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Static CMOS and Domino CMOS Circuits are significantly used in high performance VLSI system. Designing a circuit with low power, high speed performance is one of the challenging aspects. In modern VLSI systems area efficient devices are utmost popular because most of the devices are becoming portable. This paper proposes One- bit full adder circuit is designed using CMOS based on mirror logic and Domino CMOS also designed based on same logic with LTSPICE at 180nm technology with 1.8V supply. This method provides better power and delay.

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the shelf life of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in inland saline water (ISRV) with those reared in natural brackish water (BWRV) during ice storage. Methodology: Freshly harvested L. vannamei shrimp cultured in inland saline water and brackish water were collected and biochemical parameters, microbial analysis and sensory parameters were evaluated for 21 days during ice storage with sampling interval of 3 days. Results: Total volatile basic nitrogen content increased up to 9th day in shrimps reared in BWRV and up to 3rd day in ISRV reared shrimps. Similarly, tri methyl amine content increased up to 3rd day for ISRV, there after the values decreased. The values of lipid oxidation such as peroxide value, free fatty acid and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance increased. Sensory scores for ice stored BWRV and ISRV showed a decreasing trend with increasing storage period. Interpretation: On the basis of microbiological parameters, pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in brackish water and inland saline water can be ice-stored up to 12 days in fresh conditions, while other biochemical and sensory parameters are acceptable up to 18 days.

The etiologies of acute symptomatic seizures (ASS) differ across the globe. We aimed to evaluate the etiological spectrum of acute seizures and to observe the pattern of seizure types among study participants.We conducted this prospective study from 2016 to 18. We included all patients aged 20 years or older, presenting with ASS. We excluded those with pseudoseizures. We performed appropriate descriptive analyses to describe the demographic details, etiology of ASS, and pattern of ASS.One hundred and thirty-eight patients were enrolled, constituting about 0.8% of total hospital admissions. The mean age at presentation was 44.33 ± 17.73 years. The most common etiologies for ASS were cerebrovascular accidents (CVA - 32.6%), neuroinfections (26.8%), metabolic derangements (13%), alcohol withdrawal (10.9%), and intracranial tumors (4.3%). 71% of the patients presented with only a single episode of ASS. The predominant type of seizure was generalized tonic-clonic seizures, seen in 70.2% of all patients, followed by focal with the bilateral tonic-clonic type (15.9%) and focal seizures (10.1%). New-onset seizures presenting as status epilepticus were observed in 3.6%.CVA and neuroinfections were the most common causes of ASS in our study, highlighting the need for community awareness of these conditions and the need to seek rapid care. The majority of our patients had only a single episode of seizures, with generalized seizures being the most common type, followed by focal onset seizures.

