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The DC-DC converter is critical in managing energy from many sources while stabilising the DC bus. As a result, the recent change of DC-DC converters from a single input converter to a multi-input converter can be noticed. This paper reviews the Multi-Input Converter (MIC) used to integrate renewable energy sources with energy storage devices (ESD) for their efficient usage. In a recent scenario, battery and supercapacitors (SC)/ultracapacitors (UC) are used as ESD to integrate with renewable sources like PV arrays and wind energy, reducing the pollution caused by fossil fuels. It also reviews and compares recently reported MIC with its specifications. This study analyses the converter based on the number of inputs and outputs and compares its features, control techniques, and advantages of various topologies.

Transportation must be rapidly electrified, including recharge infrastructure expansion, to keep up with the fast growth of electric vehicle technology. As the power levels handled by DC fast converters for electric vehicles rise, there are fresh hurdles for switching devices to adhere to efficiency standards. The present research introduces a novel multi-input mode selection converter (MI-MSC) that combines the AC grid and auxiliary battery as input sources to provide a constant current of 15A. This current range is essential in hybrid energy applications, especially fast-charging electric vehicles. The converter uses up to five switches to control the power flow between the two input ports. Simulink MATLAB simulates the proposed system with a fuzzy logic controller that can charge the battery in Constant Current (CC) charging and perform power factor correction (PFC). In addition, it is used to select various operating modes based on load requirements. The OPAL-RT 5700 tests and validates real-time hardware in-loop (HIL) performance. The system successfully meets the load demand across different load scenarios, manages power efficiently, and evaluates the total harmonic distortion (THD) level.

Introduction: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a major worldwide health problem due to its high incidence and mortality rates. The liver often becomes a site for metastasis from various primary locations, benefiting from its abundant blood supply. Distinguishing liver metastatic tumours from HCC can pose a diagnostic challenge, significantly impacting prognosis and treatment decisions. Aim: To differentiate between HCC, Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma in the liver using Hep par-1, Cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK19, and CK20 as immunohistochemical markers. The manual Tissue Microarray (TMA) technique was employed for present study. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pathology at Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, spanning a three-year duration from July 2012 to June 2015. A total of 60 cases diagnosed histologically with HCC, ICC, and metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma in the liver were included. The manual TMA technique was used to create recipient blocks, and immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the expression of Hep par-1, CK7, CK19 and CK20. The sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), and Negative Predictive Values (NPV) of these markers in HCC, ICC, and metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma in the liver were analysed and tabulated using statistical software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Results: The study included a total of 60 cases, with 40 (66.7%) males and 20 (33.3%) females, ranging in age from 27 to 73 years with a mean age of 51.3 years. Among the cases, there were 30 (50%) cases of HCC, 14 (23%) cases of ICC, and 16 (27%) cases of metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma in the liver. The sensitivity, specificity, and PPV of Hep par-1 in distinguishing HCC from ICC and metastatic deposits were 80%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The NPV of Hep par-1 in distinguishing HCC from ICC and metastatic deposits was 70% and 72%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of CK7 in distinguishing ICC from HCC were 3.3%, 50%, 6.3%, and 34.1%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of CK19 in distinguishing HCC from ICC and metastatic deposits were 0%, 50%, 0%, and 33.3%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of CK20 in distinguishing HCC from ICC and metastatic deposits were 0%, 53.3%, 0%, and 34.8%, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was found that a panel of markers including Hep par-1, CK7, CK19 and CK20 can differentiate between HCC, ICC, and metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma in the liver. This differentiation is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment for patients by understanding the exact behaviour of the tumour.

Exploring the intricate interplay between two prevalent chronic conditions, diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease, reveals a bidirectional relationship. Recent evidence underscores the pivotal influence of the microbiome, particularly the gut and oral microbiome, in shaping the pathogenesis of both diabetes and periodontal disease. The present comprehensive review aimed to elucidate the current understanding of how these microbial communities contribute to the development and progression of diabetes, especially when compounded by periodontal disease. However, emerging evidence suggests a complex bidirectional relationship between these two conditions. The microbiome’s involvement in these conditions unfolds through multifaceted mechanisms, with microbial dysbiosis influencing systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and periodontal tissue degradation. The authors explored the dynamic crosstalk between the gut and oral microbiome, shedding light on how alterations in these microbial ecosystems may exacerbate the interconnected manifestations of diabetes and periodontal disease. Furthermore, present review unraveled the potential therapeutic implications for targeted interventions. By dissecting the microbiome-driven pathways, authors identified the promising avenues for precision medicine and tailored therapies. This exploration opens new vistas for developing strategies that leverage the microbiome to mitigate the impact of diabetes with periodontal disease. As the authors navigated this complex terrain, the manuscript underscores the urgency of a holistic understanding and targeted modulation of the microbiome to revolutionise treatment paradigms for these intertwined chronic conditions. The present manuscript aimed to review the current understanding of the role of the gut and oral microbiome in the development and progression of diabetes with periodontal disease.

