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The relevance of physical culture and sports facilities is a constantly changing system, inextricably linked with the development of society. The social changes taking place in society are bringing to life new types and forms of physical culture and recreation and leisure activities. There has been a clear integration of cultural and sports activities with an increase in the share of active leisure. Various groups of the population are involved in classes, various forms of family leisure are developing, the importance of information classes and communication, mass events is increasing. In parallel with this, the sport of higher achievements is also developing, which puts forward new levels of requirements for physical culture and sports facilities.

The article analyzes consumer dispositions (preferences) in the Russian insurance market. Their influence on the digitalization of insurance activities has been revealed. The consumer preferences of policyholders and their impact on the digitalization of business processes have been studied. The actual results of a statistical study of the Internet sales channel of insurance services, as well as the results of a sociological study of consumer preferences of policyholders have been presented. The presence of consumer dispositions (preferences) in the insurance market that hinder the development of digitalization has been shown. Key trends in the digitalization of sales procedures and their settlement under insurance contracts have been identified. Recommendations have been formulated to take into account the peculiarities of consumer dispositions in the insurance market in the process of digitalization of insurance activities.

Relevance. The article is devoted to financial and economic risks in the field of physical culture and sports. Financial and economic risks in the FKiS organization were identified, their significance was determined. Conclusions are drawn as risks affect the effectiveness of the training process.Purpose. Increasing the training effect by means of optimizing the organization's activities, taking into account risks.Methods and organization of research. The risks inherent in the organization of FC and C. The presented algorithm for performing the analysis is universal, but each of the stages has different features depending on the scope of the research.The results of the research. During the research work, 24 financial and economic risks were identified. Experts have developed a gradation of financial and economic risks of a physical culture and sports organization that characterizes the probability and severity of consequences from the onset of a particular financial and economic risk in the organization's activities.Conclusions. The system of financial and economic risk management developed by us in a physical culture and sports organization will reduce the likelihood of risks and minimize the consequences of such risks as the risk of bankruptcy, liquidity and the risk of financial losses and lost profits.

The measures being developed to support Russian exporters should be effective and in demand by the exporters themselves. This means that a strategy for the financial affordability of products designed and implemented to support them should be developed for small and medium-sized enterprises. Much has been done in Russia before the crisis caused by the, state institutions for the support and development of export activities were created and operated, but their work needs to be improved in order to increase the export potential of small and medium enterprises. The article proposes and substantiates the basic principles of the program for ensuring the financial accessibility of insurance mechanisms to support the export of small and medium enterprises.

The article provides a comparative analysis of state policy in terms of protecting the rights of consumers of insurance services and the results of market research of 30 leading Russian insurers on the issues of informing and explaining the terms of the insurance contract. The main directions of the state policy on consumer protection at the stage of concluding an insurance contract are highlighted and described, which are expressed through informing about the insurer, about the insurer’s activities, about the insurance conditions and insurance tariff, and about consumer rights protection mechanisms. Aspects of the positive impact of the new Standard for the Protection of the Rights of Consumers (Recipients) of insurance services on the relationship of insurers and consumers, which are manifested in the specification and expansion of consumer awareness, as well as in the normalization of requirements for a place and an employee selling insurance services, are highlighted. The authors reviewed and explained the results of their own market research on the situation in terms of informing consumers and explaining the terms of insurance contracts.

The elemental and chemical compositions throughout the thickness of the GaAs native oxide layer slightly irradiated by Ar+ ions have been studied by synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy at different photon energies enabling variation of probing depth. The presence of only two phases was observed: of the gallium oxide Ga2O3 and elementary arsenic Aso generated due to complete decay of arsenic oxides under the ion irradiation. Depth composition profiles were determined nondestructively. Despite inhomogeneous depth distribution, these profiles demonstrated domination (90 at %) of the dielectric Ga2O3 phase virtually throughout all the oxide thickness (~2 nm).

The subject of the research is the influence of the insurance market digitalization on competition forms in insurance. The purpose of the research was to study the forms of competition and factors of competitiveness in the process of digitalization of insurance activities. The research findings revealed the specifics of competition between insurance companies in digital sales channels of insurance services, and identified groups of new factors in the competitiveness of insurance programs. The paper describes two models of the policyholder behavior typical for traditional and digital sales channels in the insurance market — classical and digital. It is concluded that the digitalization of the insurance market influences the competition between insurance companies making a shift towards the channel competition and contributing to the emergence of new competition factors for insurance programs developed with digital technologies.