Purpose: Similar to fresh- and brackish water aquaculture ponds, commercial shrimp farming in degraded saline areas holds the potential to bury carbon (C) in the sediments. However, studies on the mechanisms of sediment C dynamics and C-flux in response to inland saline aquaculture management practices are still scarce. Therefore, the objectives of the present study are to quantify the C burial rate in inland saline aquaculture ponds and assess the impact of inland saline aquaculture on sensitive C fractions in the bottom sediment of the ponds. Materials and methods: The sediment samples (n = 12 from each pond) were collected from six shrimp farming ponds (1000 m2 area of each pond) of different ages. The sediment depth, sediment accumulation rate and the levels of total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC) and sediment oxidizable organic carbon (SOC) and its different fractions were determined using standard procedures. The data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Duncan's multiple range test for comparing the means, and the Pearson correlation test was used to assess the relationship between the different pond sediment parameters and SOC content. Results and discussion: The results revealed that the annual C accumulation rates varied from 902 to 1346 kg C ha−1 year−1 in 7-year-old earthen ponds (EPs) and bottom cemented ponds (BCPs), respectively. The sediment C fractions, including TC, TOC, SOC and its fractions (very labile, VLc; labile, Lc; less labile, LLc), and non-labile carbon (NLc)) were progressively increased over the pond age. The inland saline aquaculture practices over the years increased both active (AC) and passive carbon (PC) pools in the pond sediments, helped in the restoration and improvement of sediment quality and enhanced C sequestration potential of the sediments. Furthermore, a significant increase in the level of particulate organic carbon (POC) in BCPs justified that the non-ploughing practices at BCPs facilitated the formation of macro- and micro-aggregates, thereby increasing the C retention and stability of the pond sediments. Conclusion: This study suggested that the shrimp farming ponds in semi-arid saline soils represented considerable C burial hotspots, enhanced the stable passive C pools and improved the sediment quality. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The immunostimulatory properties of seeds and leaves of Achyranthes aspera (Linn.) was evaluated in rohu Labeo rohita in the pond conditions. Rohu fry (1.9 ± 0.08 g) were introduced in nine hapas (25 hapa−1) set inside a pond. Two test diets enriched with 0.5% seeds (D1) and leaves (D2) of A. aspera and control diet (D3) were fed for 60 days. Then fish were immunized with chicken-RBC and blood and tissue samples were collected on days-7, 14 and 21 after immunization. The average weight was significantly (p

Natural fibres have emerged as a renewable and cheaper substitute to synthetic materials such as glass and carbon. A composite material can be defined as combining two or more materials that result in better properties. The constituents are reinforcement, and the other is a matrix. The main advantages of composites are high strength, stiffness combined with low density. As natural fibres are gaining more importance in recent times, many industries are focusing on these natural fibre composites, so that is why they are used as a component in composite materials. In this experiment, the analysis aims to characterize different natural fibres when combined with different ratios of the coconut coir and the bamboo. So, to fabricate the specimen, the hand lay-up method is used. The coconut coir and the bamboo composition are considered in three different variations. Then the natural fibres are subjected to resin and hardener compositions to test the suitability, tensile strength, flexural strength, and shore hardness test. We also conduct static analysis through ANSYS software.

This paper presents the design and development of a C-band Transmit (Tx) Receive (Rx) Calibration (CAL) module. Module has been realized using multilayer cards with maximum RF power handling of 50 dBm. High isolation (60 dB minimum) between Tx and Rx mode is achieved by using additional switch in each of the paths. Realized module has insertion loss of 18 dB max in Tx mode and gain of 33 dB in Rx mode. Input and output return losses are better than 10 dB over entire specified frequency range. Module exhibits ±1.5 dB max variation in gain and insertion loss over temperature range of - 20°C to 55°C.

Protein-sparing by lipid helps in conserving protein exclusively for body maintenance with minimal inevitable protein breakage. It will subsequently reduce feed cost and nitrogenous pollutants in the habitat. In this context, an experiment of 60 days period was conducted to study the protein-sparing effect of lipid in the diet of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) (Oreochromis niloticus L) fingerlings reared in inland ground saline water (IGSW) 10 g L-1 salinity. The experiment followed 4 × 2 factorial design with eight purified diets of four crude protein (CP) levels (30, 35, 40 and 45%), each with two lipid levels (6 and 10%). GIFT fingerlings of uniform size (3.00 ± 0.01 g) were acclimatized and distributed into eight treatment groups in triplicates corresponding to each of the prepared diets and fed to satiation three times daily. The results showed significantly (p

Biofloc based aquaculture is important in waste recycling in intensive aquaculture and is a promising avenue for inland saline aquaculture. In the present study, growth, biochemical and carcass quality of red tilapia reared in inland saline waters of different salinities based on biofloc technology was estimated during 90 days culture period. Fifteen experimental tanks (500 L each) were filled with inland saline ground water to represent 5 biofloc treatments with variable salinities such as T1 (5 ppt), T2 (10 ppt), T3 (15 ppt), T4 (20 ppt) and control (0 ppt) in triplicates. Red tilapia fry with average body weight of 13.78 ± 0.62 g were stocked at the rate of 150 no.m ‐3 in each biofloc unit. The units maintained at higher salinity (20 ppt) obtained significantly better (P

