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2,454 results on '"Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM )"'

1. Predictive coding feedback results in perceived illusory contours in a recurrent neural network

Author: Callum Biggs O'May, Zhaoyang Pang, Bhavin Choksi, Rufin VanRullen, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute (ANITI), ANR-19-P3IA-0004,ANITI,Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute(2019), ANR-19-NEUC-0004,OsCiDeep,US-France Research Proposal: Oscillatory processes for visual reasoning in deep neural networks(2019), VANRULLEN, Rufin, Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute - - ANITI2019 - ANR-19-P3IA-0004 - P3IA - VALID, US-France Research Proposal: Oscillatory processes for visual reasoning in deep neural networks - - OsCiDeep2019 - ANR-19-NEUC-0004 - NEUC - VALID, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, [INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Computer science, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), Cognitive Neuroscience, media_common.quotation_subject, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Illusion, Convolutional neural network, 050105 experimental psychology, Feedback, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Artificial Intelligence, Perception, Illusory contours, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Visual Cortex, media_common, Artificial neural network, business.industry, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Deep learning, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, Pattern recognition, Illusions, Form Perception, Recurrent neural network, Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, FOS: Biological sciences, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition, Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC), Neural Networks, Computer, Artificial intelligence, business, Photic Stimulation, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Modern feedforward convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can now solve some computer vision tasks at super-human levels. However, these networks only roughly mimic human visual perception. One difference from human vision is that they do not appear to perceive illusory contours (e.g. Kanizsa squares) in the same way humans do. Physiological evidence from visual cortex suggests that the perception of illusory contours could involve feedback connections. Would recurrent feedback neural networks perceive illusory contours like humans? In this work we equip a deep feedforward convolutional network with brain-inspired recurrent dynamics. The network was first pretrained with an unsupervised reconstruction objective on a natural image dataset, to expose it to natural object contour statistics. Then, a classification decision layer was added and the model was finetuned on a form discrimination task: squares vs. randomly oriented inducer shapes (no illusory contour). Finally, the model was tested with the unfamiliar ''illusory contour'' configuration: inducer shapes oriented to form an illusory square. Compared with feedforward baselines, the iterative ''predictive coding'' feedback resulted in more illusory contours being classified as physical squares. The perception of the illusory contour was measurable in the luminance profile of the image reconstructions produced by the model, demonstrating that the model really ''sees'' the illusion. Ablation studies revealed that natural image pretraining and feedback error correction are both critical to the perception of the illusion. Finally we validated our conclusions in a deeper network (VGG): adding the same predictive coding feedback dynamics again leads to the perception of illusory contours., Manuscript under review
Published: 2021

2. Advection, diffusion and linear transport in a single path-sampling Monte-Carlo algorithm : getting insensitive to geometrical refinement

Author: Ibarrart, Loris, Blanco, Stéphane, Caliot, Cyril, Dauchet, Jérémi, Eibner, Simon, El-Hafi, Mouna, Farges, Olivier, Forest, Vincent, Fournier, Richard, Gautrais, Jacques, Konduru, Raj, Penazzi, Léa, Tregan, Jean-Marc, Vourc’h, Thomas, Centre de recherche d'Albi en génie des procédés des solides divisés, de l'énergie et de l'environnement (RAPSODEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), LAboratoire PLasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Procédés, Matériaux et Energie Solaire (PROMES), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pascal (IP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national polytechnique Clermont Auvergne (INP Clermont Auvergne), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire Énergies et Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée (LEMTA ), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Meso-Star, Groupe de Recherche Energétique, Plasmas et Hors Equilibre (LAPLACE-GREPHE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-16-CE01-0010,HIGH-TUNE,Amélioration et calibration des paramétrisations des nuages de couche limite à partir de simulations haute résolution(2016), ANR-21-CE46-0013,MC2,Simulations Monte-Carlo pour la Météorologie et la Climatologie(2021), ANR-18-CE46-0012,MCG-Rad,Calcul par Monte-Carlo des forçages radiatifs à l'échelle globale(2018), ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016), ANR-10-LABX-0016,IMoBS3,Innovative Mobility : Smart and Sustainable Solutions(2010), and ANR-10-LABX-0022,SOLSTICE,Solar Energy, Science, Technology and Innovation for Energy Conversion(2010)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-COMP-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Computational Physics [physics.comp-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph], [SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-DATA-AN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability [physics.data-an]
Abstract: We address the question of numerically simulating the coupling of diffusion, advection and one-speed linear transport with the specific objective of handling increases of the amount, the geometrical refinement and the accuracy level of input data. The computer graphics research community has succeeded in designing Monte Carlo algorithms simulating linear radiation transport in physically realistic scenes with numerical costs that are insensitive to geometrical refinement: adding more details to the scene description does not affect the computation time. The corresponding benefits in terms of engineering flexibility are already fully integrated in the cinema industry and are gradually inherited by the video game industry. We show here that the same insensitivity to the complexity of the geometrical description can also be achieved when considering one-speed linear transport not only alone but coupled with diffusion and advection. Pure linear-transport paths are replaced with advection-diffusion/linear-transport paths constituted of subpaths, each representing one of the three physical phenomena in a recursive manner. Illustration is made with a porous medium involving up to 10000 pores, the computation time being strictly independent of the number of pores.
Published: 2022

3. Intracerebral mechanisms explaining the impact of incidental feedback on mood state and risky choice

Author: Emmanuel J. Barbeau, Agnès Trébuchon, Sylvain Rheims, Julien Bastin, Marie Denuelle, Lorella Minotti, Philippe Kahane, Petr Marusic, Romane Cecchi, Louis Maillard, Fabien Vinckier, Anca Nica, Jiri Hammer, Mathias Pessiglione, [GIN] Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Motivation, cerveau et comportement = Motivation, Brain and Behavior [ICM Paris] (MBB), Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Charles University [Prague] (CU), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), CHU Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-CHU Grenoble, Barbeau, Emmanuel, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU), Motivation, cerveau et comportement = Motivation, Brain and Behavior [Paris] (MBB), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), University Hospital Motol [Prague], Université de Lyon, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: Decision Making, Ventromedial prefrontal cortex, Prefrontal Cortex, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, decision, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, Choice Behavior, broadband gamma, anterior insula, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Feedback, Task (project management), [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, [SHS.PSY] Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Risk-Taking, 0302 clinical medicine, Baseline activity, Mood, Mood state, medicine, Humans, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], reward, 030304 developmental biology, risk, Brain Mapping, 0303 health sciences, Anterior insula, General Immunology and Microbiology, General Neuroscience, oscillatory activity, Brain, General Medicine, electrophysiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Weighting, computational model, Brain state, medicine.anatomical_structure, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cognitive psychology
Abstract: International audience; Identifying factors whose fluctuations are associated with choice inconsistency is a major issue for rational decision theory. Here, we investigated the neuro-computational mechanisms through which mood fluctuations may bias human choice behavior. Intracerebral EEG data were collected in a large group of subjects (n=30) while they were performing interleaved quiz and choice tasks that were designed to examine how a series of unrelated feedbacks affect decisions between safe and risky options. Neural baseline activity preceding choice onset was confronted first to mood level, estimated by a computational model integrating the feedbacks received in the quiz task, and then to the weighting of option attributes, in a computational model predicting risk attitude in the choice task. Results showed that (1) elevated broadband gamma activity (BGA) in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsal anterior insula (daIns) was respectively signaling periods of high and low mood, (2) increased vmPFC and daIns BGA respectively promoted and tempered risk taking by overweighting gain vs. loss prospects. Thus, incidental feedbacks induce brain states that correspond to different moods and bias the evaluation of risky options. More generally, these findings might explain why people experiencing positive (or negative) outcome in some part of their life tend to expect success (or failure) in any other.
Published: 2022

4. Molecular and electrophysiological features of GABAergic neurons in the dentate gyrus reveal limited homology with cortical interneurons

Author: Quentin Perrenoud, Clémence Leclerc, Hélène Geoffroy, Tania Vitalis, Kevin Richetin, Claire Rampon, Thierry Gallopin, Laboratoire Plasticité du Cerveau Brain Plasticity (UMR 8249) (PdC), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale - UMR5169 (CRCA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Rampon, Claire, Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Mice, Multidisciplinary, Interneurons, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Dentate Gyrus, Animals, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], GABAergic Neurons
Abstract: International audience; GABAergic interneurons tend to diversify into similar classes across telencephalic regions. However, it remains unclear whether the electrophysiological and molecular properties commonly used to define these classes are discriminant in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Here, using patch-clamp combined with single cell RT-PCR, we compare the relevance of commonly used electrophysiological and molecular features for the clustering of GABAergic interneurons sampled from the mouse hilus and primary sensory cortex. While unsupervised clustering groups cortical interneurons into well-established classes, it fails to provide a convincing partition of hilar interneurons. Statistical analysis based on resampling indicates that hilar and cortical GABAergic interneurons share limited homology. While our results do not invalidate the use of classical molecular marker in the hilus, they indicate that classes of hilar interneurons defined by the expression of molecular markers do not exhibit strongly discriminating electrophysiological properties.
Published: 2022

5. X-Ray diffraction structure of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of 8-aminoquinoline derivatives (TDMQ), related to the activity of these chelators as potential drugs against Alzheimer's disease

Author: Youzhi Li, Michel Nguyen, Laure Vendier, Anne Robert, Yan Liu, Bernard Meunier, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches (ERL1289), Centre d'investigation clinique de Toulouse (CIC 1436), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Pôle Santé publique et médecine publique [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), NSFC (grant 21502023), Guangdong Province (Program for Innovative Research Teams and Leading Talents Introduction, grant 2050205), GDUT (grant 220418037), CNRS, Gulli, Marie-Hélène, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Pôle Santé publique et médecine publique [CHU Toulouse], Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: 010405 organic chemistry, Copper chelator, Organic Chemistry, [CHIM.COOR] Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, Alzheimer's disease, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, 3. Good health, Analytical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Zinc, 8-aminoquinoline, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, Spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography
Abstract: International audience; TDMQ chelators have been designed as drug-candidates for the regulation of copper homeostasis and for the reduction of the oxidative stress in the brain of Alzheimer's patients. To achieve suitable biological properties and high Cu(II) selectivity in a zinc-rich medium, TDMQ ligands must meet critical coordination chemistry requirements related to the structures of the CuII-TDMQ complexes. The correlation between X-ray diffraction structures of Cu- and Zn-TDMQ complexes and their physicochemical properties should therefore help to draw pertinent correlations between structure and properties of the drug-candidates, and to select the most promising ones for biological studies. Here we report the X-ray structures of single crystals of Cu-TDMQ36, and of the zinc complexes of TDMQ35, TDMQ36 and TDMQ22. Comparison with the already reported structures of other copper and zinc complexes of TDMQ then allows to specify the structure requirement for potentially more efficient drugs.
Published: 2022

6. A prospective behavioral and imaging study exploring the impact on long-term memory of radiotherapy delivered for a brain tumor in childhood and adolescence

