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Consideration is given to mathematical modeling of the process of nonstationary liquid–liquid extraction in apparatuses with free motion of a dispersed phase. Solutions of nonstationary equations of transfer of momentum and mass in the boundary layer on the droplet and inside the droplet near the phase boundary are given. Equations for calculation of the coefficients of mass transfer and concentration of the extracted component are obtained. A comparison is made of the calculated data and experimental results in extracting various liquid mixtures.

This paper presents a brief review of the developed laser technologies and lidars with hyperspectral resolution and extremely high sensitivity for the diagnosis of complex impurities in the atmosphere and hydrosphere via Raman spectra. The technological foundations of the research, exploratory, and ecological studies of hydrocarbons are developed using Raman lidars. The prospects of hybridization of Raman spectrometry and video spectrometry in remote probing are considered.

Application of CCD array photodetector technology is shown to provide record synchronously hundreds of spectral intervals, increase essentially the relative aperture and intensity of echo-signals in the input optical path as well as to reduce the mass – dimension parameters of hyperspectral Raman LIDAR as a whole for geoecological monitoring by aerial and underwater unmanned vehicles.

Measuring of absolute 13C/12C isotope amount ratios allows to explore the topical problems of the modern world, alcoholic beverages and tobacco, medical diagnostics of human health. Raman sensor is used to measure the ratio of carbon isotopes in the exhaled carbon dioxide, which is used to diagnose the human infection of Helicobacter pylori and the influence of the Helicobacter pylori bacterium on the occurrence of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. A method for the analysis of human infection with Helicobacter pylori was developed on the basis of measurements of the ratio of 13C / 12C carbon isotopes in human exhaled air with a high level of measurement accuracy. The provision of comparability of absolute 13C/12C isotope amount ratios is carried by gravimetrically prepared reference standards. The key features and emerging issues are discussed.

We developed SRS-sensor 13C/12C isotops measurements detecting Helicobacter Pylori for medical diagnostics of human health. Measuring of absolute 13С/12С isotope amount ratios allows to explore the topical problems of the modern world, alcoholic beverages and tobacco, medical diagnostics of human health. SRS method is used to measure the ratio of carbon isotopes in the exhaled carbon dioxide, which is used to diagnose the human infection of Helicobacter pylori and the influence of the Helicobacter pylori bacterium on the occurrence of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. A method for the analysis of human infection with Helicobacter pylori was developed on the basis of measurements of the ratio of 13C / 12C carbon isotopes in human exhaled air with a high level of measurement accuracy. The article reviews the work in the field of provision comparability of absolute 13С/12С isotope amount ratios in the environment and food. The analysis of the technical and metrological characteristics of traditional and perspective instruments for measuring isotope ratios is presented. The provision of comparability of absolute 13С/12С isotope amount ratios is carried by gravimetrically prepared reference standards. The key features and emerging issues are discussed.

Wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy (WS CRDS) is used in gas analysis. Calibration gas mixtures containing carbon monoxide, carbon-12 dioxide, carbon-13 dioxide, methane, and formaldehyde are used to determine the metrological characteristics of WS CRDS gas analyzers. Most experimental results are in agreement with the declared data. For gas mixtures in which the gas matrix differs from air, the broadening of spectral lines related to the interaction of particles causes significant errors in the concentration measurements. Such effects that neutralize the advantages of the WS CRDS method are studied in this work. The coefficients that can be used to correct the results of the WS CRDS gas analyzers and compensate for errors related to different gas matrices are presented.

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection.

The possibilities of the Raman method of radiocarbon measurements in the field of gas analysis are investigated. With the help of veneer gas mixtures of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide-12, carbon dioxide-13, methane, formaldehyde, the micrometric characteristics of Raman lidars were found, which in most cases coincided with the claimed ones. When gas mixtures are supplied, the diluent gas in which differs from air, the broadening of the spectral lines associated with the interactions between the particles, the results, to significant errors in the measured concentration. These effects, which negate the advantages of the measurement method, are investigated in the framework of this paper. The results of determining the coefficients for correcting the readings of gas analyzers with the achievement of inaccuracies from various diluent gases, as well as the data of the prototype Raman lidar.