The subject of the research is the impact of digital technologies on the insurance market in terms of internetization, digitalization and individualization of the insurance business. The purpose of the research was to analyze the digital insurance concept and the process of digitalization of the insurance market based on the Russian and foreign insurers’ practices in the promotion of digital technologies, including the use of general scientific approaches and research methods. Among the results of the research were the definitions of the «digital insurance» and «digitalization of insurance activities» concepts as well as the formulation of problems and prospects for further use of digital technologies in the insurance market. The paper concludes that the introduction of new technologies in the digital economy will influence the insurance technology without changing its economic substance. Moreover, the digitalization of insurance activities will be followed by significant innovations improving the effectiveness of the former, development of new insurance programs, convergence of commercial and mutual insurance and things alike.

Journal of high energy physics 2020(12), 010 (2020). doi:10.1007/JHEP12(2020)010, A comprehensive set of azimuthal single-spin and double-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive leptoproduction of pions, charged kaons, protons, and antiprotons from transversely polarized protons is presented. These asymmetries include the previously published HERMES results on Collins and Sivers asymmetries, the analysis of which has been extended to include protons and antiprotons and also to an extraction in a three-dimensional kinematic binning and enlarged phase space. They are complemented by corresponding results for the remaining four single-spin and four double-spin asymmetries allowed in the one-photon-exchange approximation of the semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering process for target-polarization orientation perpendicular to the direction of the incoming lepton beam. Among those results, significant non-vanishing $\cos(\phi−\phi_S)$ modulations provide evidence for a sizable worm-gear (II) distribution, $g_{1T}(x,p_T^2)$. Most of the other modulations are found to be consistent with zero with the notable exception of large $\sin(\phi_S)$ modulations for charged pions and $K^+$., Published by SISSA, [Trieste]

The problem of memory enhancement is extremely important in intellectual activity areas and therapy of different types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The attempts to solve this problem have come from different research fields. In the first part of our review, we describe the results of targeting certain genes involved in memory-associated molecular pathways. The second part of the review is focused on the deep stimulation of brain structures that can slow down memory loss in AD. The third part describes the results of the use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for memory modulation, consolidation, and retrieval in healthy people and animal models. Integration of data from different research fields is essential for the development of efficient strategies for memory enhancement.

The paper is concerned with the specifics of accounting in terms of its compliance with the unified chart of accounts and industry standards for microfinance organizations. The subject of the study is accounting innovations in microfinance organizations. The purpose of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of approaches to the accounting in microfinance organizations using the forms of microfinance and microcredit organizations. A list of internal documents necessary for microfinance organizations including regulations, by-laws and methodological instructions was developed and proposed for use. It is concluded that the main difference in the accounting practices of microcredit organizations as compared with microfinance organizations is their ability to apply simplified approaches to accounting according to the unified chart of accounts and industry accounting standards.

Poor dielectric properties of GaAs oxides are the drawback of the GaAs-based electronics preventing using these oxides as dielectric layers. The elemental and chemical compositions of the GaAs native oxide layer slightly irradiated by Ar+ ions with the fluence Q ~1 ∗ 1014 ions/cm2 have been studied by the synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of selective and total decay of arsenic oxides followed by diffusive escape of arsenic atoms from the oxide layer has been revealed. The effect results in three-fold Ga enrichment of the upper layer of the native oxide and in strong domination (~90 at%) of the Ga2O3 phase which is known to be a quite good dielectric with the bandgap width as wide as 4.8 eV. A band diagram was obtained for the native oxide nanolayer on the n-GaAs wafer. It has been shown that this natural nanostructure has a character of a p-n heterojunction.