Author: Jérémie Pariente, B. Lemesle, Anne Ducassou, Déborah Méligne, Dominique Barbolosi, Helene Gros-Dagnac, Lisa Pollidoro, Eloïse Baudou, Germain Arribarat, Jérémy Danna, Mathilde Cazaux, Patrice Péran, F. Tensaouti, Delphine Larrieu-Ciron, Anne Laprie, Yves Chaix, Anne-Isabelle Bertozzi, Annick Sevely, Marion Gambart, Jean-Pierre Desirat, Xavier Muracciole, Margaux Roques, Jessica Tallet, Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center (ToNIC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse, Departement de Neurologie, Département d'Oncologie Médicale [CHU Toulouse] (IUCT Oncopole - Institut Universitaire du Cancer), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Toulouse - CHU Toulouse-Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopole (IUCT Oncopole - UMR 1037), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Méthodes computationnelles pour la prise en charge thérapeutique en oncologie : Optimisation des stratégies par modélisation mécaniste et statistique (COMPO), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopole (IUCT Oncopole - UMR 1037), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Simulation and Modeling of Adaptive Response for Therapeutics in Cancer (SMARTc), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives [Marseille] (LNC), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Pediatrics, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, R895-920, NTCP, Procedural memory, SRTT, Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine, PFT, WISC, 0302 clinical medicine, Posterior fossa brain tumor, IQ, intellectual quotient, NTCP, normal tissue complication probability, normal tissue complication probability, intellectual quotient, serial reaction time task, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, DFA, discriminating factor analysis, Semantic memory, Episodic memory, 3DT1, T1-weighted imaging, RC254-282, Spectroscopy, posterior fossa tumor, Long-term memory, CMS, pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, Cognition, Executive functions, diffusion tensor imaging, 3. Good health, Oncology, DTI, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, TCP, rs-fMRI, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, medicine.medical_specialty, WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, PFT, posterior fossa tumor, Brain tumor, WAIS, pCASL, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, MEM-III, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Magnetic resonance imaging, Memory, medicine, Wechsler Memory Scale, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Children's Memory Scale, SRTT, serial reaction time task, TCP, tumor control probability, Radiotherapy, Working memory, business.industry, discriminating factor analysis, CMS, Children's Memory Scale, medicine.disease, T1-weighted imaging, tumor control probability, DFA, nervous system, IQ, MEM-III, Wechsler Memory Scale, DTI, diffusion tensor imaging, business, 3DT1, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, rs-fMRI, pCASL, pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling, WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Abstract: Highlights • Common long-term memory defects after pediatric brain tumor affect school achievement • The hippocampi, the cerebellum and cerebellar-cortical networks play a role in several memory systems. • This study will provide long-term neuropsychological data about four different memory systems. • We will investigate the correlations between neuropsychological, neuroimaging and radiotherapy dose data. • Imaging will be structural (3DT1), microstructural (DTI), functional (rs-fMRI), vascular (ASL) and metabolic (spectroscopy)., Background Posterior fossa tumors represent two thirds of brain tumors in children. Although progress in treatment has improved survival rates over the past few years, long-term memory impairments in survivors are frequent and have an impact on academic achievement. The hippocampi, cerebellum and cerebellar-cortical networks play a role in several memory systems. They are affected not only by the location of the tumor itself and its surgical removal, but also by the supratentorial effects of complementary treatments, particularly radiotherapy. The IMPALA study will investigate the impact of irradiation doses on brain structures involved in memory, especially the hippocampi and cerebellum. Methods/design In this single-center prospective behavioral and neuro-imaging study, 90 participants will be enrolled in three groups. The first two groups will include patients who underwent surgery for a posterior fossa brain tumor in childhood, who are considered to be cured, and who completed treatment at least 5 years earlier, either with radiotherapy (aggressive brain tumor; Group 1) or without (low-grade brain tumor; Group 2). Group 3 will include control participants matched with Group 1 for age, sex, and handedness. All participants will perform an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests, including an assessment of the main memory systems, and undergo multimodal 3 T MRI. The irradiation dose to the different brain structures involved in memory will be collected from the initial radiotherapy dosimetry. Discussion This study will provide long-term neuropsychological data about four different memory systems (working memory, episodic memory, semantic memory, and procedural memory) and the cognitive functions (attention, language, executive functions) that can interfere with them, in order to better characterize memory deficits among the survivors of brain tumors. We will investigate the correlations between neuropsychological and neuroimaging data on the structural (3DT1), microstructural (DTI), functional (rs-fMRI), vascular (ASL) and metabolic (spectroscopy) impact of the tumor and irradiation dose. This study will thus inform the setting of dose constraints to spare regions linked to the development of cognitive and memory functions. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04324450, registered March 27, 2020, updated January 25th, 2021. Retrospectively registered, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04324450.
Published: 2022

7. Intraoperative electrostimulation for awake brain mapping: how many positive interference responses are required for reliability?

Author: Jean-Baptiste Durand, Imène Djidjeli, Franck-Emmanuel Roux, Carlo Giussani, Romain Quehan, Emilie Réhault, Roux, F, Djidjeli, I, Quéhan, R, Réhault, E, Giussani, C, Durand, J, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: glioma surgery, education, surgical technique, Brain mapping, Resection, [SCCO]Cognitive science, 03 medical and health sciences, intraoperative stimulation, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, health care economics and organizations, Normal range, Reliability (statistics), Reproducibility, reliability, MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute, Adult patients, business.industry, Current threshold, electrostimulation, General Medicine, Baseline testing, awake surgery, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Anesthesia, brain mapping, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to characterize the reproducibility of language trials within and between brain mapping sessions.METHODSBrain mapping and baseline testing data from 200 adult patients who underwent resection of left-hemisphere tumors were evaluated. Data from 11 additional patients who underwent a second resection for recurrence were analyzed separately to investigate reproducibility over time. In all cases, a specific protocol of electrostimulation brain mapping with a controlled naming task was used to detect language areas, and the results were statistically compared with preoperative and intraoperative baseline naming error rates. All patients had normal preoperative error rates, controlled for educational level and age (mean 8.92%, range 0%–16.25%). Intraoperative baseline error rates within the normal range were highly correlated with preoperative ones (r = 0.74, p < 10−10), although intraoperative rates were usually higher (mean 13.30%, range 0%–26.67%). Initially, 3 electrostimulation trials were performed in each cortical area. If 2 of 3 trials showed language interference, 1 or 2 additional trials were performed (depending on results).RESULTSIn the main group of 200 patients, there were 82 single interferences (i.e., positive results in 1 of 3 trials), 227 double interferences (2/3), and 312 full interferences (3/3). Binomial statistics revealed that full interferences were statistically significant (vs intraoperative baseline) in 92.7% of patients, while double interferences were significant only in 38.5% of patients, those with the lowest error rates. On further testing, one-third of the 2/3 trials became 2/4 trials, which was significant in only one-quarter of patients. Double interference could be considered significant for most patients (> 90%) when confirmed by 2 subsequent positive trials (4/5). In the 11 patients who were operated on twice, only 26% of areas that tested positive in the initial operation tested positive in the second and showed the same type of interference and the same current threshold (i.e., met all 3 criteria).CONCLUSIONSElectrostimulation trials in awake brain mapping produced graded patterns of positive reproducibility levels, and their significance varied with the baseline error rates. The results suggest that caution is warranted when 2 of 3 trials are positive, although the need for additional trials depends on the individual patients’ baseline error rates. Reproducibility issues should be considered in the interpretation of data from awake brain mapping.
Published: 2020

8. Wide-field retinotopy reveals a new visuotopic cluster in macaque posterior parietal cortex

Author: Yves Trotter, Yseut Héjja-Brichard, Jean-Baptiste Durand, Benoit R. Cottereau, Samy Rima, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and TROTTER, Yves
Subjects: Primates, Histology, genetic structures, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Visuotopy, Posterior parietal cortex, Fixation, Ocular, Macaque, [SCCO]Cognitive science, 03 medical and health sciences, Dorsal, 0302 clinical medicine, Foveal, Parietal Lobe, biology.animal, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, medicine, Animals, Visual Pathways, education, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Visual Cortex, 030304 developmental biology, Neurons, Brain Mapping, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, biology, CIP, General Neuroscience, fMRI, [SCCO] Cognitive science, PIP, Anatomy, Sulcus, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Receptive field, Retinotopy, Fixation (visual), Original Article, Female, Photic Stimulation, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: We investigated the visuotopic organization of macaque posterior parietal cortex (PPC) by combining functional imaging (fMRI) and wide-field retinotopic mapping in two macaque monkeys. Whole brain blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal was recorded while monkeys maintained central fixation during the presentation of large rotating wedges and expending/contracting annulus of a “shaking” fruit basket, designed to maximize the recruitment of PPC neurons. Results of the surface-based population receptive field (pRF) analysis reveal a new cluster of four visuotopic areas at the confluence of the parieto-occipital and intra-parietal sulci, in a location previously defined histologically and anatomically as the posterior intra-parietal (PIP) region. This PIP cluster groups together two recently described areas (CIP1/2) laterally and two newly identified ones (PIP1/2) medially, whose foveal representations merge in the fundus of the intra-parietal sulcus. The cluster shares borders with other visuotopic areas: V3d posteriorly, V3A/DP laterally, V6/V6A medially and LIP anteriorly. Together, these results show that monkey PPC is endowed with a dense set of visuotopic areas, as its human counterpart. The fact that fMRI and wide-field stimulation allows a functional parsing of monkey PPC offers a new framework for studying functional homologies with human PPC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00429-020-02134-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2020

9. Etiological assessment of status epilepticus

Author: Jonathan Curot, C. Hein, Alain Viguier, C. Hachon Le Camus, Marie Denuelle, Marie Benaiteau, Luc Valton, F. Rulquin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CCSD, Accord Elsevier, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Hôpital des Enfants
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological, Status epilepticus, Diagnosis, Differential, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, Status Epilepticus, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Orientation (mental), medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Intensive care medicine, Pathological, Aged, Autoimmune encephalitis, business.industry, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Discontinuation, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Neurology, Etiology, Female, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Encephalitis
Abstract: Status epilepticus (SE) is a potentially serious condition that can affect vital and functional prognosis and requires urgent treatment. Etiology is a determining factor in the patient's functional outcome and in almost half of all cases justifies specific treatment to stop progression. Therefore, identifying and addressing the cause of SE is a key priority in SE management. However, the etiology can be difficult to identify among acute and remote causes, which can also be multiple and interrelated. The most common etiologies are the discontinuation of antiepileptic medication in patients with a prior history of epilepsy, and acute brain aggression in cases of new onset SE (cerebrovascular pathologies are the most common). The list of remaining possible etiologies includes heterogeneous pathological contexts. Refractory SE and especially New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE) lead to an extension of the etiological assessment in the search for encephalitis of autoimmune or infectious origin in adults and in children, as well as a genetic pathology in children in particular. This is an overview of current knowledge of SE etiologies and a pragmatic approach for carrying out an etiological assessment based on the following steps: – Which etiological orientation is identified according to the field and clinical presentation?; – Which etiologies to look for in an inaugural SE?; – Which first-line assessment should be carried out? The place of the biological, EEG and imaging assessment is discussed; – Which etiologies to look for in case of refractory SE?
Published: 2020

10. Rhythmic rocking stereotypies in frontal lobe seizures: A quantified video study

Author: Raoul Huys, Jen-Cheng Hou, Fabrice Bartolomei, Monique Thonnat, Aileen McGonigal, McGONIGAL, AILEEN, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Spatio-Temporal Activity Recognition Systems (STARS), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Epilepsies, Lesions Cerebrales et Systemes Neuraux de la Cognition, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Stereotypic Movement Disorder, Video quantification, Audiology, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, Seizure onset, 0302 clinical medicine, Rhythm, Seizures, Physiology (medical), medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Prefrontal cortex, Stereotyped movements, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, business.industry, 05 social sciences, Electroencephalography, Frequency, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Body rocking, Frontal seizures, Frontal Lobe, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Frontal lobe seizures, Neurology, Rocking, Stereotypies, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Neurology (clinical), business, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: International audience; Objectives.-Rhythmic, stereotyped movements occur in some epileptic seizures. We aimed to document time-evolving frequencies of antero-posterior rocking occurring during prefrontal seizures, using a quantitative video analysis. Methods.-Six seizures from 3 patients with prefrontal epilepsy yet different sublobar local-izations were analyzed using a deep learning-based head-tracking method. Results.-Mean rocking frequency varied between patients and seizures (0.37-1.0 Hz). Coefficient of variation of frequency was low (≤ 12%). Discussion.-Regularity of body rocking movements suggests a mechanism involving intrinsic oscillatory generators. Since localization of seizure onset varied within prefrontal cortex across patients, altered dynamics converging on a ''final common pathway'' of seizure propagation involving cortico-subcortical circuits is hypothesized.
Published: 2020

