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Le changement climatique représente pour l’Amérique latine un double défi pour le secteur agricole et pour l’exploitation de son principal avantage comparatif : les ressources fossiles. L’objectif de cet article est d’apporter des éléments théoriques de débat, à partir de la littérature existante, sur les convergences/divergences technologiques en Amérique latine entre les chaînes de valeur des hydrocarbures et celles du secteur agroalimentaire, dans un contexte de transition énergétique. El cambio climático plantea una doble amenaza para América Latina, tanto para la producción agrícola como para la explotación de su principal ventaja comparativa : los recursos fósiles. El objetivo de este artículo es abordar la convergencia/divergencia tecnológica en América Latina entre las cadenas de valor de los hidrocarburos y el sector agroalimentario dentro de la transición energética. Este trabajo teórico se basa en la literatura existente. Climate change poses a double threat to Latin America, both to agricultural production and to the exploitation of its main comparative advantage ; fossil resources. This paper’s aim is to tackle the technological convergence/divergence in Latin America between the hydrocarbon and agrifood value chains in a context of energy transition. This theoretical work is based on existing literature.

International audience; The present paper investigates the location patterns and the effects co-working spaces (CWS) generate on the urban context. The focus is on Barcelona, one of the most important creative hubs in Europe in terms of knowledge-based, creative, digital, and sharing economy, and the city hosting the largest number of co-working spaces in Spain. The paper addresses three main questions: (1) Which are the location patterns of co-working spaces in Barcelona? (2) Do CWS agglomerate in the same areas? And, (3) Do CWS coagglomerate with the creative industries (CIs)? To do that, this paper uses open data on Barcelona neighbourhoods’ socioeconomic composition provided by the Statistics Department of the Council of Barcelona and micro-geographic data of private CWS and creative labs in Barcelona. By using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Kd functions of agglomeration and coagglomeration, results show that CWS are highly concentrated in central areas of Barcelona where there are greater chances to meet customers and suppliers, the proximity to urban amenities and the fact of being associated to a specific place-image. Moreover, they coagglomerate with CIs firms, especially with symbolic and synthetic knowledge-based CIs. These results are relevant when assessing the actual goal of urban policies in Barcelona.

This paper studies the role played by the features of the local knowledge base and the regional environmental support in the entry of new green tech-based firms. We compute a set of specific knowledge indicators which capture the recombination of technologies that make up green technologies in French départements (NUTS3 regions) for the period 2003–2013. By using a rich and unique dataset based on firm-level microdata and patents information, we find that the main determinants of the entry of new green tech-based firms are: (i) the combination of high levels of internal coherence with sufficient diversification into unrelated technological categories other than green and (ii) the regional efforts to reduce the environmental impact of economic activities. Indeed, by applying spatial econometrics we found that the impact of knowledge spillovers mainly accrues within the département of entry. These results suggest that more attention should be paid to the context-specific recombination of technologies constituting green technologies and that environmental regulations may have, an indirect, but important impact when it comes to promote green technological entry in regions.

International audience; India's dairy sector has emerged as the world's largest dairy producer and has enabled 70 million farmers to generate income through its rapid growth. This success is linked to broad national policy support through the Operation Flood program and the emergence of an inclusive model of cooperatives. However, the informal sector is still the marketing channel most used by dairy producers, and with the liberalization of the dairy sector, the cooperative model is also facing competition from the private sector. By surveying 244 dairy farmers in two major but heterogeneous states in India, this paper examines the inclusiveness of the sector and the impact of dairy cooperative membership on farmers’ income and livelihood. The originality of the paper concerns its systematic perspective on households’ assets and activities. The results indicate that cooperative membership is associated with caste membership and farmers collection centers. Better incomes are associated with membership, particularly among farmers with less land and among smallholders, who are more dependent on their dairy income to lift themselves out of poverty.

International audience; Peri-urban agriculture can foster the resilience of metropolitan areas through the provision of local food and other multifunctional agricultural amenities and externalities. However, in peri-urban areas, farming is characterized by strong social uncertainties, which slow the intergenerational transfer of farm operations. In this article, we tackle the beliefs that underlie farmers' decision-making to identify planning opportunities that may support farm intergenerational transfers. The design of an institutionalist conceptual framework based on Keynesian uncertainty and Commonsian Futurity aims to analyze farmers' beliefs associated with farm intergenerational transfer dynamics. The dataset of this comparative analysis includes 41 interviews with farmers involved in animal, cash-crop, and horticulture farming in the urban-influenced Ontario's Greenbelt, Canada, and Toulouse InterSCoT, France, during which farmers designed a mental model of their investment decision-making. The results highlight the dominance of a capital-intensive farm model framed by a money-land-market nexus that slows farm structural change. The subsequent access inequalities, which are based on characteristics of farmers and their farm projects, support the idea of the existence of an agricultural intersectionality. The results also highlight the positive role of the institutional context; when farmers' beliefs are well-aligned with the beliefs that shape their institutional environment, the frictions that slow farm structural change in peri-urban areas are moderated by a shared vision of the future.

International audience; We analyse the money-financed fiscal stimulus implemented in Venice during the famine and plague of 1629–31, which was equivalent to a ‘net-worth helicopter money’ strategy – a monetary expansion generating losses to the issuer. We argue that the strategy aimed at reconciling the need to subsidize inhabitants suffering from containment policies with the desire to prevent an increase in long-term government debt, but it generated much monetary instability and had to be quickly reversed. This episode highlights the redistributive implications of the design of macroeconomic policies and the role of political economy factors in determining such designs.

International audience; Les sciences humaines et sociales sont nées d'interrogations sur ce qu'est l'humain, sur sa place dans l'univers et dans les sociétés où il vit, sur la violence et le sacré qui se développent en celles-ci, sur le hasard ou la nécessité qui les ont fait naître. Les premières réflexions sur cet être surprenant ont tout naturellement cherché son origine dans une transcendance, un ou des dieux auteurs et maîtres de son existence. Ses maux ont été affectés à ses propres trahisons de la parole de ces êtres surnaturels, au non-respect d'une morale. C'était déjà offrir à l'homme une place singulière dans ce qu'on appelait alors « La Création ». D'autres questionnements ont suivi qui s'éloignaient des transcendances et mettaient l'individu en scène dans un décor que l'on désignait comme structures limitant sa liberté. Progressivement, les réponses à ces questionnements légitimes, en SHS se sont installées dans des positions dont les particularités, qui font également leurs limites, sont particulièrement liées à l'abus de réduction de la réalité dans les modèles et des postulats trop étroits pour saisir la complexité du monde et des hommes. Cet ouvrage, après avoir décrit l'évolution des sciences humaines et sociales depuis l'Antiquité et la Renaissance jusqu'à nos jours, propose et présente de nouvelles manières de modéliser le « social » fondées sur le principe épistémologique de relation.

