Search

Lingua viva es un proyecto de lingüística ciudadana que tiene por objetivo fomentar la participación de la sociedad en las investigaciones lingüísticas. Dentro de este proyecto se incluye Tes a palabra!, una aplicación gratuita y fácil de usar que permite elaborar diccionarios en abierto de manera colaborativa, tanto a partir de la iniciativa de lingüistas profesionales como a partir de propuestas de científicas/os no profesionales.En este trabajo presentamos las características de Tes a palabra!, sus principales funcionalida-des y modalidades de participación. Finalmente, reflexionamos sobre su papel en el fomento de la diversidad lingüística, de la cultura lexicográfica y del trabajo colaborativo., Lingua viva(Living language) is a citizen linguistics project to encourage the partici-pation of society in linguistic research. This project includes Tes a palabra!(The word is yours!), a free and easy-to-use application that allows the creation of open dictionaries collaboratively, both from the initiative of professional linguists and from proposals from non-professional scientists.In this paper, we present the features of Tes a palabra! and its main functionalities and partici-pation modalities. Finally, we reflect on its role in promoting linguistic diversity, lexicographic culture, and collaborative work.

Breve historia da lingua galega

A principios de los años 60 del siglo XX existía una conciencia clara y generalizada sobre el profundo desconocimiento acerca del gallego popular; la mayoría de las gramáticas eran normativas y técnicamente poco eficientes. En el año 1962 apareció el primer volumen del ALPI, con datos del gallego popular recogidos a mediados de los años 30; esta publicación fue conocida y saludada por los intelectuales ligados al galleguismo; con todo, y a pesar de que los mapas publicados contenían información sobre algunos fenómenos dialectales de gran interés, este volumen prácticamente no tuvo ninguna influencia en la naciente lingüística gallega. En este trabajo procuro mostrar qué información relevante aportaba el citado primer volumen del ALPI y presento algunas hipótesis que pretenden explicar por qué esta obra fue olvidada.

Neste traballo pretendo analizar a obra dialectolóxica de Ricardo Carvalho Calero; en concreto, voume centrar na súa proposta de clasificación das variedades dialectais do galego. Para iso, presentarei, en primeiro lugar, a súa visión do galego como lingua unitaria: aínda que presenta variación dialectal, non contén dialectos no seu interior, senón entidades que el denomina modalidades. En segundo lugar, prestarei especial atención a como elaborou a súa clasificación, ós seus presupostos teóricos e describirei a proposta en si mesma. Tamén analizarei algunhas das críticas que outros autores realizaron sobre aquela. A análise sobre este último aspecto non ten un mero valor historiográfico local, senón que oculta importantes cuestións teóricas previas á realización das investigacións dialectais. Finalmente, conclúo que, a pesar da pouca información con que don Ricardo contaba, a súa organización das falas galegas estaba ben fundamentada e segue a merecer o noso respecto.

El asturleonés, el gallego y algunos dialectos del portugués del noreste se caracterizan por presentar un radical fa- en la 2SG, 3SG y 3PL del presente de indicativo y en la 2SG del imperativo del verbo facer/fazer/faer/fer. Estas formas aparecen también en las mismas personas del presente de indicativo del aragonés y del catalán (aunque no en la 2SG de su imperativo). En este trabajo se defiende que todas estas formas tienen un origen común en una variedad italogálica del latín vulgar. Para explicar su distribución en el paradigma verbal se echa mano de la noción de morfoma. Con esta contribución pretendo demostrar cómo la historia (en este caso, el contacto lingüístico y geográfico) puede ayudarnos a seleccionar una hipótesis de explicación diacrónica., Asturian, Galician as well as some dialects of Northeast Portuguese characteristically present the root fa- in the 2SG, 3SG and 3PL of the present of indicative and in the 2SG of the imperative of the verb facer/fazer/faer/fer. These forms also appear in the same persons of the present of indicative of Aragonese and Catalan (although not in the 2SG of their Imperative). This paper takes the stance that all these forms have a common origin in an Italo-Gallic variety of vulgar Latin. To explain their dispersion in the verbal paradigm, the notion of morphome is used. The contribution shows how history (in this case, linguistic and geographical contact) can help us to identify a possible diachronic explanation.