11. Children with Dyslexia Have Altered Cross-Modal Processing Linked to Binocular Fusion. A Pilot Study

Author: Quercia, Patrick, Pozzo, Thierry, Marino, Alfredo, Guillemant, Anne Laure, Cappe, Céline, Gueugneau, Nicolas, UFR Sciences du Sport (STAPS) (Université de Bourgogne), Université de Bourgogne (UB), IIT@UniFe Center for Translational Neurophysiology [Ferrara, Italy], Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Private office [Vicenza, Italy], Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice [Dijon - U1093] (CAPS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: genetic structures, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], multisensory integration, proprioception, Clinical Ophthalmology, developmental dyslexia, ocular proprioception, [SCCO]Cognitive science, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], visual, binocular balance, auditory, [SDV.MHEP.OS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Sensory Organs, Original Research
Abstract: Patrick Quercia, 1 Thierry Pozzo, 2 Alfredo Marino, 3 Anne Laure Guillemant, 1 Céline Cappe, 4 Nicolas Gueugneau 1 1Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, Campus Universitaire, UFR STAPS, BP 27877, F-21078 Dijon, France; INSERM U1093, Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon F-21078, France; 2Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy; 3Private Consultant, Vicenza 36100, Italie; 4Brain and Cognition Research Center, CerCo, CNRS UMR 5549, Toulouse, FranceCorrespondence: Patrick QuerciaMedical Office, 15 Rue du Clair Matin, Beaune 21200, FranceTel +33 6 87822741Email doc.quercia@gmail.comIntroduction: The cause of dyslexia, a reading disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities, is unknown. A considerable body of evidence shows that dyslexics have phonological disorders. Other studies support a theory of altered cross-modal processing with the existence of a pan-sensory temporal processing deficit associated with dyslexia. Learning to read ultimately relies on the formation of automatic multisensory representations of sounds and their written representation while eyes fix a word or move along a text. We therefore studied the effect of brief sounds on vision with a modification of binocular fusion at the same time (using the Maddox Rod test).Methods: To check if the effect of sound on vision is specific, we first tested with sounds and then replaced them with proprioceptive stimulation on 8 muscular sites. We tested two groups of children composed respectively of 14 dyslexic children and 10 controls.Results: The results show transient visual scotoma (VS) produced by sensory stimulations associated with the manipulation of oculomotor balance, the effect being drastically higher in the dyslexic group. The spatial distribution of the VS is stochastic. The effect is not specific for sounds but exists also with proprioceptive stimulations.Discussion: Although there was a very significant difference between the two groups, we were not able to correlate the (VS) occurrence with the dyslexic’s reading performance. One possibility to confirm the link between VS and reading impairment would be to find a specific treatment reducing the occurrence of the VS and to check its effect on dyslexia.Keywords: multisensory integration, developmental dyslexia, ocular proprioception, auditory, visual, proprioception, binocular balance
Published: 2020

12. Deep learning in alternate reality

Author: Rufin VanRullen, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, ANR-19-P3IA-0004,ANITI,Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute(2019), VANRULLEN, Rufin, Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute - - ANITI2019 - ANR-19-P3IA-0004 - P3IA - VALID, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Behavioral Neuroscience, Deep Learning, Social Psychology, genetic structures, Virtual Reality, Humans, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI]
Abstract: International audience; Similarities and differences between deep learning models and primate vision have been the focus of recent research. Audition is, comparatively, less studied. A new report describes the emergence of human-like auditory perception in a deep neural network, and suggests a promising way to relate perceptual behavior to specific aspects of the environment.
Published: 2022

13. Primary plasma cell leukemias displaying t(11;14) have specific genomic, transcriptional, and clinical features

Author: Titouan Cazaubiel, Xavier Leleu, Aurore Perrot, Salomon Manier, Laure Buisson, Sabrina Maheo, Laura Do Souto Ferreira, Romain Lannes, Luka Pavageau, Cyrille Hulin, Jean-Pierre Marolleau, Laurent Voillat, Karim Belhadj, Marion Divoux, Borhane Slama, Sabine Brechignac, Margaret Macro, Anne-Marie Stoppa, Laurence Sanhes, Frédérique Orsini-Piocelle, Jean Fontan, Marie-Lorraine Chretien, Hélène Demarquette, Mohamad Mohty, Anais Schavgoulidze, Herve Avet-Loiseau, Jill Corre, Service d'Hématologie [CHU Poitiers], Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Service d'Hématologie [IUCT Toulouse], Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopole (IUCT Oncopole - UMR 1037), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU de Lille, Service des maladies du sang, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopole (IUCT Oncopole - UMR 1037), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Hôpital Haut-Lévêque [CHU Bordeaux], CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], CHU Amiens-Picardie, HEMATIM - Hématopoïèse et immunologie - UR UPJV 4666 (HEMATIM), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-CHU Amiens-Picardie-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Hospitalier Chalon-sur-Saône William Morey, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université de Lorraine (UL), Avignon Université (AU), Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Service d’Hématologie [Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille], Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC), Centre Hospitalier Saint Jean de Perpignan, Centre Hospitalier Annecy-Genevois [Saint-Julien-en-Genevois], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Service d'Hématologie Clinique (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Hôpital Claude Huriez [Lille], CHU Lille, CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Purpan (CHU Purpan), and CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]
Subjects: Chromosome Aberrations, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Immunology, Humans, Cell Biology, Hematology, Genomics, Multiple Myeloma, Prognosis, Transcriptome, Biochemistry, Leukemia, Plasma Cell
Abstract: Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is an aggressive form of multiple myeloma (MM) that has not benefited from recent therapeutic advances in the field. Because it is very rare and heterogeneous, it remains poorly understood at the molecular level. To address this issue, we performed DNA and RNA sequencing of sorted plasma cells from a large cohort of 90 newly diagnosed pPCL and compared with MM. We observed that pPCL presents a specific genomic landscape with a high prevalence of t(11;14) (about half) and high-risk genomic features such as del(17p), gain 1q, and del(1p32). In addition, pPCL displays a specific transcriptome when compared with MM. We then wanted to characterize specifically pPCL with t(11;14). We observed that this subentity displayed significantly fewer adverse cytogenetic abnormalities. This translated into better overall survival when compared with pPCL without t(11;14) (39.2 months vs 17.9 months, P = .002). Finally, pPCL with t(11;14) displayed a specific transcriptome, including differential expression of BCL2 family members. This study is the largest series of patients with pPCL reported so far.
Published: 2022

14. Bees can be trained to identify SARS-CoV-2 infected samples

Author: Aurore Avarguès-Weber, Jose L. Gonzales, Renate W. Hakze-van der Honing, Alexander Haverkamp, Marcel Dicke, J. Priem, Evangelos Kontos, Aria Samimi, Wim H.M. van der Poel, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale - UMR5169 (CRCA), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Avarguès-Weber, Aurore, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Diagnostic evaluation, computer.software_genre, [SCCO]Cognitive science, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Laboratory of Entomology, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, 0303 health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Diagnostic test, Memory retention, Bees, PE&RC, Virology & Molecular Biology, Detection, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Covid-19, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Biology, Machine learning, Diagnostic system, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Honeybees, 03 medical and health sciences, Bio-informatics & Animal models, Animals, Humans, Learning, Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models, Pandemics, 030304 developmental biology, Epidemiologie, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, [SDV.BA.MVSA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, [SCCO] Cognitive science, Laboratorium voor Entomologie, Olfaction, Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, Odorants, SARS-CoV2, [SDV.BA.ZI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Artificial intelligence, EPS, business, computer, Conditioning
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated the need for the development of fast and reliable testing methods for novel, zoonotic, viral diseases in both humans and animals. Pathologies lead to detectable changes in the Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) profile of animals, which can be monitored, thus allowing the development of a rapid VOC-based test. In the current study, we successfully trained honeybees (Apis mellifera) to identify SARS-CoV-2 infected minks (Neovison vison) thanks to Pavlovian conditioning protocols. The bees can be quickly conditioned to respond specifically to infected mink’s odours and could therefore be part of a wider SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic system. We tested two different training protocols to evaluate their performance in terms of learning rate, accuracy and memory retention. We designed a non-invasive rapid test in which multiple bees are tested in parallel on the same samples. This provided reliable results regarding a subject’s health status. Using the data from the training experiments, we simulated a diagnostic evaluation trial to predict the potential efficacy of our diagnostic test, which yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 86%. We suggest that a honeybee-based diagnostics can offer a reliable and rapid test that provides a readily available, low-input addition to the currently available testing methods. A honeybee-based diagnostic test might be particularly relevant for remote and developing communities that lack the resources and infrastructure required for mainstream testing methods.
Published: 2022

15. DAROD: A Deep Automotive Radar Object Detector on Range-Doppler maps

Author: Colin Decourt, Rufin VanRullen, Didier Salle, Thomas Oberlin, Decourt, Colin, Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute - - ANITI2019 - ANR-19-P3IA-0004 - P3IA - VALID, Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute (ANITI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), NXP Semiconductors [France], ANR-19-P3IA-0004,ANITI,Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute(2019), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), NXP Semiconductors (FRANCE), Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute - ANITI (FRANCE), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Range-doppler, [INFO.INFO-CV] Computer Science [cs]/Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [cs.CV], Autre, Object detection, [INFO.INFO-CV]Computer Science [cs]/Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [cs.CV], Automotive radar, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI]
Abstract: International audience; Due to the small number of raw data automotive radar datasets and the low resolution of such radar sensors, automotive radar object detection has been little explored with deep learning models in comparison to camera and lidarbased approaches. However, radars are low-cost sensors able to accurately sense surrounding object characteristics (e.g., distance, radial velocity, direction of arrival, radar crosssection) regardless of weather conditions (e.g., rain, snow, fog). Recent open-source datasets such as CARRADA, RADDet or CRUW have opened up research on several topics ranging from object classification to object detection and segmentation. In this paper, we present DAROD, an adaptation of Faster R-CNN object detector for automotive radar on the range-Doppler spectra. We propose a light architecture for features extraction, which shows an increased performance compare to heavier vision-based backbone architectures. Our models reach respectively an mAP@0.5 of 55.83 and 46.57 on CARRADA and RADDet datasets, outperforming competing methods.
Published: 2022

16. Real-world costs of illness of Hodgkin and the main B-Cell Non-Hodgkin lymphomas in France

Author: Dominique Petiot, Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre, Michael Mounié, Guy Laurent, Cécile Conte, Didier Fabre, Laurent Molinier, Fabien Despas, Nadège Costa, Nicolas Savy, Epidémiologie et analyses en santé publique : risques, maladies chroniques et handicaps (LEASP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse (UT), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Service Hématologie - IUCT-Oncopole [CHU Toulouse], Pôle Biologie [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Pôle IUCT [CHU Toulouse], Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopole (IUCT Oncopole - UMR 1037), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse UMR5219 (IMT), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Service d'hématologie, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, Pediatrics, Lymphoma, Follicular lymphoma, Transportation, Efficiency, Health administration, 0302 clinical medicine, immune system diseases, hemic and lymphatic diseases, cost evaluation, Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma, Lymphoma, Follicular, health care economics and organizations, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, 030503 health policy & services, Health Policy, Middle Aged, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Hodgkin Disease, 3. Good health, Hospitalization, Cost driver, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Costs and Cost Analysis, Health Resources, Female, France, Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse, 0305 other medical science, administrative claims databases, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Antineoplastic Agents, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, French health insurance, JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare/I.I1 - Health/I.I1.I18 - Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Humans, real-world evidence, education, Aged, Retrospective Studies, business.industry, Retrospective cohort study, medicine.disease, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Health Expenditures, business, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Abstract: International audience; Background: Lymphomas are costly diseases that suffer from a lack of detailed economic information, notably in a real-world setting. Decision-makers are increasing the search for Real-World Evidence (RWE) to assess the impact, in real-life, of healthcare management and to support their public decisions. Thus, we aimed to assess the real-world net costs of the active treatment phases of adult Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL), Follicular Lymphoma (FL) and Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL).Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study using population-based data from a national representative sample of the French population covered by the health insurance system. Cost analysis was performed from the French health insurance perspective and took into account direct and sick leave compensation costs (e2,018). Healthcare costs were studied over the active treatment phase. We used multivariate modeling to adjust cost differences between lymphoma subtypes.Results: Analyses were performed on 224 lymphoma patients and 896 controls. The mean additional monthly costs due to HL, FL and DLBCL patients were respectively e5,188, e3,242 and e7,659 for the active treatment phase. The main additional cost driver was principally inpatient stay (hospitalization costs and costly cancer-related drugs), followed by outpatient medication and productivity loss. When adjusted, DLBCL remains significantly the most costly lymphoma subtype.Conclusion: This study provides an accurate assessment of the main lymphoma subtypes related cost with high magnitude of details in a real-world setting. We underline where potential cost saving could be realized via the use of biosimilar medication, and where lymphoma management could be improved with the early management of adverse events.
Published: 2019

