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Nomenclature and intended use of the rooms of the southern (representative) part of the upper floor of the “palace” of Grand Masters in the Marienburg Castle in the Middle Ages on the basis of written sources The analyses carried out in this article concerning the southern part of the upper floor of the new (second) “palace” of the Teutonic Order’s superiors in the late Middle Ages allow to formulate several important conclusions. First of all, the building certainly existed before 11 September 1392, but it cannot be ruled out that it was erected at the beginning of the 1370s. In the fifteenth-century sources, its entire southern representative part (looking from the so-called Low and High Halls) along with five rooms of different sizes located there, were referred to as the “Summer (or, less often, Winter) chamber (gemach)”. This name comes from the most characteristic interiors located there: the “Summer Refectory” / “Great Summer Hall” in the western part and the Winter Refectory in the central part. The thorough analysis of medieval written sources carried out in this article allows for the formulation of the thesis that the chamber located in the easternmost part of the southern part of the “palace”, supported by two columns, should be identified as the “Minor Summer Hall” (aula minor estivalis), which was recorded in the transumpt of 14 May 1456. Thus, all the suggestions concerning this interior and its supposed intended use in the discussed period, hitherto put forward by the researchers who have so far formulated their conclusions in isolation from the written accounts of the period, should be rejected. This name comes from the most characteristic interiors located there: the "Summer Refectory" / "Great Summer Hall" in the western part and the Winter Refectory in the central part. The thorough analysis of medieval written sources carried out in this article allowed for the formulation of the thesis that the chamber located in the easternmost part of the southern part of the "palace", supported by two columns, should be identified as the "Minor Summer Hall" (aula minor estivalis), which was recorded in the transumpt of 14 May 1456. Thus, all the suggestions concerning this interior and its supposed intended use in the discussed period, hitherto put forward by the researchers who have so far formulated their conclusions in isolation from the written accounts of the period, should be rejected.

Egyptian Museum Cairo is considered one of the largest museums all over the world, containing ancient Egyptian antiquities telling the history of ancient Egyptians' lives; more one hundred sixty thousand objects are on display and the thousands else are in the basement and upper floor magazines. Those objects are representing different ancient periods from the lithic periods to Greco-Roman via Pharaonic periods.

الملخص: يتناول هذا البحث دراسة آثارية معمارية لبازار الخديوى عباس حلمى الثانى، الذى يعتبر من المجمعات التجارية التي کانت تمثل أهم مراکز النشاط التجاري بصوره ومراحله المختلفة داخل الحى الأوروبى بمدينة بورسعيد؛ ولقد انعکس أثر ذلک على الطراز المعماري للبازار الذي شيد على النسق الأوروبي، ويتکون البازار من فناء أوسط مکشوف مستطيل الشکل يحيط به ثلاثة أجنحة تتألف من طابقين أرضي يشتمل على حوانيت وعلوي مخصص للسکنى، علاوة على المدخل الذي جاء علي هيئة بائکة تتألف من صفين من العقود المرجونية الشکل، وقد راعى المعمار فى تخطيط البازار وتصميم الواجهات التماثل والتناسق والتکرار والتطابق بين المفردات والعناصر المعمارية والفنية. ومن اللافت للنظر أن الطابق العلوي للبازار يحتوي علي فندق کان مخصصا لإقامة التجار والسياح والبحارة وغيرهم من الأجانب, ومن ثم حرص المعمار علي توفير الراحة والأمن والطمأنينة لهم عن طريق استقلال الطابق العلوي تماما عن الطابق الأرضي، ولقد تنوعت الأسقف المستخدمة في تغطية البازار بين الأسقف الجمالونية والمائلة والمسطحة، کما جاءت جميعها مغطاه بالقرميد. وعلاوة علي ما سبق فلقد تأثر بازار عباس بالطرز الأوروبية الکلاسيکية المستحدثة وعصر النهضة الفرنسي, بالاضافة إلى تأثره بالبازارات اليونانية والألبانية خلال العصر العثمانى، وتمثل ذلک في تزيين واجهات البازار بشرفات ورفارف وأفاريز خشبية بارزة جاءت ذات مسحة فنية زخرفية، ولقد اشتملت الدراسة على ثلاثة أقسام رئيسية الأول منها خاص بالدراسة الوصفية المعمارية للبازار من الخارج والداخل، والقسم الثانى يتضمن الدراسة التحليلية للوحدات والعناصر المعمارية والفنية، أما القسم الثالث فيشتمل على الغرض الوظيفى والدور الحضارى للبازار، وفي نهاية الدراسة قائمة بأهم النتائج والتوصيات التى تم التوصل إليها من خلال البحث، يليها قائمة المصادر والمراجع العربية والأجنبية، ثم الکتالوج الذى يشتمل على الأشکال واللوحات التوضيحية. Abstract: This research deals with the archaeological and architectural study of the bazaar of Khedive Abbas Helmi II, which is one of the commercial complexes that represented the most important centers of commercial activity in various stages within the European district of Port Said and this was reflected in the impact on the architectural style of the bazaar, which was built on the European style. The bazaar is consisted of a rectangular open courtyard surrounded by three wings consisting of two floors; one of them is ground which includes shops and the other is an upper floor assigned for housing; in addition to the entrance, which came in the form of an arcade containing two rows of arches, the architect took into account harmony and repetition of the architectural and artistic elements in the layout of the bazaar and the design of the facades. It is noted that the upper floor of the bazaar contains a hotel that was dedicated to the residence of merchants, tourists, sailors and other foreigners; therefore the architect was keen to provide comfort, security and tranquility to them by the independence of the upper floor from the ground floor. The bazaar has various ceilings, such as Gamaloon, sloping and flat ceilings, and covered with tiles. In addition, the Abbas bazaar was influenced by the neo-classical European and the French Renaissance as well as by the Greek and Albanian bazaars styles during the Ottoman era. This was represented in the decoration of the bazaar facades with balconies and wooden friezes. The study includes three main sections: The first section deals with the descriptive architectural study of the bazaar from outside and inside. The second section includes the analytical study of the units and the architectural and artistic elements. The third section includes the functional purpose and the cultural role of the bazaar. Then the most important results and recommendations followed by a list of the Arabic and foreign sources and references, and a catalog which includes the illustrative figures and plates.

