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The crisis of 2007-08 called for a renewal of banking regulation that took the shape of a shift toward macroprudential policy. However, a comprehensive assessment of the current state of financial regulation reveals that this shift is incomplete. In particular, the notion of risk that lies at the heart of the Basel framework is still blind to extreme events. Climate risk and pandemic risk fall into this category. The purpose of this article is twofold. On the one hand, we point out why current banking regulation is not adequate to face risks whose origin is grounded outside financial markets – as is the case for both the pandemic and the climate risks –; on the other hand, we offer avenues for reforming macroprudential regulation in a way that would allow to take those risks into account.

Several recent papers introduce different mechanisms to explain why asset bubbles are observed in periods of larger growth. These papers share common assumptions, heterogeneity among traders and credit market imperfection , but differ in the role of the bubble, used to provide liquidities or as collateral in a borrowing constraint. In this paper, we introduce heterogeneous traders by considering an overlapping generations model with households living three periods. Young households cannot invest in capital, while adults have access to investment and face a borrowing constraint. Introducing bubbles in a quite general way, encompassing the different roles they have in the existing literature, we show that the bubble may enhance growth when the borrowing constraint is binding. More significantly, our results do not depend on the-liquidity or collateral-role attributed to the bubble. We finally extend our analysis to a stochas-tic bubble, which may burst with a positive probability. Because credit and bubble are no more perfectly substitutable assets, the liquidity and collateral roles of the bubble are not equivalent. Growth is larger when bubbles play the liquidity role, because the burst of a bubble used for liquidity is less damaging to agents who invest in capital.

In the US, almost half of unemployment spells end through recall. In this paper, we show that the probability of being recalled is much higher among unemployment benefit recipients than non-recipients. We argue that a large part of the observed difference in recall shares is accounted for by the design of the unemployment insurance financing scheme characterized by an experience rating system. We develop a search and matching model with different unemployment insurance status, endogenous separations, recalls and new hires. We quantify what would have been the labor market under alternative financing scheme. In the absence of the experience rating, the hiring and separations would have been higher in the long run and more volatile. Experience rating system contributes significantly to the difference in recalls between the recipients and the non-recipients.

Background Studies of the hospital volume-outcome relationship have highlighted that a greater volume activity improves patient outcomes. While this finding has been known for years, most studies to date have failed to delve into what underlies this relationship. Objective This study aimed to shed light on the basis of the hospital volume effect on patient outcomes by comparing treatment modalities for epithelial ovarian carcinoma patients. Data An exhaustive dataset of 355 patients in first-line treatment for Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma (EOC) in 2012 in three regions of France was used. These regions account for 15% of the metropolitan French population. Methods In the presence of endogeneity induced by a reverse causality between hospital volume and patient outcomes, we used an instrumental variable approach. Hospital volume of activity was instrumented by the distance from patients’ homes to their hospital, the population density, and the median net income of patient municipalities. Results Based on our parameter estimates, we found that the rate of complete tumor resection would increase by 15.5 percentage points with centralized care, and by 8.3 percentage points if treatment decisions were coordinated by high-volume centers compared to decentralized care. Conclusion As volume alone is an imperfect correlate of quality, policy-makers need to know what volume is a proxy for in order to devise volume-based policies.

Experimental studies of social dilemmas have shown that while the existence of a sanctioning institution improves cooperation within groups, it also has a detrimental impact on group earnings in the short-run. Could the introduction of pre-play threats to punish have enough of a beneficial impact on cooperation, while not incurring the cost associated with actual punishment, so that they increase overall welfare ? We report an experiment in which players can issue non-binding threats to punish others based on their contribution levels to a public good. After observing others' actual contributions, they choose their actual punishment level. We find that threats increase the level of contributions significantly. Efficiency is improved, but only in the long run. However, the possibility of sanctioning differences between threatened and actual punishment leads to lower threats, cooperation and welfare, restoring them to levels equal to or below the levels attained in the absence of threats.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015−2030’s (SFDRR) framing moved away from disaster risk as a natural phenomenon to the examination of the inequality and injustice at the root of human vulnerability to hazards and disasters. Yet, its achievements have not seriously challenged the long-established capitalist systems of oppression that hinder the development leading to disaster risk creation. This article is an exploratory mapping exercise of and a collective reflection on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and SFDRR indicators—and their use in measuring progress towards disaster risk reduction (DRR). We highlight that despite the rhetoric of vulnerability, the measurement of progress towards DRR remains event/hazard-centric. We argue that the measurement of disaster risk could be greatly enhanced by the integration of development data in future iterations of global DRR frameworks for action.

In a 1932 policy paper, the Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen suggested that there could be two stable equilibria in a model with two firms acting in two sectors, with one of the equilibria having more production and employment. Arguing on the basis of a diagram that firms could not get out of the "bad" equilibrium on their own, he suggested that this justified government interventions to increase employment. While he referred to the general equilibrium systems of Walras and Cassel, he did not present a fully worked out model but referred to the unpublished study of one J. G. Koopmans. The latter was spurred by Tinbergen's reference to publish his ideas on the problem of multiple equilibria. In his three-part paper, he underlined that a Walrasian system could not show Tinbergen's coordination problem, because there could be no unemployment at an equilibrium point in a Walrasian model. The examples he presented, with three equilibria, showed that they could not be ordered. After this exchange, Tinbergen moved away from Walrasian multiple equilibria, and abandoned the general equilibrium approach to economic modeling in favor of the macrodynamic approach that was developed at the same time by Ragnar Frisch and Michal Kalecki.

International audience

In more and more situations, artificially intelligent algorithms have to model humans’ (social) preferences on whose behalf they increasingly make decisions. They can learn these preferences through the repeated observation of human behavior in social encounters. In such a context, do individuals adjust the selfishness or prosociality of their behavior when it is common knowledge that their actions produce various externalities through the training of an algorithm? In an online experiment, we let participants’ choices in dictator games train an algorithm. Thereby, they create an externality on future decision making of an intelligent system that affects future participants. We show that individuals who are aware of the consequences of their training on the pay- offs of a future generation behave more prosocially, but only when they bear the risk of being harmed themselves by future algorithmic choices. In that case, the externality of artificially intelligence training induces a significantly higher share of egalitarian decisions in the present.