A measurement of beam-helicity asymmetries for single-hadron production in deep-inelastic scattering is presented. Data from the scattering of 27.6 GeV electrons and positrons off gaseous hydrogen and deuterium targets were collected by the HERMES experiment. The asymmetries are presented separately as a function of the Bjorken scaling variable, the hadron transverse momentum, and the fractional energy for charged pions and kaons as well as for protons and anti-protons. These asymmetries are also presented as a function of the three aforementioned kinematic variables simultaneously. (C) 2019 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. We gratefully acknowledge the DESY management for its support, the staff at DESY and the collaborating institutions for their significant effort. This work was supported by the State Committee of Science of the Republic of Armenia, Grant No. 18T-1C180; the FWO-Flanders and IWT, Belgium; the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; the National Natural Science Foundation of China; the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, the German Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); the MEXT, JSPS, and G-COE of Japan; the Dutch Foundation for Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM); the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Federal Agency for Science and Innovation; the Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, the Basque Government, Grant No. IT956-16, and MINECO (Juan de la Cierva), Spain; the U. K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the Science and Technology Facilities Council, and the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance; as well as the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Science Foundation (NSF).

Current understanding of feature binding remains controversial. Studies involving mismatch negativity (MMN) measurement show a low level of binding, whereas behavioral experiments suggest a higher level. We examined the possibility that the two levels of feature binding coexist and may be shown within one experiment. The electroencephalogram was recorded while participants were engaged in an auditory two-alternative choice task, which was a combination of the oddball and the condensation tasks. Two types of deviant target stimuli were used - complex stimuli, which required feature conjunction to be identified, and simple stimuli, which differed from standard stimuli in a single feature. Two behavioral outcomes - correct responses and errors - were analyzed separately. Responses to complex stimuli were slower and less accurate than responses to simple stimuli. MMN was prominent and its amplitude was similar for both simple and complex stimuli, whereas the respective stimuli differed from standards in a single feature or two features respectively. Errors in response only to complex stimuli were associated with decreased MMN amplitude. P300 amplitude was greater for complex stimuli than for simple stimuli. Our data are compatible with the explanation that feature binding in auditory modality depends on two concurrent levels of processing. We speculate that the earlier level related to MMN generation is an essential and critical stage. Yet, a later analysis is also carried out, affecting P300 amplitude and response time. The current findings provide resolution to conflicting views on the nature of feature binding and show that feature binding is a distributed multilevel process.

Currently, there are two opposing views on feature binding in the auditory modality: according to behavioral studies, this process requires focused attention, whereas electrophysiological studies suggest that feature binding may be fully automatic and independent of attention. Here, we examined whether feature binding depends on higher-level attentional processes by manipulating the attentional focus. We used four auditory stimuli that differed in two features: pitch and location. Two rare deviants could be detected within a sequence of two frequent standards exclusively by feature conjunctions rather than by any single feature alone. Event-related potentials to auditory stimuli were analyzed for four conditions: selective attention to target auditory deviants, selective ignoring of nontarget auditory deviants, nonselective distributed attention to all stimuli within auditory modality, and selective attention diverted from auditory to visual modality. The negative difference (Nd) between event-related potentials to deviants and standards was measured within two time intervals, corresponding to mismatch negativity (100-200 ms) and N2b (200-300 ms). Only under the condition of selective attention to specific feature conjunctions, prominent Nd was observed in mismatch negativity as well in N2b time ranges, whereas no significant Nd was observed in other conditions. As Nd is considered a marker of deviance processing, our results support the view that deviance was not detected unless attention was focused on the stimuli, thus supporting the view that feature binding requires attention.

The provision of mortgage insurance is considered in the article based on market research and of programs for comprehensive mortgage insurance, for mortgage insurance, and for mortgage insurance without involving insurance mechanisms. As follows from the analysis based on the characteristics of the Russian market of mortgage insurance, we can predict its development taking into account factors of intermarket competition.

A nitride nanolayer fabricated on a GaAs (100) surface by implanting ions N2+ (Ei = 1.5 keV) has been studied by high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy with the use of synchrotron radiation. It has been found that, apart from the dominant GaN wide-gap semiconductor phase, an additional phase of the GaAs1 − xNx narrow-gap solid solution (x < 0.10) is present in the nitride layer. It has been shown that the nitride layer created by ion implantation is a nanostructure with an attribute of a system of quantum dots, since it consists of nanoclusters of the narrow-gap semiconductor in the wide-gap matrix.