17. Multimodal neural networks better explain multivoxel patterns in the hippocampus

Author: Bhavin Choksi, Milad Mozafari, Rufin VanRullen, Leila Reddy, Reddy, Leila, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, MEthodes et ingénierie des Langues, des Ontologies et du DIscours (IRIT-MELODI), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute (ANITI), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, concept cells, Computer Science - Machine Learning, genetic structures, Cognitive Neuroscience, education, [INFO] Computer Science [cs], Hippocampus, Machine Learning (cs.LG), neuroscience, [SCCO]Cognitive science, Artificial Intelligence, Humans, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE), multimodal networks, Neurons, fMRI, Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing, deep learning, [SCCO] Cognitive science, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, nervous system, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition, FOS: Biological sciences, Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC), Neural Networks, Computer
Abstract: The human hippocampus possesses "concept cells", neurons that fire when presented with stimuli belonging to a specific concept, regardless of the modality. Recently, similar concept cells were discovered in a multimodal network called CLIP (Radford et at., 2021). Here, we ask whether CLIP can explain the fMRI activity of the human hippocampus better than a purely visual (or linguistic) model. We extend our analysis to a range of publicly available uni- and multi-modal models. We demonstrate that "multimodality" stands out as a key component when assessing the ability of a network to explain the multivoxel activity in the hippocampus., Comment: Oral at SVRHM Workshop (NeurIPS 2021)
Published: 2021

18. Deep Residual Learning in Spiking Neural Networks

Author: Wei Fang, Zhaofei Yu, Yanqi Chen, Tiejun Huang, Timothee Masquelier, Yonghong Tian, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Masquelier, Timothée
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, [INFO.INFO-CV] Computer Science [cs]/Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [cs.CV], [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing, [INFO.INFO-CV]Computer Science [cs]/Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [cs.CV], Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE), [INFO.INFO-LG] Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG]
Abstract: Deep Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) present optimization difficulties for gradient-based approaches due to discrete binary activation and complex spatial-temporal dynamics. Considering the huge success of ResNet in deep learning, it would be natural to train deep SNNs with residual learning. Previous Spiking ResNet mimics the standard residual block in ANNs and simply replaces ReLU activation layers with spiking neurons, which suffers the degradation problem and can hardly implement residual learning. In this paper, we propose the spike-element-wise (SEW) ResNet to realize residual learning in deep SNNs. We prove that the SEW ResNet can easily implement identity mapping and overcome the vanishing/exploding gradient problems of Spiking ResNet. We evaluate our SEW ResNet on ImageNet, DVS Gesture, and CIFAR10-DVS datasets, and show that SEW ResNet outperforms the state-of-the-art directly trained SNNs in both accuracy and time-steps. Moreover, SEW ResNet can achieve higher performance by simply adding more layers, providing a simple method to train deep SNNs. To our best knowledge, this is the first time that directly training deep SNNs with more than 100 layers becomes possible. Our codes are available at https://github.com/fangwei123456/Spike-Element-Wise-ResNet., Accepted by Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) 2021
Published: 2021

19. Theta-phase dependent neuronal coding during sequence learning in human single neurons

Author: Benedikt Zoefel, Sander Idema, Marlène Poncet, Matthew W. Self, Judith C. Peters, Pieter R. Roelfsema, Leila Reddy, Johannes C. Baayen, Rufin VanRullen, Jessy K. Possel, Adult Psychiatry, ANS - Systems & Network Neuroscience, Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-18-CE37-0007,AI-REPS,Intelligence Artificielle et Humaine: des représentations sémantiques communes?(2018), ANR-19-NEUC-0004,OsCiDeep,US-France Research Proposal: Oscillatory processes for visual reasoning in deep neural networks(2019), ANR-19-P3IA-0004,ANITI,Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute(2019), Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Systems & Network Neuroscience, University of St Andrews. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, RS: FPN CN 1, Vision, and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN)
Subjects: Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], General Physics and Astronomy, Hippocampus, Action Potentials, Local field potential, 0302 clinical medicine, Premovement neuronal activity, Theta Rhythm, Physics, Neurons, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Cognition, Human brain, Temporal Lobe, medicine.anatomical_structure, CELL ASSEMBLIES, Female, Sequence learning, RC0321 Neuroscience. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Adult, Adolescent, TOOLBOX, Quantitative Biology::Tissues and Organs, Science, Models, Neurological, Stimulus (physiology), General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Temporal lobe, Neuronal coding, PRECESSION, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, WORKING-MEMORY, Encoding (memory), medicine, OSCILLATIONS, Humans, Learning, 030304 developmental biology, Sequence (medicine), Epilepsy, Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, Working memory, RECOGNITION, DAS, Cognitive neuroscience, MEDIAL TEMPORAL-LOBE, General Chemistry, nervous system, RC0321, HIPPOCAMPUS, Neuron, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Photic Stimulation
Abstract: The ability to maintain a sequence of items in memory is a fundamental cognitive function. In the rodent hippocampus, the representation of sequentially organized spatial locations is reflected by the phase of action potentials relative to the theta oscillation (phase precession). We investigated whether the timing of neuronal activity relative to the theta brain oscillation also reflects sequence order in the medial temporal lobe of humans. We used a task in which human participants learned a fixed sequence of pictures and recorded single neuron and local field potential activity with implanted electrodes. We report that spikes for three consecutive items in the sequence (the preferred stimulus for each cell, as well as the stimuli immediately preceding and following it) were phase-locked at distinct phases of the theta oscillation. Consistent with phase precession, spikes were fired at progressively earlier phases as the sequence advanced. These findings generalize previous findings in the rodent hippocampus to the human temporal lobe and suggest that encoding stimulus information at distinct oscillatory phases may play a role in maintaining sequential order in memory., Previous work has shown that in rodents phase precession – the phase of action potentials relative to the theta oscillation – is associated with the representation of sequential locations. Here the authors demonstrate that phase precession also occurs in the human hippocampus using single neuron and LFP recordings.
Published: 2021

20. Scalable Batch Fabrication of Ultrathin Flexible Neural Probes using Bioresorbable Silk Layer

Author: David Bourrier, Clement Cointe, Ali Maziz, Adrian Laborde, Christian Bergaud, Lionel G. Nowak, Équipe Microsystèmes électromécaniques (LAAS-MEMS), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Service Techniques et Équipements Appliqués à la Microélectronique (LAAS-TEAM), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Flexibility (engineering), Computer science, Brain research, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Brain tissue, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0302 clinical medicine, SILK, Parylene, chemistry, Scalability, Batch fabrication, 0210 nano-technology, Layer (electronics), 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Flexible deep brain probes have been the focus of many research works and aims at achieving better compliance with the surrounding brain tissue while maintaining minimal rejection. Strategies have been explored to find the best way to implant a flexible probe in the brain, while maintaining its flexibility once positioned in the cortex. Here, we present a novel and versatile scalable batch fabrication approach to deliver ultra-thin and flexible penetrating neural probe consisting of a silk-parylene bilayer. The biodegradable silk layer provides a temporary and programmable stiffener to ensure ease of insertion of the ultrathin parylene-based flexible devices. The innovative and yet robust batch fabrication technology allows complete design freedom of the neural probe in terms of materials, size, shape and thickness. These results provide a novel technological solution for implanting ultra-flexible and ultrathin devices, which possesses great potential for brain research.
Published: 2021

21. 3D density maps: A powerful tool for studying sulcal imprint variation on extant human endocasts

Author: De Jager, Edwin, Risser, Laurent, Fonta, Caroline, Mescam, Muriel, Beaudet, Amélie, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Fonta, Caroline
Subjects: [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Key questions in paleoneurology concern the timing and emergence of derived cerebral features of modern humans. Endocasts (i.e., a replica of the internal table of the bony brain case) constitute a proxy for reconstructing a timeline for hominin brain evolution in the fossil record. The identification of cerebral imprints is critical for assessing the topographic extension and structural organisation of cortical areas, however, describing these crucial landmarks in fossil endocasts is challenging due to the fragmentary nature of fossil specimens. The application of high-resolution imaging techniques combined with established methods used in population specific brain atlases offers new opportunities for tracking detailed endocranial cerebral characteristics. In this context, our study aims to provide an atlas that documents variation in extant human endocranial sulcal patterns for subsequent use as a comparative platform for the study of the fossil record. Dry human crania from the Pretoria Bone Collection were scanned using micro-CT at Necsa, Pelindaba (South Africa). Endocasts were virtually extracted and sulci were detected using freely available automatic techniques. Using a customized open source MATLAB script we manually labelled the sulci that could be identified. Finally, a density map method was applied to project all the labels onto an averaged endocast and to visualise the mean distribution of each identified sulcal imprint. In providing an innovative, non-invasive, observer-independent method to investigate human endocranial structural organisation, our analytical protocol introduces a promising perspective for future endocranial research in paleoneurology and for discussing well-founded hypotheses on the evolution of cognitive abilities among hominins.
Published: 2021

22. Oscillation or not – why we can and need to know (commentary on Doelling and Assaneo, 2021)

Author: Sander van Bree, Benedikt Zoefel, Andrea Alamia, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], University of Glasgow, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, General Neuroscience, neural oscillations, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Mechanics, Cognitive neuroscience, Entrainment, 03 medical and health sciences, cognitive neuroscience, [SCCO]Cognitive science, 0302 clinical medicine, Need to know, brain dynamics, biophysics, Oscillation (cell signaling), Psychology, Entrainment (chronobiology), 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: International audience; Neural oscillations are pivotal to brain function and cognition, but they can be difficult to identify. Researchers engage in careful experimentation to identify their presence, ruling out non-oscillatory processes that could give rise to a similar response. Recently, Doelling and Assaneo have argued against these efforts on the basis that oscillators are heterogeneous, which makes the line to non-oscillators blurred and thereby meaningless to draw. Here, we offer our opposing viewpoint, arguing that we can know whether oscillations are involved, and that we need to know. First, we can know because there are unique properties that only oscillators have, which can be reliably used to identify them – the line is not blurred. These unique properties include eigenfrequency, Arnold Tongue, convergence, and independence. Second, we need to know because there are shared properties, which all oscillators or all oscillators within a subclass have. These shared properties comprise all the information we get once we know there is an oscillator, including neurophysiological, functional, and methodological properties – the fruits of decades of research. We argue that identifying oscillators is crucial for the advancement of research fields as it constrains the possible neural dynamics involved and allows us to make informed predictions on a variety of levels. While neural oscillations are the start and not the end, we have to reach that start.
Published: 2021

23. A non-invasive radar system for automated behavioural tracking: application to sheep

Author: Lihoreau Mathieu, Jean-François Bompard, Alain Boissy, Mathieu Lihoreau, Hervé Aubert, Dominique Henry, Mathieu Bonneau, D. Hazard, Edmond Ricard, Alexandre Dore, Cristian Pasquaretta, Équipe MIcro et Nanosystèmes pour les Communications sans fil (LAAS-MINC), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale - UMR5169 (CRCA), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage (GenPhySE ), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-20-ERC8-0004,BEE-MOVE,Pollination ecology: how do bees move across the landscape and fashion plant reproduction?(2020), ANR-19-CE37-0024,3DNaviBee,How do bees solve navigational challenges in 3D?(2019), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Mathieu, Lihoreau, Pollination ecology: how do bees move across the landscape and fashion plant reproduction? - - BEE-MOVE2020 - ANR-20-ERC8-0004 - T-ERC - VALID, How do bees solve navigational challenges in 3D? - - 3DNaviBee2019 - ANR-19-CE37-0024 - AAPG2019 - VALID, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Ovis aries, Computer science, computational ethology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Real-time computing, corridor test, behavioural phenotyping, 02 engineering and technology, Ethology, Tracking (particle physics), Radar systems, Field (computer science), law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, [SCCO]Cognitive science, law, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Radar, radar tracking, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Estimator, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Tracking system, [SCCO] Cognitive science, Power (physics), business
Abstract: Automated quantification of the behaviour of freely moving animals is increasingly needed in ethology, ecology, genetics and evolution. State-of-the-art approaches often require tags to identify animals, high computational power for data collection and processing, and are sensitive to environmental conditions, which limits their large-scale utilisation. Here we introduce a new automated tracking system based on millimetre-wave radars for real time robust and high precision monitoring of untagged animals. To validate our system, we tracked 64 sheep in a standard indoor behavioural test used for genetic selection. First, we show that the proposed radar application is faster and more accurate than conventional video and infrared tracking systems. Next, we illustrate how new behavioural estimators can be derived from the radar data to assess personality traits in sheep for behavioural phenotyping. Finally, we demonstrate that radars can be used for movement tracking at larger spatial scales, in the field, by adjusting operating frequency and radiated electromagnetic power. Millimetre-wave radars thus hold considerable promises for high-throughput recording of the behaviour of animals with various sizes and locomotor modes, in different types of environments.
Published: 2021