Aim.Present a program of examination and treatment of patients with biliary duct injury, corresponding to the level of the international protocol and modern requirements for the quality of medical care.Material and methods.The results of examination and treatment of 77 patients with bile ducts injuries are analyzed. The analysis of the main surgical interventions for the elimination of bile ducts injuries is given: reconstructive operations in 44.3% of patients, recovery operations – in 36.7% and external drainage – in 19%.Results.A program approach has been developed to assist patients with bile duct injuries in civil health care at various levels of surgical care.Conclusions.The implementation of this program provides timely diagnosis of damage to the bile duct and minimizing the number of postoperative complications at the second and third levels of surgical care. It was determined that a rational approach to reduce the number of injuries of the bile ducts is their prevention by perfect adherence to the technique of surgical intervention on the organs of the upper floor of the abdominal cavity, and to reduce the number of negative consequences, the proposed algorithm for diagnosis and treatment.

Structural activities also accelerated with the growth of new economic activities around the world. A proper sub-surface investigation is to be carried out to determine the overall suitability of the site and to develop an appropriate and economical, secure design for the proposed work. Overstressing the soil may result in an excessive settlement of the soil, both of which cause structural damage. Standards, therefore, study bearing capacity and settlement theories. Paper focused on designing the foundation of the Basement+G+32 upper floor structure and assessing its suitability through the borehole and log analysis. Data from the soil investigation were obtained from the boreholes at the site of the proposed Tower No.3 (T3) of Tata Serein. The paper focused on different soil parameters and properties at appropriate depths (13 to 16 m) measured from the natural soil level for the exploration of three boreholes (BH-04, BH-07 and BH-15). It is revealed that the settlement is estimated to be 3.88 mm, which is within the 10 mm limit as per standard. These field and laboratory findings are ultimately interpreted to design and recommend an appropriate foundation.

The present study investigated the effect of fire growth in a lower-floor compartment on fire evolution and the characteristics of facade flame ejection from an upper-floor compartment. Experiments were performed using two floors with identical compartments (0.4 m cubic with an opening of 0.2 m × 0.2 m). A 0.2-m square porous propane burner was used as fire source in each compartment. Results showed that the growth of facade fire plume from the lower-floor compartment significantly affected the ventilation conditions for the opening of upper-floor compartment hence its fire evolution and facade flame ejection characteristics. These evolutions were found to be of three distinct types with HRR increasing in the lower-floor compartment: (I) in the case of relatively small upper-floor compartment fires under well-ventilated conditions, the flame was gradually weakened and finally extinguished; (II) in the case of medium upper-floor compartment fires under well-ventilated conditions, the flame inside the compartment (well-ventilated) turned to eject through the opening (under-ventilated), and the facade flame height decreased slightly till the flame was extinguished; (III) in the case of relatively large upper-floor compartment fires in under-ventilated conditions, the facade flame was sustained, and once the lower-floor compartment fire was involved, the flame height first increased significantly, then decreased, and finally increased again after the two facade flames from the two floors merged. The critical HRR of lower-floor compartment for realising flame ejection from upper-floor compartment (type II) was lower as the HRR of the upper-floor compartment is higher. The critical HRR of the lower-floor compartment for realising flame extinction of upper-floor compartment was found to be independent of the HRR of upper-floor compartment for type-I evolution while it increased with the HRR of the upper-floor compartment for type-II evolution. These new observations are essential for understanding building fire involving compartments of two floors.

Background If transport under ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) from an upper floor is indicated, the ideal CPR-method and evacuation route is unknown hitherto. We aimed to elaborate a strategy for evacuation of patients under ongoing CPR from an upper floor, comparing three different evacuation routes and manual and mechanical chest compressions. Methods A CPR-training manikin recording CPR-quality was placed on the fifth floor and was evacuated to an ambulance via lift, turntable ladder, or staircase. Chest compressions were performed manually or with a mechanical CPR-device. Efficiency endpoints were compression depth and frequency, sufficiency of chest release, compared with European Resuscitation Council (ERC) Guidelines, and duration of the evacuation. Adverse outcomes were disconnection/dislocation of devices and hazards/accidents to the personnel. Results For all evacuation routes, compression depth and frequency were significantly more compliant with ERC-guidelines under mechanical CPR. Manual CPR was associated with considerable deviations from correct compression depth and frequency. Chest release only slightly differed between groups. Evacuation via lift under mechanical CPR was fastest and evacuation via turntable ladder under manual CPR was slowest. No device disconnections or accidents occurred, but hazard to personnel was perceived during evacuation via ladder under manual CPR. Conclusions In this study, a mechanical CPR-device proved to deliver better CPR-quality during evacuation from an upper floor. If a lift accessible with a stretcher is available, this route should be preferred, regardless of manual or mechanical CPR. Turntable ladders can only be meaningfully used with mechanical CPR, otherwise CPR-quality is poor and hazard to the personnel is increased. Not all evacuation routes may be useable in a specific real-life scenario. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Registry, www.drks.de, registration number DRKS00012885, registration date 17.08.2017.