Notre article porte sur la polysémie de la notion d’imitation dans les écrits de Léonard de Vinci. Dans un premier temps la peinture, que Léonard considère comme une science, est appelée à remplir une fonction synthétique, où la variété infinie du monde naturel peut être résumée par des « types idéaux ». Cependant le dernier Léonard – littéralement accablé aussi bien par la multiplicité irréductible que par la dimension métamorphique de chaque élément naturel – parvient à théoriser un système imitatif opposé, qui se fonde sur une imitation de type « tautologique ». Il s’agit d’une représentation du réel où chaque élément naturel est l’émanation d’une unicité qui échappe à toute forme de systématisation. Il nostro articolo verte sulla polisemia della nozione di imitazione negli scritti di Leonardo da Vinci. Se inizialmente la pittura, considerata da Leonardo come una scienza, è chiamata a svolgere un compito sintetico, in cui l’infinita varietas del mondo si può riassumere in “tipi ideali”, il Leonardo tardivo - letteralmente sommerso dalla irriducibile molteplicità e dal carattere metamorfico di ogni elemento di natura -, arriva a teorizzare un sistema imitativo opposto, all’interno del quale concepisce un’imitazione di tipo ‘tautologico’. Una rappresentazione del reale ove ogni elemento di natura è emanazione di un’unicità non sistematizzabile. This paper focuses on the polysemy of the notion of imitation in Leonardo da Vinci's writings. Initially painting, that Leonardo considers as a science, is employed by the artist to carry out a synthetic task, in which the infinite varietas of the world can be summarized in a few “ideal types”. The late Leonardo, however — overwhelmed by the irreducible multiplicity of nature and by the metamorphic character of all of its elements —, eventually postulates an opposite imitative system, within which he conceives a "tautological" type of imitation; that is, a representation of reality where every element of nature is the emanation of a uniqueness that is impossible to reduce to a system.

International audience; Six chercheurs appellent les pouvoirs publics à tenir compte des acquis des sciences sociales pour mieux comprendre et anticiper les effets de leurs choix politiques sur les comportements des citoyens.

This thesis examines neoliberal political and legal philosophy, focusing on the concept of rule, drawing particularly on the contributions of four major contributors: Walter Lippmann, Friedrich Hayek, James Buchanan, and Richard Posner. Their contributions encounter the same problem, which emerged in the 1930s and 1940s when liberalism was being reconstructed as a third way between economic planning and laissez-faire, justifying and developing the institutional conditions that would allow a market society to thrive. In doing so, neoliberals face three challenges with this seminal problematization. First, they must deal with the normative question of how to justify the game's rules. By rejecting the naturalistic perspective that underlies laissez-faire, and any transcendental basis for social order, neoliberals are compelled to offer a series of arguments supporting a well-organized market society. These answers imply a second question relating to the impossibility of stating the game's rules from an epistemically valued point of view. Neoliberals have criticized socialist planning from the outset in that it took advantage of an undue epistemic privilege. How, then, to reconcile the epistemic critique that underlies the defense of the market as an aggregator, transmitter, and discoverer of information with the need for some form of institutional interventionism? Finally, the thesis of a government by the rules of the game, their enunciation, and their modification presuppose a theory of law capable of thinking about the form that the rules should take and the processes of modification of these rules. I show that the theses of the different authors of my corpus are crossed by these problems, which also constitute a key to the interpretation of their theories. I thus distinguish two central moments, namely a first period of formation of the neoliberal problematic, drawing on recent historical works on the constitution of neoliberalism – relying in particular on the works of Lippmann and the first Hayek –, then I show, in a second period, how this problem crosses the more recent positions of authors participating in the exact reflection on the way to justify the rules of the game of liberal society – the second Hayek, the works of the economist Buchanan and the jurist Posner. I show, for each of them, that the structuring problems of neoliberalism are renewed and allow an internal critique of these authors' positions while underlining the interest in thinking from their problems. This thesis intends to contribute not only to clarifying neoliberal political and legal philosophy as a thesis about government by rules in order to establish legitimate liberal planning but also to show the importance of taking these positions into account in order to inform our contemporary theoretical elaborations since neoliberal diagnoses constitute so many ways of interrogating the conceptual bestiary of these theories. Paradoxically, neoliberal positions can thus constitute resources for alternative positions, not defending the same conclusions.; Résumé de la thèse Cette thèse examine la philosophie politique et juridique néolibérale, à travers le concept de règle, en s'appuyant particulièrement sur les contributions de quatre auteurs : Walter Lippmann, Friedrich Hayek, James Buchanan et Richard Posner. Ces travaux sont reliés par un même problème, développé au cours des années 1930-1940 – moment de reconstruction du libéralisme, pensé comme une troisième voie entre celle de la planification économique et celle du laisser-faire –, à savoir celui de la justification et de l'élaboration des conditions institutionnelles à même de permettre à une société de marché de s'épanouir. Ce faisant, les néolibéraux doivent affronter trois difficultés relatives à cette problématisation séminale. Tout d'abord, il leur faut traiter de la question normative de la justification des règles du jeu. En refusant la perspective naturaliste sous-jacente au laisser-faire, et par ailleurs tout fondement transcendantal à l'ordre social, les néolibéraux sont amenés à proposer une série d'arguments relatifs à la défense d'une société de marché bien organisée. Ensuite, ces réponses impliquent une seconde question, relative à l'impossibilité d'énoncer les règles du jeu depuis un point de vue épistémiquement valorisé. Les néolibéraux ont, en effet et dès le départ, critiqué la planification socialiste en ce qu'elle se prévalait d'un privilège épistémique indu. Comment, dès lors, concilier la critique épistémique qui sous-tend la défense du marché comme agrégateur, transmetteur et découvreur d'information avec la nécessité d'une forme d'interventionnisme institutionnel ? Enfin, la thèse d'un gouvernement par les règles du jeu, leur énonciation et leur modification, suppose une théorie du droit, à même de penser la forme que doivent prendre les règles, ainsi que les processus de modification de celles-ci. Je montre que les thèses des différents auteurs de mon corpus sont traversées par ces problèmes, qui constituent également une clef d'interprétation de leurs théories. Je distingue, ainsi, deux grands moments, à savoir un premier temps de formation de la problématique néolibérale, en puisant dans les travaux historiques récents portant sur la constitution du néolibéralisme – en m'appuyant particulièrement sur les travaux de Lippmann et du premier Hayek –, puis je montre, dans un second temps, comment ce problème traverse les positions plus récentes d'auteurs participant de la même réflexion sur la manière de justifier les règles du jeu d'une société libérale – le second Hayek, les travaux de l'économiste Buchanan et du juriste Posner. Je montre, pour chacun, que les problèmes structurants du néolibéralisme sont reconduits, et permettent une critique interne des positions de ces auteurs, tout en soulignant l'intérêt de penser à partir de leurs problèmes. Cette thèse entend donc contribuer non seulement à clarifier la philosophie politique et juridique néolibérale comme une thèse portant sur le gouvernement par les règles en vue d'établir une planification libérale légitime, mais aussi à montrer l'importance de prendre en compte ces positions pour informer nos élaborations théoriques contemporaines, puisque les diagnostics néolibéraux constituent autant de manière d'interroger le bestiaire conceptuel de ces théories. Paradoxalement, les positions néolibérales peuvent donc constituer des ressources pour des positions alternatives, ne défendant pas les mêmes conclusions.

