. triceps brachii, caput longum, TBcl) of the elbow and shoulder joints. Upper limb movements used in the tests included planar shifts of the arm from one spatial point to another resulting from either simultaneous changes in the angles of the shoulder and elbow joints or isolated sequential (two-stage) changes in these joint angles. As was found, shoulder muscles providing movements of the elbow with changes in the angle of the elbow joint, i.e., BBcb and TBcl, were also intensely involved in the performance of single-joint movements in the shoulder joint. The CMCs coming to two-joint muscles in the course of two-joint movements appeared, in the first approximation, as sums of the commands received by these muscles in the course of corresponding single-joint movements in the elbow and shoulder joints. Therefore, if we interpret the isolated forearm movement performed due to a change in the angle of the elbow joint as the main motor event, while the shoulder movement is considered the accessory one, we can conclude that realization of a two-joint movement of the upper-limb distal part is based on superposition of CMCs related to basic movements (main and accessory).

The problem of operative monitoring of the state of a complex computer system aimed at preparing information required for operative control of the system in critical situations is a key problem on the stage of the system operation. An operative response to emergency situations in complex network structures and high-performance mass-parallel computer systems by means of traditional state control mechanisms, without help of modern technologies and without automation of this process, is now impossible. Nowadays, systems created for active monitoring of large-scale network structures, such as HP OpenView, Sun Net Manager, and others, are applied to systems with mass parallelism and to metacomputer structures. Such an approach has a number of disadvantages due to the fact that specific features of these systems are not completely taken into account and because of limited possibilities to make alterations during the system development. This paper presents results of the work on the creation of an active monitoring system that takes into account specific features of high-performance, multiprocessor, mass-parallel clusters. The paper discusses specific features of the system architecture, dynamic database structure, configuration description language, its syntax and semantics, and special forms. Examples illustrating the system functionality as applied to the supercomputer system MVS-1000M are presented.

Radiographic images in ≈3.5-MeVdd-neutrons are obtained using a CCD detector for visualization. It is shown that radiographic images with a space resolution of ≤1 mm and 150-mm field of view at an exposure time of ≈5 min can be produced. Features of the radiography with a point neutron source of the generator type are considered.

The method of imaging XUV spectroscopy was used to study plasma in the transition layer and inner corona of the Sun with temperatures 105–107 K in the TEREK and RES experiments on board KORONAS-I. The observations were carried out in the period from March 12 to July 5, 1994. The spectral images and their correlation with the YOHKOH X-ray images and groundbased observations are important for the study of the physical conditions and modeling of the bulk processes in the quiet Sun plasma, including active regions, corona holes, and overlimb structures.

The stability and reproducibility of secondary-standard sources and detectors are the main problems and the fundamental trouble of spectroradiometry in the ultraviolet spectral range. The high accuracy of the spectroradiometric unit for primary standards based on synchrotron radiation sources is lost by transferring that unit to unstable or irreproducible secondary standards. The best secondary-standard sources and detectors for units of spectral radiance, irradiance, radiant power and flux for the wavelength range 30 nm to 400 nm are described. Integral radiometers for different applications are presented.

A neutron tomography technique with a coordinate resolution of several tens of micrometers has been developed. Our results indicate that the technique resolves details with dimensions less than 100μm and measures a linear attenuation of less than similar 0.1 cm−1. Tomograms can be reconstructed using incomplete data. Limits on the resolution of the restored pattern are analyzed, and ways to improve the sensitivity of the technique are discussed.

The RES-C grazing incidence XUV spectroheliograph has been developed in the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute (FIAN) as a part of the CORONAS-I project. Its objective is to obtain images of the full Sun in monochromatic lines over the spectral range of 180–210Å, which includes prominent emission from ions of Fe VIII–Fe~XIII, O VI, and Fe XXIV. Here, we describe the optical scheme of the spectroheliograph, and show results of XUV testing of its individual component elements as well as of the complete assembled instrument. XUV measurements were made of the absolute diffraction efficiency and stray-light level for both holographic and mechanically ruled gratings, the spectral reflectivity of the multilayer-coated mirrors, the transmittance of the thin aluminum blocking filters, and the combined spectral efficiency of the whole instrument. The spectral and spatial resolutions of the spectroheliograph were measured by recording spectrally dispersed images of a laser plasma source in monochromatic lines of fluorine ions between 185–200Å. For comparison, we also present spectral images of the Sun obtained with the spectroheliograph as flown on the CORONAS-I satellite mission.