The Athens Conservatory is the only realized building of the Athens Cultural Center -a ’59 urban design composition by Jan Despo. The upper floor Concert Hall served as the Conservatory’s music venue for 40 years, though it remained in an incomplete, decadent state. Before attempting the restoration, a thorough research of the archived drawings revealed a series of elevations and construction drawings of a visually astonishing composition of acoustic panels for the lateral walls -that was never constructed. The discovery of those original drawings highlights the crucial role of research for a well documented, valid restoration

The main function of the general hospital building is to provide medical facilities and service. However, damage to the non-structural elements such as architectural, medical, mechanical and other components will interrupt those functions after the earthquake. Especially, it is considered that, damage to the non-structural elements is a serious event because it is directly associated with the lives of patients. Therefore, this study evaluated whether the certain non-structural elements of general hospital building has the seismic performance to provide hospital medical services after the earthquake. The evaluation is conducted by selecting the non-structural elements used in general hospital which are sensitive to acceleration, such as cooling towers, air handler, MRI and CT. As a result, the non-structural elements located on the upper floor without suitable support method did not meet the performance objective. Therefore, adequate anchorage against the seismic event is required for such non-structural elements that are acceleration-sensitives.

For subway stations in a site with thin soil layers on the engineering rock, the lower part of the subway station is embedded in the hard rock mass and the upper part is buried in the soil layers. The presence of the soil-rock interface may lead to significant increase to the seismic responses of the adjacent soil masses and underground structures. In this paper, the effect of the soil-rock interface position on the seismic response of a two-story and three-span subway station structure is investigated by numerical analyses. It is found from the numerical analyses that a most detrimental soil-rock interface position exists and makes the underground structure have maximum responses under a given artificial earthquake motion. For the upper floor, the most detrimental soil-rock interface position is near the middle slab. For the lower floor, the most unfavorable soil-rock interface position is near the bottom slab. Softer site generally leads to greater structural responses under the same intensity of ground motion excitation. On the basis of the above findings, three earthquake motions included above an artificial earthquake motion and other two real earthquake motions and three burial depths of structure are further studied. Same conclusions can be obtained for the structure with different burial depths or subjected to different input earthquake motions. The conclusions drawn from the numerical examples of this paper may be useful for seismic design of subway station structure buried in shallow soil layers on rock.

Changes in the level and variant of portal vein formation can cause difficulties during diagnostic and surgical procedures. The cadaveric material of adults and archival data of the multidetector row spiral CT of the abdomen were studied and analyzed to determine the variant anatomy of the roots and inflows of the portal vein, its morphometric characteristics, level, formation and its application value in surgery. The portal vein was predominantly formed at the level of the L2 vertebra. In 72.3% of cases the inferior mesenteric merged with the splenic vein. The incidence of confluence of inferior mesenteric vein with superior mesenteric vein was found in 22.3% of cases. Confluence of three veins was revealed in 4.7% of cases. Also there was 1 case of forming the portal vein due to the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, splenic and left colic veins (0.7%). The obtained results can be used for revealing and interpreting topographic and anatomical variations at the preoperative stage and are of great practical importance in the surgery of the upper floor of the peritoneal cavity.

The aim of the study was to study morphometric and topographic-anatomical features lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the human pancreas. Material and methods . On autopsy material obtained from 15 corpses of persons aged 31 to 60 years, the features of the lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the pancreas were studied. The method of injection with Gerot mass, morphometric and general histological methods was used in the work. Results. It is established that the lymphatic pathways of the pancreas form around the lobules and follow the course of the excretory ducts and blood vessels. It is shown that the regional nodes of the pancreas are pancreatic, pyloric, pancreatoduodenal and splenic. The key role in formation of the transverse collector of lymph in the upper floor of the abdominal cavity plays the efferent vessels of the pancreas.

The aim of this study is to correlate the seismic performance of a real RC frame structure at different seismic demand levels with the separation gap that would be inadequate against pounding with an adjacent shorter and stiffer structure. In this direction 882 nonlinear step by step seismic analyses have been performed. The first part of this study includes the evaluation of the inter-story (floor to column) pounding problem at nine seismic demand levels, using for each level 14 seismic excitations that have been properly scaled. The examined cases are inter-story pounding cases between an 8-story RC frame and a 3-story RC frame - wall structure or a 3-story rigid barrier (very stiff structure) while the adjacent structures are considered to be in contact from the beginning. The seismic performances of the structures without the pounding effect have also been evaluated. The results of the assessment indicate that: (a) at all the examined levels of the seismic demand, the local performance of the external column of the tall building that suffers the impact from the upper floor slab of the adjacent shorter structure is the most important issue in the inter-story pounding phenomenon, (b) this column is always in a critical condition due to shear action and in the case of pounding with the 3-story rigid barrier this column appears to be critical due to high ductility demands as well, (c) the level of the seismic demand that is used to assess the pounding problem on the local performances of the critical column that suffers the hit, altered the developing requirements for flexural and shear capacity of the column. Thereafter, the minimum required gap distance against pounding between the adjacent structures has been estimated taking into account two different criteria: (a) avoidance of the shear failure in the critical column that suffers the hit and (b) complete avoidance of the contact between the adjacent structures. The separation gap is evaluated at all the seismic demand levels for both pounding cases. In comparison to the Eurocode 8 provisions the results of this study indicate less conservative separation gap distances between the adjacent structures at different levels of seismic demand.

The occupants shall evacuate the building through stairs, in case of fire of high-rise building. A number of evacuees may cause the congestion on stairs. This paper focuses on the characteristics of the non-merging evacuation flow, which is the flow consisting only of evacuees descending on the staircase without merging there under flow conditions on the upper floor, which are generated by the merging of persons going down the staircase and entering there. This study used the data obtained in the observational survey on the real evacuation drills repeated annually for three years in the high-rise building. The flow conditions were classified into three groups based on the congestion and the merging of evacuations in the staircase. As a result of this study, the characteristics of the non-merging evacuation flow in each of the three groups were elucidated.

The core is the place for vertical circulation to take place, especially around lifts/elevators and stairs. The main entry lobby is on the ground floor of the building, allowing level access to the lifts. Lift lobbies also occur on each upper floor and may be enclosed if the floor is shared by more than one tenant. The lift shaft needs to maintain a 100 per cent clear route up and down through the floor slabs: absolutely no other services in the lift shaft. A lift car’s capacity depends on its size and load; Lift shaft dimensions are clear open minimum dimensions. Despite the feeling of the lift being a strong, solid box, modern lift cars are actually very thin lightweight structures. Lifts do not always have to be solid-walled boxes travelling within solid shafts. In the same way that lifts travel in a fire-protected lift shaft, stairs need similar fire protection too.