Implementation of hybrid scanning system in wide and narrow angle fields provide high precision positioning of the laser beam in space, fraught with difficulties. Scanning attachment for SRS - lidar system has been developed to perform automated scanning of the test area in the angular field of ± 50. The module performs automated scan of the test area in the angular field of ± 50 on 50-100 m distance. Movement of the laser beam in a spiral occurs due to rotation in one direction wedges with different speeds, which speed is in the range of 50-200 Hz. The laser beam had a divergence of 1.5 mrad. Because the spatial resolution at the outer coils falls compared with the center spiral wedges speeds ratio increases from 0.8 to 0.97, respectively.

We discuss implementation of the combined node scanning SRS lidar system for high-speed and high spatial resolution (about 3 cm) scanning in wide and narrow angle at a distance of 50-100 m. Narrowband scanning is performed by the deflector moving along a spiral path. Rotating angle wedges of the deflector deviate a beam by an angle of ± 50. This design constitutes an "optical reduction" wedge between the steering angle and the deflection angle of the optical axis and allows 15 ' positioning accuracy. overview of the entire study area for no more than 1 ms at a frequency of rotation of each of the wedges of 50-200 Hz. Unambiguous definition of the geographical coordinates of the probed object is achieved by using high-precision GPS-module and the Vincenty's algorithms. It allows to build a 3D spatial distribution of concentrations of air pollutants.

A procedure is proposed for development of computerized training simulators for the modeling of production systems based on functional blocks. An algorithm is proposed for development of computerized training for edification of industrial personnel working in the hydrocarbon-pre-debutanization block. Simulation results are presented.

A technique for developing a prototype of an industrial apparatus of the substance separation has been considered. This technique has been implemented in practice when choosing a prototype of the rectification column and the rubber degassing setup.

A mathematical model of liquid extraction in stirred vessels is considered. The calculation results are compared with experimental data on extraction of various liquid mixtures.

Lidar module that allows perform spiral scanning of the investigated area was developed. Software for managing and reading the angular coordinates of the laser beam was created. An example implementation of such a module performing a combined scan in wide and narrow angle fields was shown.

Design and functional subsystems of a lidar sensor for the remote detection of isotopes of iodine, indicators of radioactive contamination was developed. CARS-lidar allows to register the radionuclide with a concentration level of 3÷10 molecules has been shown.

Identifying methane anomalies responsible for the temperature increase, by hiking trails in the Arctic requires great human labor. It is necessary to use lidar methods for search and identification of methane from permafrost. Necessary to create a Raman lidar for monitoring of emissions of methane hydrate from the permafrost. Hyperspectral resolution would resolve the isotope shifts in the Stokes spectra, thereby to determine the isotopic composition of methane ratio C 14 /C 12 CH 4 carbon emissions and identify the source for study (permafrost or oil deposits)

Identifying methane anomalies responsible for the temperature increase, by hiking trails in the Arctic requires great human labor .According to the tentative forecast by the year 2100 Arctic permafrost will greatly deteriorate, which will have numerous consequences. Indeed, release of less than 0.1% of the organic carbon stored in the upper 100-meter permafrost level (approximately 10000 ppm of carbon in the СН4 form) can double concentration of atmospheric methane, which is roughly 20 times more potent greenhouse gas than the CO2. Necessary to create a Raman lidar for monitoring of emissions of methane hydrate from the permafrost.

The lenses with coaxial mirrors allow obtain NA values up to of 0.8 and demagnification β ≥10. The larger β value leads to the mask cost reducing, as in this case, the elements of the IC pattern template can be made bigger and, therefore, with fewer defects. Сoaxial schemes can engender a problem of the image plane shift beyond the projection lens element boundaries near the wafer. The projection lens consisting of four coaxial mirrors with NA= 0.485 and s = 12 combined with the ”Vanguard” imaging subsystem have been designed. According to the computation the circuit features at 10 nm in center and 20 nm on the edge of 12.4 mm field of view can be imaged.

The power consumption in the two-pulse bispectral primary source could be substantially decreased by replacing the SRS converters from 1.06 μm into 10.6 μm wavelength as the preamplifier cascades in СО2 laser channel at the same efficiency radiation of EUV source. The creation of high volume manufacturing lithography facilities with the technological standard of 10-20 nm is related to the implementation of resist exposure modes with pulse repetition rate of 100 kHz. Low power consumption of the proposed scheme makes it promising for the creation of LPP EUV sources.