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different carbon sources in biofloc based system for rearing amur carp ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus Lacepede 1803) fingerlings in inland saline groundwater. The study was undertaken in a complete randomised design (CRD) where each treatment was performed in triplicate. The experimental unit consisted of four different carbon sources viz., T1 (tapioca flour), T2 (wheat flour), T3 (rice bran), T4 (jaggery) and control (C) with water exchange for a duration of 45 days. Each tank (500 l) was stocked with 30 fingerlings with an average body weight of 11.17±0.34 g. At the end of the rearing period, biofloc based treatments showed significantly better growth performance compared to control. Among the treatments, jaggery based biofloc system showed the highest biomass (629.4±1.58 g), specific growth rate, SGR (1.32±0.03 % day -1 ), protein efficiency ratio, PER (0.29±0.05), and lowest feed conversion ratio, FCR (0.56±0.03). Digestive enzymes of the biofloc reared fishes showed enhanced activity compared to control group. Jaggery based biofloc (T4) showed significantly higher non-specific immune response in terms of respiratory burst activity (1.14±0.01), superoxide dismutase (44.59±0.19 U mg protein -1 ) and catalase (1.59 ± 0.01 U mg protein -1 ) activity compared to other biofloc treatments and the control. The present study concluded that jaggery is best as compared to others carbon sources tested (tapioca flour, wheat flour and rice bran) for better growth, non-specific immunity and digestive enzyme activity of amur carp fingerlings in biofloc based rearing system using inland saline groundwater. Keywords: Amur carp, Biofloc, Jaggery, Inland saline groundwater, Carbon Sources, Non-specific immune parameters

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) on growth, metabolism and growth-related gene expression in genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT), Oreochromis niloticus juveniles reared in low inland saline water (ISW) of 5 g/l salinity. Three hundred and fifteen fish (initial weight 2.68 ± 0.01 g) were distributed (15 fish/tank in triplicates) in seven experimental groups (20–50% CP with 5% increment) following completely randomized design (CRD) and fed with seven isolipidic (6%), isoenergetic (16.74 MJ digestible energy/kg) and hetero-nitrogenous (20–50 % CP) purified diets, respectively. Results showed inverse relation between percent weight gain (WG%) and feed conversion ratio which were significantly (p

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted on Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) juveniles in inland saline water (ISW) of 10 ppt salinity. Seven isoenergetic (400 kcal DE/100 g), isolipidic (6%) and hetero‑nitrogenous (20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50% CP) experimental diets were formulated and prepared using purified ingredients. Three hundred and fifteen GIFT juveniles (average body weight 2.68 ± 0.01 g) were distributed in seven experimental groups viz., T20 (20% CP), T25 (25% CP), T30 (30% CP), T35 (35% CP), T40 (40% CP), T45 (45% CP) and T50 (50% CP) in triplicates following a completely randomized design (CRD) with the stocking density of 15 fish/tank (92 cm diameter X 45 cm height) with 200 l water volume. Fishes of different experimental groups were fed with respective experimental diets thrice daily at satiation level. Results indicated that dietary crude protein has significant (p I) and Insulin like growth factor I receptor (IGF IR) were highly correlated with WG% (r = 0.92 and r = 0.97, respectively). The expression of IGF IR was also correlated with IGF-I expression (r = 0.93). According to broken-line and second-order polynomial regression analysis in relation to WG% and expression of hepatic IGF-I gene, the optimum dietary crude protein levels of GIFT juveniles reared in inland saline water of 10 ppt salinity were found to be 37.37, 37.72, 40.92 and 38% crude protein with isoenergetic of 400 kcal DE/100 g diet, respectively.