24. Cortical sensorimotor activity in the execution and suppression of discrete and rhythmic movements

Author: Jean-Christophe Buisson, Mario Hervault, Pier-Giorgio Zanone, Raoul Huys, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Argumentation, Décision, Raisonnement, Incertitude et Apprentissage (IRIT-ADRIA), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), and Huys, Raoul
Subjects: Adult, Male, [INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Brain activity and meditation, Science, media_common.quotation_subject, Movement, Sensory system, Cognitive neuroscience, Electroencephalography, Somatosensory system, 050105 experimental psychology, Article, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], 03 medical and health sciences, [SCCO]Cognitive science, 0302 clinical medicine, Rhythm, Motor control, Perception, medicine, Humans, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, media_common, Cued speech, Multidisciplinary, Lateralized readiness potential, medicine.diagnostic_test, 05 social sciences, [SCCO] Cognitive science, Medicine, Female, Sensorimotor Cortex, Beta Rhythm, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Although the engagement of sensorimotor cortices in movement is well documented, the functional relevance of brain activity patterns remains ambiguous. Especially, the cortical engagement specific to the pre-, within-, and post-movement periods is poorly understood. The present study addressed this issue by examining sensorimotor EEG activity during the performance as well as STOP-signal cued suppression of movements pertaining to two distinct classes, namely, discrete vs. ongoing rhythmic movements. Our findings indicate that the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), which is classically used as a marker of pre-movement processing, indexes multiple pre- and in- movement-related brain dynamics in a movement-class dependent fashion. In- and post-movement event-related (de)synchronization (ERD/ERS) observed in the Mu (8–13 Hz) and Beta (15–30 Hz) frequency ranges were associated with estimated brain sources in both motor and somatosensory cortical areas. Notwithstanding, Beta ERS occurred earlier following cancelled than actually performed movements. In contrast, Mu power did not vary. Whereas Beta power may reflect the evaluation of the sensory predicted outcome, Mu power might engage in linking perception to action. Additionally, the rhythmic movement forced stop (only) showed a post-movement Mu/Beta rebound, which might reflect an active "clearing-out" of the motor plan and its feedback-based online control. Overall, the present study supports the notion that sensorimotor EEG modulations are key markers to investigate control or executive processes, here initiation and inhibition, which are exerted when performing distinct movement classes.
Published: 2021

25. Building memories on prior knowledge: behavioral and fMRI evidence of impairment in early Alzheimer’s disease

Author: Pierre-Yves Jonin, Emmanuel J. Barbeau, Elise Bannier, Serge Belliard, Christian Barillot, Quentin Duché, Jean-Christophe Ferré, Isabelle Corouge, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Empenn, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SIGNAUX ET IMAGES NUMÉRIQUES, ROBOTIQUE (IRISA-D5), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Service de Neurologie [CHU Rennes], CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Département de Radiologie [CHU de Rennes], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Barbeau, Emmanuel, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Neuroimagerie: méthodes et applications (EMPENN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SIGNAL, IMAGE ET LANGAGE (IRISA-D6), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Université de Rennes (UR), Bannier, Elise, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-CentraleSupélec-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)
Subjects: Male, Aging, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Disease, Audiology, Hippocampus, Task (project management), [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Healthy Aging, Recognition memory, 0302 clinical medicine, Perirhinal cortex, Age of Onset, General Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, fMRI, Healthy subjects, Content-addressable memory, Impaired memory, Alzheimer's disease, Hippocampal region, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Healthy Volunteers, Prior knowledge, Knowledge, medicine.anatomical_structure, Female, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, Psychology, medicine.medical_specialty, 050105 experimental psychology, Source memory, [SHS.PSY] Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Alzheimer Disease, Memory, Encoding (memory), medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, In patient, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Aged, [SDV.IB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Behavior, Association Learning, Healthy elderly, Face, Neurology (clinical), Geriatrics and Gerontology, Neuroscience, Photic Stimulation, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Developmental Biology
Abstract: Impaired memory is a hallmark of prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Prior knowledge associated with the memoranda has proved to have a powerful effect on memory in healthy subjects. Yet, barely nothing is known about its effect in early AD. We used functional MRI to ask whether prior knowledge enhanced memory encoding in early AD and whether the nature of prior knowledge mattered. Early AD patients and healthy controls underwent a task-based fMRI experiment, being scanned while learning face-scene associations. Famous faces carried Pre-Experimental Knowledge (PEK) while unknown faces repeatedly familiarized prior to learning carried Experimental Knowledge (EK). As expected, PEK increased subsequent memory in healthy elderly. However, patients did not benefit from PEK. Partly non-overlapping brain networks supported PEK vs. EK encoding in healthy controls. Patients displayed impaired activation in a right subhippocampal region where activity predicted successful associative memory formation of PEK stimuli. These findings call for a thorough consideration of how prior knowledge impacts learning and suggest a possible underestimation of the extent of associative memory impairment in early AD.HighlightsLearning is impaired in prodromal AD, but we currently ignore whether prior knowledge available at encoding promotes learning in AD as it does in healthy controls.Patients with AD failed to benefit from pre-experimental prior knowledge (famous faces) by comparison with experimental knowledge (unknown but familiarized faces).fMRI responses at study revealed distinct networks underlying associative encoding for both pre-experimental and experimental knowledge.A subsequent memory effect found in control subjects for associations carrying pre-experimental knowledge in the right subhippocampal structures, including the perirhinal cortex, was absent in patients.Pre-experimental knowledge-based associative encoding relies on brain regions specifically targeted by early tau pathology.Using unfamiliar materials to probe memory in early AD might underestimate learning impairment.
Published: 2021

26. Plasticity and cerebral reorganization: an update

Author: Toba, Monica, Barbeau, Emmanuel, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies - UR UPJV 4559 (LNFP), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Barbeau, Emmanuel, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
Subjects: [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

27. Oscillation or not – why we can and need to know

Author: Sander van Bree, Andrea Alamia, Benedikt Zoefel, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], University of Glasgow, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SCCO]Cognitive science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract: Neural oscillations are pivotal to brain function and cognition, but they can be difficult to identify. Researchers engage in careful experimentation to identify their presence, ruling out non-oscillatory processes that could give rise to a similar response. Recently, Doelling and Assaneo have argued against these efforts on the basis that oscillators are heterogeneous, which makes the line to non-oscillators blurred and thereby meaningless to draw. Here, we offer our opposing viewpoint, arguing that we can know whether oscillations are involved, and that we need to know. First, we can know because there are unique properties that only oscillators have, which can be reliably used to identify them – the line is not blurred. These unique properties include eigenfrequency, Arnold Tongue, convergence, and independence. Second, we need to know because there are shared properties, which all oscillators or all oscillators within a subclass have. These shared properties comprise all the information we get once we know there is an oscillator, including neurophysiological, functional, and methodological properties – the fruits of decades of research. We argue that identifying oscillators is crucial for the advancement of research fields as it constrains the possible neural dynamics involved and allows us to make informed predictions on a variety of levels. While neural oscillations are the start and not the end, we have to reach that start.
Published: 2021

28. Symmetry Processing in the Macaque Visual Cortex

Author: Benoit R. Cottereau, Peter J. Kohler, Yseult Héjja-Brichard, Anthony M. Norcia, Jean-Baptiste Durand, Pauline Audurier, Vanessa De Castro, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Stanford University
Subjects: Rotation, Cognitive Neuroscience, nonhuman primate, Macaque, 050105 experimental psychology, Visual processing, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Reflection symmetry, Neuroimaging, biology.animal, medicine, Animals, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Primate, 030304 developmental biology, Visual Cortex, symmetry, Physics, 0303 health sciences, Brain Mapping, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, Texture (cosmology), [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, fMRI, macaque, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, Macaca, Symmetry (geometry), Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Mirror symmetry, Rotation (mathematics), Neuroscience, texture, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Symmetry is a highly salient feature of the natural world that is perceived by many species of the animal kingdom and that impacts a large array of behaviours such as partner selection or food choice. In humans, the cerebral areas processing symmetry are now well identified from neuroimaging measurements. However, we currently lack an animal model to explore the underlying neural mechanisms. Macaque is a potentially good candidate, but a previous comparative study (1) found that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses to mirror symmetry in this species were substantially weaker than those observed in humans under similar experimental conditions. Here, we re-examined symmetry processing in macaques from a broader perspective, using both rotation (experiment 1) and reflection (experiment 2) symmetry. Our experimental design was directly derived from that of a previous human fMRI study (2), in order to facilitate the comparison between the two primate species. Highly consistent responses to symmetry were found in a large network of areas (notably V3, V3A, V4, V4A and PITd), in line with what has been observed in humans. Within this network, response properties in areas V3 and V4 (notably their dependency on the rotation symmetry order) were strikingly similar to those observed in their human counterparts. Our results suggest that the cortical networks that process symmetry in humans and macaques are much more similar than previously reported and point toward macaque as a relevant model for understanding symmetry processing.Significance statementSymmetry processing is an important aspect of human visual perception. We currently lack an animal model for characterizing the neural mechanisms that underlie it at the microscopic scale. Here, we use fMRI measurements in macaques to demonstrate that the cortical responses to symmetry in this species are comparable to those observed in humans under similar experimental conditions to a much higher extent than previously documented. Our results call for a re-examination of the relevance of the macaque model for symmetry processing in humans and open the door to an exploration of the underlying neural mechanisms at the single-cell level, notably in V3, an area often neglected in most current models of visual processing.
Published: 2021

29. Supra-normal skills in processing of visuo-auditory prosodic information by cochlear-implanted deaf patients

Author: Pascal Barone, Mathieu Marx, Kuzma Strelnikov, Anne Lasfargues-Delannoy, Olivier Deguine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Purpan (CHU Purpan), CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet [Toulouse], Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and BARONE, Pascal
Subjects: Auditory perception, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, medicine.medical_treatment, Deafness, Audiology, Paralanguage, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cochlear implant, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, medicine, Psychophysics, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Prosody, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 05 social sciences, Multisensory integration, Cochlear Implantation, Sensory Systems, Comprehension, Cochlear Implants, Acoustic Stimulation, [SCCO.PSYC] Cognitive science/Psychology, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, Speech Perception, Eye tracking, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Cochlear implanted (CI) adults with acquired deafness are known to depend on multisensory integration skills (MSI) for speech comprehension through the fusion of speech reading skills and their deficient auditory perception. But, little is known on how CI patients perceive prosodic information relating to speech content. Our study aimed to identify how CI patients use MSI between visual and auditory information to process paralinguistic prosodic information of multimodal speech and the visual strategies employed. A psychophysics assessment was developed, in which CI patients and hearing controls (NH) had to distinguish between a question and a statement. The controls were separated into two age groups (young and aged-matched) to dissociate any effect of aging. In addition, the oculomotor strategies used when facing a speaker in this prosodic decision task were recorded using an eye-tracking device and compared to controls. This study confirmed that prosodic processing is multisensory but it revealed that CI patients showed significant supra-normal audiovisual integration for prosodic information compared to hearing controls irrespective of age. This study clearly showed that CI patients had a visuo-auditory gain more than 3 times larger than that observed in hearing controls. Furthermore, CI participants performed better in the visuo-auditory situation through a specific oculomotor exploration of the face as they significantly fixate the mouth region more than young NH participants who fixate the eyes, whereas the aged-matched controls presented an intermediate exploration pattern equally reported between the eyes and mouth. To conclude, our study demonstrated that CI patients have supra-normal skills MSI when integrating visual and auditory linguistic prosodic information, and a specific adaptive strategy developed as it participates directly in speech content comprehension.
Published: 2021

30. Le singe marmouset comme modèle humain : Effet du vieillissement sur l'hémodynamique cérébrale

Author: Arribarat, Germain, Desmoulin, Franck, Mescam, Muriel, Fonta, Caroline, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Fonta, Caroline
Subjects: [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