International audience; L’agroécologie gagne en popularité dans les pays du sud, pourtant l’usage d’intrants chimiques y reste très répandu. Prenant la forme de croyances, des obstacles mentaux s’opposent à une révision de cette pratique. Mobilisant la théorie de l’objectivisme positionnel d’Amartya Sen et s’appuyant sur le cas des cultivateurs/trices de Mankosi en Afrique du Sud, cette étude évalue plus particulièrement l’influence de différents paramètres socioculturels sur l’emploi d’insecticides. Elle suggère que l’adoption de pratiques reposant davantage sur la valorisation des processus naturels ne pourra se réaliser sans un déplacement des positions d’observation des cultivateurs/trices vis-à-vis de cet emploi.

International audience; In this article we focus on individuals’ structural embeddedness in transnational social fields (TSFs) and examine how this is related to patterns of international mobility. The main argument is that the structure of TSFs matters for (im)mobility trajectories, and thus all actors (migrants, non‐migrants, and returnees) need to be examined as a whole to obtain a deeper understanding of the role of social networks in processes of transnational mobility. Taking the case of Romanian migrants in Spain as a TSF connecting their place of origin (Dâmbovița in Romania) with their destination (Castelló in Spain), we analyze survey data for 303 migrants, non‐migrants, and returnees, sampled through an RDS‐like binational link‐tracing design. We then categorize types of personal network using an international mobility scale to assess the degree of structural embeddedness in the TSF. An important contribution is the rigorous operationalization of TSF and assessment of the level of migratory capital of each individual. Our results reveal that migratory capital is not always linked positively with high mobility patterns and that its role is strongly related to the overall composition and structure of the TSF.

International audience; Nowadays, the idea that lending of last resort is necessarily conducive to moral hazard appears to be generally accepted. This chapter questions this received wisdom by tracking the evolution of monetary theory and practice over the very long term. While most economists have seen as inevitable the association between lending of last resort and moral hazard, others (especially Walter Bagehot) have claimed that the two may be separable if “constructive ambiguity” surrounds the conditions at which emergency liquidity may be accessed by banks. A brief overview of the practices adopted by monetary authorities over the centuries tends to confirm that the separability between lending of last resort and moral hazard may be attainable, but only through a correct design of banking regulation and liquidity-injecting operations.

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International audience; L’article propose un cadre d'évaluation permettant de comparer empiriquement les performances des EPCI normands en termes de Développement Durable (DD) et selon six dimensions : Environnement et Ressources Naturelles, Transition Énergétique, Mobilité Durable, Dynamisme Économique, Cohésion Sociale et Solidarité, Gouvernance et Citoyenneté. Considérant un large éventail de variables, nous construisons des indices composites agrégés pour chaque dimension du DD. Nous utilisons un support cartographique pour comparer les performances des EPCI dans chacune des six dimensions. Ensuite, une classification hiérarchique ascendante met en évidence six profils types de DD. Enfin, les résultats permettent d'identifier les forces et les faiblesses des EPCI normands dans la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques de DD.

International audience; The objective of this article is to explore how value chains adapt quality standards governance to account for societal issues such as sustainable development. It aims to better understand how public and private standards coexist or hybridize within sectors by focusing on two kinds of quality: 'intrinsic' product quality and environmental quality. It offers a new analytical grid combining the literature on innovation economics with that on value chain governance. A case study on the French durum wheat sector for couscous and pasta production is offered to test this grid. To this end, we conducted interviews with the main representatives of the French chain. The results show that there is international competition on product standards and that environmental standards are struggling to emerge in France. These results are discussed in terms of public/private design, homogenization/differentiation processes, vertical/horizontal relationships and links between social values and economic interests. We emphasize that broadening the range of quality attributes impacts the ways in which a value chain organizes itself.

Summarization: Modern agricultural systems use both managed and wild bees in order to secure the provision of pollination services. However, the decline of both bee species due to the increased use of pesticides raises concerns for the supply of pollination services in agriculture. Because European policies seem ineffective in safeguarding bees as they fail to address farmers’ socio-economic issues, farmers’ adoption rate of friendlier practices by pollinators remains limited. This study uses a farm-level ecological-economic model to explore the potential impacts of changing policy intervention on the provision of pollination services and on farmers’ incomes in two characteristic farms in Southwestern France. Moreover, it integrates the economic importance of behavioral interactions between managed and wild bees on crop production. The model assesses farmers’ adoption decisions about alternative practices under risk aversion through an optimization choice among several crops, practices (novel/conventional), variable inputs, and pollination activity. The results show that a knowledge of bees’ complementarity may facilitate farmers’ adoption decisions. Furthermore, they highlight that different levels of Agri-Environmental Schemes and penalties can be efficiently targeted to encourage the implementation of new farming practices in order to preserve pollination services and maintain economically viable farms. Presented on: Land Use Policy