Impacted teeth are those which are not predictable and do not erupt absolutely based on clinical and radiographic assessment. Certain impactions can be complicated and the outcome unpredictable if the tooth is positioned unfavourably either horizontally or vertically in the alveolar bone. Presence of canines buccally, palatally or lingually can be seen using various diagnostic methods. Factors that interfere with its development and eruption have influence on aesthetics', function and stability. A detailed understanding of the management of impacted teeth is essential for a stable and aesthetic result. So, we put forth the most common procedures which can be carried out by general dentists in managing impacted maxillary canines.

Survival and growth of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) at three salinity levels, 5, 10 and 15 g/L were investigated in potassium deficient natural inland saline water (PD-ISW) and potassium supplemented inland saline water (PS-ISW). Shrimps reared in PS-ISW survived well, whereas total mortality occurred in PD-ISW. The survival at 45 and 60 days at the salinities of 5, 10 and 15 g/L was assessed in PS-ISW. The supplementation of potassium showed significant effect on the survival rates at different salinities. Length-weight studies at different salinities and periods of time in PS-ISW showed significant differences in the linear component, but there was no significant difference in respect to interaction of salinity and rearing periods in a two-way ANOVA repeated measures. Growth parameters indicated that a salinity of 10 g/L was best for the survival and growth of shrimps in inland saline water of the site with potassium supplementation. Individual cations and ratios between other cations were found to be equally important for survival and growth. The results of the present study will be useful in utilizing degraded ISW sites for the culture of tiger shrimp.

Potassium deficient inland saline (10 g L−1 salinity) well water was supplemented with muriate of potash to achieve 50% (57 mg L−1) and 100% (114 mg L−1) of seawater potassium concentration and used for the production of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Total mortality was observed in non-supplemented water within 6 days compared to 88.0% survival in K+100% and 85.3% survival in K+50% up to 60 days. P. monodon were subsequently cultured for 110 days in two identical 0.25-ha ponds supplied with water of 10 g L−1 and supplemented with the potassium equivalent of 35% of seawater. Survival and production were 55.8% to 64.25% and 157.70 kg (630.8 kg ha−1) to 172.75 kg (691 kg ha−1), respectively.

The thyroid gland is brownish-red and highly vascular gland which is placed anteriorly in the neck at the level of fifth cervical to the first thoracic vertebrae and is covered by the pre- tracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia. It has two lateral lobes which are connected by a narrow median isthmus giving an 'H' shaped appearance to the gland. Congenital malformations and morphological variations of the thyroid gland are commonly reported in literature which has numerous clinical and surgical implications. In this case absence of isthmus was observed during routine dissection of a 60 yrs old male cadaver. The lateral lobes were positioned normally and a pyramidal lobe attached to the left lobe was seen. Moreover levator glandulae thyroideae extending from the hyoid bone to the apex of the pyramidal lobe was also observed. Agenesis of isthmus or presence of pyramidal lobe usually has no impact on thyroid functions and can be diagnosed by scintigraphy, ultrasonography, CT scan and MRI. However if the diagnoses is made during routine imaging or accidently, the patient must be thoroughly screened for other associated thyroid anomalies like autonomous thyroid nodule, thyroiditis, primary carcinoma, infiltrative diseases like amyloidoses etc. INTRODUCTION: The thyroid gland, brownish-red and highly vascular, is a palpable endocrine gland placed anteriorly in the neck and its position extends from the fifth cervical to the first thoracic vertebrae. It is covered by the pre-tracheal layer of deep cervical fascia. The two lobes are connected by a narrow median isthmus. The normal size of each lobe of the thyroid gland has been described to be 5 cm long, its greatest transverse and antero-posterior extent being 3 cm and 2 cm respectively. The isthmus measures about 1.25 cm transversely as well as vertically and is usually placed anterior to the second and third tracheal cartilages1. The anomalies of the development of the thyroid gland distort the morphology of the gland, and may cause clinical functional disorders and various thyroid illnesses 2 . Besides, such anomalies can pose diagnostic and surgical challenges in addition to non-invasive and invasive airway management during emergency and surgical interventions3. The incidence of isthmus agenesis varies from 5-10%4. This absence can be explained as an anomaly of embryological development and can be associated with other types of dys- organogenesis, such as the absence of a lobe or the presence of ectopic thyroid tissue. Phylo- genetically, in some species in which the thyroid follicles are organized in a gland, this gland can acquire a bi-lobed shape, in which the lobes join together in front of the upper part of the trachea by an isthmus or bridge of thyroid tissue. The isthmus may be missing, as happens in amphibians, birds and among the mammals, in the monotrema, certain marsupials, cetaceans, carnivores and rodents.