This exploratory study presents an approach to the phonetic models of Galician Spanish (GS) by means of a small sample of six female speakers with different linguistic profiles. We analyze the production of stressed vowels, final unstressed vowels, and some intonation contours. Unlike earlier descriptions, we do not find direct transfer from Galician to the GS phonetic system. Our results show: 1) The disappearance of the Galician seven vowel system and some examples of hybridization in wh-question intonation, both of which could be seen as signs of change in GS; and 2) The reduction of the final vowels and direct transfer from Galician to GS in yes-no questions, both of which could suggest preservation of the covert prestige of Galician.

Studies on the correlations between spatial distribution of linguistic varieties and genetic structure of populations began by dealing with geographic spaces and extensive linguistic families. In the last two decades, researchers with this type of interdisciplinary approach have also begun to study more reduced linguistic and population domains. This paper examines geolinguistic and onomastic information in a linguistic and administrative space of a limited extension of the Principality of Asturias. The information on the surnames of this region, taken from the inhabitants’ register, is used to identify surname regions and check correlations with dialect areas described in this space. The results obtained in this research show many similarities in the distribution of surname regions with dialect areas recognized by traditional dialectology studies. The conclusions of the study present the results obtained together with some of the explanatory proposals on the historical constitution of the linguistic diversity of this area

Ricardo Carvalho Calero publicou a súa "Gramática elemental del gallego común" na editorial Galaxia no ano 1966. Esta obra, que constituíu un fito na historia da nosa lingüística, foi analizada xa desde diferentes perspectivas. Nesta contribución, eu voume centrar no contexto de creación da obra máis ca na análise da obra en si, pois xulgo que entender o contexto permitirá entender e valorar ponderadamente o traballo como gramático de don Ricardo.

The quantitative analysis of linguistic data has been used in variational linguistics to reveal relationships between varieties and distribution patterns of linguistic variants that have often been hidden from traditional methodologies. This research approach helps to understand the spatial organization of varieties in a more comprehensive way, as well as the similarities and differences between them, regardless of their classification as languages or regional varieties. Nevertheless, neither modern methodology nor traditional dialectology has yet given much attention to the analysis of the lexical transfer that occurs between varieties that are in close geographical contact, be they varieties of the same or two different languages. The purpose of this article is to show how dialectometric techniques can be used to analyse the contact between linguistic varieties, as well as to identify the distributional patterns of loan words. The data analysed are taken from a Galician linguistic geography project – a Romansh variety spoken in north-western Spain – carried out in the 1960s (“Atlas Lingüístico Galego” – “Galician Language Atlas”). The lexical variables studied contain Galician and Spanish variants. The dialectometric methods used make it possible to identify geographical distribution patterns for the Spanish variants, to identify areas that are more resistant to the inclusion of loan words, and to evaluate the influence that extralinguistic factors can have on the distribution of loan words. Finally, the paper shows the usefulness of quantitative methods to provide a more comprehensive description of contact-induced language change.

In this paper, we study the geographical distribution of the nuclear con-figuration of information-seeking yes-no questions in western Iberian varieties, to check whether this prosodic feature has a dialectal and diachronic behavior like other phonetic or grammatical features. The objective is to explain the develop-ment of the linguistic boundaries of this area over time and, in short, to understand how the western Iberian varieties were made up

The aim of this article is to compare the intonation of information-seeking yes/no and wh- questions of some linguistic varieties of Galicia and Calabria, in order to contribute to the study of Romance prosody and the establishment of an intonative typology of the Romance languages. Thus, taking as basis the existing literature, the current study describes the intonation patterns of yes/no and wh- questions in said varieties and compares them with the other neighbouring varieties in both the Ibero-Romance and Italian-Romance areas. This comparison will enable establishing the main intonation patterns of yes/ no and wh- questions, as well as detecting some issues of interest for Romance dialectology, such as nuclear accents in non-final position and the relationship between intonation and sentence information structure.

The current study analyses the intonation of three types of utterances (broad focus statements, information-seeking yes-no questions and information-seeking wh-questions) in Galician and Spanish, in order to research the effects on the intonation of the prolonged contact between these two languages in Galicia. The main aims are to detect possible hybridisation processes in the intonation of these varieties and determine whether the intonation behaviour is different depending on the language used or on the language profile of the speakers. To that end, this study presents an empirical study which analyses these three types of utterances in Spanish and Galician, produced by 22 informants with different linguistic profiles. The results indicate little variability in the intonation based on the initial and habitual languages of the speakers or the language in which they produce the corpus. However, the existence of some hybrid patterns in wh-questions has been detected. The theoretical implications of these results will be discussed within the framework of hybridisation