International audience

International audience

International audience; "This article scrutinizes the conditions of possibility of anti-corruption practices in local political spaces. Most of the time, political and financial practices are destined to remain behind the scenes, thus denunciations are rare and require leaving the political arena. However, the displacement of political competition to the judicial and media fields comes with political costs. Seen as ``white knights'' in local areas, whistleblowers run the risk of being trapped in the moral register. They must, moreover, connect scenes that are no doubt complementary, yet also separated. This article analyzes the possibility of denouncing local corruption and its costs in terms of one's political career."; "Cet article se propose de comprendre les conditions de possibilité des pratiques de lutte contre la corruption au sein d'espaces politiques locaux. Les rares dénonciations de pratiques politiques et financières vouées à demeurer discrètes supposent de s'extraire de l'arène politique mais le déplacement de la compétition politique sur le terrain judiciaire et médiatique recèle des coûts politiques. S'ils peuvent figurer comme des \guillemotleft chevaliers blancs \guillemotright de la vie locale, les dénonciateurs s'exposent au risque de se laisser enfermer dans un registre moral. Ils doivent, de surcro\ⁱt, articuler des scènes, sans doute complémentaires mais aussi disjointes. L'article revient au final sur les dénonciations des affaires locales de corruption et sur leurs coûts en termes de carrière politique."

This paper proposes a new conceptualization of business model (BM) that rigorously exploits the important insights this notion offers and links them to related views developed in economics and business studies. We develop the foundations of a BM concept consistent with the principles of generalized Darwinism (GD) and with contributions already developed within this framework. Thus, we demonstrate the relevance of GD as a unifying framework for developing the evolutionary theory of firm and industry. We suggest analysing BM as a generative replicator hosted by the firm, which structures interactions between the members of this organization and the social entities of its industrial environment. We argue that GD allows us to clarify the nature and boundaries of the BM concept and to specify its relationships to other key evolutionary concepts, such as organizational routines.

"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction of the work without further permission provided the original author(s) and source are credited."; International audience; Migrants’ self-assessments refer to their perceptions of social mobility and positioning. These assessments are often ambivalent and counterintuitive for observers. To overcome contradictory first impressions, we propose a comprehensive approach to migrants’ self-assessments that goes beyond the opposition between objective and subjective social mobility and links the transnational context, various social spheres, actors’ migratory projects, and their reflexivity. The empirical materials in this article draw on two studies on Chinese migrants in France and confront the trajectories and viewpoints of undocumented migrants and international students. Beyond the differences between their experiences and their legal, economic, and social statuses in France and China, we highlight several common points: First, both groups considered migration a lever to improve their social status. Second, their evaluations link their regions of origin and destination as well as various social spheres. Third, in a transnational context, many factors at different scales influence migrants’ subjective self-assessments of the success or failure of their migration. The migrants’ assessments can vary according to their emphasis on professional, personal, or family trajectories, or on their choice of reference groups. They are shaped by the complexity of translations of status from one country to another and by rapid social transformation in China. Thus, many interviewees estimate that they are simultaneously in situations of social progression and regression.

This paper presents a novel segmentation and handwritten text recognition dataset for Medieval Latin from the 11th to the 16th century. It connects with Medieval French datasets, as well as earlier Latin datasets, by enforcing common guidelines, bringing 263,000 new characters and now totaling over a million characters for medieval manuscripts in both languages. We provide our own addition to Ariane Pinche’s Old French guidelines to deal with specific Latin cases. We also offer an overview of how we addressed this dataset compilation through the use of pre-existing resources. With a higher abbreviation ratio and a better representation of abbreviating marks, we offer new models that outperform the Old French base model on Latin datasets, improving accuracy by 5% on unknown Latin manuscripts.

This paper argues that the 100% money proposal of the 1930s should not (as is often the case) simply be considered as an avatar, extended to deposit currency, of the Currency School’s reform prescr...

International audience; At the end of the Second World War, many Algerians came to live in France, taking advantage of strong labour market demand but also (from 1946) of their newly acquired freedom of movement as citizens of the French Union. This migration worried the French authorities, who introduced a series of targeted and often discriminatory measures. One such measure was the identification of these populations in the census, the main source of statistical data on the population of France. In derogation of the law and the egalitarian principles applied in metropolitan France, INSEE applied in 1954 and 1962 a name-based method to identify Algerians present in France, who were widely categorized as ‘French Muslims of Algeria’ despite having a legal status identical to that of French natives. Statistics were thus compiled based on ethnicity and religion, unlike today’s standard census-taking practices.; En période de forte demande de main d’œuvre, mais aussi et surtout parce que leur statut de citoyen de l’Union française leur donne la libre circulation depuis 1946, de nombreux Algériens se rendent en France après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Or cette migration nourrit les inquiétudes des pouvoirs publics et les expose à un ensemble de traitements spécifiques – le plus souvent discriminatoires – l’un d’entre eux étant leur identification dans le recensement, principale source de connaissance statistique des populations. En dérogation à la loi et au cadre égalitaire métropolitain, l’Insee met en œuvre, en 1954 et 1962, une méthode de reconnaissance onomastique pour distinguer les Algériens présents en France – dont la catégorie administrative la plus utilisée est « Français musulmans d’Algérie » – alors même que leur statut juridique est identique à celui des autres Français, et ainsi constituer des statistiques ethno-religieuses, en rupture avec les usages en matière de recensement.

We survey the empirical literature on ethical preferences, covering both survey studies and incentivized laboratory experiments. Crucial axioms such as the Pigou-Dalton transfer principle are not accepted by a large fraction of the subjects. Moreover, in formulating their distributive preferences subjects attach much importance to the sources of income differences. Their preferences behind a veil of ignorance do not coincide with their preferences in the position of a social planner. These results suggest that prioritarian policy proposals will not necessarily be supported by a majority of the population. Although the majority opinion does not necessarily reflect the ethically desirable perspective, the empirical results still raise some interesting normative challenges.