An attempt was made to assess the suitability of the inland saline water of Rohtak (Haryana) for mass cultivation of Spirulina platensis, a salt loving cyanobacterium. Cultivation of S. platensis was performed in indoor and outdoor culture units. The investigation revealed that the yield of biomass in de-calcified inland saline water was comparable to the yield obtained in synthetic chemical-based prescribed growth medium. Further, the quality of biomass in terms of protein, chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycocyanin contents was also comparable to the prescribed medium. The downstream processing of the biomass through a three-step process resulted in an appreciable quantity of a highly valuable pigment, phycocyanin (purity ratio: A620/A280 = 3.13–3.39). The overall observations of the study suggest that inland saline water can be used for cost-effective production of Spirulina biomass and value-added chemicals. The removal of calcium and salts from inland saline water by S. platensis cultivation also offers an added advantage for the reuse of the spent medium for agricultural and aquacultural purposes.

The hydrodynamic study of nanofluids in microchannel is carried out. For this, three microchannels of hydraulic diameters of 130, 211 and 300 ?m are fabricated by photolithographic and wet etching processes on silicon wafers. Alumina nanofluids with concentrations 0.25. vol.%, 0.5. vol.% and 1.0. vol.% with particle sizes 45. nm and 150. nm are prepared, stabilized and characterized by standard methods like sonication, pH variation, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements. The base fluids used are water and Ethylene Glycol. The effect of volume fraction, channel size, particle size and base fluids are presented and analyzed. It is shown that there is an early transition to turbulence for 211 and 301 ?m channels. In addition, numerical modeling is carried out by using mixture rule and discrete phase modeling approach. This approach is found to be more suitable at higher Reynolds numbers whereas at lower Reynolds numbers the conventional mixture model can be used. Shear induced particle migration is identified to be an important phenomenon at higher Reynolds number and hence the reason for difference between these two models. � 2012 Elsevier Inc.

The first total synthesis of Goniothalesdiol A, isolated from the stems of Goniothalamus amuyon (Annonaceae) is reported. The C2 stereocentre and C3/C4 syn diol were created by a Sharpless kinetic resolution followed by acetonide formation. The tetrahydropyran ring was formed and the C6 stereocentre was fixed by intramolecular oxy-Michael addition.

The reaction of aldehydes with homoallylic alcohols in the presence of catalytic amount of bismuth triflate in [bmim]PF6generates 4-tetrahydropyranol derivatives in excellent yield and with high diastereoselectivity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:104–106, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20403