Background: Mucor mycosis is an emerging dreadful opportunistic angio-invasive fungal infection occurring predominantly in immunocompromised individuals. Popularly known as “Black fungus”, it gained popularity due to its association with SARS-COVID-19. The aim of this study was to analyse various predisposing factors and histopathological features of COVID associated Mucor mycosis. Methodology: This was a cross sectional retrospective study conducted at Department of Pathology, Government Kilpauk Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, over a period of six months, from April 2021 to September 2021. Maxillectomy and functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) samples from 123 post COVID-19 patients were included in the study. Clinical details of systemic hypertension, diabetes, steroid and oxygen therapy were retrieved from case records. Results: Our study comprised of 82 males and 41 females with male to female ratio of 2:1. Maximum number of cases were observed in the age group of 40 to 50 years (39%). Youngest patient was of 27 years and oldest age was 80 years. Facial pain was the most common symptom noted. In our study, 112 cases (91%) were diabetic, 71 cases (57.7%) were hypertensive and 116 cases (94.3%) had received systemic steroid therapy. Histopathological examination revealed increased fungal load with neutrophilic inflammation in 105 cases (85.36%), granulomatous inflammation in 18 cases (14.63%), mucosal invasion in 90 cases (73.17%), angioinvasion in 71 cases (57.7%), necrosis in 73 cases (59.3%) and infarct in 19 cases (15.6%). Conclusions: Histopathological features such as high fungal load, angioinvasion and extensive areas of necrosis plays an important role inaccurate diagnosis, assessing the prognosis and thereby reducing mortality and morbidity. We also conclude that high clinical suspicion in individuals with diabetes and steroid use is essential to facilitate early diagnosis and optimizingprompt treatment.

Orthodontic mini-implants or transient anchorage devices can be used to shift difficult teeth. There is substantial evidence showing the effectiveness of Temporary Anchorage Devices (TAD) and their anchorage requirements. However, there are also reports of failures and complications like soft tissue inflammation, tissue overgrowth, peri-implantitis and mini-implant fracture. The present case report of 22 years old female patient, discusses a rare occurrence of tissue overgrowth over the mini-implant on right buccal mucosa in relation to 45, 46 regions. A 1.3×9 mm stainless steel mini-implant was used as an interim anchorage device. The tissue overgrowth was attributed to soft tissue inflammation around the mini-implant. Under adequate anaesthesia, the tissue was removed using a laser, and the mini-implant was retrieved using tissue forceps. After achieving hemostasis, simple interrupted sutures were placed. It is recommended to administer antibiotics, analgesics, and along with postoperative instructions. When used correctly, mini-screws are valuable tools that enhance the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment. However, there is a scarcity of case studies discussing the complications and side-effects of mini-implants. Clinicians should carefully evaluate both general and unique side-effects and complications at the insertion site. This case report demonstrates the successful removal of an orthodontic mini-implant following diode laser ablation of hyperplastic tissue.

Diabetic mastopathy is an uncommon fibrous tissue lesion of the breast which is usually seen in patients with longstanding type 1 diabetes mellitus. We report a case of diabetic mastopathy in an insulin dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus patient. 47-year-old postmenopausal woman, presented with two lumps, one firm mobile mass and another, a firm-hard mass in the upper inner quadrant of the left breast. Mammography and ultrasonography came out to be BIRADS III lesion. Fine-needle aspiration cytology [FNAC] was performed showing features of fibroadenoma with fibrocystic change. Histopathological examination and Immunohistochemistry studies revealed it to be fibroadenoma along with lymphocytic mastopathy. Keywords: Fibroadenoma, Lymphocytic mastitis, Mimicker, Diabetes