Hard exclusive electroproduction of omega mesons is studied with the HERMES spectrometer at the DESY laboratory by scattering 27.6 GeV positron and electron beams off a transversely polarized hydrogen target. The amplitudes of five azimuthal modulations of the single-spin asymmetry of the cross section with respect to the transverse proton polarization are measured. They are determined in the entire kinematic region as well as for two bins in photon virtuality and momentum transfer to the nucleon. Also, a separation of asymmetry amplitudes into longitudinal and transverse components is done. These results are compared to a phenomenological model that includes the pion pole contribution. Within this model, the data favor a positive pi omega transition form factor.

Error commission leads to adaptive adjustments in a number of brain networks that subserve goal-directed behavior, resulting in either enhanced stimulus processing or increased motor threshold depending on the nature of errors committed. Here, we studied these adjustments by analyzing post-error modulations of alpha and theta band activity in the auditory version of the two-choice condensation task, which is highly demanding for sustained attention while involves no inhibition of prepotent responses. Errors were followed by increased frontal midline theta (FMT) activity, as well as by enhanced alpha band suppression in the parietal and the left central regions; parietal alpha suppression correlated with the task performance, left central alpha suppression correlated with the post-error slowing, and FMT increase correlated with both behavioral measures. On post-error correct trials, left-central alpha band suppression started earlier before the response, and the response was followed by weaker FMT activity, as well as by enhanced alpha band suppression distributed over the entire scalp. These findings indicate that several separate neuronal networks are involved in post-error adjustments, including the midfrontal performance monitoring network, the parietal attentional network, and the sensorimotor network. Supposedly, activity within these networks is rapidly modulated after errors, resulting in optimization of their functional state on the subsequent trials, with corresponding changes in behavioral measures.

Modern development of the Far East region of Russia is directly connected with elaboration and implementation of the balanced and weighed Migration Policy. Migration flows influence on various spheres of the state and public life. Changes of a geopolitical situation, aggravation of ethnic and other contradictions, especially in frontier areas, are capable to lead to complication in problems of national security.

We study numerically the chromoelectric–chromomagnetic asymmetry of the dimension two gluon condensate and the longitudinal gluon propagator at [Formula: see text] in the Landau-gauge [Formula: see text] lattice gauge theory. We show that substantial correlation between the asymmetry and the Polyakov loop as well as the correlation between the longitudinal propagator and the Polyakov loop pave the way to studies of the critical behavior of the asymmetry and the longitudinal propagator. The respective values of critical exponents and amplitudes are evaluated.

The electronic structure of the well-defined n -GaAs (100) near-surface layer irradiated by an ion beam of the keV energy range has been studied by synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy. Conversion of the conductivity type from n into p has been revealed in the irradiated layer several nm thick, thus resulting in the junction formation. The effect manifests itself in adjoining the valence band edge to the Fermi level. Transformation of the conductivity type has been shown to be caused by Ga-antisite point defects generated by mechanical impact of inert argon atoms diffusing away after implantation. The possibility of local formation of a nanojunction by ion beam within the beam spot has been demonstrated.

The first direct measurement of the dependence on target nuclear mass of the average squared transverse momentum of pi+, pi-, and K+ mesons from deep-inelastic lepton scattering is obtained as a function of several kinematic variables. The data were accumulated at the HERMES experiment at DESY, in which the HERA 27.6 GeV lepton beam was scattered off several nuclear gas targets. The average squared transverse momentum was clearly observed to increase with atomic mass number. The effect increases as a function of Q**2 and x and remains constant as a function of both the virtual photon energy nu and the fractional hadron energy z, except that it vanishes as z approaches unity., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures

AbstractDetailed information on GaAs oxide properties is important for solving the problem of passivating and dielectric layers in the GaAs-based electronics. The elemental and chemical compositions of the native oxide layer grown on the atomically clean surface of an n -GaAs (100) wafer etched by Ar^+ ions have been studied by synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy. It has been revealed that the oxide layer is essentially enriched in the Ga_2O_3 phase which is known to be a quite good dielectric as compared to As_2O_3. The gallium to arsenic ratio reaches the value as high as [Ga]/[As] = 1.5 in the course of oxidation. The Ga-enrichment occurs supposedly due to diffusion away of As released in preferential oxidation of Ga atoms. A band diagram was constructed for the native oxide nanolayer on the n -GaAs wafer. It has been shown that this natural nanostructure has features of a p–n heterojunction.