There are very few detailed experimental investigations about the heat transfer behavior of nanofluids in microchannel. The heat transfer behavior of nanofluids in microchannel is investigated. Two microchannels with hydraulic diameters 218 and 303 m are fabricated by wet etching process on silicon wafer. An experimental set-up having provision of flow in the channel and temperature measurement along with bottom wall temperature is built-up. Alumina nanofluids with concentrations of 0.25 vol. % , 0.5 vol. % , and 1 vol. with 45 nm are prepared, stabilized, and characterized by standard methods. The thermal conductivity and viscosity used in the study were measured and analyzed. The base fluids used are water and ethylene glycol. The effect of volume fraction, channel size, particle size, and base fluids are presented and analyzed. An important phenomenon of dispersion is observed. In addition, numerical modeling is carried out by using discrete phase approach. Shear induced particle migration is identified to be the reason of difference for dispersion of particles. The Brownian and thermophoretic forces are responsible for major changes in particle concentration and their movement. Also, it was found that better heat transfer characteristics can be obtained by higher concentration of nanofluids and by low viscous base fluids. � 2011 American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Estimation of triglyceride concentration is important for the health and food industries. Use of solid state biosensors like Electrolyte Insulator Semiconductor Capacitors (EISCAP) ensures ease in operation with good accuracy and sensitivity when compared to conventional sensors. In this paper we report on packaging of miniaturized EISCAP sensors on silicon. The packaging involves glass to silicon bonding using adhesive. Since this kind of packaging is done at room temperature, it cannot damage the thin dielectric layers on the silicon wafer unlike the high temperature anodic bonding technique and can be used for sensors with immobilized enzyme without denaturing the enzyme. The packaging also involves a teflon capping arrangement which helps in easy handling of the bio-analyte solutions. The capping solves two problems. Firstly, it helps in the immobilization process where it ensures the enzyme immobilization happens only on one pit and secondly it helps with easy transport of the bio-analyte into the sensor pit for measurements.

The current study investigates the flow of nanofluids in microchannels experimentally and numerically. For this purpose, two microchannels of hydraulic diameters of 211 and 300 μm are used with alumina(45nm)-water nanofluids. The nanofluids with the concentrations 0.25, 0.50 and 1 vol% are used to observe the effect of volume fraction in the present analysis. With regard to the numerical simulation of nanofluids in microchannels, two approaches have been chosen in the current work. First one considers the nanofluids as single phase fluid and applies the mixture rule for evaluating properties for the simulation. The second type of modeling is done using the discrete phase approach which involves Eulerian-Lagrangian considerations. The fluid phase is assumed to be continuous and governed by Navier-Stokes equation. The movement of discrete nanoparticles is determined by the Newton’s second law which takes into account the body force, hydrodynamic forces, the Brownian and thermophoresis forces. The predictions are validated against experimental results obtained for nanofluid flow in a chemically etched silicon wafer channel. It is found that the discrete phase modeling is more accurate with regard to the prediction of nanofluids behavior in microchannels, as compared to the single phase model. The results also show the non-uniformity of nanoparticle distribution across the channel cross-section. This non-uniformity in distribution can be attributed to the shear induced particle migration. This can also be the reason for the difference in pressure drop and heat transfer from the single phase model. The pressure drop with 0.25 and 0.5 vol% of alumina is more or less same as that of water and thus, makes it a suitable cooling liquid. However, an enhancement in heat transfer is observed from the computational predictions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME

A detailed experimental study of flow through long microchannels of hydraulic diameter ranging from 60.5 to 211 ?m has been carried out. The internal pressure distribution along the length of the channel has been measured to analyze the local flow behaviour. The effects of compressibility and transition to turbulence occurring in the microchannel flow were investigated in detail. In addition, the resulting flow has been analyzed numerically using a commercially available CFD code, FLUENT. It has been shown that there are no special micro-scale effects, including early transition to turbulence at least in the present range of hydraulic diameters after the significant effects of compressibility are accounted appropriately. � 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Department of Chemistry. Sri Yenkateswara University, Tirupati-517 502, India E-mail: nvsnaidu2@yahoo.co.in Manuscript received 10 October 2002. revised 13 August 2004, accepted 8 October 2004 A new method was developed for the isolation of carbofuran residues in rice, wheat and water samples. The method is based on the reaction of carbofuran phenol with p-aminoacetanilide, to produce yellow colour chromophore with an absorption maximum at 465 nm. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.5 to 16 µg/ml. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity are 2.177 x 104 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.0102 µg cm-2.