Background and objectives Stroke is a potentially serious condition commonly diagnosed in the ED. Time to diagnosis can be crucial to maximizing outcome in a majority of ischemic stroke cases amenable to thrombolytic therapy. Methods An analysis of 148 consecutive adults transported by EMS to an urban emergency department with a diagnosis of cerebro-vascular accident during a 12 month period was performed to determine the impact of CT scanner location on door-to-head CT [DTCT] scan time. The CT scanner was relocated from an upper floor of the hospital to within the ER department midway through the study period. Results The rate of DTCT scan time ≤20 min increased significantly from 47% [pre-relocation] to 74% [post-relocation]; and the rate of DTCT ultra-rapid scan time ≤10 min more than doubled. Conclusions Hospitals providing ED care for stroke patients can expedite management by ensuring CT scanner location is in closest possible proximity to the ED.

To manage thermal-driven smoke from fires in a subway station, a mechanical ventilation system is usually installed. Such a system normally consists of an air supply system and a smoke exhaust system. In case of a platform fire, the ventilation systems will be activated to control the smoke and to provide better environmental conditions for personnel evacuation. This paper conducted a theoretical analysis and a series of CFD simulations to study the critical velocity (minimum air velocity) at the stairways for preventing smoke propagating from the platform to the upper floor through the stairways in case of a platform fire. Correlations for critical velocities are established for two typical types of stairways (i.e., with and without side slabs). It is found that the critical velocity is well correlated with the heat release rate by a 1/3 power law function for both types of stairways, but it varies with the height of the smoke curtain at the stairway by a 1.375 and a 2.55 power law function for stairways with and without side slabs, respectively. The results may serve as a useful reference for smoke control in subway platform fires.

Research related to graded concrete is continuedly conducted to create high strength, lighter specific gravity, and lower manufacturing costs. In this study, researchers aim to study the behaviour of structures using graded concrete as a construction material. Two buildings with different slenderness ratios are prepared using ETABS. The results show that the structural vibration time of all models, do not exceed the maximum allowable value. The use of graded concrete provides a significant effect in high-rise buildings so that the high-rise structures behave more rigid in responding to lateral loads. The trend of storey stiffness increase is at the minimum value at the lower level and is gradually increasing on the higher storey level. The application of graded concrete as building materials in multi-storey buildings can be applied in storey level above the 1st floor so that the factors of material characteristics will dominate rather than the behaviour of the structures to create efficient construction. The use of graded concrete can reduce the value of sway in each model. The reduction of the sway gradually increases on the upper floor of the building. This is related to the additional stiffness contributed by the graded concrete of beams against the slabs.

Following development and validation of the Solene-microclimat tool, the model was used to compare the impacts of various “greening strategies” on buildings’ summer energy consumption and indoor comfort. The studied strategies were greening walls, roofs, and ground (lawns). Solene-microclimat enables to simulate simultaneously a building's thermal behavior and the microclimate at the district scale, with the retroaction of buildings on climate. Distinguishing between direct (due to the modification of building’ characteristics) and indirect impacts (due to the modification of boundary conditions) of these surfaces is also possible. Thus, the strategies were successively implemented on the studied building, the surroundings, and both of them. The simulations were carried out using Solene-microclimat considering insulated vs. non-insulated buildings. Findings confirm that the direct and indirect effects of theses surfaces are almost negligible on insulted buildings. For non-insulated ones, green walls have a direct effect on indoor comfort throughout the entire building, whereas the effect of green roofs is primarily confined to the upper floor. Moreover, the indirect effect of a green wall is greater, mainly due to the drop in infrared emissions resulting from a lower surface temperature. It has also been proven that the indirect effects of green walls and surrounding lawns can help reduce the loads acting on a non-insulated building. Direct and indirect effect can’t be directly added. This is particularly interesting for heritage buildings or highly glazed ones the refurbishment of which is often difficult.

In the article some aspects of forecasting the operation of the ventilation systems of residential multi-apartment buildings with decentralized mechanical air removal and natural inflow are considered. The physical and mathematical models of the ventilation system of a residential multiapartment building with decentralized mechanic air removal and an algorithm for calculating such systems are presented. The results of the calculations of the ventilation system of a two-room apartment on the upper floor of a multi-apartment apartment house and ventilation system of a ten-story apartment building with decentralized mechanical air removal are given.

El Área 11 se ubica junto a una de las puertas laterales de acceso a la ciudad de Giribaile. El contexto de destrucción por incendio ha permitido conservar un conjunto de evidencias de materiales de construcción, clavos, carbones e improntas de vegetación, básicamente, que permiten plantear una hipótesis de restitución de la cubierta del almacén. En el Área 11 también se ha documentado una importante cantidad de adobes o ladrillos conformados en frío, fabricados con un alto contenido de cal, que abre un debate sobre su posible localización en las paredes e, incluso, con función de solería de un segundo piso. Del interior del almacén se ha recuperado un importante conjunto de ánforas y también elementos relacionados con otras actividades domésticas, entre ellas un conjunto de fusayolas y pesas para tejer.

This paper aims to summarize the steps taken towards the development of a semi-automated system in an attempt to create computer modeling of the original morphology of the individual buildings and respective urban texture for the so called “cas” houses which are the characteristic traditional buildings of the Siirt Province in Turkey. For the purpose of developing the proposed system, the architectural space forming methods that are closely related with the structural composition of the buildings where loose stones are joined with a strong and quick drying mortar are observed. It has been detected that cas houses are in fact built in time through an incremental expansion approach making use of repeating rectangular cells in horizontal plane coming side to side, and upper floor plans are developed almost identically to ground floor layout. The rhythmic layout of the facade elements such as doors and windows, cut rectangular pyramidal form of the buildings and specific elements such as stair covering vaults and underpasses are both enriching the building form and enabling easier detection of the original morphology of the buildings. The proposed form finding system is based on the principle of processing the approximately measured outer boundaries of the existing buildings to deduce internal spaces’ sizes and layout which are in fact the sole sources causing the exterior building form for cas houses.