The emergence of new innovative urban services created by heterogeneous actors is accelerating. This development is fuelled by the pervasive development of digital technologies and their uses. The extent of this trend is encouraging local authorities to position themselves in relation to these new services and actors, whose timing of implementation and practices are shaking up public strategies for supporting urban innovation and territorial development. In this context, new sociotechnical systems - Urban Living Labs - are emerging and positioning themselves as intermediaries in theprocesses of collaborative experiments addressing urban issues. This research is focused on ULLs defined as 'institutional', which are embedded in the innovation strategies of private actors and in local public policies. I have questioned the role of these sociotechnical systems and the experimentsthey support in the production of new urban services. To address this issue, I have adopted an approach rooted in urban geography, which mobilises the theory of urban assemblage. Within this framework, I defend the following theory: Urban Living Labs catalyse the experimental turn of innovation in the development of new urban services. It also participates in bringing the dynamics of urban innovation into line with the strategic orientations of local public actors. To confirm this theory, I have used a comparative approach made of five case studies located in European regional or national capital cities. These cities have been chosen because of their elaborated strategies supporting urban innovation. In each case, I have first studied the functioning of the selected ULL and its territorial embedding. Then I have conducted an in-depth processual study of one of the experimentationprocesses accompanied by this ULL. The collection of the empirical material is mainly based on semi-directed interviews, conducted on field with the ULL teams and those contributing to the experiments. The empirical data also comes from my operational immersion within an ULL, madepossible by the completion of the thesis under a CIFRE contract (industrial research agreement). Using this methodological approach, I was able to reconstruct the operational processes underlying the implementation of urban experiments, to highlight the role played by ULLs and to cast a light on the strategies of the actors involved. Deepening the understanding of the intermediation activities of ULLs and their strategic positioning within local networks, I have shown how the emergence of these sociotechnical systems is contributing to a change in the regulatory posture of local public actors in the development of new urban services. Indeed, these local public authorities are developing the conditions for a distanced piloting of urban innovation processes, which is part of a wider dynamic of plateformisation of cities. This aims at encouraging a more distributed urban innovation that is nevertheless consistent with locally prioritized strategic orientations. In this perspective, I have demonstrated that ULLs participate in the constitution of 'third territories' as new resources for innovative actors. These resources feed the articulation between the logics of territorialization anddeterritorialization of innovations in urban systems. Finally, this research highlights the contribution of these sociotechnical systems to the emergence of 'urban innovative regimes' which support local dynamics of collaborative innovation around urban issues in a more sustainable way., L'émergence de nouveaux services urbains innovants portés par des acteurs hétérogènes s’accélère, nourrie par le développement des technologies numériques et de leurs usages. L’ampleur de cette tendance encourage les collectivités locales à se positionner face à ces nouveaux services et acteurs, dont les temporalités de déploiement et les pratiques bousculent les stratégies publiques de soutien à l’innovation urbaine et de développement territorial. Dans ce contexte, de nouveaux dispositifs sociotechniques – les Urban Living Labs - émergent et se positionnent comme des intermédiaires dans les processus d’expérimentations urbaines collaboratives qui adressent des enjeux urbains. Les ULLs « institutionnels » sur lesquels se concentre notre recherche sont imbriqués dans les stratégies d’innovation des acteurs privés et dans les stratégies territoriales portées par les acteurs publics locaux. Ce phénomène nous amène à questionner le rôle de ces dispositifs et des expérimentations qu’ils accompagnent dans la fabrique de nouveaux services urbains, en adoptant une approche ancrée en géographie urbaine qui mobilise la théorie de l’assemblage urbain. Dans ce cadre, nous défendons la thèse selon laquelle les Urban Living Labs catalysent le tournant expérimental de l’innovation dans la fabrique des services urbains, et participent à la mise en cohérence des dynamiques d’innovation urbaine avec les orientations stratégiques des acteurs publics locaux. Pour confirmer cette thèse, nous nous sommes appuyée sur une approche comparative située de cinq cas d’étude, implantés dans des capitales régionales ou nationales européennes, ayant en commun des stratégies publiques élaborées de soutien à l’innovation urbaine. Chaque cas articule l’analyse d’un ULL et de son ancrage au sein des réseaux locaux avec l’étude processuelle de l’un des processus d’expérimentation accompagnés par le dispositif. La récolte de nos matériaux empiriques s’est principalement appuyée sur la réalisation d’entretiens semi-directifs menés in situ auprès des équipes des ULLs et des contributeurs des expérimentations, ainsi que sur notre immersion empirique au sein d’un ULL permise par la réalisation de cette thèse dans le cadre d’une convention CIFRE. Cette démarche méthodologique nous a permis de reconstituer les processus opérationnels qui sous-tendent le déploiement des expérimentations, de mettre en évidence le rôle qu’y prennent les ULLs et d’éclairer les stratégies des acteurs qui s’y impliquent. En approfondissant la compréhension des activités d’intermédiation des ULLs et de leur positionnement au sein des réseaux locaux, nous avons mis en évidence que l’émergence de ces dispositifs participe à une évolution de la posture managériale des acteurs publics dans la fabrique de nouveaux services urbains. En effet, ces derniers développent les conditions d’un pilotage distancié des processus d’innovation urbaine, ce qui s’inscrit dans une dynamique plus large de plateformisation de la ville susceptible d’encourager une innovation urbaine plus distribuée, mais cohérente avec les orientations stratégiques priorisées localement. Dans cette perspective, nous avons démontré que les ULLs participent à la constitution de « tiers-territoires » en tant que nouvelles ressources pour les acteurs innovants, qui alimentent l’articulation entre les logiques de territorialisation et déterritorialisation des innovations dans les systèmes urbains. Enfin, notre recherche a souligné l’apport de ces dispositifs dans l’émergence de régimes urbain d’innovation, qui soutiennent de manière plus pérenne les dynamiques locales d’innovation collaborative autour des enjeux urbains.

International audience

International audience

Nous proposons de mobiliser le concept de régime de concurrence pour appréhender la co-évolution des stratégies individuelles et des régulations collectives et publiques dans un domaine d’activité particulier. Combinant l’institutionnalisme historique de John R. Commons aux apports de la théorie de la régulation et de la socio-économie, le régime de concurrence définit les marges de manœuvres individuelles des opérateurs (faisceau de droits de propriété) compte tenu des régulations sectorielles informelles (conceptions de contrôle) et formelles (structures de gouvernance) et des régulations publiques (règles de l’échange). Les résultats des recherches empiriques menées sur la transformation des secteurs laitiers français et allemands au cours des 60 dernières années montrent le rôle central joué par l’action collective dans la stabilisation des marchés, tant dans le cadre de politiques publiques interventionnistes (effectivité et extension du cadre réglementaire) que libérales (structuration d’ordres sectoriels). La différenciation régionale des régimes de concurrence ressort en Allemagne comme un levier essentiel d’adaptation à la libéralisation des marchés laitiers. Le verrouillage sectoriel national dans le cas français limite les possibilités régionales d’innovation et de création de valeur et freine la transition vers un régime de concurrence post-industriel. We propose the concept of competition regime to apprehend the co-evolution of individual strategies and of collective and public regulations in a particular area of activity. Combining the historical institutionalism of J.R. Commons with the contributions of regulation theory and socio-economics, the competition regime defines the individual room for manoeuvre of operators (bundle of property rights) within the framework of informal (conception of control) and formal (governance structures) sectoral regulations and public regulations (rules of exchange). The results of empirical research conducted on the transformation of the French and German dairy sectors over the past 60 years show the central role played by collective action in stabilizing markets within the framework of both interventionist (effectiveness and extension of the regulatory framework) and liberal (structuring of sectoral orders) public policies. The regional differentiation of competition regimes emerges as an essential way to adapt to dairy market liberalization in Germany. The national sectoral lock-in in the French case limits regional possibilities for innovation and value creation and hinders the transition to a post-industrial competition regime. Nos proponemos movilizar el concepto de régimen de competencia para aprehender la evolución de las estrategias individuales y las regulaciones colectivas y públicas en un dominio de actividad particular. Combinando el institucionalismo histórico de John R. Commons con los aportes de la teoría de la regulación y de la socioeconomía, el régimen de competencia define los márgenes de maniobras individuales de los operadores (red de derechos de propiedad) habida cuenta de las regulaciones sectoriales informales (concepciones del control) y formales (estructuras de gobernanza) y regulaciones públicas (reglas del intercambio) Los resultados de las investigaciones empíricas sobre las transformaciones de los sectores de la lechería francesas y alemanas en el curso de los últimos 60 años muestran el rol central jugado por la acción colectiva en la estabilización de los mercados, tanto en el marco de las políticas públicas intervencionistas (eficacia y extensión del marco reglamentario) como liberales (estructuración de los ordenes sectorialea). La diferenciación regional de los regímenes de competencia surge en Alemania como una palanca esencial de adaptación a la liberalización de los mercados de la leche. El cierre sectorial nacional en el caso francés limita las posibilidades regionales de innovación y de creación del valor y frena la transición hacia un régimen de competencia post-industrial.