Exclusive electroproduction of π+ mesons was studied by scattering 27.6 GeV positrons or electrons off a transversely polarized hydrogen target. The single-spin azimuthal asymmetry with respect to target polarization was measured as a function of the Mandelstam variable t, the Bjorken scaling variable xB, and the virtuality Q2 of the exchanged photon. The extracted Fourier components of the asymmetry were found to be consistent with zero, except one that was found to be large and that involves interference of contributions from longitudinal and transverse virtual photons.

The exclusive electroproduction of rho-0 mesons was studied with the HERMES spectrometer at the DESY laboratory by scattering 27.6 GeV positron and electron beams off a transversely polarized hydrogen target. Spin density matrix elements for this process were determined from the measured production- and decay-angle distributions of the produced rho-0 mesons. These matrix elements embody information on helicity transfer and the validity of s-channel helicity conservation in the case of a transversely polarized target. From the spin density matrix elements, the leading-twist term in the single-spin asymmetry was calculated separately for longitudinally and transversely polarized rho-0 mesons. Neglecting s-channel helicity changing matrix elements, results for the former can be compared to calculations based on generalized parton distributions, which are sensitive to the contribution of the total angular momentum of the quarks to the proton spin., 7 pages, 5 figures

The structure of C1s and F1s core electron levels in C60F18 and C60F36 fluorinated fullerenes has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. It is established that C1s levels of carbon atoms not bound to fluorine in these compounds are shifted down by 1.0 and 1.6 eV relative to the C1s level in the usual C60 fullerene, so that the binding energies of the core electron levels in C60F18 and C60F36 amount to Eb (C1s, C-C) = 285.7 and 286.3 eV, respectively. These values are characteristic and can be used for the identification of both homogeneous fluorinated fullerenes and combined materials comprising a mixture of various fluorinated fullerenes with each other and with different carbon-containing based materials.

Photoemission spectra of solid fluorinated fullerenes C60Fx (x = 18, 36) were measured in comparison with parent C60 using synchrotron radiation (hν = 120 eV) providing the spectra in the density of states mode. Creation of the ion-like bonding of fluorine and disappearance of the π-states were observed to be a result of fluorination. Disappearance of the upper lying π-states was revealed to be a reason of the band gap widening upon fluorination.

The momentum and helicity density distributions of the strange quark sea in the nucleon are obtained in leading order from charged-kaon production in deep-inelastic scattering on the deuteron. The distributions are extracted from spin-averaged K+/- multiplicities, and from K+/- and inclusive double-spin asymmetries for scattering of polarized positrons by a polarized deuterium target. The shape of the momentum distribution is softer than that of the average of the ubar and dbar quarks. In the region of measurement 0.02 < x < 0.6 and Q^2 > 1.0 GeV^2, the helicity distribution is zero within experimental uncertainties., 5 pages, 5 figures, 1 table; text slightly expanded, 10 references added

Comparative study of near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra (NEXAFS) of fluorinated fullerenes C60Fx (x = 0, 18, 36) has been implemented. Local density of unoccupied states was obtained and an accurate boundary between π* and (π+σ)* states was determined. The experimental evidence was found that unoccupied π*‐ states of C60Fx are delocalized ones and form cluster shells that sequentially disappear in fluorination starting from the highest state. As a result, the density of the lowest π* ‐ state (LUMO) was revealed to remain being constant in fluorination despite the π ‐electron subsystem exhaustion.

The chemical processes of formation and decomposition of narrow-gap nitrides InN and GaAs1 − xNx under ion bombardment have been investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy. It is shown that, due to chemical instability, a large fraction of InN decomposes with formation of metal clusters under ion bombardment. It is established that bombardment of GaAs with a beam of N2+ and Ar+ ions makes it possible to obtain a chemically homogeneous GaAs1 − xNx solid solution with a high nitrogen content (x = 0.1), whereas implantation of only N2+ ions leads to the formation of a mixture of GaN, GaAsN, and GaAs phases. It is concluded that secondary ion cascades, induced by heavy ions, stimulate nitridation reaction, homogenize the spatial atomic distribution, and shift the dynamic equilibrium to the formation of a single-phase solution.