Space syntax, the analytical tool of this study, is a set of techniques for representation and quantification of spatial patterns of buildings. In this paper quantitative analysis is performed in order to observe the relationship between privacy as cultural specific and the spatial configuration of the settlement in the city of Ghadames.The analysis is conducted on two levels of detail. Level of the whole Ghadames including three unconventional axial maps representing ground floor (male domain), upper floor (female domain), and the whole spatial system with entrances of buildings embedded. The second level of analysis covers nine sites representing three different cultural communities within Ghadames( Arab, Barbar and Tuarg). These community areas are analyzed as embedded within the city (embedded model) and as separated (cut out model).Analysis results indicate that ground floor (male domain) seems to be more locally and globally integrated than that of upper floor (female domain). Moreover, spaces of ground floor are more visually connected than the upper floor, which reveals that greater possibility in route choice for the users of ground floor. Their movement from one place to another is less restricted than that of the female in upper floor. Furthermore the results show that mechanisms are the physical elements that facilitate or impede privacy regulation in the city and/or enable users themselves to regulate privacy through their own locales.

The research begining from the real in the Department Store and Mall so many to see Escalator that is a tool can be bring object from under floor to upper floor or opposite. Escalator always on from begining the mall open until with the mall close everydays certainly need too big power and money must be buying every month for that power used. Programmable Logic Controller ( PLC ) is a digital electronics system / special type control have as a base microprocessor using the memory can be program for saving the instruction – instruction and order the tool will be control. Seen the symptom then can be formula the problem in this research that is how to abate power used escalator in the mall city of Padang involve the use of tool controlling that is PLC pass through of analysis of escalator prototype. Type this research is a experiment in the research researcher try to observation and manipulation the research object with a control. Researcher do at act of planning program, escalator with PLC control and measurement used power of this escalator prototype and comparable with escalator prototype without PLC control in this prototipe. The result seen that escalator prototype non – PLC needed the power in 3 hour ( 116,84 Ampere ) too high if compare with escalator prototype with PLC is (62,65 Ampere ). Like that with torque when no load 0,5 Nm for prototype non – PLC but 0 Nm for prototype with PLC and speed 413 Rpm for escalator prototype non – PLC than 400 Rpm for escalator prototype with PLC when the load 2,5 Kg.Keywords :Escalator, Programable Logic Controller (PLC), LimitSwitch

In order to solve the problem of parking in the old districts, a parking garage was designed. The garage has three floors and 7 parking spaces, with parking spaces on the upper floor and two parking spaces on the lower and middle floors. This ground parking garage consists of a mechanical mechanism and a control system. The mechanical mechanism is composed of a steel frame, a tray (carriage plate) part, and a transmission system. The control system includes: display screen, sensor device, emergency stop button, PLC control system.

O Basic Facts on Nimrud : Left Bank of the Tigris, North of the Greater Zab capital of the Neo-Assyrian empire since 878 B.C. under King Assurnaṣirpal (883 - 859 B.C.) The city wall encloses an area of 380 ha The main architectural features are located on the northern and the south-eastern acropolis, including various palaces and temple buildings O The ekal masarti : Built under King Salmaneser III. (858 - 824 B.C.) completed 844 B.C. on the south-eastern acropolis mainly used for military purposes (Areas NW, NE, SW and SE) Representation rooms (Area T) and private quarters (Area S) in the south O Women in the ekal masarti: Clear archaeological evidence for the presence of women in the palace; Finds: Amulets (Bes, Lamastu, Pazuzu), skorpion, fibulae Important rooms in area S: throne room of the queen (S 5) and bureau (S 10) of the sakintu (female high-official) Reception rooms and working areas on the ground floor Living quarters on the upper floor Not all women belonging to the household of the queen, also lived in the (same) palace

The objective of this study was to compare the performance of laying hens, quality of air in poul- try house, and microbial contamination of eggshell in laying hens kept under blue, green, red, and yellow light colour in enriched cages. The daily photoperiod consisted of 15 h light, light intensity of 10 lx at bird head level. The laying performance characteristics (hen-day egg production, mortality, and egg weight) were not affected by light colour. Similarly, microbial contamination of the air was not significantly different related to the light colour. There were significant interactions in eggshell contamination between the position of the cage floor and light colour in Escherichia coli ( P ≤ 0.042) and Enterococcus ( P ≤ 0.019). The highest number of Escherichia coli was detected in eggs from hens housed on the middle floor given yellow light (6.06 log colony forming units (cfu)/eggshell) and the lowest values (3.30 log cfu/eggshell) on the upper floor also under yellow light colour. Similar results were observed in Enterococcus, where the highest contamination was on the middle floor under yellow light colour (5.26 log cfu/eggshell), while the lowest contamination (2.45 log cfu/eggshell) was found on the upper floor under blue colour. The results of our study indicate that the light colour has a minor effect on microbial contamination but the significant influence was in the floor position. The highest microbial egg contamination was found on eggs from the middle floor.

The purpose of this study was to reinterpret the structures of Sungnyemun and Paldalmun through the analysis of the royal ritual. Both buildings were gates of the main cities in the Joseon dynasty which was used as a ruling place by the king in the late 18th century. For this alter of use, it turned out that Sungnyemun utilized its existing structure but had limitations while on the other hand, Paldalmun was thoroughly planned from the start on top of earlier experiences. The results of the analysis are as follows; firstly, as a result of differences in the circulation systems Sungnyemun used the lower floor as the ruling place while Paldamun used the upper floor, secondly, the opening size of the upper floor of Paldalmun was influenced by both Sungnyemun and Donhwamun. This enabled the lower floor to be uninfluenced by the king and led to reinforcing the offensive functions in frontal parapets of Paldalmun. Thirdly, Paldalmun gained the center alignment between the outer stairway and the side entrance. Fourthly, the inner staircase of Paldalmun was made under the principles of confucian and practicalism. Fifthly, the knee-brace-type-beam structure was adapted by most of multi-floored gates because of its usefulness of installing the inner staircase. Lastly, while the exterior model of Paldalmun can be defined as Sungnyemun, the model building that influenced the interior space planning is assumed to be Donhwamun.