This study examines the sibilant fricatives produced by seventeen Galician and twenty-two Portuguese speakers. Galician and Portuguese are closely related languages that present important continuities, although it is in their phonological and phonetic systems that they diverge most obviously. By means of the analysis of spectra and spectral moments, chiefly the spectral mean, postalveolar sibilants and front (alveolar or alveolo-dental) sibilants are differentiated in both Galician and Portuguese. Much variation has been found in front sibilant realizations among speakers and even between different realizations by the same speaker. This variation is especially striking among male Galician speakers, where it was possible to distinguish three different articulations, identified here as an apico-aveolar [s̺], a lamino-alveolar [s], and a lamino-dental [s̪] sibilant. The research results point to a loss of phonetic diversity on the Portuguese side of the political border, while in Galicia it is better preserved, although it is losing ground

Este artigo apresenta o método de construção duma ferramenta para a anotação de entidades geográficas mencionadas em textos medievais. A nova ferramenta foi desenvolvida a partir dos módulos de língua contemporânea do LinguaKit, pacote multilingue de ferramentas de PLN. Uma coleção de corpora anotados manualmente serviu de recurso para elaborar uma lista de topónimos medievais (gazetteers) e observar padrões para a melhora e implementação de novas regras de reconhecimento dos nomes de lugar. Depois da lista de entidades geográficas, os ativadores contextuais (triggers) foram o recurso determinante na melhora da abrangência. Para o produto final, fizeram-se também ajustes menores na procura de recolher os elementos mais comuns do léxico e os contextos gramaticais das entidades geográficas mencionadas. Ainda que muito trabalho fica por fazer na elaboração de listas para entidades não geográficas, na construção dum modelo de língua medieval e um lexicon específico, o novo módulo pode ser utilizado para anotar textos e mostra uma melhora significativa a respeito dos módulos previamente existentes, This paper describes a method to build a tool aimed at recognizing geographical named entities in medieval texts. The new tool has been developed using the corresponding modules for contemporary languages contained in LinguaKit, a suite of NLP tools. A collection of manually annotated corpora served as a resource to build a gazetteer of medieval toponyms and find patterns to improve and implement new rules for the recognition of place names. In addition to the gazetteer, a list of triggers was the most determinant factor to improve recall. Final adjustments considered the most frequent terms of the lexicon and grammatical contexts for geographical named entities. In the process of building a model of medieval language and a specific lexicon, the available tool can already be used to annotate texts and shows a significant improvement when compared with previous modules. However, most work remains to be done in terms of adding specific gazetteers for entities other than geographical

Os atlas lingüísticos constitúen unha excelente fonte de datos para coñecer a distribución xeográfica das va-riedades e tamén o modo en que estas se interrelacionan, unha vez que rexistran nas súas cartas as variantes recorrentes en determinadas áreas asociadas a unha mesma variable. A pesar do valor destas obras e da riqueza da información que fornecen para a investigación nos distintos ámbitos da lingüística, deica agora son poucos aínda os traballos que as utilizaron para descubrir as relacións de contacto entre dominios lingüísticos. Entre as razóns que explican esta desconsideración están a dificultade para tratar datos en formato cartográfico e o simple descoñecemento do valor da información que albergan estas obras. Neste traballo preséntase unha análise exploratoria dun pequeno grupo de pre-guntas da sección de léxico dos cadernos do Atlas Lingüístico de la Península Ibérica (ALPI) pertencentes a unha área do noroeste peninsular que comprende distintos dominios lingüísticos romances. As variantes léxicas seleccionadas corresponden a dez conceptos asociados con denominacións de partes do corpo humano. Os resultados do estudo com-páranse e póñense en relación con algunhas investigacións previas que abordaron os límites dos dominios lingüísticos nesta zona da península. Ademais, dáse conta das similitudes e semellanzas na distribución das variantes de distintos niveis de análise xeolingüística e identifícanse algúns padróns de distribución de variantes léxicas, Los atlas lingüísticos constituyen una excelente fuente documental para conocer la distribución geográfica de las variedades y también el modo en que éstas se interrelacionan, dado que registran en sus mapas las variantes asociadas a una misma variable en un área territorial. A pesar del valor de estas obras y de la riqueza de la información que facilitan para la investigación lingüística, son todavía pocos los trabajos que las utilizan para mostrar las relaciones de contacto entre dominios lingüísticos. Entre las razones que explican esta desconsideración figuran la dificultad para tratar datos en formato cartográfico y el simple desconocimiento del valor de la información que albergan los atlas lin-güísticos. En este trabajo se presenta un análisis exploratorio de un pequeño grupo de preguntas de la sección de léxico de los cuadernos del Atlas Lingüístico de la Península Ibérica (ALPI) correspondientes a un área del noroeste peninsu-lar que comprende distintos dominios lingüísticos romances. Las variantes léxicas seleccionadas corresponden a diez conceptos relacionados con denominaciones de partes del cuerpo humano. Los resultados del estudio de las variantes lingüísticas se confrontan y se ponen en relación con algunas investigaciones previas que han abordado los límites de los dominios lingüísticos en esta zona peninsular. Además, se destacan las similitudes y diferencias en la distribución de las variantes de distintos niveles de análisis geolingüístico y se identifican algunos patrones de organización territorial de las variantes léxicas., Language atlases are an excellent source of data about the geographical distribution of language varieties and how they interact, once they have mapped recurring variants in different areas associated with the same variable. Des-pite the value of such works and the wealth of information they provide to researchers in a range of linguistic subdisci-plines, few studies have made use of them to explore contact between linguistic domains. Two reasons for this are the difficulty of processing cartographic data and a lack of awareness of the valuable information that such materials con-tain. This paper presents the results of an exploratory analysis of a small set of items in the lexical section of the part ofthe Atlas Lingüístico de la Península Ibérica (ALPI) that covers the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, where se-veral distinct Romance languages coincide. The selected lexical variants have to do with ten concepts involving parts of the human body. The results of an analysis of the linguistic variants are compared and related to previous studies of the borders between the language areas cove-red, in order to chart similarities and correspondences in the distribution of variants at different levels of geolin-guistic analysis and to identify the distribution patterns of variants