A series of semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering measurements on deuterium, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon targets has been performed in order to study hadronization. The data were collected with the HERMES detector at the DESY laboratory using a 27.6 GeV positron or electron beam. Hadron multiplicities on nucleus A relative to those on the deuteron, R_A^h, are presented for various hadrons (\pi^+, \pi^-, \pi^0, K^+, K^-, p, and \bar{p}) as a function of the virtual-photon energy \nu, the fraction z of this energy transferred to the hadron, the photon virtuality Q^2, and the hadron transverse momentum squared p_t^2. The data reveal a systematic decrease of R_A^h with the mass number A for each hadron type h. Furthermore, R_A^h increases (decreases) with increasing values of \nu (z), increases slightly with increasing Q^2, and is almost independent of p_t^2, except at large values of p_t^2. For pions two-dimensional distributions also are presented. These indicate that the dependences of R_A^{\pi} on \nu and z can largely be described as a dependence on a single variable L_c, which is a combination of \nu and z. The dependence on L_c suggests in which kinematic conditions partonic and hadronic mechanisms may be dominant. The behaviour of R_A^{\pi} at large p_t^2 constitutes tentative evidence for a partonic energy-loss mechanism. The A-dependence of R_A^h is investigated as a function of \nu, z, and of L_c. It approximately follows an A^{\alpha} form with \alpha \approx 0.5 - 0.6., Comment: 33 pages, 12 figures

Bose–Einstein correlations of like-sign charged hadrons produced in deep-inelastic electron and positron scattering are studied in the HERMES experiment using nuclear targets of $$^1$$ H, $$^2$$ H, $$^3$$ He, $$^4$$ He, N, Ne, Kr, and Xe. A Gaussian approach is used to parametrize a two-particle correlation function determined from events with at least two charged hadrons of the same sign charge. This correlation function is compared to two different empirical distributions that do not include the Bose–Einstein correlations. One distribution is derived from unlike-sign hadron pairs, and the second is derived from mixing like-sign pairs from different events. The extraction procedure used simulations incorporating the experimental setup in order to correct the results for spectrometer acceptance effects, and was tested using the distribution of unlike-sign hadron pairs. Clear signals of Bose–Einstein correlations for all target nuclei without a significant variation with the nuclear target mass are found. Also, no evidence for a dependence on the invariant mass W of the photon-nucleon system is found when the results are compared to those of previous experiments.

The earlier search at HERMES for narrow baryon states excited in quasireal photoproduction, decaying through the channel pK(S)(0) -> p pi(+)pi(-), has been extended with improved decay-particle reconstruction, more advanced particle identification, and increased event samples. The structure observed earlier at an invariant mass of 1528 MeV shifts to 1522 MeV and the statistical significance drops to about 2 sigma for data taken with a deuterium target. The number of events above background is 68(-31)(+98)(stat) +/- 13(sys). No such structure is observed in the hydrogen data set.

In order to study spontaneous attentional lapses the experimental task was used that created a moderately high attentional load and involved response choice based on stimulus feature conjunction. The participant's average correct response rate was 85.1%; they made errors in 9.6% trials and response omissions in 5.4% trials. Peak N1 of the evoked potential was consistent across all behavioral outcomes, while peak P2 amplitude was significantly greater before errors and response omissions compared to correct responses. The analysis of polygraphic indexes (ECG, EMG, SGR) did not reveal any arousal level reduction before attentional lapses. The proposed interpretation of the results obtained is based on the assumption that attentional lapses are mediated by the suppression of external stimuli information processing caused by the state of mind-wandering.

Successful performance in complex tasks depends upon the functioning of the cognitive control system involving the maintenance of sustained attention, retention and activation of task rules, as well as the inhibition of preliminary responses. Failure of any of these functions can lead to performance errors. In this study, we investigated behavioral data obtained from participants performing the auditory condensation task, which is highly demanding of the level of cognitive control but does not require participants to inhibit or override any prepotent automatic responses. We identified pre-error speeding and error slowing, while post-error slowing was not evident. Our results suggest that there are three factors contributing to the variability within the behavioral measures obtained. The first factor is related to the overall response latency, the second to the main individual mechanism of performance errors, and the third to the subject’s ability to increase motor threshold in the event of uncertainty and choice ambiguity. The data obtained evidence that the auditory condensation task is a promising model for studying cognitive control.