In a residential building, a balcony of an upper floor can act as an overhang; and provide solar shading and reduction in electricity consumption of air-conditioner (A/C) for a flat on the underneath floor. However, some residential flats located on the lower levels may receive substantial self-shading effect from some adjacent flats in the same building block, leading to an insignificant shading effect from a balcony. As there is substantial amount of energy consumed and pollutant generated during the production and disposal of a balcony, it is vital to investigate the energy and environmental performance of residential flats installed with balconies at various floor levels. The objective of this study is to investigate an appropriate floor level of a residential building above which balconies should be incorporated. A 21-story residential building was modeled using EnergyPlus. Simulation results indicated that, for a west-facing flat, only the flats located on 15/F to 20/F can give acceptable environmental payback periods, ranging from 58.3 years to 40.7 years, i.e. within the lifespan (60 years) of a building. The corresponding annual savings in A/C consumption range from 234.9 MJ (2.60%) to 336.7 MJ (3.57%). The research methodology and findings are presented in this paper.

Nowadays many problems concerning industrial floors or floors in shopping centres occurred when local geological characterization is not adequately considered by structural designers, material selection is not evaluated properly and in time for future stability, or consolidation of soft organic subsoil laid in active zone is not taken into account during design evaluation. Similar problems occur when flooding effects on subbase layers cause a new settlement of the upper floor structure. Generally speaking, majority of these symptoms of floor damage have their origin in underestimation of the geotechnical risk. At some locations, the selection of support structure and material type is not adequate due to lack of experience and in order to offer the lowest price as a contractor.

The floor impact sound is a structure-borne sound that is propagated not only to the apartment directly below but also to various other locations. This study identifies how much floor impact sound, which is perceived as a problem for the whole apartment building rather than a problem for just the upper and lower floors, is propagated to surrounding apartments. Further, this study derives various variables for the cause of noise occurring in the apartment building. The measurement results indicate that most of the energy (38–54%) is propagated to the lower floor, which is an apartment directly underneath, for the noise produced when the floor slab is excited. Furthermore, it is found that the noise is propagated simultaneously to the apartments on the upper floor, as well as to the left and right sides.

Energy use during the material, transportation and construction phases up to project practical completion is known as initial embodied energy. Contractors have the opportunity to capture initial embodied energy data and influence performance due to their significant involvement in project procurement and delivery. In this case study practical challenges and opportunities were addressed for delivering improved initial embodied energy efficiency during construction. A revised framework was applied to a live industrial warehouse project to assess the initial embodied energy performance of assorted construction activities, packages and sub-contractors. The practices employed by the contractor on-site were explored and then improved. Results show that material phase impacts represented 95.1% of the total initial embodied energy consumption whereby construction packages predominately containing steel and concrete-based materials (i.e. ground and upper floor, external slab and frame) were most significant. The overall initial embodied impact was deemed greater than the operational impact at the end of the buildings 25-year lifespan. Findings suggest that future project benchmarks and targets should be normalised per site area, as these impacts were found to be significant in this particular case.

This research deals with the way to approach Climate-Ready buildings, from the analysis of monitored residential buildings to the literature review of different case studies and their passive measures. Different case studies located in Pamplona, Madrid and Alicante in Spain, being flats or houses, with or without air conditioning, and with different occupants’ profile, have been monitored during heatwaves or severe heat conditions. Also, a specific review of measures for climate change in Mediterranean dwellings has been undertaken. The upper floor (especially where bedrooms are located) in new or refurbished buildings appears to be overheated or has the highest cooling consumptions, which highlights the need for much more research in design and constructive solutions of roofs. The location of Cool Retreats in dwellings is also highlighted, whether with or without air conditioning, and the importance of the active role of occupants and their adaptation to the dwelling is also stressed.

As Hurricane Katrina slammed into the Gulf coast in late August 2005, many colleges and universities in southeast Louisiana and Southern Mississippi were in its direct path. Numerous social scientists lived in the area and taught in these institutions. Some of their Katrina experiences were harrowing; others caused them long-term suffering. For some, physical survival was a real challenge. In order to survive, one faculty member and his wife literally swam for their lives from an upstairs window to the house next door. Eventually rescued by volunteers in a boat already filled with 15 other survivors, they were deposited on high ground at Lake Pontchartrain only to wait another 2 days for removal. In the interim, the 800 survivors slept on the airport runway as helicopters constantly flew overhead and they were “guarded” as if they were “prisoners or refugees.” As the tidal surge overtook their neighborhood another faculty member was trapped in the upper floor of his home with his wife and five young children including a small baby until they were rescued and taken to a public “shelter of last resort.”

In the eyes of its Jewish inhabitants and their Christian neighbours, the Jewish Town of Prague was indeed its own mini-metropolis within a metropolis, featuring more or less clear, though ever porous, boundaries, setting it apart from the larger urban context in which it was embedded. A Jewish merchant mentions Jewish presence in the city in 965. In the following century, Jewish settlements developed around the two castles, but a permanent Jewish presence in the Old Town, north of the Old Town Square, probably dates from the mid-twelfth century. While the Christian civitas sancta derived its sanctity from the presence of relics, for Jewish communities, as Yuval points out, it was the gathering of righteous Jews-holy people-that bestowed sanctity on a particular locale. Known as the 'High Synagogue' for its location on an upper floor, scholars have hypothesized that this hall served as a prayer space for the municipal officials engaged in their work.