International audience; François Morin est professeur émérite de l’université Toulouse Capitole. Il a publié de nombreux articles de recherche sur le capitalisme français et sur la finance internationale. Ces dernières années, il a notamment publié L’Hydre mondiale : l’oligopole bancaire (Lux, 2015) et L’économie politique du xxie siècle. De la valeur-capital à la valeur-travail (Lux, 2017). Ses travaux universitaires l’ont conduit à intervenir dans plusieurs institutions publiques et notamment au conseil de la Banque de France, au Conseil d’analyse économique (CAE) et à la Commission de régulation de l’énergie (CRE). Dans son dernier ouvrage Quand la gauche essayait encore. Le récit des nationalisations de 1981 et quelques leçons que l’on peut en tirer (Lux, 2020), il relate son expérience de conseiller technique auprès du ministre chargé des nationalisations en 1981. Il montre comment l’État actionnaire réalise les arbitrages sur un dossier aussi important.

International audience; To analyse farmer market access following European dairy-market liberalization, this article provides a novel, institutional and spatially explicit approach to contract theory. Contractual reciprocal agreements, bargaining power, the regulatory framework, the regional market structure, quality differentiation and resource pooling are considered. The multi-scalar conceptual framework developed allows for shedding light on the value creation and sharing process in supply chains. A comparative case study highlights that market liberalization and contractual relations question the farmers’ collective rights and responsibilities in supply chains and production basins. Depending on the regional production model, viable strategies differ; concentration and economies of scale is required for a generic market while specific quality or the provision of environmental services can support more diversified production models. Public policies can support farmers by endorsing large regional producer organizations and framework contracts and by favouring information transparency. CAP national and regional orientation is another manner by which to support the competitiveness of regional supply chains, but it questions the purpose of the “common” European policy.

International audience; FrançaisLes politiques urbaines visant l’insertion des populations des quartiers irréguliers des villes africaines ont oscillé entre restructuration in situ et lotissement avec déplacements de populations. À Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), les politiques de lotissement ont été privilégiées sous le régime sankariste (1983-87) afin de réduire les inégalités et permettre l’accès de tous à la ville. Mais ces quartiers lotis sont devenus des espaces de conquête foncière et de spéculation. Depuis les années 1990, la poursuite des lotissements, dans le contexte de la décentralisation et de politiques néolibérales, a accru inégalités et tensions sociales entraînant leur suspension en 2011. S’est ouverte une période d’incertitude, avec une augmentation de la population dans ces quartiers, leur diversification socio-économique et la consolidation d’initiatives locales. En parallèle, les réponses politiques, soutenues par l’aide internationale, se sont traduites par une restructuration in situ (voirie, services urbains) avec des effets mitigés. L’ouverture démocratique de 2014 constitue une rupture avec un éclatement de l’action publique et l’implication d’une diversité d’acteurs aux intérêts divergents (société civile, promoteurs immobiliers) et des tensions sociales. Les autorités peinent à élaborer une politique d’insertion urbaine durable des habitants des non lotis et limitant leur extension.

International audience

National audience; Le terme « sociologie » provient de « socius » qui signifie « association », « compagnonnage » et du terme « logos », désignant le « discours sur ». La sociologie est donc étymologiquement un discours sur l'association des êtres humains entre eux, formant de ce fait une « société ». Mais comment se fait-il, alors, que les grandes oeuvres sociologiques traitent si peu de cet aspect de la société qu'est le fait relationnel ? Comment se fait-il également que ces oeuvres aient fréquemment vu cette contradiction sans essayer de, ou sans réussir à lever ce paradoxe ?

The orthodox theory of wage negotiations considers that the trade union monopoly causes a rigidity of real wages which is, itself, the cause of unemployment. The model of this negotiation ("Nash bargaining") only considers situations where negotiations between union and firm succeed. In this article, we attempt to read the WS-PS model from a Keynesian point of view. Our model reflects the fact that successful negotiation is only one case among other situations, including failure where the union expresses a claim that is not necessarily satisfied. Although, in situations close to full employment, there is a bargaining mechanism by which unions and firms reach an agreement, this is not the case in times of massive unemployment. In the latter situation, employment is unilaterally determined by firms, on the basis of previous demand.

This paper analyses the location patterns of audio-visual communication firms, a cultural and creative industry that includes activities related to motion picture, video, and television programme p...

International audience; The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of gender on microfinance social efficiency. Our methodology is based on nonparametric techniques to estimate the gender effect. We use a conditional directional free disposal hull (FDH) approach as well as its robust version of order-; we study the effect of the heterogeneity factor on the difference of conditional and non conditional inefficiencies as well as on the inefficiency level using a local linear regression and we test the significance of its effect using a wild double bootstrap procedure. Using a cross-country sample of 680 microfinance institutes (MFIs) in 2011 from six main regions of the world, our findings suggest that gender diversity has globally a positive impact on the microfinance social efficiency. However, the nature of the effect depends on the considered heterogeneity factor and we find that the boardroom gender diversity effect is linear, whereas the effect of the percentage of women loan officers is non linear (U-shaped on the difference of inefficiencies and inverted U-shaped on the inefficiency levels). We assess the robustness of our findings on various subsamples (global or regional scale, and also depending on the considered profit oriented status). Our findings reinforce the importance of the role played by women in MFI social efficiency.

Financial theory indicates that low interest rates hamper credit risk and profitability, two interrelated components of banks' balance sheets. Using a simultaneous equations framework, we investigate the effects of euro area monetary easing on cooperative banks' performance depending on their commitment to relationship lending. First, we find no evidence of a risk-taking channel of monetary policy for consolidated cooperative banks. Further, the profitability of relationship-based cooperative banks is more severely hit in a low interest rate environment than that of consolidated cooperative banks. This raises issues about the middle-term durability of relationship lending when rates hold "low-for-long". Finally, non-cooperative banks and relationship-based cooperative banks both increase credit risk under accommodating monetary policy. However, we suggest that these similarities do not occur for the same reasons: while non-cooperative banks prioritize profitability through higher credit risk when interest rates fall, relationship-based cooperative banks instead increase their capital buffers to ensure credit access to their customers, which mainly comprise small businesses and high-risk firms.

In France, veterinarians can both prescribe and deliver veterinary medicines, which is a questionable situation from the perspective of antimicrobial use (AMU) reduction to avoid antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This situation places veterinarians in direct commercial relationships with the pharmaceutical industry as purchase contracts are signed between veterinarians and pharmaceutical companies. The aim of the present work is to analyse the relationships between veterinarians and pharmaceutical firms in the oligopoly market context of French veterinary medicine to determine whether the prescription behaviour of practitioners can be biased by joint prescription and delivery. Therefore, we develop an analysis based on principal-agent theory. Contracts between pharmaceutical companies and veterinarians during the 2008–2014 period were analysed based on 382 contracts related to 47 drugs belonging to eight main pharmaceutical firms (2320 observations). The price per unit after rebate of each drug and contract was calculated. The descriptive analysis demonstrated high disparity among the contracts across pharmaceutical firms with regard to the provisions of the contracts and how they are presented. Then, linear regression was used to explain the price per unit after rebate based on the explanatory variables, which included the yearly purchase objective, year, type of drug and type of rebate. The decrease in price per unit after rebate for each extra €1000 purchase objective per drug category was established to be €0.061 per 100 kg body weight for anticoccidiosis treatments, €0.029 per 100 kg body weight for anti-inflammatories, €0.0125 per 100 kg body weight and €0.0845 per animal for antiparasitics, and €0.031 per animal for intramammary antimicrobials. Applying agency theory reveals that veterinarians can be considered agents in the case of monopolistic situations involving pharmaceutical firms, otherwise, veterinarians are considered principals (oligopolistic situations in which at least several medicines have similar indications). The present study does not provide evidence suggesting that joint prescription and delivery may introduce any potential prescription bias linked to conflicts of interest under the market conditions during the 2008–2014 period.