Abstract Background Stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is a major nuisance in groundnut production, causing substantial yield losses in almost all groundnut-growing areas around the world. Biological control is regarded as a sustainable choice over the currently popular management strategy i.e., chemical control, as later has a negative influence on the environment. The present study evaluated the antagonistic effect of native rhizosphere micro-flora against groundnut stem rot pathogen S. rolfsii. Results A total of 111 bacterial isolates and 9 Trichoderma isolates isolated from groundnut rhizosphere soil were evaluated for their antagonist activity against S. rolfsii in vitro. Eight isolates (seven bacterial and one Trichoderma) were chosen as prospective biocontrol candidates based on the findings of the dual culture assay. Molecular characterization of these isolates by 16S rDNA and ITS rDNA sequencing confirmed the identity of bacterial isolates as Bacillus spp. (six B. subtilis and one B. amyloliquefaciens) and fungal isolate as Trichoderma asperellum. Also, the selected seven bacterial isolates recorded favourable results for antagonism-promoting biochemical traits. Conclusion The results of the current study suggested that the native groundnut rhizosphere micro-flora can be exploited for biological control of groundnut stem rot pathogen S. rolfsii. Further research may enable the use of the isolated rhizosphere biocontrol agents as single organisms or in a consortium for sustainable management of the groundnut stem rot pathogen.

Menopause is a phase of physiological alteration in women that leads to changes in both systemic and oral health. Buccal smears were collected from 28 premenopausal women and 28 early postmenopausal women who visited the outpatient Department of Oral medicine and radiology of our college. The Oral changes were observed and the patients were asked about complaints of their menstrual history, dry mouth, systemic conditions, signs of inflammation, focal infections, ulceration, white and red lesions, and periodontal diseases. The results were obtained by correlating the changes observed in premenopausal and early postmenopausal women by the influence of hormones on oral health using oral exfoliative cytology. The results of the study were then correlated with various other similar studies and revealed that there is a high chance that the early postmenopausal women are more prone to oral discomfort than the premenopausal women. The data obtained from this study will be used to plan preventive health care programs (creating awareness about oral hygiene maintenance, measures to improve salivary parameters) for the menopausal and early postmenopausal women to improve their oral health related quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is one of the leading causes of worry due to the vital role it plays in pathophysiology of many metabolic diseases. Even though there are various approaches taken to treat obesity, bariatric surgery has been shown to be effective. There is still hesitancy among the medical fraternity to accept bariatric surgery. We aim, in this study, to evaluate the perceptions and awareness about obesity and bariatric surgery among the medical fraternity. Materials and Methods: A survey consisting of an anonymous questionnaire was conducted which included undergraduate students, house surgeons, postgraduate residents, and consultants from various specialties in various institutes across Karnataka as participants. The study was conducted in September 2019. The research tool was designed using www.surveymonkey.com, which consisted of questions regarding obesity and its surgical management and was circulated among medical colleagues through social networking websites such as WhatsApp and Facebook, Inc. The survey was made available for 10 days. Questions were framed using skip logic, wherein each set of participants had a selected set of questions. A total of 28 questions were circulated for each participant. Results: Six hundred and seventy-one participants took part in the survey, among which 53.57% were undergraduate students, 28.18% were postgraduate residents, and 18.25% were consultants. About 88.03% believe that obesity is a disease and has a high prevalence in India. Nearly 96.87% of them are of the opinion that obesity affects only the educated, high socioeconomic status, and urban population, and 25.3% of them believe that obesity is not seen in the rural, low socioeconomic status population. Only 7.12% of them are aware of the fact that obesity is a causative factor for cancer. About 46.3% of them opine that obese patients are discriminated in the health sector. However, 61.57% of them would not like to undergo the surgery in case they ever fall into the obese category nor would they recommend it to their relatives. Conclusion: By making simple models and flow charts to educate the healthcare professionals regarding obesity, pathophysiology and the treatment might reduce the stigmatizing attitudes and reduce the discriminatory attitude towards obese patients and would help in the efficient management of obesity and its associated comorbidities.

This article discusses a method for determining the cost of a construction project based on aggregated unit prices based on information modelling and text mining. The features of estimating the cost of investment projects at the pre-project station are indicated, such as high uncertainty of technological and cost parameters, as well as the advantages and prerequisites for the transition to pricing in the system of consolidated unit prices are shown. The authors consider several existing text analysis methodologies and their goals, as well as the algorithms used. The most frequently used tools for solving various Data Mining tasks in research are identified, and the sequence of actions for modeling the estimated cost at aggregated unit prices using information modeling and text mining technologies is also given, since this method provides undeniable advantages in comparison with classical methods.

Information and telecommunications using traffic signals plays major role in computer vision. Distinguishing objects which are in more modest size is a difficult task. We centre around an exceptional case: Detection and the classification of traffic lights in road sees and gives a guidance to the regulator for semi-autonomous and completely self-governing vehicles. We are introducing a profound learning approach for precise traffic signal discovery in adjusting a Single Shot Detection (SSD) approach SSD performs object proposition creation and order utilizing one single CNN. The first SSD battles in recognizing smaller objects, that which is fundamental for Traffic Light Detection (TLD). By our transformations it is feasible to recognize protests a lot more modest than the ten pixels without expanding the input picture size.