31. Sub-Optimality of the Early Visual System Explained Through Biologically Plausible Plasticity

Author: Tushar Chauhan, Timothée Masquelier, Benoit R. Cottereau, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Minimisation (psychology), vision, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Sparse Coding, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Plasticity, STDP, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Perception, medicine, Divergence (statistics), Original Research, 030304 developmental biology, media_common, Cognitive science, 0303 health sciences, Artificial neural network, suboptimality, business.industry, Orientation (computer vision), [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, General Neuroscience, Representation (systemics), Pattern recognition, Independent component analysis, Independent Component Analysis, cortex, Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, Receptive field, plasticity, natural statistics, Artificial intelligence, business, Neural coding, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Generative grammar, Neuroscience, RC321-571
Abstract: International audience; The early visual cortex is the site of crucial pre-processing for more complex, biologically relevant computations that drive perception and, ultimately, behaviour. This pre-processing is often studied under the assumption that neural populations are optimised for the most efficient (in terms of energy, information, spikes, etc.) representation of natural statistics. Normative models such as Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and Sparse Coding (SC) consider the phenomenon as a generative, minimisation problem which they assume the early cortical populations have evolved to solve. However, measurements in monkey and cat suggest that receptive fields (RFs) in the primary visual cortex are often noisy, blobby, and symmetrical, making them sub-optimal for operations such as edge-detection. We propose that this suboptimality occurs because the RFs do not emerge through a global minimisation of generative error, but through locally operating biological mechanisms such as spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP). Using a network endowed with an abstract, rank-based STDP rule, we show that the shape and orientation tuning of the converged units are remarkably close to single-cell measurements in the macaque primary visual cortex. We quantify this similarity using physiological parameters (frequency-normalised spread vectors), information theoretic measures [Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence and Gini index], as well as simulations of a typical electrophysiology experiment designed to estimate orientation tuning curves. Taken together, our results suggest that compared to purely generative schemes, process-based biophysical models may offer a better description of the suboptimality observed in the early visual cortex.
Published: 2021
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32. Decodable anticipation from prestimulus activity

Author: Hoxha, Isabelle, Chevallier, Sylvain, Delorme, Arnaud, Boutin, Arnaud, Amorim, Michel Ange, Complexité, Innovation, Activités Motrices et Sportives (CIAMS), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes de Versailles (LISV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Hoxha, Isabelle
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [INFO.INFO-LG] Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

33. Understanding the computational demands underlying visual reasoning

Author: Mohit Vaishnav, Remi Cadene, Andrea Alamia, Drew Linsley, Rufin VanRullen, Thomas Serre, Brown University, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Neuroscience and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, ANR-19-P3IA-0004,ANITI,Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute(2019), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, VAISHNAV, Mohit, and Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute - - ANITI2019 - ANR-19-P3IA-0004 - P3IA - VALID
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, [INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], transformer networks, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), Cognitive Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, deep learning, feature-based attention, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), convolutional neural networks, spatial attention, Humans, Learning, visual relations, Neural Networks, Computer, Problem Solving
Abstract: Visual understanding requires comprehending complex visual relations between objects within a scene. Here, we seek to characterize the computational demands for abstract visual reasoning. We do this by systematically assessing the ability of modern deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to learn to solve the "Synthetic Visual Reasoning Test" (SVRT) challenge, a collection of twenty-three visual reasoning problems. Our analysis reveals a novel taxonomy of visual reasoning tasks, which can be primarily explained by both the type of relations (same-different vs. spatial-relation judgments) and the number of relations used to compose the underlying rules. Prior cognitive neuroscience work suggests that attention plays a key role in humans' visual reasoning ability. To test this hypothesis, we extended the CNNs with spatial and feature-based attention mechanisms. In a second series of experiments, we evaluated the ability of these attention networks to learn to solve the SVRT challenge and found the resulting architectures to be much more efficient at solving the hardest of these visual reasoning tasks. Most importantly, the corresponding improvements on individual tasks partially explained our novel taxonomy. Overall, this work provides an granular computational account of visual reasoning and yields testable neuroscience predictions regarding the differential need for feature-based vs. spatial attention depending on the type of visual reasoning problem., 26 pages, 16 figures
Published: 2021

34. On the role of feedback in visual processing: a predictive coding perspective

Author: Alamia, Andrea, Mozafari, Milad, Choksi, Bhavin, Vanrullen, Rufin, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MEthodes et ingénierie des Langues, des Ontologies et du DIscours (IRIT-MELODI), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute (ANITI), ANR-19-P3IA-0004,ANITI,Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute(2019), and ANR-19-NEUC-0004,OsCiDeep,US-France Research Proposal: Oscillatory processes for visual reasoning in deep neural networks(2019)
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), FOS: Biological sciences, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC), [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI]
Abstract: Brain-inspired machine learning is gaining increasing consideration, particularly in computer vision. Several studies investigated the inclusion of top-down feedback connections in convolutional networks; however, it remains unclear how and when these connections are functionally helpful. Here we address this question in the context of object recognition under noisy conditions. We consider deep convolutional networks (CNNs) as models of feed-forward visual processing and implement Predictive Coding (PC) dynamics through feedback connections (predictive feedback) trained for reconstruction or classification of clean images. To directly assess the computational role of predictive feedback in various experimental situations, we optimize and interpret the hyper-parameters controlling the network's recurrent dynamics. That is, we let the optimization process determine whether top-down connections and predictive coding dynamics are functionally beneficial. Across different model depths and architectures (3-layer CNN, ResNet18, and EfficientNetB0) and against various types of noise (CIFAR100-C), we find that the network increasingly relies on top-down predictions as the noise level increases; in deeper networks, this effect is most prominent at lower layers. In addition, the accuracy of the network implementing PC dynamics significantly increases over time-steps, compared to its equivalent forward network. All in all, our results provide novel insights relevant to Neuroscience by confirming the computational role of feedback connections in sensory systems, and to Machine Learning by revealing how these can improve the robustness of current vision models., 'Andrea Alamia' and 'Milad Mozafari' contributed equally to this work
Published: 2021

35. Predify: Augmenting deep neural networks with brain-inspired predictive coding dynamics

Author: Bhavin Choksi, Milad Mozafari, May, Callum Biggs O., Benjamin Ador, Andrea Alamia, Rufin VanRullen, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MEthodes et ingénierie des Langues, des Ontologies et du DIscours (IRIT-MELODI), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute (ANITI), ANR-19-P3IA-0004,ANITI,Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute(2019), ANR-19-NEUC-0004,OsCiDeep,US-France Research Proposal: Oscillatory processes for visual reasoning in deep neural networks(2019), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), VANRULLEN, Rufin, Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute - - ANITI2019 - ANR-19-P3IA-0004 - P3IA - VALID, and US-France Research Proposal: Oscillatory processes for visual reasoning in deep neural networks - - OsCiDeep2019 - ANR-19-NEUC-0004 - NEUC - VALID
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], FOS: Computer and information sciences, noisy image classification, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, deep learning, robustness, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], neuroscience, python package, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition, FOS: Biological sciences, Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC), predictive coding
Abstract: Deep neural networks excel at image classification, but their performance is far less robust to input perturbations than human perception. In this work we explore whether this shortcoming may be partly addressed by incorporating brain-inspired recurrent dynamics in deep convolutional networks. We take inspiration from a popular framework in neuroscience: 'predictive coding'. At each layer of the hierarchical model, generative feedback 'predicts' (i.e., reconstructs) the pattern of activity in the previous layer. The reconstruction errors are used to iteratively update the network's representations across timesteps, and to optimize the network's feedback weights over the natural image dataset-a form of unsupervised training. We show that implementing this strategy into two popular networks, VGG16 and EfficientNetB0, improves their robustness against various corruptions and adversarial attacks. We hypothesize that other feedforward networks could similarly benefit from the proposed framework. To promote research in this direction, we provide an open-sourced PyTorch-based package called Predify, which can be used to implement and investigate the impacts of the predictive coding dynamics in any convolutional neural network., Comment: Paper presented at NeurIPS 2021
Published: 2021

36. Brain plasticity and hearing disorders

Author: M. Alzaher, Pascal Barone, Kuzma Strelnikov, M. Marx, Nicolas Vannson, Olivier Deguine, BARONE, Pascal, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Hearing loss, medicine.medical_treatment, Cognitive neuroscience, Deafness, Auditory cortex, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neuroimaging, Neuroplasticity, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Medicine, Humans, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Auditory Cortex, 0303 health sciences, Rehabilitation, Sensory stimulation therapy, Neuronal Plasticity, business.industry, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, medicine.disease, Cochlear Implantation, Cochlear Implants, Neurology, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, Unilateral hearing loss, business, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Permanently changed sensory stimulation can modify functional connectivity patterns in the healthy brain and in pathology. In the pathology case, these adaptive modifications of the brain are referred to as compensation, and the subsequent configurations of functional connectivity are called compensatory plasticity. The variability and extent of auditory deficits due to the impairments in the hearing system determine the related brain reorganization and rehabilitation. In this review, we consider cross-modal and intra-modal brain plasticity related to bilateral and unilateral hearing loss and their restoration using cochlear implantation . Cross-modal brain plasticity may have both beneficial and detrimental effects on hearing disorders. It has a beneficial effect when it serves to improve a patient's adaptation to the visuo-auditory environment. However, the occupation of the auditory cortex by visual functions may be a negative factor for the restoration of hearing with cochlear implants . In what concerns intra-modal plasticity, the loss of interhemispheric asymmetry in asymmetric hearing loss is deleterious for the auditory spatial localization. Research on brain plasticity in hearing disorders can advance our understanding of brain plasticity and improve the rehabilitation of the patients using prognostic, evidence-based approaches from cognitive neuroscience combined with post-rehabilitation objective biomarkers of this plasticity utilizing neuroimaging.
Published: 2021

37. FAMOUS pipeline: multiphoton microscopy and computational strategy for 3D imaging of biomedical sample

Author: Lefort, Claire, Chalvidal², Mathieu, Parenté, Alexis, Blanquet, Véronique, Massias, Henri, Magnol, Laetitia, Chouzenoux, Emilie, XLIM (XLIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PEIRENE (PEIRENE), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre de vision numérique (CVN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay, Lefort, Claire, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [PHYS]Physics [physics], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [INFO] Computer Science [cs], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS] Physics [physics]
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

38. An egocentric straight-ahead bias in primate’s vision

Author: Yves Trotter, Benoit R. Cottereau, Jean-Baptiste Durand, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Histology, genetic structures, Review, Macaque, Visual processing, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, biology.animal, medicine, Animals, Attention, Visual cortex, Set (psychology), Gaze, Vision, Ocular, 030304 developmental biology, Cognitive science, 0303 health sciences, biology, General Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Gain fields, Eye movement, medicine.anatomical_structure, Action (philosophy), Straight-ahead, Peripheral vision, Visual Perception, Macaca, Anatomy, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Photic Stimulation
Abstract: As we plan to reach or manipulate objects, we generally orient our body so as to face them. Other objects occupying the same portion of space will likely represent potential obstacles for the intended action. Thus, either as targets or as obstacles, the objects located straight in front of us are often endowed with a special behavioral status. Here, we review a set of recent electrophysiological, imaging and behavioral studies bringing converging evidence that the objects which lie straight-ahead are subject to privileged visual processing. More precisely, these works collectively demonstrate that when gaze steers central vision away from the straight-ahead direction, the latter is still prioritized in peripheral vision. Straight-ahead objects evoke (1) stronger neuronal responses in macaque peripheral V1 neurons, (2) stronger EEG and fMRI activations across the human visual cortex and (3) faster reactive hand and eye movements. Here, we discuss the functional implications and underlying mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Notably, we propose that it can be considered as a new type of visuospatial attentional mechanism, distinct from the previously documented classes of endogenous and exogenous attention.
Published: 2021