International audience; Cities are patchworks of urban catchments divided into functional units according to their commercial, residential and industrial activities, and socio-urbanistic patterns. The hypothesis of city surface microbiomes being structured by socio-urbanistic variables leading to an emergence of synurbic taxa was tested. According to the r/K microbial ecology theory, a gradient of well-adapted synurbic K-strategists and of opportunistic –r-strategists should occur over city surfaces. K-strategists would be core components while r-ones would be transiently detected. To resolve these patterns, sub-catchments (n = 21) of an area of high commercial and industrial activities were investigated over three time periods covering one year. The sub-catchments' land use patterns and associated human behaviors were converted into socio-urbanistic variables and groupings. Bacterial cells mobilized by runoffs per sub-catchment were recovered, and analyzed by classical approaches, microbial source tracking DNA assays and DNA meta-barcoding approaches. Relationships between these datasets, the runoff physico-chemical properties, and descriptors of the socio-urbanistic groupings were investigated. 16S rRNA meta-barcoding analyses showed evidence of the occurrence of K- and r-like strategists. Twenty-eight core genera were identified, and correlation networks revealed large bacterial modules organized around actinobacterial taxa involved in hydrocarbon degradation processes. Other bacterial networks were related to the occurrences of hygienic wastes, and involved bacteria originating from fecal contaminations. Several r-strategists like Sulfurospirillum were recorded and found associated to point source pollutions. The tpm -metabarcoding approach deciphered these r / K strategists at the species level among more than ten genera. Nine core Klike Pseudomomas species were identified. The P. aeruginosa human opportunistic pathogen and P. syringae phytopathogens were part of these K-strategists. Other tpm -harboring bacterial pathogens showed r-like opportunistic distribution patterns. Correlation network analyses indicated a strong incidence of hygienic wastes and hydrocarbon-pollutions on tpm -harboring bacteria. These analyses demonstrated the occurrence of core synurbic bacterial K-strategists over city surfaces.

N°50/1 2021, paru en mars 2022; International audience; The recent availability of part of Michel Foucault's reading files on the National Library's digital site (Gallica), in particular his notes on the Analytic philosophy of language, allows us to approach in a new light the genesis of the method of Discourse Analysis set up in L'archéologie du savoir (1969) and its implementation in his first courses at the Collège de France. The present work, after presenting an overview of his files, which are particularly diverse in terms of the number of authors and themes, proposes a reading path within these files that situates the contours of the definition of Analysis. It then presents the way in which these files differentiate Analytic philosophy and Continental philosophy. It is then possible to delineate a close relationship between Foucault's interest in the analytical characterisation of Meaning as function and his Discourse functionalism complementary to Archaeological description.; La récente mise à disposition d’une partie des fiches de lectures de Michel Foucault sur le site numérique (Gallica) de la Bibliothèque Nationale, en particulier ses notes sur la philosophie analytique du langage, permet d’aborder sous un jour nouveau la genèse de la méthode d’analyse du discours présente dans L’archéologie du savoir (1969) et sa mise en œuvre dans ses premiers cours au Collège de France. Le présent travail, après avoir présenté une vue d’ensemble de ses fiches particulièrement diversifiées en nombre d’auteurs et de thèmes, propose un cheminement de lecture au sein de ces fiches situant les contours de ce qu’il en est de la définition de l’analyse. S’y adjoint ensuite une présentation de la manière dont ces fiches différencient la philosophie analytique et la philosophie continentale. Il est alors possible de circonscrire un rapport étroit entre l’intérêt de Foucault pour la caractérisation analytique du sens comme fonction et son fonctionnalisme discursif complémentaire de la description archéologique.

Although Leontief was and still is one of the most recognized names in economics, inextricably linked to the development of input-output techniques, he remained fiercely critical of other economists' works and of the state of economic science during his whole life. To understand his bitterness, we go back to the root of the split between Leontief and the rest of the economics profession, through an examination of the debates that took place in the late 1940s. From his input-output model, conceived as an operational theory of economic interdependencies, Leontief drew a specific approach to economic policy and planning which had a lot of success with government agencies, explaining how he could durably sustain his split from the profession.

First published: 18 May 2021; International audience; The “turn-taking” system, a notion referring to the dynamics of verbal exchanges in face-to-face interaction, is often presented as the hallmark of human language (Levinson, 2016). However, recent works have investigated turn-taking mechanisms in several nonhuman taxa, thus referring to the moment-by-moment coordinated alternation of actions or vocalizations, for instance in primates or birds. These findings have been interpreted as evidence of elementary forms of sequence organization in the animal world, and therefore as evidences of an evolutionary pathway, leading from very rough forms of signal alternation, to the complex multimodal and conversational turn-taking system used by humans. This article first reviews and discusses these findings. It then makes the case for going beyond the study of uniquely intra-specific forms of communication and interaction. It argues that considering interspecies interaction is of interest for social sciences in general, and linguistics scholarship in particular, at least in two respects. First, on an empirical level, to investigate a widespread phenomenon, namely ordinary human-animal interactions, as it occurs mostly in domestic settings—a topic that has been relatively neglected in the study of social interaction so far (for a range of reasons that we shall touch on). Secondly, on a more speculative level, it assumes that ordinary interspecies interactions, especially as they unfold with domestic pets or wild animals in natural settings (vs. in experimental settings), are a valuable locus to explore rudimentary forms of sequence organization, that are neither governed by linguistic and cultural norms, nor entirely the product of stereotypical species-related behavioral patterns. We posit that fundamental principles of sociality are to be found in the contextual adjustments of multimodal actions and in the emergence of meaning in interspecies interactions.