In this work, I will defend a dialectology based on the study of the extension of individual linguistic items, against another vision that groups local varieties into supralocal entities like dialectal blocks or languages. The former orientation considers geolinguistic areas as open and relative entities; it seeks the items shared by different varieties, since they show the historical and social relationships that speakers stablish between them. The later orientation considers languages as closed and absolute entities; it promotes an investigation isolating the languages. I will defend that the study of individual dialectal features possesses a greater explicative power that the drawing of boundaries between dialectal blocks or languages. Neste traballo defenderei unha dialectoloxía centrada no estudo da extensión de ítems lingüísticos illados, fronte a outra que agrupa as variedades locais en unidades supralocais coma bloques ou linguas. A primeira orientación contempla as áreas xeolingüísticas como entidades abertas e relativas; busca os ítems que comparten as variedades lingüísticas, pois mostran as relacións históricas e sociais que establecen uns falantes con outros. A segunda orientación contempla as linguas como entidades pechadas e absolutas; promove unha investigación que illa unhas linguas das outras. Defenderei que o estudo de ítems individuais posúe maior valor explicativo có trazado de fronteiras entre bloques, dialectos ou linguas., Neste traballo defenderei unha dialectoloxía centrada no estudo da extensión de ítems lingüísticos illados, fronte a outra que agrupa as variedades locais en unidades supralocais coma bloques ou linguas. A primeira orientación contempla as áreas xeolingüísticas como entidades abertas e relativas; busca os ítems que comparten as variedades lingüísticas, pois mostran as relacións históricas e sociais que establecen uns falantes con outros. A segunda orientación contempla as linguas como entidades pechadas e absolutas; promove unha investigación que illa unhas linguas das outras. Defenderei que o estudo de ítems individuais posúe maior valor explicativo có trazado de fronteiras entre bloques, dialectos ou linguas.

Os atlas lingüísticos constitúen unha excelente fonte para a realización de estudos que permitan coñecer a variación lingüística nos distintos niveis de análise, unha vez que rexistran nas súas cartas as variantes recorrentes en determinada área asociadas a unha mesma variable. Para o territorio galego contamos cos datos do Atlas Lingüístico de la Península Ibérica (ALPI) (1934) e do Atlas Lingüístico Galego (ALGa) (1974). Estes dous atlas ofrecen numerosa información organizada onomasioloxicamente, entre a que distan corenta anos, o que posibilita a realización de estudos sobre variación e cambio lingüístico. O noso obxectivo é analizar as denominacións existentes para nocello ‘parte saínte dos ósos que forma a articulación da perna co pé’ no territorio galego a partir dos datos do ALPI e do ALGa, que complementamos con datos extraídos doutros atlas rexionais, así como de corpus lexicográficos. A análise das distintas variantes realizarase tendo en conta, por un lado, a distribución xeográfica en ambos os atlas, o que nos permitirá observar a existencia de procesos de cambio lingüístico e, polo outro, as motivacións semánticas, principalmente metafóricas, que dan lugar á variedade de formas.