National audience; Après une description de la naissance de la discipline économique et des fondements de l’économie orthodoxe et hétérodoxe, ce manuel est ordonné autour de quatre concepts centraux :le marché,la propriété,la monnaie,la finance.Ces concepts se déclinent en valeur, défaillance du marché, secteur public, entreprise, communs, politique monétaire, Union européenne, etc. Chaque fois sont présentées les principales théories qui étudient le sujet, que celles-ci fassent partie de l’approche dominante ou pas.Cet ouvrage présente ainsi, de façon accessible, la richesse et le pluralisme en économie. Sans entrer dans le détail des théories, mais en donnant le maximum de références pour le faire, sont abordés les faits et les concepts qui ont jalonné l’histoire de la pensée et des faits économiques.

The increasing influx of international immigrants settling in rural communities, where their landing is expected to revitalize communities, has triggered concerns about international immigrants' adaptation and well-being. In this article, we specifically focus on international immigrants' economic integration as a part of their socialization in communities. This article integrates the results of two independent studies, respectively, focusing on rural employers' motivations to hire immigrants and immigrants' integration in rural communities, both taking place in the Canadian Prairie provinces. Based on a survey of 112 employers and 36 in-depth interviews with international immigrants and organizations promoting their integration, we explore the impact of mediating organizations on the well-being of international immigrants. The results highlight that mediating organizations facilitate the sharing of meanings between rural communities' stakeholders, which is key to success for both employers and employees in formalized organizations such as businesses. The results suggest that international immigrants' well-being is facilitated by mediating organizations that foster a dialectical transformation of rural communities where both hosts and immigrants understand each other.

National audience

International audience; Recent developments in the literature on financial architecture suggest that banks and markets not only coexist, but also coevolve in ways that are non-neutral from the viewpoint of optimality. This article aims to analyse the concrete mechanisms of this coevolution by focusing on a very relevant case study: Belgium (the first Continental country to industrialize) at the time of the very first emergence of a modern financial system (the 1830s). The article shows that intermediaries played a crucial role in developing secondary securities markets (as banks acted as securitizers), but market conditions also had a strong feedback on banks’ balance sheets and activities (as banks also acted as market-makers for the securities they had issued). The findings suggest that not only structural, but also cyclical factors can be important determinants of changes in financial architecture.

International audience; Since the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations, sustainability has been a key priority for European governments. While previous studies have investigated the associations between indicators of sustainable development, few have directly considered a multidimensional approach to assess and compare the performance of regions in terms of sustainable development. As such, a comprehensive assessment of regional sustainable performance is thus still needed. In this paper, the concept of sustainability relies on the construction of six composite indices (environment and natural resources, energy transition, sustainable mobility, economic dynamism, social cohesion and solidarity, and governance and citizenship) with the aim to provide an evaluation framework for empirically comparing the performance of the 96 metropolitan French Departments. Each dimension is explored by spatial autocorrelation analysis and Hierarchical Ascending Classification (HAC) to classify French Departments providing five different regional profiles of sustainable development. The findings make it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the departments in the implementation of sustainable development. This approach provides the bases for a systematic monitoring of sustainable development policies at the regional scale.

This paper presents a detailed analysis of how liquid money market instruments -- sterling bills of exchange -- were produced during the first globalisation. We rely on a unique data set that reports systematic information on all 23,493 bills re-discounted by the Bank of England in the year 1906. Using descriptive statistics and network analysis, we reconstruct the complete network of linkages between agents involved in the origination and distribution of these bills. Our analysis reveals the truly global dimension of the London bill market before the First World War and underscores the crucial role played by London intermediaries (acceptors and discounters) in overcoming information asymmetries between borrowers and lenders on this market. The complex industrial organisation of the London money market ensured that risky private debts could be transformed into extremely liquid and safe monetary instruments traded throughout the global financial system., Comment: The Economic History Review, Wiley, In press

International audience; Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EEs) have attracted growing attention in the academic world as well as in policy spheres during this last decade. The internal and systemic mechanics of EEs are now based on solid theoretical and empirical foundations. However, few analyses have addressed how the structure and development of EEs are affected by and affect, in turn, the underlying competitive and regulatory dynamics that play out globally. To fill this gap, first, we use a multi-scalar framework where EEs are defined as local micro-organizations which are embedded both in regional contexts and in global market dynamics. Second, we suggest using the building blocks of EEs as the key components of a historical event analysis applied to the case of the IoT Valley in Toulouse (France), a digital EE dedicated to Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, from 2009 to 2019. This allows us to discern how events and scales work together over time and to offer a more complete and robust view of how EE dynamics result from the kinetics between entrepreneurial forces, regional context, and the worldwide battle between business ecosystems developing IoT platforms.

Nous explorons les collaborations récurrentes des PME impliquées dans les projets innovants financés par la politique des pôles de compétitivité. Nous caractérisons ces PME ainsi que leurs logiques de collaboration, en analysant leurs positions au sein du réseau national résultant de cette politique. Mobilisant une base de 549 projets, nous montrons que ces PME, aux profils variés, sont actives dans l’ensemble des grappes innovantes du réseau, sans cependant jouer un rôle décisif dans l’interconnexion des grappes. La diversité de leurs logiques collaboratives (couplant des proximités et des activités d’intermédiation différentes) leur permet néanmoins de contribuer à structurer le réseau d’ensemble., This paper investigates collaborations implemented by SMEs recurrently taking part to collaborative R&D projects supported by the French cluster policy. We characterize those SMEs and their collaborative patterns based on their respective positions among (but also between) innovative cohesive groups. Thanks to social network analytical methods applied to 549 R&D projects, we show that collaborative SMEs are heterogeneous, yet involved in all the innovative cohesive groups of the network, without playing a decisive role in interconnecting those groups. The diversity of their collaborative logics (coupling different proximities and intermediation activities) however allows them to structure the national innovation network., Estamos estudiando las colaboraciones recurrentes de las PYMES que participan en proyectos innovadores financiados por la política de clusters de competitividad. Caracterizamos estas PYMES y sus lógicas de colaboración, analizando sus posiciones dentro de la red nacional resultante de esta política. Movilizando una base de 549 proyectos, mostramos que estas PYMES, con perfiles variados, son activas en todos los clusters innovadores de la red, sin por ello desempeñar un role decisivo en la interconexión de los clusters. No obstante, la diversidad de sus lógicas de colaboración (acoplando diferentes proximidades y actividades de intermediación) les permite contribuir a la estructuración de la red global.