Purpose: Open tibia fracture is prone to infection, consequently causing significant morbidity and increasing the hospital stay, occupational loss and onset of chronic osteomyelitis. Intramedullary nailing is one choice for treating tibia shaft fractures. To improve the delivery of antibiotics at the tissue-implant interface, many methods have been proposed as a part of prophylaxis against infection. This study was conducted to study the role of gentamicin-impregnated intramedullary interlocking (IMIL) nail in the prevention of infection in Gustilo type I and II open tibia fractures and to compare the results with regular intramedullary nail. Methods: The study included 28 patients with open tibia fractures (Gustilo type 1 or type 2); of them 14 underwent regular IMIL nailing and the other 14 were treated with gentamicin-coated nailing. Randomization was done by alternate allocation of the patients. Follow-up was done postoperatively (day 1), 1 week, 6 weeks, and 6 months for bone union, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hemoglobin and C-reactive protein (CRP). Statistical significance was tested using unpaired t-test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were 4 cases of infection in controls (regular IMIL nail) and no infection among patients treated with gentamicin-coated nail during the follow up (X2 = 4.66, p = 0.031). At 6 months postoperatively, CRP (p = 0.031), ESR (p = 0.046) and hemoglobin level (p = 0.016) showed significant difference between two groups. The bone healing rate was better with gentamicin-coated nail in comparison to regular IMIL nail at 6 months follow-up (p = 0.016). Conclusion: Gentamicin-coated IMIL nail has a positive role in preventing infection in Gustilo type I and II open tibia fractures. Keywords: Antibiotic impregnated nail, Intramedullary nailing, Open tibia fracture, Infection

The use of VR in technical education has several advantages. In a wide domain of digital electronics, the study outlines efforts done to use VR to engineering education. To conduct experiments in a digital lab, the section offers guided domain exploration. A.pk files are used to store the created virtual laboratory. E-Labs' project: Virtual reality (VR) technology is used to create the remote laboratory known as digital electronics. The E-labs are primarily designed for fundamental and general gates experiments in digital electronics. This E-labs has the extra benefit of having both hardware and software (Blended mode). The software component is carried out with the aid of the programme unity, which is typically used to create simulations and video games for computers, consoles, and mobile devices. A virtual 3D environment was created for this project using Unity. Additionally, Blender software and Tinkercad from Autodesk are used to create the models needed to construct a virtual 3D world. The hardware portion includes a number of parts, including an Arduino Uno, a Wi-Fi module (NodeMCU ESP8266), an LCD, ICs, LEDs, and a breadboard. The Wi-Fi model and LCD are both linked to the Arduino. To show the results of the research, we utilise LEDs. A Wi-Fi module is attached to the experiment section, which also contains ICs and LEDs. To see the virtual world, the user needs put on a VR headset.They may choose the needed experiment that they would want to carry out, and any modifications made to the virtual environment will also be mirrored in the physical system.When there is a pandemic and students are unable to undertake physical experiments at their schools or institutions, the E-labs are quite helpful.Additionally, these E-Labs will pique students' interests and foster their desire to study new things while enabling them to comprehend subjects at their own speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) burrows found complex with a fresh soil scoop at the entrance and ramified branches, galleries and bolt holes. Burrow length was more in light textured sandy soils, whereas burrow depth and branching were found more in heavy textured alluvial clay soils. Among the various soil properties, pH has shown a significant positive correlation with burrow depth (r = 0.51) and number of branches in a burrow (r = 0.50). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that pH had a significant positive effect with circumference and branches, EC and bulk density with depth of the burrow, particle density and porosity with circumference of the burrow. Burrow temperature is always low over the soil and atmospheric temperatures in alluvial clay soils, but in sandy soils burrow temperature is relatively higher than soil temperature during lean period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to get a successful and appropriate treatment for the disorder regarding health, précised and identifying it early is much important in the scenario of brain tumor treatment. Prior knowledge and detection of the tumor helps to cope up with good medication, and also helps in saving a life in due time. Bio-medical informatics(BI) and Computer aided diagnosis(CAD) are benefiting neurooncologists in many ways. Machine learning algorithms are now used to do Image processing on medical images and contrast with the information due to manual diagnosis of Brain tumor which is always a tedious task because of human error is indulged. When compared with manual traditional practices, Computer aided mechanisms are compared to obtain better results. In this paper we are presenting the existing models or architectures overview of various researchers who dedicatedly addressed and worked on this tedious task.