39. Fast threshold optimization for multi-label audio tagging using Surrogate gradient learning

Author: Timothée Masquelier, Thomas Pellegrini, Équipe Structuration, Analyse et MOdélisation de documents Vidéo et Audio (IRIT-SAMoVA), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-18-CE23-0005,LUDAU,Découverte peu et non-supervisée d'unités audio à l'aide d'apprentissage profond(2018), ANR-19-P3IA-0004,ANITI,Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute(2019), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Pellegrini, Thomas, APPEL À PROJETS GÉNÉRIQUE 2018 - Découverte peu et non-supervisée d'unités audio à l'aide d'apprentissage profond - - LUDAU2018 - ANR-18-CE23-0005 - AAPG2018 - VALID, and Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute - - ANITI2019 - ANR-19-P3IA-0004 - P3IA - VALID
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], FOS: Computer and information sciences, Sound (cs.SD), Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer science, 02 engineering and technology, Audio tagging, Computer Science - Sound, Surrogate Gradient Learning, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Audio and Speech Processing (eess.AS), Classifier (linguistics), FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Differentiable function, Probabilistic classification, Signal processing, Artificial neural network, business.industry, Pattern recognition, Sigmoid function, Automatic threshold optimization, Thresholding, [INFO.INFO-SD] Computer Science [cs]/Sound [cs.SD], Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), [INFO.INFO-SD]Computer Science [cs]/Sound [cs.SD], 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Artificial intelligence, business, Gradient descent, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing
Abstract: International audience; Multi-label audio tagging consists of assigning sets of tags to audio recordings. At inference time, thresholds are applied on the confidence scores outputted by a probabilistic classifier, in order to decide which classes are detected active. In this work, we consider having at disposal a trained classifier and we seek to automatically optimize the decision thresholds according to a performance metric of interest, in our case F-measure (micro-F1). We propose a new method, called SGL-Thresh for Surrogate Gradient Learning of Thresholds, that makes use of gradient descent. Since F1 is not differentiable, we propose to approximate the thresholding operation gradients with the gradients of a sigmoid function. We report experiments on three datasets, using state-of-the-art pre-trained deep neural networks. In all cases, SGL-Thresh outperformed three other approaches: a default threshold value (defThresh), an heuristic search algorithm and a method estimating F1 gradients numerically. It reached 54.9\% F1 on AudioSet eval, compared to 50.7% with defThresh. SGL-Thresh is very fast and scalable to a large number of tags. To facilitate reproducibility, data and source code in Pytorch are available online: https://github.com/topel/SGL-Thresh
Published: 2021

40. A multisensory perspective onto primate pulvinar functions

Author: Suliann Ben Hamed, Céline Cappe, Mathilda Froesel, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Primates, Cognitive Neuroscience, media_common.quotation_subject, Sensory system, Somatosensory system, Pulvinar, 03 medical and health sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience, [SCCO]Cognitive science, 0302 clinical medicine, Cortex (anatomy), biology.animal, Perception, medicine, Animals, Primate, 10. No inequality, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, media_common, Cerebral Cortex, 0303 health sciences, biology, Perspective (graphical), Multisensory integration, Cognition, Somatosensory Cortex, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Psychology, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Perception in ambiguous environments relies on the combination of sensory information from various sources. Most associative and primary sensory cortical areas are involved in this multisensory active integration process. As a result, the entire cortex appears as heavily multisensory. In this review, we focus on the contribution of the pulvinar to multisensory integration. This subcortical thalamic nucleus plays a central role in visual detection and selection at a fast time scale, as well as in the regulation of visual processes, at a much slower time scale. However, the pulvinar is also densely connected to cortical areas involved in multisensory integration. In spite of this, little is known about its multisensory properties and its contribution to multisensory perception. Here, we review the anatomical and functional organization of multisensory input to the pulvinar. We describe how visual, auditory, somatosensory, pain, proprioceptive and olfactory projections are differentially organized across the main subdivisions of the pulvinar and we show that topography is central to the organization of this complex nucleus. We propose that the pulvinar combines multiple sources of sensory information to enhance fast responses to the environment, while also playing the role of a general regulation hub for adaptive and flexible cognition.
Published: 2021

41. Physician practice variation in head and neck cancer therapy: Results of a national survey

Author: Emilien Chabrillac, Agnès Dupret-Bories, Pascale Grosclaude, Pierre Bories, Sébastien Lamy, Fanny Cros, Sébastien Vergez, Antoine Nebout, Service d'otorhinolaryngologie et chirurgie cervico-faciale, Hôpital Larrey [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Recherche en santé des POPulations (CERPOP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Registre des cancers du Tarn, 1, rue Lavazière, BP 37, 81001 Albi cedex, France, Institut Claudius Regaud, Centre régional de lutte contre le cancer, IUCT-O, Registre des cancers du Tarn, 31059 Toulouse, France., Groupe de recherche et d’analyse en santé des populations, Institut Claudius Regaud, Alimentation et sciences sociales (ALISS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), IUCT Oncopole - Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Réseau régional de cancérologie Onco-Occitanie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopole (IUCT Oncopole - UMR 1037), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Groupement InterRegional de Recherche Clinique et d'Innovation SudOuest (GIRCI SOHO), CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3)
Subjects: Male, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Head and neck oncology, Decision Making, Specialty, Functional impact, Affect (psychology), Medical Oncology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, Humans, Practice Patterns, Physicians', 030223 otorhinolaryngology, Patients' socioeconomic status, Socioeconomic status, Head and neck carcinoma, Oncologists, National survey, Practitioners' specialty, business.industry, Head and neck cancer, Medical decision-making, medicine.disease, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, 3. Good health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Surgical Oncology, Oncology, Head and Neck Neoplasms, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Family medicine, Marital status, Female, Oral Surgery, business
Abstract: Objectives Choice between surgical or medical treatments in head and neck cancer depends of many patient-related and disease-related factors. We investigated how patients’ socioeconomic status and practitioners’ specialty could affect medical decision-making. Materials and Methods We conducted a cross-sectional online, nationwide survey, send to surgeons, oncologists and radiotherapists specialized in head and neck oncology. We collected data on medical decision-making for seven clinical scientific scenarios involving head and neck carcinoma and physicians’ demographic data. Patients’ gender and socioeconomic position were distributed across scientific scenarios using a Latin square design. The scientific scenarios were grouped into several categories according to the prognostic and functional impact of the therapeutic choice. Results We obtained 206 assessable answers. Surgeons seemed to propose surgery in 49% of cases, whereas oncologists and radiotherapists opted for it in 34% of cases only. This was particularly relevant when the oncological result of surgery and the medical approach were equivalent, and when the surgery appeared to be superior in terms of curative potential but was burdened by a large functional impact. Patient's socioeconomic position also influence therapeutic decision. Among surgeons, the “single male manager” had significantly more chance of being offered surgery than the “married male blue-collar worker”. Among oncologists and radiotherapists, the “single male blue-collar worker” had the lowest probability of being proposed surgery. Regarding gender, surgeons tended to offer surgical management more to women regardless of their clinical profile. Conclusions Patients’ sex, marital status, socioeconomic status, practitioners’ specialty affect therapeutic management decisions in head and neck oncology.
Published: 2021

42. A Meta-Analysis of Semantic Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Author: Ludovic Gardy, Emmanuel J. Barbeau, Mira Didic, Sven Joubert, Isabelle Rouleau, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Service de neurochirurgie [CHU Marseille], Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)- Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR CHUM), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université de Montréal (UdeM), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Cognitive Neuroscience, naming, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Audiology, behavioral disciplines and activities, 050105 experimental psychology, Mini Mental Status Examination, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), mental disorders, medicine, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Semantic memory, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 10. No inequality, Cognitive impairment, semantic memory, 05 social sciences, Neuropsychology, Alzheimer's disease, Random effects model, MCI, Feature (linguistics), meta-analysis, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Meta-analysis, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cognitive psychology
Abstract: International audience; Introduction: Accumulating evidence over the past decade suggests that semantic deficits represent a consistent feature of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). A meta-analysis was performed to examine if semantic deficits are consistently found in patients with MCI. Methods: Studies meeting all inclusion criteria were selected for the current meta-analysis. An effect size and a weight were calculated for each study. A random effect model was performed to assess the overall difference in semantic performances between MCI patients and healthy subjects. Results: 22 studies (476 healthy participants, 476 MCI patients, mean MMSE of the MCI patients: 27.05 ± 0.58) were included in the meta-analysis. Results indicate that MCI patients systematically performed significantly worse than healthy matched controls in terms of overall semantic performance (mean effect size of 1.02; 95% CI [0.80; 1.24]). Discussion: Semantic deficits are a key feature of MCI. Semantic tests should be incorporated in routine clinical assessments.
Published: 2021

43. To start or stop an action depends on which movement we perform: An appraisal of the horse–race model

Author: Perrine Siguier, Mario Hervault, Jean-Christophe Buisson, Pier-Giorgio Zanone, Raoul Huys, Mathilde Francheteau, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Argumentation, Décision, Raisonnement, Incertitude et Apprentissage (IRIT-ADRIA), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Huys, Raoul, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole)
Subjects: Movement, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Stop signal, Stimulus (physiology), [INFO] Computer Science [cs], 050105 experimental psychology, Fingers, Executive functions, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cognition, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Motor control, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Animals, Humans, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Horses, Latency (engineering), Inhibitory control, Adaptive behavior, Reaction time, Modality (human–computer interaction), 05 social sciences, Response type, General Medicine, BF1-990, Inhibition, Psychological, Action (philosophy), [SCCO.PSYC] Cognitive science/Psychology, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Psychomotor Performance, Cognitive psychology
Abstract: International audience; In order to gauge the executive processes underlying adaptive behavior, a central criterion in psychology is the extent to which experimental findings generalize across response types. The latency of two major acts of control, action initiation and inhibition, was evaluated using a stop-signal paradigm with two response types, involving either a finger key-pressing or a wrist pen-swiping response. In both conditions, 40 participants were instructed to respond quickly to a GO stimulus but to cancel their responses when a STOP signal was presented, which occurred randomly in 25% of the trials. Taken together, analyses of reaction times and of inhibition probability functions indicated that action initiation generalized across the two response types. In contrast, the finger key-pressing and the wrist pen-swiping responses involved independent inhibition processes. These results challenge a strictly top-down view for some acts of control by showing an interaction between the executive and motor levels in terms of response modality specificity.
Published: 2021

44. French Society of ENT (SFORL) guidelines. Indications for cochlear implantation in adults

Author: M.B. Virole, Yann Nguyen, Olivier Deguine, Natalie Loundon, Pascal Barone, Arnaud Coez, R Hermann, Natacha Teissier, Stéphane Roman, Emmanuel Lescanne, A. Charpiot, Benoit Godey, Stéphanie Borel, C. Blanchet, Mathieu Marx, A. Farinetti, Diane S. Lazard, Isabelle Mosnier, Eric Truy, Joël Belmin, Hôpital Edouard Herriot [CHU - HCL], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Purpan (CHU Purpan), CHU Charles Foix [AP-HP], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Université de Tours (UT), Hôpital de Hautepierre [Strasbourg], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Hôpital Pontchaillou, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], and Hôpital Robert Debré
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Speech perception, medicine.medical_treatment, Otology, Audiology, Otolaryngology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality of life, Independent reading, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, medicine, Humans, Dementia, Cognitive Dysfunction, Hearing Loss, 030223 otorhinolaryngology, Cochlear implantation, Societies, Medical, Aged, Rehabilitation, business.industry, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Evidence-based medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Otorhinolaryngology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Quality of Life, Surgery, France, business
Abstract: International audience; The authors present the guidelines of the French Society of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery (SFORL) regarding indications for cochlear implantation in adults. After a literature review by a multidisciplinary workgroup, guidelines were drawn up based on retrieved articles and group-members' experience, then read over by an independent reading group to edit the final version. Guidelines were graded A, B, C or "expert opinion" according to decreasing level of evidence. There is no upper age limit to cochlear implantation in the absence of proven dementia and if autonomy is at least partial. Bilateral implantation may be proposed if unilateral implantation fails to provide sufficiently good spatial localization, speech perception in noise and quality of life, and should be preceded by binaural hearing assessment. Rehabilitation by acoustic and electrical stimulation may be proposed when low-frequency hearing persists. Quality of life should be assessed before and after implantation.
Published: 2019