New concept of EUV radiation power scaling in the intermediate focus of the illumination system is proposed. The multiplex source scheme based on combination of several sources with acceptable level power allows to concentrate EUV light on the total power level of 1kW and more have been developed. The experimental results showed that the power consumption in the double-pulse bi-spectral primary source for EUV lithography can be substantially decrease by replacing pre-amplifiers in power CO2 laser on the SRS converters wavelength 1.06 μm to 10.6 μm while maintaining efficiency of EUV radiation output of illuminated plasma.

A variational method is considered for determining the optimum parameters of apparatuses with stirring of a liquid phase using a mathematical model for the kinetics of dissolution or crystallization of small solid particles. The production rate of an apparatus that is limited by the flow of a substance through the boundary layer on the surface of solid particles is taken as an optimization criterion. The optimization problem for the degassing of rubber crumb in a stirred apparatus is solved.

A mathematical model is considered for the kinetics of dissolution and growth of solid particles by the diffusion mechanism in apparatuses with the stirring of a liquid phase. The mathematical model of the kinetics is based on the concept of the pseudolaminar boundary layer on the surface of a particle. The reliability of the developed mathematical model is verified by experimental data on rubber crumb degassing and silver halide crystallization in stirred apparatuses.

One of the highly effective methods of operative remote environmental monitoring on land and water surfaces is laser sensing. It knew that the Raman scattering cross section is very small (10 -25 -10 -27 ), so in some cases radiation back into captivity to the target could be a few tens of photons. For high-speed sensing, speed of processing and ease of use lidar units required for the use of appropriate hardware and software systems used for the decision of tasks of collecting, processing, storing, organizing large amounts of data.

There are already significant amounts of hazardous radioactive substances in the world. It, potentially, leads to a major damage and contamination of large areas. Laser sensing can serve as a highly effective method of searching and monitoring of radioactive contamination. We developed a laser system to detect accidental leakage of radioactive materials. Methods of fluorescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy allow to detect a concentration of uranyl U235O2 and U238O2 at 500 ppb, and Sr90 and Cs137 at the level of 1 ppm at 100 m distance from the object.

Over the past 100 years, the rate of temperature in the Arctic increases almost twice higher than the average rate of warming of the planet. Identifying methane anomalies responsible for the temperature increase, by hiking trails in the Arctic requires great human labor. It is necessary to use lidar methods for search and identification of methane from permafrost. Necessary to create a Raman lidar for monitoring of emissions of methane hydrate from the permafrost. Hyperspectral resolution would resolve the isotope shifts in the Stokes spectra, thereby to determine the isotopic composition of methane ratio C 14 /C 12 CH 4 carbon emissions and identify the source for study (permafrost or oil deposits)

The results of experimental and theoretical modeling of multistage Raman conversion in compressed hydrogen with a buffer gas under using the lasing of neodymium-crystalline mediums to obtain the seed radiation for CO 2 power amplifier in the double-pulse and bispectral primary laser while maintaining efficiency of LPP EUV source are presented. This scheme allows as significantly decrease level of pumping consumption and tune a delay time up to 820 ns between a weak power (initiating a plasma cloud) and main power pulses irradiated the converter target. The lasing intensity in the focal spots was 0.2 GW/cm 2 and 5TW/cm 2 respectively for wavelengths of 1.064 μm and 9.2 μm.

It is shown that the power consumption in the double-pulse bi-spectral primary source for EUV lithography can be substantially decrease by replacing pre-amplifiers in power CO 2 laser with the SRS converters wavelength 1.06 μm to 10.6 μm while maintaining efficiency of EUV radiation output of illuminated plasma.

Dynamic thermal mathematical models in lumped and distributed‐lumped parameters, computational algorithms, software, and results of comparative numerical calculations of the processes of radiative‐conductive heat exchange of the payload module of prospective nonhermetic block‐modular geostationary spacecraft with a long service life under the conditions of orbital operation have been presented.

A dynamic thermal mathematical model in distributed‐lumped parameters, a computational algorithm, and a software of numerical calculations have been developed. The results of these calculations for multidimensional nonstationary temperature fields in operation of the on‐board devices and a network of uncontrolled heat pipes in a nontraditional H‐shaped block of the service‐system module of a nonhermetic instrumental compartment of promising durable geostationary spacecraft under the conditions of orbital operation have been obtained.

New dynamic thermal mathematical models in lumped and distributed‐lumped parameters, computational algorithms, software, results of numerical calculations, and a comparison with experiment have been presented for the heat exchange of an experimental module in the form of a three‐layer honeycomb panel with uncontrolled low‐temperature heat pipes in different regimes of thermovacuum tests carried out under ground conditions.