Les islamistes marocains du Parti de la justice et du développement (PJD) constituent un objet d’analyse et de mise à l’épreuve de la pertinence du qualificatif « modéré/modération ». Celui-ci est largement mobilisé dans la littérature francophone et surtout anglophone consacrée à l’islamisme partisan légal. Cette terminologie, aux accents normatifs, n’est pas sans poser problème. En effet, celle-ci est utilisée par les acteurs eux-mêmes de façon méliorative. Ainsi, dans l’analyse académique, qui reprend le mot/adjectif en question, s’instaure une confusion : d’un côté, entre la conversion progressive aux modes d’action légalistes d’acteurs donnés de l’islamisme, et de l’autre, la fin présumée de l’idéologie, au sens de renoncement définitif aux croisades morales et religieuses dans la sphère institutionnelle. En effet, une sorte de lien mécanique est postulé entre les deux processus, alors qu’ils apparaissent dans bien des cas distincts. Partant, c’est principalement ce double aspect qu’il s’agit d’interroger, afin de mettre en évidence les limites épistémologiques du terme « modération » et les ambivalences du mouvement islamiste légaliste qui peut y recourir pour s’auto-définir. Nous constatons, en définitive, que le PJD n’a pas renoncé, via certains de ses principaux doctrinaires et leaders, à vouloir imposer ou maintenir, en politique et en société, une conception conservatrice de la religion, voire discriminatoire, sans nécessairement user de moyens illégaux. D’où l’importance d’analyser la place de la théologie morale dans l’action politique des islamistes. The Moroccan Islamists of Justice and Development Party constitute an interesting object for testing the relevance of the term moderate/moderation. This process is sometimes used in French and more often in English literature devoted to legal partisan Islamism. However this terminology is very problematic as it reifies an activist use. Indeed, there is some confusion between two different processes: on the one hand, the legalism of the Islamists who take part in Institutions; and on the other hand, their renunciation to moral crusades in the political sphere. We would also like to show that the Islamists of JDP didn’t really give up on the moral crusades in the official political arena. Hence the importance of taking into account the status of the moral Theology in their weight in political action. يشكل الإسلاميون المغاربة من حزب العدالة والتنمية موضوع تحليل واختبار لـمدى جدوى نعت حركة معينة بـ"المعتدلة / الاعتدال". فهذا النعت يستخدم على نطاق واسع في الأدبيات المحرّرة بـالفرنسية وخصوصًا في تلك الموضوعة بـالإنجليزية التي تتناول الإسلام السياسي الحزبي القانوني. هذا المصطلح، الذي يبدو مصطبغًا بالمعيارية، لا يخلو من إشكاليات. ففي الواقع، يتم استخدامه من قبل الفاعلين أنفسهم بطريقة تحسينية. كما أنه في التحليل الأكاديمي، الذي يستخدم هذه الكلمة أو هذا النعت، ينشأ التباس: بين التحول التدريجي إلى أساليب العمل القانونية من قبل بعض فاعلين معيّنين في العمل الإسلامي من ناحية، وبين النهاية المفترضة للأيديولوجيا من ناحية أخرى، بمعنى التخلي النهائي عن الحروب الصليبية الأخلاقية والدينية في المجال المؤسسي. في الواقع، يتم افتراض نوع من الارتباط الميكانيكي بين العمليتين في حين أنّهما تظهران في كثير من الحالات متمايزتين. لذلك، فإن هذا الجانب المزدوج هو الذي سيوضع موضع التساؤل، بغية إبراز الحدود المعرفية لمصطلح "اعتدال" وتناقضات الحركة الإسلامية القانونية التي يمكن أن تستخدم هذا المصطلح لتكتسبه. نلاحظ، ختامًا، أن حزب العدالة والتنمية لم يتخلى، بعض منظريه وزعمائه الرئيسيين، عن الرغبة في فرض أو الحفاظ على مفهوم محافظ للدين في السياسة والمجتمع، حتى وإن كان تمييزيًا، دون استخدام وسائل غير قانونية بالضرورة. ومن هنا تأتي أهمية تحليل مكانة الفقه الأخلاقي في العمل السياسي للإسلاميين على الصعيدين الديني أو المجتمعي بمفهوم محافظ في ما يخص الدين، بل وتمييزي، وإن هو لم يلجأ بالضرورة إلى وسائل غير قانونية.

Background The success of health research depends on the involvement of participants. Few studies have examined the participation of subjects in cohorts. Drawing on a sociological survey on a French cohort around aging, this study proposes to question the nature of interactions between researchers and subjects that would help to understand the motivations of subjects to participate and remain in health research studies. Methods Qualitative study combining participant observation within the research laboratory that conducted the cohort and semi-structured interviews with subjects included in the cohort and with members of the research team. Results This study highlights the existence of two-way care: from the laboratory to the subjects and from the cohort to researchers. Health research seems to correspond to a complex association between subjects concerned with aging and the expected benefits of exceptional monitoring. Research is incorporated into subjects’ daily lives, allowing a shift in the purpose of research from overmedicalization to medical safety that subjects experienced as a form of care. Conclusions In cohort studies, care is understood as a form of attention to the person through high-quality medical follow-up. Aging is turned into a matter of concern that subjects, in collaboration with researchers, strive to control.

International audience; Modeling is now central to epidemic management (Cauchemez et al., 2011; O. Faye et al., 2015; Gilbert et al., 2020; Temime et al., 2020; Y. T. Kouakep & Tchoumi, et al., 2021). In a world governed by numbers, it has the power to alert and guide public policies, particularly in the field of global health. Despite this, the reliability of those forecasts is questioned (Huc & Mangiarotti, 2016) particularly with regard to the lesser consideration given to the social logics underlying the practices of actors described by anthropology (Brives et al., 2016). In this context and as part of an interdisciplinary work around the implementation of a vaccine trial against Ebola, I wish to question the conditions of possibility and the limits of a collaboration between modelers and anthropologists. To do this, based on ethnographic work carried out in Conakry in the Ebola aftermath, I would like to consider the collaboration between the two disciplines through the example of the notion of "household". We suggest to consider this notion as a boundary-object (Star, 1988) that need to be improved and refined in terms of definition and contextualization on both sides in order to avoid working on the basis of a misunderstanding.

The place of Harvard in the development of econometrics is assessed through the research of its faculty and the development of the courses they taught. Over the course of the century, as the content of econometrics was itself transformed, we find that the Harvard department of economics occupied a singular place in the econometric landscape. This idiosyncrasy was defined by large projects such as the Harvard barometer of the 1920s or the postwar development of input-output analysis, but also by the lack of common purpose that often characterized the work of its members. Through the storied halls of the university passed many of the best and brightest, but few were given the chance to pursue their projects durably, to the detriment of the constitution of a "Harvard econometrics."

National audience; Le traitement des usager·e·s de drogues au sein des institutions médico-sociales proposant accompagnement social, soin et prévention a fait jusqu’à aujourd’hui l’objet de peu d’analyses au prisme des rapports de genres (Neff, 2018). Si cette approche a été mobilisée dans l’étude des carrières de consommation (Bounhik, 2008 ; Simmat-Durand, 2009) et de l’organisation du trafic (Perrin, 2018), on sait encore peu de choses sur la façon dont cesorganismes publics (re)produisent des différenciations, des assignations ou des inégalités fondées sur le genre. Ce chapitre d'ouvrage propose d’y contribuer en s’intéressant à la construction de l’accessibilité à l’offre de services des « Centres d’accueil et d’accompagnement à la réduction des risques pour usagers de drogues » (CAARUD). Il s'agira d'interroger pourquoi, malgré des dispositions pensées pour faciliter l'accès au public, nombre de nombre de femmes limitent leurs recours à ces structures. Deux questions sont ici explorées. Comment comprendre d’abord que les femmes ne recourent pas aux CAARUD à l’égal des hommes alors que ces établissements reposent sur un principe d’accès inconditionnel ? Dans quellemesure ensuite l'existence de rare espace en non-mixité peut compenser cette inégalité structurelle d’accès ?