Flat roofs are particularly unfavourable to the thermal performance of single family houses and apartments of the the upper floor of multifamily buildings. Often these housing typologies are too hot during summer, when incident solar radiation affects the roof more than any other element of the building envelope.Recent developments have given rise to many high reflectance products. However, thermal performance of these products has not yet been thoroughly quantified, when applied to flat roofs under real weather conditions. Performance assessment of innovative solutions must consist in the evaluation under real exposure conditions and analytical modelling.Two full-scale experimental cells under weathering conditions, located in Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) campus, were used in this study. The experimental cells have identical dimensions, constructive characteristics and thermal behaviour.Initially, the two cells (C5 and C6) presented the same APP modified bitumen waterproofing solution, finished on the top layer with natural slate granules (XN). Subsequently, simulating a rehabilitation intervention, it was introduced in C5 an improved reflectance APP modified bitumen membrane surfaced with thermally coloured white slate granules (XB).After a coexistence period of solutions XB (C5) and XN (C6), it was applied over C6 XN a high reflectance white paint (XN/PB).The characterization of the thermal performance under real weather of each tested solution was based on the analysis of the values of the following parameters recorded under free-floating operation and controlled regime: temperature of the flat roof’s upper and lower surfaces, indoor temperature and electric consumption under controlled regime.

The reinforcement of a r.c. building for social housing has been achieved by using Steel-Concrete Composite (SCC) walls at the ground floor, preceded by temporary brick pillars for structural deficiency to vertical loads, due to the poor load capacity of the r.c. columns. The SCC walls have been realized first by placing steel columns on both sides of the existing pillars and, after removal of the temporary brick piers, by merging the steel columns in the cast of the new walls. The top of the walls has been connected to the upper floor in order to ensure the diffusion of the seismic forces. Foundations have been reinforced to support the seismic base shear.

The Shambles in Settle marketplace is a familiar, perhaps even iconic building, but long familiarity does not diminish its oddness. It takes the form of a row of six shops with cottages above and basements underneath, fronted by a dual row of six arches which support galleried access to the cottages. An upper floor was added to the building in 1888–9; illustrations of the building in its earlier form are provided. Various suggestions have circulated about the age of the building. This article shows that it was built within a few years of 1780 and that its builder was a mason and bridge builder, Robert Charnley (d. 1789), whose later work was in Lancashire. It suggests that the Shambles should be seen as a demonstration of the bridge builder’s skill with arches.

This paper shows how to use a mathematical model to predict the vibration of lightweight timber-framed floor/ceiling systems (LTFSs) caused by mechanical excitation. The LTFS considered here is made up of an upper floor layer, a cavity space with timber joists and a ceiling. These components are joined by timber battens, ceiling furring channels and ceiling clips. The vibration in the structure is caused by a localized excitation on the top surface and the resulting vibration level of the ceiling surface will be analysed. The cavity space is filled with fibre infill for damping the sound transmitting through the cavity. A unique feature of the design and the model is the sand-sawdust mixture in the upper layer. The theoretical model and the experimental measurements show that the sand-sawdust dampens the vibration in the frequency range between 10 and 200 Hz. The damping by the sand-sawdust and the fibre infill are found by comparing the numerical simulations against the experimental measurements. We show that the simple linear frequency dependent loss factors can be used to predict the low-frequency vibrations of LTFSs.

Temperature distribution in medium fire compartment is investigated experimentally.Numerical simulation of the travelling fire test is completed by using FDS.Measurements from the travelling fire test are used to validate the simulation.Travelling fire is compared to compartment fire with uniform temperature conditions.A potential impact of temperature heterogeneity on a structure is highlighted. In order to follow modern trends in contemporary building architecture which is moving off the limits of current fire design models, assumption of homogeneous temperature conditions used for structural fire analysis needs to be validated. In this paper it is described, how temperature distribution in a medium-size fire compartment has been investigated experimentally by conducting fire test in two-storey experimental building in September 2011 in the Czech Republic. In the upper floor, a scenario of travelling fire was prepared. It has been observed that as flames were spreading across the compartment, considerable temperature gradients appeared. Numerical simulation of the travelling fire test conducted using FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) has been compared with simulation of compartment fire under uniform temperature conditions to highlight the potential impact of the gas temperature heterogeneity on structural behaviour. The temperature measurements from the fire test have been used for validation of the numerical simulation of travelling fire. The fire test has provided important data for design model of travelling fire and shown that its impact on structural behaviour is not in agreement with the assumption of homogenous temperature conditions.

Buildings located near surface trains and subways are subjected to surface train and subway-induced vibrations. Cutting edge technologies in laboratories and precision manufacturing facilities often include operation of vibration sensitive equipment. Human comfort in the form of feelable vibrations and audible noise in residential and office buildings is also a concern. It is thus imperative to reduce these vibrations inside buildings to acceptable levels with the design of an efficient vibration mitigation system. Incorporation of a vibration mitigation system in a building in design phase requires prior understanding and characterization of subway and surface train-induced base excitations of buildings before and after the construction of a structure to meet serviceability criteria. The vibrations measured at the foundation slab of buildings serve as the base excitation for the building and transmit to the to upper floor levels through columns. The focus of this paper is to quantify the amplitudes and frequency contents of vibration level measured at foundation slab and compare these vibration measurements inside the building at foundation level with the open field measurements. In this context, an exploration of ground-borne vibration characteristics was performed at six sites in the Boston area. Three sites were selected for measuring train-induced vibration and another three were considered for subway-induced vibration study. Vibration measurements were performed on the building foundation slab as well as in open fields adjacent to the building. These vibration measurements were quantified and compared. It was found that in the case of surface train-induced building vibrations, open field vibration levels can be conservatively used in the design of buildings. However due to inconsistency in observations, a similar conclusion was not drawn for the case of subway-induced building vibration. This paper also provides the bases that would allow the designer to estimate the vibration levels in sensitive locations within the building. These estimated levels determine the extent to which mitigation is required to meet vibration criteria.