International audience; Recent years have witnessed a substantial decline of both managed and wild bees in Europe due to the increase of pesticides use. Hence, many European agricultural systems depend on the buy/rental of managed bees in order to maintain sufficient levels of pollination services. However, this substitution of wild bees by managed ones apart from costly may be also ineffective as managed bees are not perfect substitutes for wild ones. In fact, a plethora of ecological studies showed that the presence of both bee species in the field and their complementarity effect generates an enhanced pollination activity which optimizes production. This study tries to evaluate this effect by developing an analytical ecological-economic model displaying farmer’s decisions between two agricultural inputs, pollination services and pesticides. Our results highlight that the economic value of this complementarity may offer to farmers an alternative optimum management strategy. This strategy lies on the production range where managed bees are working together with wild ones, offering an enhanced pollination to the crop production. Moreover, we showed that the adoption of a less toxic pesticide or better application methods by the farmers should increase the wild bees’ productivity and consequently, the total economic value of pollinators.

In a context of adaptation to climate changes, the recent development of hybrids with environmental traits, such as drought-tolerance, rejuvenates the question of farmers’ adoption of varietal innovation. In this article, due to the limitations of econometric models to investigate farmers’ adoption of varietal innovation from an institutionalist perspective, we implement a qualitative design based on semi-structured interviews. The purposive sample of stakeholders involved in several links of the sunflower supply chain is selected in Nouvelle Aquitaine and Occitanie. the two regions leading the French sunflower production. Results show the embeddedness of farmers’ decisions in economic, social, and environmental constraints. Moreover, perceptions and concerns diverge between farmers, distributors, and seed companies. Particularly, seed companies’ optimistic vision about the future of sunflower production is not shared by farmers and distributors. On the one hand, farmers expect genetics to remedy their technical issues, while distributors are concerned by their economic viability. On the other hand, seed companies focus on the Central and Eastern European markets and capitalize on the quality of the French environment for research and development.

International audience; Societal demand for multifunctional agricultural landscapes keeps increasing. To promote such landscapes, it is necessary to identify which components of landscape heterogeneity support multiple ecosystem services, as well as levers of action to promote these landscape properties. The social-ecological theoretical framework for multifunctional landscapes has inspired 40 years of research in the Long Term Socio-Ecological Research site of Vallées et Coteaux de Gascogne (VCG), which is part of the LTSER platform ZA PYGAR located in south-west France. Researchers from different domains of the social and biophysical sciences, have worked together in this LTSER site and gained a multidisciplinary understanding of both drivers of VCG landscape dynamics and the role of landscape heterogeneity for multiple ecosystem services. Local features of the VCG and social systems have interacted with global drivers and lead to the maintenance of a high level of landscape heterogeneity. We show how the different components of landscape heterogeneity influence cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating services. In collaboration with stakeholders, we developed scenarios to explore possible futures for the VCG landscapes and are now integrating models developed for the VCG to assess the consequences of these scenarios on landscape multifunctionality. This synthesis demonstrates how LTSER sites can be particularly relevant to explore the future of multifunctional agricultural landscapes.

International audience; Societal demand for multifunctional agricultural landscapes keeps increasing. To promote such landscapes, it is necessary to identify which components of landscape heterogeneity support multiple ecosystem services, as well as levers of action to promote these landscape properties. The social-ecological theoretical framework for multifunctional landscapes has inspired 40 years of research in the Long Term Socio-Ecological Research site of Vallées et Coteaux de Gascogne (VCG), which is part of the LTSER platform ZA PYGAR located in south-west France. Researchers from different domains of the social and biophysical sciences, have worked together in this LTSER site and gained a multidisciplinary understanding of both drivers of VCG landscape dynamics and the role of landscape heterogeneity for multiple ecosystem services. Local features of the VCG and social systems have interacted with global drivers and lead to the maintenance of a high level of landscape heterogeneity. We show how the different components of landscape heterogeneity influence cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating services. In collaboration with stakeholders, we developed scenarios to explore possible futures for the VCG landscapes and are now integrating models developed for the VCG to assess the consequences of these scenarios on landscape multifunctionality. This synthesis demonstrates how LTSER sites can be particularly relevant to explore the future of multifunctional agricultural landscapes.

International audience; Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat driven by a combination of factors, including antimicrobial use (AMU) and interactions among microorganisms, people, animals and the environment. The emergence and spread of AMR in veterinary medicine (AMR-V) arising from AMU in veterinary medicine (AMU-V) can be linked to individuals' economic behaviour and institutional context. We highlight the limitations of current microeconomic approaches and propose a mesoeconomic conceptual model of AMR-V that integrates actors' strategic and routine behaviours in their context from a dynamic perspective using the concepts of externality, globality and futurity. The global solution to AMR-V management relies on a trade-off between i) the global externality assessment of AMU-V with respect to AMR-V (public perspective) and ii) farm- or value chain-level marginal abatement cost evaluation (private perspective). The improvements realized by the proposed mesoeconomic conceptual model include i) the simultaneous fight against the emergence and spread of AMR-V and ii) a local decrease in AMU-V without any loss of competitiveness for private actors due to the development of adequate production standards. A set of generic equations describing the stepwise change in the scale of analysis is finally proposed. This original contribution to the global challenge of AMR through a mesoeconomic approach bring substantial improvement for better AMU. This model can be considered a way to smoothly promote institutional change and a call for public policies that support public private partnership in the development of adequate incentives. The model requires further development prior to its application in a given value-chain or territory.