Results of solar observations in the XUV-region by means of the telescope TEREK aboard the “Phobos-1” spacecraft are presented. Images of the Sun in the HeII 30,4 nm and FeIX-FeXI 17–18 nm lines were obtained with new types of optical elements — multilayer normal incidence XUV-mirrors and CCD-detectors. About 140 images were obtained with an angular resolution up to 15″ and with exposure times 0.1 to 40 s. In the images one sees the structures in the transition layer from corona to chromosphere which has temperatures in the range 5×104 – 1×106 K as well as in the polar and equatorial coronal holes. Besides, a unique phenomenon — a “blob” in outer corona at a distance about 2 solar radii has been observed. Processing of the data revealed a complex correlation between the XUV-images and the magnetic field structure in the photosphere.

While the Azov and Black seas are subject to anthropogenic pollution to a much higher extent than any other seas, this has been little studied with only a few critical reviews of contaminant fluxes to these seas. Riverine fluxes of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and DDT to the Azov and Black seas from the former Soviet Union and Russian Federation were thus reviewed for 1986 to 1996. The review was based on official data and data obtained by independent specialists. The amount of HCH used, and the intensity of usage, in these river catchments decreased during the review period. Concurrently, OCP concentrations in the rivers and their fluxes also decreased according to both official and independent data. A comparison of the official and the independent data sets for 1988 revealed significant differences, reflecting the need for more rigorous sampling and analytical protocols for both data sets. According to the OGSNK/GSN data, the flux rates of the five largest rivers were ranked (from largest to smallest) as follows: Don > Dnestr > Danube > Kuban > Dnepro (alpha-HCH); Danube > Don > Dnestr > Dnepro > Kuban (gamma-HCH); Dnestr > Danube > Don > Dnepro-Kuban (DDT+DDE). For rivers with lower annual riverine discharges, the DDT fluxes were surprisingly high (0.43 to 1.49 tonnes a(-1)). According to independent data for 1988 the rankings of the rivers was: Danube > Don > Dnepro > Dnestr > Kuban (alpha-HCH); Danube > Don > Dnestr > Dnepro > Kuban (gamma-HCH); Danube > Dnepro > Dnestr > Don > Kuban (DDT); Danube > Dnepro > Don > Kuban > Dnestr (DDE). The DDT flux estimates for small rivers derived from independent data were 19 to 46 times lower than those calculated using OGSNK/GSN data. According to the independent data, the total riverine OCP transport from the Russian Federation into the Azov Sea from 1988 to 1996 was 1.288 tonnes of gamma-HCH+alpha-HCH and 1.693 tonnes of DDT+DDE while for the Black Sea they were 3.830 tonnes and 5.116 tonnes for gamma-HCH+alpha-HCH and DDT+DDE, respectively.

The authors present two novel techniques for implementing local ablation or degradation of superconducting properties of HTSC films exposed to pulsed laser radiation. In the first technique a pattern is formed by two interfering laser beams and in the other the pattern is reconstructed from a previously written hologram. The possibility of clean local removal of an HTSC thin film exposed from the back of an optically transparent substrate is demonstrated.

A laser single-pulse heating process was developed for the reversible patterning of YBCO thin films. The lattice, which consists of superconducting and nonsuperconducting lines, was fabricated in an area of 4*4 mm/sup 2/. The period of the lattice depended on the optical scheme and ranged between 1.5 and 40 mu m. A 1.06- mu m YAG laser, which provided 0.2-0.3 J /cm/sup 2/ power density at the film surface with a pulse duration of 10-15 ns and a coherence length close to 15 cm, was used for the patterning in the usual interferometric scheme with split beams. The result suggests that such a process, which utilizes holographic masks, can be a powerful technique for high-T/sub c/ thin-film device fabrication.