International audience; The emergence, in the mid-twentieth century, of an integrated French educational system that embraces all levels and tracks within a `unique' organised structure of compulsory school education for children between 6 and 16 years of age came with a renewal of the distinctions between the professional identities, trajectories and careers of the various categories of teachers. While this system has helped to redefine, and to some extent blur, the divisions between teaching groups, their professional identities and administrative statuses have remained quite distinct, mainly because of persisting forms of institutional differentiation. In addition, some new lines of division can be observed. Our argument draws on a review of the socio-historical research conducted in relation to three teaching groups (primary school teachers, agrégés and technical and vocational education teachers) and on a particular case study of the contract teachers (contractuels) whose rise marks a new form of segmentation among teachers in France.

International audience

This chapter reviews the lessons learned from the sociology of lobbyists since the turn of the century, incorporating those of the chapters collected in the book. The first dimension (what do lobbyists do?) concerns the relations between institutions and interest groups and the effects on them of the reforms undertaken in Brussels (in terms of human resources, decision-making processes and transparency). How can we go beyond the influence/instrumentalisation alternative that structures the theoretical offer on this point to account for the complex forms of interdependence linking interest representation organisations and professionals to their administrative and political interlocutors? On the exchange of which types of resources is this interdependence based? What role do advocacy professionals play in the political work of their institutional interlocutors? A second set of questions (who are the lobbyists?) concerns the changes in the profiles and career paths of the lobbyists that accompany these transformations. The normalisation of Brussels lobbying, to which transparency policies contribute, has gone hand in hand with the multiplication, since the 2000s, of institutional solicitations addressed to interest representatives. To what extent have they contributed to a standardisation of professional lobbying practices? Does this phenomenon also concern employees of NGOs and associations defending non-economic and financial interests? What common repertoires of action, but also what different conceptions of what interest representation is and should be at the European level, can the observation of lobbyists' ways of doing and seeing be brought to light? How does the analysis of the trajectories and social properties of these actors shed light on the conditions of possibility of their lobbying strategies, and does it explain their contrasting scope?, Ce chapitre revient sur les enseignements des travaux de sociologie des lobbyistes conduits depuis le tournant du siècle en y intégrant ceux des chapitres rassemblés dans l’ouvrage. Une première dimension (que font les lobbyistes ?) concerne les relations entre institutions et groupes d’intérêts et leurs évolutions sous l’effet des réformes engagées à Bruxelles (en matière de ressources humaines, concernant les processus décisionnels et la transparence). Comment dépasser l’alternative influence/instrumentalisation qui structure l’offre théorique sur ce point pour rendre compte des formes complexes d’interdépendance liant les organisations et professionnels de la représentation d’intérêts à leurs interlocuteurs administratifs et politiques ? Sur l’échange de quels types de ressources cette interdépendance repose-t-elle ? Quelle part prennent les professionnels de la représentation d’intérêts au travail politique de leurs interlocuteurs dans les institutions ? Un second ensemble d’interrogations (qui sont les lobbyistes ?) concerne les évolutions des profils et parcours professionnels des lobbyistes qui accompagnent ces transformations. La normalisation du lobbying bruxellois, à laquelle participent les politiques de transparence, est allée de pair avec la multiplication, depuis les années 2000, des sollicitations institutionnelles adressées aux représentants d’intérêts. Dans quelle mesure ont-elles contribué à une standardisation des pratiques professionnelles en matière de lobbying ? Ce phénomène concerne-t-il également les salariés des ONG et associations défendant des intérêts non économiques et financiers ? Quels répertoires d’action communs mais aussi quelles conceptions différentes de ce qu’est et devrait être la représentation d’intérêts à l’échelle européenne l’observation des façons de faire et de voir des lobbyistes permet-elle de mettre en évidence ? Comment l’analyse des trajectoires et propriétés sociales de ces acteurs éclaire-t-elle les conditions de possibilité de leurs stratégies de lobbying, et explique-t-elle leurs portées contrastées ?

This paper provides a general representation of endogenous and threshold-based regime switching models and develops an efficient numerical solution method. The regime-switching is triggered endogenously when some variables cross threshold conditions that can themselves be regime-dependent. We illustrate our approach using a RBC model with state-dependent government spending policies. It is shown that regime-switching models involve strong non linearities and discontinuities in the dynamics of the model. However, our numerical solution based on simulation and projection methods with regime-dependent policy rules is accurate, and fast enough, to efficiently take into all these challenging aspects. Several alternative specifications to the model and the method are studied.

International audience

International audience; Who are and what do the interest representation actors working in Brussels? With around 12,000 organisations listed in the European transparency register and growing budgets, lobbying is a concrete and tangible reality of the functioning of the European Union. However, very little is known about those who carry out this activity.This book aims to fill this gap and shed light on the recent transformations of the European landscape of interest representation. By examining the practices and social trajectories of lobbyists working in Brussels, the empirical research gathered here lifts the veil on an often fantasised world. Combining qualitative and quantitative data, they explore various structures and sectors of activity: very large companies, European federations, public affairs firms, NGOs, trade unions, intervening in financial regulation, the port and pharmaceutical sectors, social policies, the common market or competition, etc. Through the sociological portrait of lobbyists, this book highlights their interdependent relationships with political and institutional actors and their role in the making of European public action.; Qui sont et que font les acteurs de la représentation d’intérêts travaillant à Bruxelles ? Avec environ 12 000 organisations inscrites au registre européen de transparence et des budgets croissants, le lobbying constitue une réalité concrète et tangible du fonctionnement de l’Union européenne. On sait pourtant très peu de choses sur celles et ceux qui exercent cette activité.Cet ouvrage collectif entend combler ce manque et éclairer les transformations récentes du paysage européen de la représentation des intérêts. En examinant les pratiques et les trajectoires sociales des lobbyistes évoluant à Bruxelles, les recherches empiriques rassemblées ici lèvent le voile sur un univers souvent fantasmé. Croisant données qualitatives et quantitatives, elles explorent des structures et des secteurs d’activité variés : très grandes entreprises, fédérations européennes, cabinets d’affaires publiques, ONG, syndicats, intervenant sur la régulation financière, les secteur portuaire et pharmaceutique, les politiques sociales, du marché commun ou encore de concurrence. À travers le portrait sociologique des lobbyistes, cet ouvrage met en lumière leurs relations d’interdépendance avec les acteurs politiques et institutionnels et leur rôle dans la fabrique de l’action publique européenne.