International audience

National audience; De multiples services écosystémiques sont rendus dans les paysages agricoles qui contribuent au revenu des agriculteurs (fertilité des sols, pollinisation, régulation des ravageurs), à la santé humaine (qualité et quantité d’eau) et celle des écosystèmes et au bien-être des habitants des territoires (aménités paysagères). La prise en compte des synergies et antagonismes entre l’ensemble de ces SE est en effet nécessaire pour identifier les configurations paysagères permettant les meilleur(s) compromis entre ces différents services en fonction des enjeux identifiés par les acteurs du territoire concernés. Le projet PACSE (Paysages et Compromis entre Services Ecosystémiques, financement 2018-2020 : Région Occitanie), vise à identifier les organisations paysagères les plus performantes pour un bouquet de services écosystémiques (qualité de l’eau, pollinisation et régulation des ravageurs). Il évaluera ensuite les structures de gouvernances qui seraient les plus aptes à favoriser une coordination des pratiques socioprofessionnelles à l’échelle paysagère afin d’assurer le meilleur compromis au sein de ce bouquet de services. Dans ce projet, nous avons intégré trois modèles: (i) un modèle agro-hydrologique semi-distribué de type SWAT (Soil & Water Assessment Tool), (ii) un modèle agro-écologique de distribution spatiale des pollinisateurs et du service de pollinisation et (iii) un modèle économique (basé sur une approche méso-économique). Ce projet est développé en étroite collaboration avec les acteurs du territoire : un groupement d’agriculteurs (Groupement des Agriculteurs de la Gascogne Toulousaine), une coopérative agricole (Val de Gascogne) et un opérateur de terrain de l’agroforesterie (l’association Arbre & Paysage 32). Ces trois modèles sont appliqués sur la Zone Atelier "Pyrénées-Garonne" (ZA PYGAR) et plus particulièrement sur deux sites pilotes déjà instrumentés : les bassins versants de la Save, incluant le bassin versant expérimental d’Auradé (essentiellement grandes cultures), celui de la Nère et du Touch (polyculture élevage). Les débits simulés par le modèle agro-hydrologique montrent de très bonnes corrélations avec les débits observés (Nash-Sutcliff : 0.52 à 0.68 ; R2: 0.51 à 0,61), ainsi que les teneurs en nitrates etles MES (Matières En Suspension). Concernant le volet agro-écologique associé au service de pollinisation, les résultats des simulations soulignent l’importance de la présence d’éléments paysagers fournissant des sites de nidification pour favoriser l’installation des pollinisateurs dans ces paysages. Par ailleurs, la distance à laquelle se situe les ressources florales (ex. bandes fleuries, prairies permanentes) par rapport aux cultures entomophiles (ex. tournesol, colza) semble être cruciale pour éviter que les pollinisateurs ne se détournent de ces cultures. Les premiers résultats du modèle écologique-économique ont montré que le niveau d’adoption des nouvelles pratiques comme la mise en place de bandes fleuries ou de prairies permanentes, dépend principalement de quatre facteurs : i) les caractéristiques économiques et structurelles des exploitations ; ii) les niveaux initiaux d’abeilles sauvages; iii) les disponibilités de main-d’oeuvre de chaque type d’exploitation; et iv) le niveau de coopération entre les agriculteurs. Ces premiers résultats par modèle, devront être confrontés entre eux mais aussi avec les scenarios d’évolution des paysages souhaités par les partenaires sur le territoire étudié. Par la suite, différents mécanismes d’incitation seront conçus, avec la participation des partenaires du territoire.

International audience; Uneven access to broadband has deepened a divide, which sees rural residents struggling with digital technologies (DTs). This situation has resulted in the emergence of creative attitudes to take advantage of the potential of DTs even though full potentiality cannot be accomplished. In this paper, the impact of the utilization of DTs is analyzed through the lens of the community capitals framework. Focus groups and interviews were carried out with youth (outmigration), seniors (ageing), and businesses (survival) in three communities of southern Manitoba, Canada. Building on an emerging concern, two complementary focus groups were conducted with emergency services personnel and residents who experienced emergencies. The results show that the interactions that exist between the resources of rural communities are being reshaped by the progressive adoption and utilization of DTs. Three conditions for rural communities to take full advantage of digital opportunities are highlighted: reliable access, cheap access, and digital skills.

International audience; Urban Living Labs (ULLs) are territorialised socio-technical systems which aim to encourage the deployment of innovative and user-centric experiments in a real environment. Empirical study of two urban experiments supported by two European ULLs, «Lisière d’une Tierce Forêt» supported by Urban Lab of Paris&Co in Paris and «The Circular Kitchen» supported by AMS Institute in Amsterdam, makes it possible to explore their operational and ecosystemic intermediation roles, and their integration into the innovation support policy carried out by European metropolitan areas. This qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews conducted in situ with the contributors to the experiments highlights the innovative nature of the experiments, which is based on the articulation of creativity and innovation strategies of endogenous actors. The study first shows that ULLs contribute to the construction of creative collective dynamics which go beyond the geographical framework of experiments, but which leave users-citizens at a distance from the innovation process. We then analyse how ULLs are mobilised as distant tools for the implementation of local entrepreneurial strategies, while addressing the resolution of emerging and complex territorial issues. By relying on the evidence of the progressive constitution of tangible and intangible resources carried by the ULLs, the article thus illustrates the contribution of these socio-technical systems to a certain «platformisation» of the city.; Les Urban Living Labs (ULLs) sont des dispositifs sociotechniques territorialisés qui visent à encourager le déploiement d’expérimentations innovantes en environnement réel, centrées sur la figure des usagers. L’analyse empirique de deux projets d’expérimentations urbaines accompagnés par deux ULLs européens, « Lisière d’une Tierce Forêt » accompagné par l’Urban Lab de Paris&Co à Paris et « The Circular Kitchen » accompagné par l’AMS Institute à Amsterdam, permet d’explorer leurs rôles d’intermédiation opérationnels et écosystémiques, et leur imbrication dans les stratégies de soutien à l’innovation menées par les métropoles européennes. Cette étude qualitative basée sur des entretiens semi-directifs menés in situ avec les contributeurs des expérimentations met en évidence le caractère innovant des solutions développées, qui s’appuie sur l’articulation de la créativité et des stratégies d’innovation des acteurs endogènes. L’étude montre d’abord que les ULLs contribuent à la construction de dynamiques collectives créatives qui dépassent le cadre géographique de l’expérimentation, mais qui laissent les usagers-citoyens à l’écart des processus d’innovation. Nous analysons ensuite comment les ULLs sont mobilisés comme des outils distanciés pour la mise en œuvre des stratégies entrepreneuriales locales, tout en adressant la résolution d’enjeux territoriaux émergents et complexes. En s’appuyant sur la mise en évidence de la constitution progressive de ressources tangibles et intangibles portée par les ULLs, l’article illustre ainsi la contribution de ces dispositifs à une certaine « plateformisation » de la ville.

International audience; ABSTRACT. We are constantly evolving in multiple organizations and we have to deal with an uninterrupted flow of data and information, which we contribute to feed. These data and information, clearly differentiated in this paper, are neither neutral nor objective but are the result of various operations generated by the organizations that form or use the so-called "data". These operations obey four types of conventions: quantification conventions, contextualization conventions, stating conventions, semiotic conventions, finally. Conventions reflect the doxa and are shaping the norms that frame the economic life and the functioning of organizations. The example of a hospital illustrates these conventions in the article. Another example is used: the added value divide. The balance scorecard of this hospital reflects his performance. The conventions are simultaneously process and result of the action, instituting and instituted, as the "conventionalists" have shown. The conventions and the dispute around them testify to the life of democracy in organizations. The question of the elaboration of conventions is too often ignored and its importance underestimated by the potential actors of the dispute in the organizations and, in particular, the unions.; Isla@univ-tlse2.fr 4 LEREPS, Sciences Po Toulouse, Adrien.Peneranda@sciencespo-toulouse.fr RESUME. Nous évoluons tous en permanence dans de multiples organisations et sommes assaillis par un flux ininterrompu de données et d'informations, flux que nous contribuons à alimenter. Ces données et informations, distinguées dans le texte, ne sont ni neutres ni objectives mais sont le résultat d'opérations diverses générées par les organisations qui forment ou utilisent lesdites « données ». Ces opérations obéissent à quatre types de conventions : des conventions de quantification, des conventions de contextualisation, des conventions d'énonciation, des conventions sémiotiques, enfin. Reflet de la doxa, les conventions en sont aussi le produit et façonnent les normes qui encadrent la vie économique et le fonctionnement des organisations. Deux exemples de travail des conventions dans une organisation sont proposés dans le texte : celui d'un hôpital et du tableau de bord de celui-ci supposé refléter sa performance ; celui du partage de la valeur ajoutée. En même temps cadre et résultat de l'action, instituantes et instituées comme l'ont montré les « conventionnalistes », les conventions et la dispute autour de celles-ci constituent le reflet de la vie de la démocratie dans les organisations. La question de l'élaboration des conventions est trop souvent ignorée et son importance sous-estimée par les acteurs potentiels de la dispute dans les organisations et, singulièrement, les syndicats.