We have developed airborn lidar system to detect pipeline leakage and explore oil and gas deposits. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 3 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection. As estimations have shown the reliability of HHG detection can exceed 80% at the integration method of seismic prospecting and laser remote sensing.

Remote laser spectroscopy availability for airborne search of radionuclides polution has been examined. Experiments were carried out under the CARS circuit. The method of remote detection a radionuclide in atmosphere from container burial places and in places of recycling the fuel waste of the atomic power station is elaborated. Preliminary results of investigation show the real possibility to register of leakage of a radionuclide with concentration at level of 1012÷1013 см-3 on a safe distance from the infected object.

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Experiments were carried out under the CARS circuit. Minimal concentrations of 200 ppb of heavy hydrocarbon gas have been remotely measured in laboratory tests. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection. As estimations have shown the reliability of heavy hydrocarbon gas detection by the integration method of seismic prospecting and remote laser sensing in CARS circuit can exceed 80%.

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection. The lidar is based on the CARS method with a Ti:Sapphire pump laser and a frequencydoubled YLF:Nd probe beam whose frequency is displaced by a BBO crystal. In ground-based experiments, a detection level of 3 to 10 molecules has been reached.

Upgraded Raman Lidar with spectral resolution of dλ/λ≤10 have been design and elaborated for the aerosearch of leaks on the main gas pipelines. The sensing is carried out by 7ns pulses of DPSS laser with energy of 10 mJ at 300Hz frequency and wavelength of 261.7 nm. Polycromator have been implemented on base of the concave grating (N=1200 mm) and operates in 4th diffraction order. Lidar measures the leaks of CH4 with concentration of 2 ppm and above. Scanning in angles of ±30о and at frequency of 20 Hz allows to carry out measurements on inclined courses.

Remote laser spectroscopy availability for airborne search of radionuclides polution has been examined. Experiments were carried out under the CARS circuit. The method of remote detection a radionuclide in atmosphere from container burial places and in places of recycling the fuel waste of the atomic power station is elaborated. Preliminary results of investigation show the real possibility to register of leakage of a radionuclide with concentration at level of 1010 см on a safe distance from the infected object.

Currently Arctic dramatic changes due to global warming, in addition, it is influenced by globalization and cross-border pollution . Feedback mechanism between the surface and the Arctic climate system will enhance the warming effect, while the ground ice in the Arctic is increasingly contributing to global sea level rise. Need to keep track of all the changes taking place in the Arctic, document them, to simulate changes in the cryosphere and their consequences. Permafrost temperature and thickness of the active layer , in spite of some differences in certain regions, have generally increased throughout the Arctic . [1]

Laser sensing can serve as a highly effective method of searching and monitoring of radioactive contamination. The first method is essence consists in definition the Sr90 and Сs137 concentration by excitation and registration of fluorescence at wavelength of λ = 0.347÷7.0 μm at laser sounding. The second method experiments were carried out under the Raman-scattering circuit. Preliminary results of investigation show the real possibility to register of leakage of a radionuclide with concentration at level of 108÷109 сm-3 on a safe distance from the infected object.

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection.

The article contains the results of the test of PFK-M composition bactericidal activity against a range of extremely dangerous infective pathogens. The preparation proved to be highly effective for the disinfection of surfaces, sanitary and technical equipment, linen, dishes, and medical utensils contaminated by plague, cholera, and anthrax pathogens. The study found that the antimicrobial activity of the preparation increased after heating and lowered when the object to be disinfected was contaminated with protein admixtures. According to the results of the disinfectological expertise, the preparation was recommended for practical application.

The development of a new method for the induction of the B. anthracis hemolytic activity with the use of M. xanthus and the differentiation of pure cultures of the causative agent of anthrax from those contaminated with myxobacteria is presented. To demonstrate the induction of the hemolytic acivity of B. anthracis with the use of M. xanthus, conditions for the symbiosis of B. anthracis cells STI, exhibiting no hemolytic activity, with M. xanthus non-hemolytic cells were created by mixing them and inoculating the symbiotic biomass on the surface of blood agar.

The author reviews efforts by the Soviet authorities to improve demographic trends in the USSR. The country's demographic situation is assessed and is found to be unsatisfactory because of serious regional imbalances between labor supply and demand. Some positive effects of increased attention to the needs of families are noted.