The paper describes instruments for solar imaging XUV spectroscopy - the TEREK-C telescope array and the RES-C spectroheliograph mounted on board the Russian-Ukrainian CORONAS-I satellite (launched on March 2, 1994). The CORONAS project is carried out under scientific guidance of Prof. V.N. Oraevsky, director of the IZMIRAN (Troitsk,Moscow region, Russia) - leading institute of this project. The instruments were intended to obtain high resolution solarimages and spectra from the transition region and the corona of the Sun within the temperature range of I O - I O K. Theoptical design of the TEREK telescope array includes two Herschelian XUV-telescopes with Mo-Si multilayer mirrors: thefirst one with 3 whole-Sun spectral channels (reflection peaks at X=13.2, 17.5 and 30.4 nm, angular scale 4.7"), the secondchannel - with 4 mirrors, each covering 1/4 of the Sun (2=17.5 nm, angular scale 1"). The RES-C spectroheliograph has fivemeasuring channels with a whole-Sun field of view: two XUV channels with orthogonal dispersion planes, equipped withgrazing incidence gratings and multilayer mirrors to obtain high resolution spectral images in the 19.2

Two x-ray spectroheliographs have been designed for obtaining solar images in about 8.42 angstrom and in 1.86 angstrom spectral regions with high spatial and spectral resolution. In both devices unique optical elements-focusing Bragg crystal mirrors are used. Technologies of their production are described here. These mirrors were tested in the x-ray region for their iamging and dispersive properties. These calibration results are presented.

Laser holography is a very promising technique for HTS thin film patterning. It gives us the possibility to produce the whole picture on a film by one laser pulse. By using this technique we fabricated an 8-turn spiral coil with 10 mkm linewidth. In the case of front side interaction the laser beam caused modification (transformation to nonsuperconducting state) of the irradiated parts of the film, in the case of backside interaction the laser beam passed through a transparent substrate and caused accurate removal of the irradiated parts of the film. Our calculations show that the temperature which arises in the film at these energy densities is significantly below the melting temperature of YBCO material. Possible mechanisms of this backside removal are discussed.

Laser ablation of a target and subsequent deposition of films is a widespread method of high temperature superconducting (HTSC) thin films fabrication. High intensity of laser light acting on the target ensures the provides high concentration of excited atoms and ions, that allows the reduction of the temperature needed for the epitaxial growth. High density of the evaporated materials stream near the substrate gives the possibility of fabricating very thin and unbroken films. All this features of laser assisted materials deposition allow the preparation of the epitaxial HTSC thin films of very high quality. In this article we briefly report the results of the conservation of stoichiometry in the deposited films. High temperature of evaporated materials in the laser plume application of lasers for HTSC films creation, their testing and structuring obtained in Moscow State University.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

On the basis of the experimental data obtained from the high resolution X-ray spectra for solar flares and active regions the Suprathermal electron model (SEM) was proposed. This model suggests the existance of the multitemperature structure of the solar plasma emitting Fe and Ca X-rays and the presence of additional electrons with low energies E ⩽ 10 keV and small densities ∼ 1–5% relative to the thermal component.

In part III of the paper containing the analysis of the INTERCOSMOS 16 ADP spectra, it is shown that by assuming the existence of a small admixture (1%) of non-thermal electrons in the active-region plasma it is possible to improve the agreement between measured and calculated fluxes for some spectra. The analysis follows the suggestion contained in the paper by Karev et al. (1980).

A comparison is given of the spectra in the region λ = 1.70–1.95 A obtained aboard the ‘Intercosmos’ satellites with those observed in laboratory from a vacuum spark. Wavelengths of the reference He-like Fe ion resonance line (ω) and its j-satellite are reviewed. The difference of 0.0006 A between measured and earlier calculated values is attributed to the Lamb shift of 1s-electron. A discussion is presented of the existence of the Kβ lines in the solar spectra.