It has been shown that low size dispersion systems of carbon nanoclusters can be fabricated by ion irradiation of fullerite C60 film through a special mask. As the mask, lavsan track membrane with more or less equal pinholes of diameter of about 60 nm was used. STM study showed that fabricated clusters have a form of the cone‐like island with average diameter of about 60 nm and height of about 5 nm.

Spin Density Matrix Elements (SDMEs) describing the angular distribution of exclusive ρ 0 electroproduction and decay are determined in the HERMES experiment with 27.6 GeV beam energy and unpolarized hydrogen and deuterium targets. Eight (fifteen) SDMEs that are related (unrelated) to the longitudinal polarization of the beam are extracted in the kinematic region 1

Hard exclusive electroproduction of π + π − pairs off hydrogen and deuterium targets has been studied by the HERMES experiment at DESY. Legendre moments 〈 P 1 〉 and 〈 P 3 〉 of the angular distributions of π + mesons in the center-of-mass frame of the pair have been measured for the first time. Their dependence on the π + π − invariant mass can be understood as being due to the interference between relative P -wave (isovector) and S -, D -wave (isoscalar) states of the two pions. The increase in magnitude of 〈 P 1 〉 as Bjorken x increases is interpreted in the framework of generalized parton distributions as an enhancement of flavour non-singlet q q ¯ exchange for larger values of x , which leads to a sizable admixture of isoscalar and isovector pion pairs. In addition, the interference between P -wave and D -wave states separately for transverse and longitudinal pion pairs has been studied. The data indicate that in the f 2 ( 1270 ) region at 〈 Q 2 〉 = 3 GeV 2 higher-twist effects can be as large as the leading-twist longitudinal component.

The modification of GaAs with a 2500-eV beam containing N 2 + and Ar+ ions is examined with Auger electron spectroscopy. Most implanted nitrogen atoms are found to react with the matrix, substituting arsenic atoms to produce a several-nanometer-thick layer of the single-phase GaAs1−x Nx (x=6%) solid solution. The GaN phase is absent. Displaced arsenic atoms and nitrogen atoms unreacted with the matrix are present in the layer and on its surface. The former segregate, whereas the latter form molecules.

The beam-helicity asymmetry in associated electroproduction of real photons, ep -> aEuro parts per thousand e gamma pi N , in the Delta(1232)-resonance region is measured using the longitudinally polarized Hera positron beam and an unpolarized hydrogen target. Azimuthal Fourier amplitudes of this asymmetry are extracted separately for two channels, ep -> aEuro parts per thousand e gamma pi(0) p and ep -> aEuro parts per thousand e gamma pi(+) n, from a data set collected with a recoil detector. All asymmetry amplitudes are found to be consistent with zero.

An earlier extraction from the HERMES experiment of the polarization-averaged parton distribution of strange quarks in the nucleon has been reevaluated using final data on the multiplicities of charged kaons in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering obtained with a kinematically more comprehensive method of correcting for experimental effects. General features of the distribution are confirmed, but the rise at low $x$ is less pronounced than previously reported.

Performance errors are well studied under conditions of increased demands for motor inhibition; within this framework, errors are considered to be manifestations of motor conflicts between mutually exclusive responses to stimuli presented. However, tasks that require prolonged exertion of sustained attention and complex stimulus-response mapping may involve somewhat different internal causes of performance errors related to fluctuation in cognitive control; this aspect has not been previously addressed in literature. Specifically, it has not been studied whether performance errors can result from conflicts with spontaneous internally generated task-unrelated processes. In the present study, modulation of prestimulus brain activity in relation to spontaneous performance errors was studied during the auditory condensation task. Frontal midline theta (FMT) power, which is an indicator of cognitive control system activation, was found to be significantly higher before incorrect responses than before correct ones. Relative increase in FMT power before incorrect responses was positively correlated with Strength of excitation (STI questionnaire) and negatively correlated with the percentage of errors and with correct-to-error response time ratio. These findings allow us to suggest that the increase in the prestimulus FMT power before incorrect responses under the condensation task was at least partly related to the adjustment of the cognitive control system and conflict regulation. We speculate that the conflict may arise from interference between task-related and task-unrelated processes such as mind wandering.