45. Pupil-Linked Arousal Responds to Unconscious Surprisal

Author: Rufin VanRullen, Alexandre Zénon, Emanuele Pasqualotto, Andrea Alamia, André Mouraux, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Neuroscience [Bruxelles], Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), and UCL - SSS/IONS/COSY - Systems & cognitive Neuroscience
Subjects: Adult, Male, genetic structures, media_common.quotation_subject, Mismatch negativity, Stimulus (physiology), Gyrus Cinguli, 050105 experimental psychology, Pupil, Arousal, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, arousal, Pupillary response, medicine, Humans, Attention, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Evoked Potentials, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Research Articles, Anterior cingulate cortex, media_common, Unconscious, Psychology, prediction error, pupil size, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, General Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, Brain, Electroencephalography, Awareness, ERPs, Implicit learning, statistical learning, Surprise, medicine.anatomical_structure, Visual Perception, Female, sense organs, Psychology, implicit learning, Photic Stimulation, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cognitive psychology
Abstract: Pupil size under constant illumination reflects brain arousal state, and dilates in response to novel information, or surprisal. Whether this response can be observed regardless of conscious perception is still unknown. In the present study, male and female adult humans performed an implicit learning task across a series of three experiments. We measured pupil and brain-evoked potentials to stimuli that violated transition statistics but were not relevant to the task. We found that pupil size dilated following these surprising events, in the absence of awareness of transition statistics, and only when attention was allocated to the stimulus. These pupil responses correlated with central potentials, evoking an anterior cingulate origin. Arousal response to surprisal outside the scope of conscious perception points to the fundamental relationship between arousal and information processing and indicates that pupil size can be used to track the progression of implicit learning. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pupil size dilates following increase in mental effort, surprise, or more generally global arousal. However, whether this response arises as a conscious response or reflects a more fundamental mechanism outside the scrutiny of awareness is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that unexpected changes in the environment, even when processed unconsciously and without being relevant to the task, lead to an increase in arousal levels as reflected by the pupillary response. Further, we show that the concurrent electrophysiological response shares similarities with mismatch negativity, suggesting the involvement of anterior cingulate cortex. All in all, our results establish novel insights about the mechanisms driving global arousal levels, and it provides new possibilities for reliably measuring unconscious processes.
Published: 2019

46. Energy-information coupling during integrative cognitive processes

Author: Strelnikov Kuzma, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Statistics and Probability, Relation (database), Computer science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Models, Neurological, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pattern Recognition, Automated, 03 medical and health sciences, Cognition, 0302 clinical medicine, Encoding (memory), General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Applied Mathematics, Information processing, Representation (systemics), General Medicine, Field (geography), 030104 developmental biology, Transmission (telecommunications), Modeling and Simulation, Thermodynamics, Artificial intelligence, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The physical conception of energy is a natural and general approach to describe functional interactions in the brain at different levels starting from studies of molecular interactions up to the integrative studies of cognitive neuroimaging. In this article, we describe the representation of the brain as a fluctuating energy field, which adaptively reflects the environment. Within this neuroenergetic conception, we indicate a physically solid approach to the problem of the link between brain function and information processing - transmission and integration of information between neuroglial populations is coupled with the corresponding energy increase used for information encoding. We develop the integrative neuroenergetic model of face recognition, in which the input to the model tries to modify the fluctuations of activity according to the free-energy minimization principle corresponding to metabolic efficiency. Once the spatial path of integration in neural activity is known, the processed information can be decoded by spatial differentiation. Energy-based feedback with activity rescaling does not influence the possibility of decoding the information. The model provides further evidence that the conception of energy facilitates at both the computational and conceptual levels the understanding of brain function and its relation to cognition.
Published: 2019

47. Memory for Repeated Images in Rapid-Serial-Visual-Presentation Streams of Thousands of Images

Author: Simon J. Thorpe, Evelina Thunell, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Adult, Male, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Speech recognition, 05 social sciences, Models, Psychological, Ceiling (cloud), 050105 experimental psychology, Task (project management), Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Rapid serial visual presentation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Memory, Time course, Reaction Time, Humans, Female, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, General Psychology
Abstract: Human observers readily detect targets in stimuli presented briefly and in rapid succession. Here, we show that even without predefined targets, humans can spot repetitions in streams of thousands of images. We presented sequences of natural images reoccurring a number of times interleaved with either one or two distractors, and we asked participants to detect the repetitions and to identify the repeated images after a delay that could last for minutes. Performance improved with the number of repeated-image presentations up to a ceiling around seven repetitions and was above chance even after only two to three presentations. The task was easiest for slow streams; performance dropped with increasing image-presentation rate but stabilized above 15 Hz and remained well above chance even at 120 Hz. To summarize, we reveal that the human brain has an impressive capacity to detect repetitions in rapid-serial-visual-presentation streams and to remember repeated images over a time course of minutes.
Published: 2019

48. In vivo localization of cortical areas using a 3D computerized atlas of the marmoset brain

Author: Sandra Lebreton, Nathalie Vayssiere, Pascal Girard, Marcello G. P. Rosa, Laurent Risser, Caroline Fonta, Samuel Boucher, Amirouche Sadoun, Muriel Mescam, Kuzma Strelnikov, Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse UMR5219 (IMT), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Monash University [Clayton], Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, Cerebellum, Histology, Computer science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Neuroimaging, 050105 experimental psychology, White matter, [SCCO]Cognitive science, 03 medical and health sciences, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, 0302 clinical medicine, biology.animal, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, medicine, Animals, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Segmentation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, biology, General Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, Brain atlas, Brain, Marmoset, Haplorhini, biology.organism_classification, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Callithrix, Olfactory bulb, medicine.anatomical_structure, Female, Anatomy, Neuroscience, Software, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Tractography
Abstract: We created a volumetric template of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain, which enables localization of the cortical areas defined in the Paxinos et al. (The marmoset brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Elsevier Academic Press, Cambridge, 2012) marmoset brain atlas, as well as seven broader cortical regions (occipital, temporal, parietal, prefrontal, motor, limbic, insular), different brain compartments (white matter, gray matter, cerebro-spinal fluid including ventricular spaces), and various other structures (brain stem, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, hippocampus). The template was designed from T1-weighted MR images acquired using a 3 T MRI scanner. It was based on a single fully segmented marmoset brain image, which was transported onto the mean of 13 adult marmoset brain images using a diffeomorphic strategy that fully preserves the brain topology. In addition, we offer an automatic segmentation pipeline which fully exploits the proposed template. The segmentation pipeline was quantitatively assessed by comparing the results of manual and automated segmentations. An associated program, written in Python, can be used from a command-line interface, or used interactively as a module of the 3DSlicer software. This program can be applied to the analysis of multimodal images, to map specific cortical areas in lesions or to define the seeds for further tractography analyses.
Published: 2019

49. Deep learning in spiking neural networks

Author: Kheradpisheh, Saeed Reza, Tavanaei, Amirhossein, Ghodrati, Masoud, Masquelier, Timothée, Maida, Anthony, Kharazmi University [Tehran], University of Louisiana, Monash University [Clayton], Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ROSITO, Maxime, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, 0209 industrial biotechnology, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer science, Process (engineering), Cognitive Neuroscience, Models, Neurological, Computer Science::Neural and Evolutionary Computation, [INFO.INFO-NE] Computer Science [cs]/Neural and Evolutionary Computing [cs.NE], Action Potentials, 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-NE]Computer Science [cs]/Neural and Evolutionary Computing [cs.NE], Field (computer science), 020901 industrial engineering & automation, [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], Artificial Intelligence, Machine learning, Spiking neural network, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Humans, Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE), Neurons, Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, Artificial neural network, business.industry, Deep learning, Brain, Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing, [INFO.INFO-LG] Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], Power-efficient architecture, Backpropagation, Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Biological plausibility, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Spike (software development), Neural Networks, Computer, Artificial intelligence, business, Algorithms
Abstract: International audience; In recent years, deep learning has revolutionized the field of machine learning, for computer vision in particular. In this approach, a deep (multilayer) artificial neural network (ANN) is trained, most often in a supervised manner using backpropagation. Vast amounts of labeled training examples are required, but the resulting classification accuracy is truly impressive, sometimes outperforming humans.Neurons in an ANN are characterized by a single, static, continuous-valued activation. Yet biological neurons use discrete spikes to compute and transmit information, and the spike times, in addition to the spike rates, matter. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are thus more biologically realistic than ANNs, and are arguably the only viable option if one wants to understand how the brain computes at the neuronal description level. The spikes of biological neurons are sparse in time and space, and event-driven. Combined with bio-plausible local learning rules, this makes it easier to build low-power, neuromorphic hardware for SNNs. However, training deep SNNs remains a challenge. Spiking neurons’ transfer function is usually non-differentiable, which prevents using backpropagation.Here we review recent supervised and unsupervised methods to train deep SNNs, and compare them in terms of accuracy and computational cost. The emerging picture is that SNNs still lag behind ANNs in terms of accuracy, but the gap is decreasing, and can even vanish on some tasks, while SNNs typically require many fewer operations and are the better candidates to process spatio-temporal data.
Published: 2019

50. Categorization of everyday sounds by cochlear implanted children

Author: Olivier Deguine, Kuzma Strelnikov, Pascal Gaillard, Nadine Cochard, Edward Collett, Michèle Guidetti, Pascal Barone, Aurore Berland, Octogone Unité de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (Octogone), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Advanced Bionics, Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Hearing aid, Auditory perception, medicine.medical_specialty, Speech perception, Hearing loss, medicine.medical_treatment, media_common.quotation_subject, lcsh:Medicine, Sound perception, Audiology, Deafness, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Perception, medicine, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Set (psychology), Child, lcsh:Science, media_common, Principal Component Analysis, Multidisciplinary, [SHS.MUSIQ]Humanities and Social Sciences/Musicology and performing arts, Hearing Tests, lcsh:R, Cochlear Implantation, 030104 developmental biology, Sound, Categorization, Case-Control Studies, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, Auditory Perception, Voice, lcsh:Q, medicine.symptom, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Music
Abstract: International audience; Auditory categorization is an important process in the perception and understanding of everyday sounds. The use of cochlear implants (CIs) may affect auditory categorization and result in poor abilities. The current study was designed to compare how children with normal hearing (NH) and children with CIs categorize a set of everyday sounds. We tested 24 NH children and 24 children with CI on a free-sorting task of 18 everyday sounds corresponding to four a priori categories: nonlinguistic human vocalizations, environmental sounds, musical sounds, and animal vocalizations. Multiple correspondence analysis revealed considerable variation within both groups of child listeners, although the human vocalizations and musical sounds were similarly categorized. In contrast to NH children, children with CIs categorized some sounds according to their acoustic content rather than their associated semantic information. These results show that despite identification deficits, children with CIs are able to categorize environmental and vocal sounds in a similar way to NH children, and are able to use categorization as an adaptive process when dealing with everyday sounds. When an infant is identified as having profound-to-total bilateral hearing loss, the surgical implantation of coch-lear implants (CIs) is envisaged as a means of restoring his or her access to auditory information. The benefits of CIs for speech perception in children with prelingual hearing loss have been widely documented over the past three decades, resulting in an extension of prescription criteria 1,2. One of the greatest proven benefits of CIs is speech comprehension 3,4. Alongside improvements in oral language skills, speech comprehension is seen as one of the key objectives of rehabilitation with CIs. A CI does not function in the same manner as a conventional hearing aid (i.e., by contributing to the amplification of sounds). Instead, it turns sounds into trains of electrical pulses that directly stimulate the auditory nerve. This information is then relayed to the auditory centres of the brain, which in turn transform the impulses into auditory percepts. However, the auditory information provided by the implant is spectrally degraded 5 and lacks the fine spectrotemporal information that is crucial to certain aspects of speech comprehension-most notably the perception of prosodic information 6-9. This means that other aspects of auditory perception are also problematic for CI users, such as the identification and recognition of environmental and musical sounds. Development of nonlinguistic sound perception The recovery and/or development of speech comprehension is normally seen as the main goal of CI implantation. Accordingly, only limited attention has been paid to the perception of nonlinguistic sounds in CI users. For example, whilst CIs may enhance users' awareness of their immediate auditory environment 10 , a substantial deficit remains in the perception and identification of specific environmental sounds 11-13 , that is, those not classified as speech or music. This deficit has a negative impact on how CI users interact with their environment, and it is therefore important for more studies to be conducted on this topic. To our knowledge, the identification of nonlinguistic sounds by implanted adults with postlingual deafness has only been reported in a small number of studies 11-15. There have been even fewer studies among children with CIs 16,17. Furthermore, owing to a lack of standardized protocols for assessing auditory performance and the use of different evaluation procedures (open-set or closed-set identification assessments, written words or images
Published: 2019

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