This article sheds light on the long‑term development of income and wealth inequality and the link between them in France. Following a sharp decline in inequality that began at the beginning of the First World War, a trend towards inequality has emerged (and continues) since the mid‑1980s. The historical perspective makes it possible to illustrate how small changes in inequality in savings, returns or earnings can have strong long‑term effects on wealth concentration. Two other major trends have been observed since the 1970s. One is the narrowing of the gap in labour income between men and women – although it remains high. The other is the increased difficulty, for those who only have access to labour income, to access the highest wealth brackets. Finally, our comparisons between France and the United States show that wealth and income inequalities were comparable or even lower in the United States before the 1970s. That country has since become much more unequal., Garbinti Bertrand, Goupille-Lebret Jonathan. Income and Wealth Inequality in France: Developments and Links over the Long Term. In: Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, n°510-512, Special Issue 50th Anniversary. pp. 69-87.

International audience; The artificial textile industry employed during almost one century up to several tens of thousands of workers in France. The production relies on artificial fibres produced through a chemical treatment of natural substances like cotton or wood cellulose. There was talk of “artificial silk” until the prohibition of this designation by a 1934 law and its replacement by the term “rayon”. After tracing the dramatic increase of production sites in France during the 1900’s-1920’s, sometimes ephemeral ones because of the Great Depression, this paper studies the largely feminine and migrant recruitment of the working force between the two wars through the population of working-class cities from two factories. The hard sanitary working conditions in those firms are notably at the origin of several important strikes, even if the level conflict appears to be rather weaker than in the whole textile industry.; L’industrie des textiles artificiels a employé pendant près d’un siècle jusqu’à plusieurs dizaines de milliers de personnes en France. La fabrication repose sur des fibres artificiellement produites à partir d’un traitement chimique de matières naturelles comme le coton ou la cellulose de bois. On a parlé de « soie artificielle » avant que la dénomination ne soit interdite par une loi de 1934 et remplacée par celle de « rayonne ». Après avoir retracé la multiplication spectaculaire des implantations, parfois rendues éphémères par la Grande Crise, de cette industrie en France dans les décennies 1900-1920, cet article étudie le recrutement largement féminin et migrant de la main-d’œuvre dans l’entre-deux-guerres à travers la population des cités ouvrières de deux usines. Les dures conditions sanitaires de travail dans ces entreprises sont notamment à l’origine de plusieurs mouvements de grèves importants, même si la conflictualité apparaît plutôt moins forte que dans l’ensemble de l’industrie textile.

International audience; This chapter focuses on the inner rationale and consequences of four different archetypal positions regarding how ethical and political values are tackled in welfare economics. Welfare economics is standardly associated with the welfarist framework, for which social welfare is based on individual utility only. Beyond this, we distinguish the value-neutrality claim – for which ethical values should be and are out of the scope of welfare economics –, the value confinement ideal – for which ethical values are acceptable if they are minimal and consensual–, the transparency requirement – for which any ethical values may be acceptable in the welfare economics framework if explicit and formalized –, and the entanglement claim – which challenges the very possibility of demarcation between facts and values.

Analyse du nouveau contexte électoral tunisien après les élections de 2019. Nous constatons une profonde transformation des adhésions politiques à l’échelle nationale tant au niveau citoyen qu’au niveau des acteurs politiques. Ces transformations s’opèrent sous l’effet d’un double bind produit par les fragmentations de partis et la démultiplication de listes et d’acteurs indépendants qui présagent un affaiblissement des forces politiques et un rapport fragmenté avec la « masse ». Ce n’est plus la grande force du groupe politique qui s’engage à défendre l’intérêt du peuple mais de petits groupes et des acteursindépendants de part et d’autre qui occupent progressivement la scène politique tunisienne. C’est cette transformation politique que nous qualifions d’hybride et qui trouve son intersectionnalité dans l’hybridation de la citoyenneté en Tunisie.

International audience; ""Cet article analyse les pratiques de démobilisation de certains publics de la participation et leurs effets quant au rapport à l’espace dans les quartiers populaires. Il montre qu’au-delà des ressources détenues par les groupes résidant dans ces espaces, des acteurs et actrices intermédiaires jouent un rôle central dans la mobilisation ou non de certains publics. Ici, les hommes des groupes ethniques minorisés sont exclus des dispositifs participatifs, car les causes qu’ils portent ne sont pas mises à l’agenda par les animatrices de la participation. En conséquence, on assiste à leur repli communautaire sur l’espace de la mosquée et à la construction d’un rapport contraint au quartier. Leur mise à l’écart est renforcée par leur « remise de soi » à un représentant associatif qui ne défend pas réellement leurs intérêts. Leur rapport à l’espace public apparaît durablement contraint, car il est légitimé par les institutions locales."

In this study, we propose a new direction of research on the axiomatic analysis of approval voting, which is a common democratic decision method. Its novelty is to examine an infinite population setting, which includes an application to intergenerational problems. In particular, we assume that the set of the population is countably infinite. We provide several extensions of the method of approval voting for this setting. As our main result, axiomatic characterizations of the extensions are offered by revealing a direct link between approval voting and the Borda rule. The characterized methods are natural extensions of the standard approval voting method for the finite-population case and are regarded as minimum requirements for other possible infinite-population extensions, which are reasonably democratic.

International audience; In many real world situations, the design of social rankings over agents or items from a given raking over groups or coalitions, to which these agents or items belong to, is of big interest. With this aim, we revise the lexicographic excellence solution and introduce two novel solutions which, moreover, take into account the size of the groups. We present some desirable axioms which are interpreted in this context. Next, a comparable axiomatization of these three solutions is established, revealing the main differences among the two new social rankings and the lexicographic excellence solution. Finally, we apply the three social rankings under study to a real scenario. Specifically, the performance of some football players of Paris Saint-Germain during the UEFA Champions League according to these three rules is analyzed.