An Emergency Response Plan (ERP) is an essential safety procedure that needs to be taken into account for railway operations, especially for underground railway networks. Several parameters need to be taken into consideration in planning an ERP such as the design of tunnels and intervention shafts, and operation procedures for underground transportation systems. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to observe and analyse the Emergency Response Procedure (ERP) exercise for the underground train network at the LRT Kelana Jaya Line. The exercise was conducted at one of the underground intervention shaft exits, where the height of the staircase from the bottom floor to the upper floor was 24.59 metres. Four cameras were located at selected levels of the shaft, and 71 participants were assigned for the evacuation exercise. The participants were tagged with a number at the front and back of their safety vests. Ten respondents were randomly selected to give details of their height and weight and, at the same time, they had to self-record the time taken for them to evacuate from the bottom to the top of the shaft. The video footages that were taken during the ERP were analysed, and the data were used for the verification process on the buildingEXODUS simulation software. It was found that the results of the ERP experiment were significantly similar to the simulation results, thereby successfully verifying the simulation. This verification process was important to ensure that the results of the simulation were in accordance with the real situation. Therefore, a further evacuation analysis made use of the results from this verification.

Este articulo analiza un aspecto singular del palacio de Pedro I en el Alcazar de Sevilla, que es la existencia de una planta alta con espacios protocolarios, algo nada corriente en edificios similares andalusies. Para ello se estudia la forma y extension de esta planta sobre la base de datos arqueologicos y documentales, aportando imagenes de la reconstruccion hipotetica de esta parte del palacio y estudiando su funcion original. Se estudian tambien las modificaciones que esta la zona alta del palacio sufrio en epoca de los Reyes Catolicos.Palabras clave: Palacio. Arquitectura. Al-Andalus. Qubba. Escalera. Planta alta. Reyes Catolicos.Abstract:This article discusses a singular aspect of the Palace of Peter I in the Alcazar of Seville, namely the existence of an upper floor with formal spaces, something not current in analogous Al-Andalus buildings. The form and extent of this floor is analyzed on the basis of archaeological and documentary findings, and a hypothetical reconstruction of this part of the Palace is proposed as well as a study of its original function. Finally, the article considers the modifications undergone in this upstairs area of the palace during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs.Key Words: Palace. Architecture. Al-Andalus. Qubba. Staircase. Upper floor. Catholic Monarchs.

This article presents a study of airflow pattern inside a five-story wind-driven naturally ventilated atrium building. Firstly, field measurement conducted in the atrium building reveals the existence of reversed flows from the atrium to windows, which could cause air cross-contamination between floors during the period of an infectious disease outbreak. The computational fluid dynamics technique was then employed to further investigate the airflow pattern inside the building, under different wind directions and opening ratios. It is found that the airflow pattern inside a wind-driven naturally ventilated atrium building is very sensitive to the oncoming wind direction. Under parallel and perpendicular incident wind directions, the existence of adversely reversed flows in a certain floor and the re-entry of used air from an upper floor into its adjacent lower floors through the atrium results in the decrease of indoor air quality and the effective air exchange through windows. Nevertheless, the building has good natural ventilation performance under oblique incident wind direction, although the expected role of the atrium is still not fully achieved. In addition, the improvement of airflow pattern inside wind-driven naturally ventilated buildings cannot be achieved by simply modifying the opening ratios. Practical application: Considering the indoor airflow pattern could substantially influence the elimination efficiency of pollutants and overheated air, this study is expected to help designers and engineers who are considering the use of an atrium at the design stage to have a better understanding of the airflow pattern inside a wind-driven naturally ventilated atrium building.

Since vertical flame spread speed on exterior materials is much faster than horizontal fire, analysis of its fire characteristic is required. For the study of vertical fire pattern created by penetrating windows or openings from the exterior wall of buildings, the research is based on the fire simulation for an aluminum-complex-panel with which is commonly used as exterior materials and consists of polyethylene core material. As a result, the flame reaches the 2nd floor after 135 seconds in the early stage of fire, the 10the floor after 470 seconds and the 30th floor, the highest floor, after 711 seconds. The result shows that fire spread abruptly expands on upper floor due to stack effect of a turbulent flow or exterior materials. In consequence, we can confirm a serious problem that a conflagration of a building through an opening that is equipped with the exterior-materials spreads into interior of building at that same time.

This study applied the Monte Carlo method to generate probabilistic distributions for describing the CO 2 footprint of the superstructure of a high-rise concrete office building. The distribution profile was constructed with the material use data collected from thirteen high-rise office concrete buildings in Hong Kong. Our results indicate that the superstructure of an office building (i.e. it does not embrace foundation or basement), on average, had a footprint of 215.1 kg CO 2 /m 2 . External walls and upper floor construction had the highest CO 2 footprint, followed by suspended ceilings and finishes. These three elements altogether accounted for an average of 84.2% of the CO 2 footprint associated with the superstructure. Furthermore, this study also evaluated the emissions reduction impacts of five different material use options over a 60-year lifespan. Among all the studied options, the most effective option is to maintain 15–30% of the existing structural and non-structural building elements as it can reduce the CO 2 footprint by 17.3%. Diverting construction wastes to recycling can reduce the CO 2 footprint by 5.9%. Reusing resources and importing regional materials can each only reduce the CO 2 footprint by 3.2% and 3.1% respectively. In contrast, the CO 2 footprint will be increased by 5% if off-site fabricated materials are used in facades, slabs and partition walls.

Between a perspective view and a ground plan of the Brick Country House by Mies there are a number of discrepancies. In the previous studies, for instance, it is said that they reflect different planning stages, the ground plan represents the final one and the perspective does the earlier. However more concrete relationships between them are still unknown. In this paper the relationships were derived from some clues in the two drawings, the dark window of the upper floor in the perspective and so on.