International audience; ABSTRACT. We are constantly evolving in multiple organizations and we have to deal with an uninterrupted flow of data and information, which we contribute to feed. These data and information, clearly differentiated in this paper, are neither neutral nor objective but are the result of various operations generated by the organizations that form or use the so-called "data". These operations obey four types of conventions: quantification conventions, contextualization conventions, stating conventions, semiotic conventions, finally. Conventions reflect the doxa and are shaping the norms that frame the economic life and the functioning of organizations. The example of a hospital illustrates these conventions in the article. Another example is used: the added value divide. The balance scorecard of this hospital reflects his performance. The conventions are simultaneously process and result of the action, instituting and instituted, as the "conventionalists" have shown. The conventions and the dispute around them testify to the life of democracy in organizations. The question of the elaboration of conventions is too often ignored and its importance underestimated by the potential actors of the dispute in the organizations and, in particular, the unions.; Isla@univ-tlse2.fr 4 LEREPS, Sciences Po Toulouse, Adrien.Peneranda@sciencespo-toulouse.fr RESUME. Nous évoluons tous en permanence dans de multiples organisations et sommes assaillis par un flux ininterrompu de données et d'informations, flux que nous contribuons à alimenter. Ces données et informations, distinguées dans le texte, ne sont ni neutres ni objectives mais sont le résultat d'opérations diverses générées par les organisations qui forment ou utilisent lesdites « données ». Ces opérations obéissent à quatre types de conventions : des conventions de quantification, des conventions de contextualisation, des conventions d'énonciation, des conventions sémiotiques, enfin. Reflet de la doxa, les conventions en sont aussi le produit et façonnent les normes qui encadrent la vie économique et le fonctionnement des organisations. Deux exemples de travail des conventions dans une organisation sont proposés dans le texte : celui d'un hôpital et du tableau de bord de celui-ci supposé refléter sa performance ; celui du partage de la valeur ajoutée. En même temps cadre et résultat de l'action, instituantes et instituées comme l'ont montré les « conventionnalistes », les conventions et la dispute autour de celles-ci constituent le reflet de la vie de la démocratie dans les organisations. La question de l'élaboration des conventions est trop souvent ignorée et son importance sous-estimée par les acteurs potentiels de la dispute dans les organisations et, singulièrement, les syndicats.

International audience; We are constantly evolving in multiple organizations and we have to deal with an uninterrupted flow of data and information, which we contribute to feed. These data and information, clearly differentiated in this paper, are neither neutral nor objective but are the result of various operations generated by the organizations that form or use the so-called "data". These operations obey four types of conventions: quantification conventions, contextualization conventions, stating conventions, semiotic conventions, finally. Conventions reflect the doxa and are shaping the norms that frame the economic life and the functioning of organizations. The example of a hospital illustrates these conventions in the article. Another example is used: the added value divide. The balance scorecard of this hospital reflects his performance. The conventions are simultaneously process and result of the action, instituting and instituted, as the "conventionalists" have shown. The conventions and the dispute around them testify to the life of democracy in organizations. The question of the elaboration of conventions is too often ignored and its importance underestimated by the potential actors of the dispute in the organizations and, in particular, the unions.; Nous évoluons tous en permanence dans de multiples organisations et sommes assaillis par un flux ininterrompu de données et d'informations, flux que nous contribuons à alimenter. Ces données et informations, distinguées dans le texte, ne sont ni neutres ni objectives mais sont le résultat d'opérations diverses générées par les organisations qui forment ou utilisent lesdites « données ». Ces opérations obéissent à quatre types de conventions : des conventions de quantification, des conventions de contextualisation, des conventions d'énonciation, des conventions sémiotiques, enfin. Reflet de la doxa, les conventions en sont aussi le produit et façonnent les normes qui encadrent la vie économique et le fonctionnement des organisations. Deux exemples de travail des conventions dans une organisation sont proposés dans le texte : celui d'un hôpital et du tableau de bord de celui-ci supposé refléter sa performance ; celui du partage de la valeur ajoutée. En même temps cadre et résultat de l'action, instituantes et instituées comme l'ont montré les « conventionnalistes », les conventions et la dispute autour de celles-ci constituent le reflet de la vie de la démocratie dans les organisations. La question de l'élaboration des conventions est trop souvent ignorée et son importance sous-estimée par les acteurs potentiels de la dispute dans les organisations et, singulièrement, les syndicats.

International audience; The qualitative longitudinal approach, although potentially adequate, has not received much attention in the field of international migration. Especially, the residential intentions and decisions of migrants are usually studied from a static point of view, which does not explain the phenomenon as a process. This article demonstrates the need for a dynamic and qualitative perspective to explain how intentions / decisions are formed, maintained or reformulated throughout the migratory project. For this, we use the Ukrainian case study in the Community of Madrid, carried out in 4 waves, between 2009 and 2016. Through this study that hat articulates the temporal, spatial and relational dimensions at the same time; we discuss the conceptual, methodological and analytical contributions and challenge of this approach. Among others, we highlight the ability to observe the cognitive causal processes, which allows a deeper understanding of how intentions are modelled and residential decisions are made.; La perspectiva longitudinal cualitativa, aunque potencialmente adecuada, no ha recibido mucha atención en el campo de la migración internacional. Especialmente, las intenciones y decisiones residenciales de los migrantes se suelen estudiar desde un punto de vista estático, lo cual no permite explicar el fenómeno como proceso. El presente artículo demuestra la necesidad de una aproximación dinámica y cualitativa para explicar cómo se forman, mantienen o reformulan las intenciones / decisiones a lo largo del proyecto migratorio. Para ello, se utiliza un estudio de caso ucraniano en la Comunidad de Madrid, realizado en 4 oleadas entre los años 2009 y 2016. Mediante este estudio que articula las dimensiones temporales, espaciales y relacionales a la vez, se explican las aportaciones, pero también las dificultades y los retos conceptuales, metodológicos y analíticos de esta aproximación. Entre otros, se destaca la capacidad de observar los procesos causales cognitivos, lo que posibilita una mayor profundización sobre cómo se modelan las intenciones y toman decisiones residenciales.