How to build a Post-Western theory, based on the sociology of migration in France and in China? Where do “Western” and “Non-Western” theories converge, and how do common and situated knowledge coexist and interlock? Based on French and Chinese research experiences in the field of migration, this book highlights the proceedings of the co-production of practical knowledge which explicates the paradigm of Post-Western sociology. From an empirical standpoint, the cross-perspectives of French and Chinese researchers on the biographies of young Chinese migrants in China and young descendants of immigrants in France are confronted, with respect to five themes of migration sociology: migration and education; migration, gender and family; migration between integration and urban segregation; migration and work; migration and governance. Through this work, theoretical continuities and discontinuities between Chinese and French theory emerge, paving the way for a Post-Western space, based on shared legacies but also on different traditions and trajectories in international sociology. Comment construire une théorie post-occidentale, à partir de la sociologie des migrations en France et en Chine ? Où convergent les théories occidentales et non occidentales, et comment coexistent et s’imbriquent les savoirs communs et les savoirs situés ? À partir d’expériences de recherche françaises et chinoises dans le domaine des migrations, cet ouvrage met en évidence les démarches de coproduction de savoirs pratiques qui explicitent le paradigme de la sociologie post-occidentale. D’un point de vue empirique, les regards croisés de chercheurs français et chinois sur les biographies de jeunes migrants chinois en Chine et de jeunes descendants d’immigrés en France sont confrontés, au regard de cinq thématiques de la sociologie des migrations : migration et éducation ; migration, genre et famille ; migrations entre intégration et ségrégation urbaine ; migration et travail ; migration et gouvernance. À travers ce travail, des continuités et discontinuités théoriques entre les sociologies chinoise et française émergent, ouvrant la voie à un espace post-occidental, fondé sur des héritages partagés mais aussi sur des traditions et trajectoires de la sociologie internationale.

International audience; Abstract In the digital age of migration, Chinese migrant entrepreneurial activities are increasingly undertaken online. Drawing on a case study of e-commerce developed by Chinese marriage-migrant women in Taiwan, this article investigates the digitized and emotional dimensions of entrepreneurship. It examines Chinese women’s innovative use of the online social media platform WeChat in developing transnational networks and virtual commercial circuits to achieve their economic goals while adapting to their new host society. It considers the role of the emotions in business formation and in the commercialization of “contested” commodities whose circulations transgress trading rules and borders. This study contributes to the empirical literature on the transformation of migrant entrepreneurship, specifically by diasporic Chinese. Theoretically, the empirical case of digital entrepreneurship among Chinese migrant women invites us to consider the growing use of both virtual platforms and emotions in the making of migrants’ commercial activities.

In response to the pandemic of COVID-19 and in lack of pharmaceutical solutions, many countries have introduced social and physical distancing regulations to contain the transmission of the virus. These measures are effective insofar as they are able to quickly change people's habits. This is achieved by changing the monetary incentives of rule violators but also by shifting people's perception regarding the appropriateness of socialization. We studied the effect of introducing, and then lifting, distancing regulations on the perceived norm regarding social encounters. We conducted an online incentivized experiment in France where we elicited the same participants' perceived norm and social distancing behavior every week for three months. We found that people shifted behavior and norm perception as soon as the government introduced or removed distancing measures. This effect was fast acting and long lasting. This is informative for future interventions, especially in light of a possible COVID-19 recurrence.

International audience; We compare disagreement in expectations and the frequency of forecast revisions among five categories of agents: households, firms, professional forecasters, policymakers and participants to laboratory experiments. We provide evidence of disagreement among all categories of agents. There is however a strong heterogeneity across categories: while policymakers and professional forecasters exhibit low disagreement, firms and households show strong disagreement. This translates into a heterogeneous frequency of forecast revision across categories of agents, with policymakers revising more frequently their forecasts than firms and professional forecasters. Households last revise less frequently. We are also able to explore the external validity of experimental expectations.

Parmi les actifs les plus exposes au risque de se retrouver au chomage ou d’y rester – jeunes, personnes peu ou pas qualifiees, femmes, plus de cinquante ans –, les personnes en situation de handicap occupent une place particuliere. Leur profil – demandeurs d’emploi beneficiaires de l’obligation d’emploi (DEBOE) – s’ecarte du profil moyen des demandeurs d’emploi par la sous-representation des femmes et des jeunes et la surrepresentation des publics âges (la moitie ont 50 ans ou plus contre 26...

International audience; "Où et comment sont nés les divers projets socialistes au XIXe siècle ? Quelles destinées ont-ils connu dans les pays qui en ont fait l’expérience au cours des deux derniers siècles ? Et que signifie le terme « socialisme » en ce début du XXIe siècle ? Le socialisme a-t-il un avenir et si c’est le cas, sous quelles formes ? Si la question sociale et l’analyse des sociétés en termes de classes en lutte pour l’appropriation des ressources sont des caractéristiques qui définissent le socialisme partout et toujours, ses frontières ont toujours été diverses et évolutives. De la social-démocratie à l’extrême gauche, des plus gestionnaires aux plus contestataires, tous les courants qui le composent sont présents dans cet ouvrage. Sous des formes nouvelles, le socialisme continue, malgré la profonde crise traversée ces dernières années, à alimenter des réflexions théoriques et à nourrir des projets politiques concrets. Aujourd’hui, confronté à des défis nouveaux, comme il l’a été tout au long de son histoire, il doit renouer avec une critique combattive, à la fois économique, politique et écologique, de l’ordre existant. C’est à quoi cet ouvrage résolument interdisciplinaire espère œuvrer."

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T cells) have the potential to be a major innovation as a new type of cancer treatment, but are associated with extremely high prices and a high level of uncertainty. This study aims to assess the cost of the hospital stay for the administration of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells in France. Data were collected from the French Medical Information Systems Program (PMSI) and all hospital stays associated with an administrated drug encoded 9439938 (tisagenlecleucel, Kymriah®) or 9440456 (axicabtagene ciloleucel, Yescarta®) between January 2019 and December 2020 were included. 485 hospital stays associated with an injection of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells were identified, of which 44 (9%), 139 (28.7%), and 302 (62.3%) were for tisagenlecleucel in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), tisagenlecleucel in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and axicabtagene ciloleucel respectively. The lengths of the stays were 37.9, 23.8, and 25.9 days for tisagenlecleucel in ALL, tisagenlecleucel in DLBCL, and axicabtagene ciloleucel, respectively. The mean costs per hospital stay were € 372,400 for a tisagenlecleucel in ALL, € 342,903 for tisagenlecleucel in DLBCL, and € 366,562 for axicabtagene ciloleucel. CAR T-cells represented more than 80% of these costs. n=13 hospitals performed CAR-T cell injections, with two hospitals accounting for more than 50% of the total number of injections. This study provides original data in a context of limited information regarding the costs of hospitalization for patients undergoing CAR-T cell treatments. In addition to the financial burden, distance may also be an important barrier for accessing CAR T-cell treatment.