High resolution profiles of the Mg xii 8.42 A line in the solar X-ray spectrum were recorded from the Intercosmos 7 satellite. The Mg xii line intensity provides a sensitive indicator of the hot plasma content (T ≳ 3 × 106 K) in coronal condensations and X-ray flare volumes. The ratio of the line intensity to the intensity of the adjacent continuum has been used to compute approximate thermal models of the emitting regions. For all the investigated coronal condensations the temperature distribution of plasma has been found to be a function monotonically decreasing with temperature. But for some X-ray bursts there occurred a distinct excess of the hot plasma of temperature between 6–10 × 106K. FWHM values of the Mg xii line profiles have been used to estimate ion temperature in the emitting regions.

Results are given of the detailed analysis of fourteen Fe xxv-xxiii lines (λ = 1.850–1.870 A) in the spectra of a solar flare on 16 Nov. 1970. The spectra were obtained with a resolution of about 4 × 10−4 A, which revealed lines not previously observed and allowed the measurement of line profiles. The measured values of the wavelengths and emission fluxes are presented and compared with theoretical calculations. The analysis of the contour of the Fe xxv line (λ = 1.850 A) leads to the conclusion that there is unidirectional macroscopic gas motion in the flare region with the velocity (projection on the line of sight) ≈ ± 90 km s−1. Measurements of the 8.42 A Mg xii and 9.16 A Mg xi lines in the absence of solar flares indicate prolonged existence of active regions on the solar disk with T e = 4−6 × 106K and emission measure ME ≈ 1048 cm−3. The profile of the Mg xii line indicates a macroscopic ion motion with a velocity up to 100 km s−1.

A model is proposed to describe the generation of sound when a dielectric liquid evaporates under the influence of laser radiation. It is confirmed that explosive boiling is possible and methods for experimentally detecting it are discussed.

Transition processes of the length changes were studied in the ankle extensors of anesthetized cat. Indetermination was shown to exist in equilibrium length of this muscle. The value of equilibrium length depended on the direction of transition process. Equilibrium length invariably was higher in transition processes of shortening compared with that of lengthening. It has been shown that the observed indetermination of the equilibrium length is connected with hysteretical properties of the muscle contraction.

Spectra in the narrow vicinity of the Mg xii resonance line at λ = 8.42 A were obtained aboard the satellites ‘Intercosmos-4, -7’ and the rocket ‘Vertical-2’, as well as from laser-produced plasma. The high resolution in solar and laboratory spectra made it possible to reveal a new spectral structure close to the Lα (Mg xii) line from both short and long wavelength sides. The main features were observed in all the spectra and were interpreted as a single or group of dielectronic satellite lines due to 2l3l′ → 1s3l″ transitions in the He-like ions according to theoretical calculations which were carried out by means of relativistic Z-expansion technique. The derived electron temperature of the emitting volumes seemed to be ≈ 3 × 106 K for laser plasma and about 6 × 106 K for the solar flares studied. The latter value is in good agreement with the temperature estimated with the help of the resonance line-to-continuum intensity ratios.

The Bragg-type, flat ADP crystal spectrometer, launched on board the INTERCOSMOS 16 satellite has been used for measurements of the X-ray spectra emitted from solar active region plasmas. During the period of the instrument operation (August–September, 1976) only a few active regions were present on the Sun (minimum of the solar activity). About 60 spectra have been registered. In the present paper using a spectrum averaged over 20 scans, we measured the wavelengths corresponding to the statistically significant spectral features seen in this spectrum in the wavelength range 9.14–9.33 A. By comparison with the calculated line wavelengths and intensities predicted in the framework of the thermal model of the ‘average’ active region, we performed the identification of these features. Besides rather prominent resonance, intercombination, and forbidden lines of the He-like ion Mg xi, it was possible to identify the satellite lines which correspond to 1s 2 nl - 1s2p nl transitions from the states with n = 2, 3, and 4. The present paper is the first in a series dealing with the INTERCOSMOS 16 Mg xi spectra.