Galician has been in contact with Spanish since the very origins of both languages. Galician and Spanish are strongly structurally, genetically and typologically related. As the intensity of the contact has been growing and the number of bilingual speakers has been steadily increasing along the 20th century, more and more grammatical Spanish features entered into Galician. In this study, we analyse how the borrowing of Spanish morphological patterns that hypercharacterize the expression of various morphosyntactic features of some verbs causes a restructuring in the grammar of an urban variety of Galician mainly spoken by bilinguals. The incorporation of those Spanish borrowings also seems to provoke an increase in the complexity of the grammar of this Galician variety. We reflect on whether what seems to be a complexification from the point of view of an isolated grammar may be considered a simplification from the point of view of a bilingual mind/speaker.

Baseándonos sobre todo en argumentos de índole lingüística, mais tamén en indicios biográficos e ideolóxicos, atribuímos esta “Carta de Galicia” a Manuel Freire Castrillón. Argumentos do mesmo tipo móvennos a postular que Freire foi tamén o autor doutros textos en castrapo e en galego, entre eles Un labrador que foy sarxento á os soldados do nobo alistamento (ca. 1808). Finalmente, ofrecemos unha transcrición anotada e minimamente intervida da carta., Basándonos sobre todo en argumentos de índole lingüística, pero también en indicios biográficos e ideológicos, atribuimos esta “Carta de Galicia” a Manuel Freire Castrillón. Argumentos del mismo tipo nos mueven a postular que Freire fue también el autor de otros textos en gallego y en un interlecto castellano-gallego (castrapo); entre estos textos se encontraría el romance Un labrador que foy sarxento á os soldados do nobo alistamento (ca. 1808). Finalmente, ofrecemos una transcripción anotada y mínimamente intervenida de la carta., In this paper we defend that Manuel Freire Castrillón was the author of this “Carta de Galicia” and of some other texts that were written in Galician or in a Spanish-Galician interlect (castrapo); we think that one of them could be the poem Un labrador que foy sarxento á os soldados do nobo alistamento (ca. 1808). The arguments we adduce to defend these hypotheses are of biographical, ideological and, most of all, linguistic nature. Finally, we offer a transcription of this letter and some notes of historical and linguistic nature.

Este traballo pretende ser unha revisión histórica dos estudos que se teñen realizado sobre a morfoloxía e a sintaxe do galego. Ora ben, o obxectivo da presente contribución é ofrecer unha panorámica das liñas mestras da produción gramatical galega, non unha prolixa enumeración de traballos publicados ata o presente. Tras analizar o atraso histórico con que o galego chegou a ser obxecto de estudo científico rigoroso e as causas deste atraso, preséntase unha exposición crítica sobre as liñas temáticas e orientacións dominantes nos estudos de morfoloxía e de sintaxe do galego. O traballo remata cunha exposición dos desafíos que ten a lingüística galega cara ao futuro., This work tries to offer a historical review of the studies that have been carried out on the morphology and syntax of the Galician language. However, the main objective of this contribution is to give a panoramic outlook of the guidelines of the Galician grammatical production, not an exhaustive list of the works published until now. After analyzing the historic delay with which Galician started to be scientifically studied, and the causes of this delay, a critical survey of the main thematic lines and orientations on the studies of Galician morphology and syntax is given. The work ends with a presentation of the challenges that Galician linguistics must deal with, facing the future.

Neste artigo recordarei algunhas ideas de Saussure que deron fundamento ó tipo de morfoloxía dominante na tradición lingüística galega e repasarei ese modo de facer morfoloxía. Presentarei tamén algunhas ideas de Saussure que resultaron preteridas na historia das correntes prototípicas do estruturalismo europeo; estas ideas esquecidas constitúen realmente un precedente teórico de novas concepcións da gramática que superan algúns do problemas que, ó meu xuízo, se detectan no modelo de morfoloxía que hoxe domina a lingüística galega. Un resultado desta revisión teórica será a constatación de que non só a explicación, senón tamén a descrición dun estado de lingua non pode prescindir da información producida polo cambio e a diacronía. Polo tanto, para mostrar a estrutura morfolóxica do galego é preciso analizar os fenómenos de cambio a que se ve sometido.

Este artigo pretende chamar a atención sobre a existencia dalgúns fenómenos dialectais que mostran a existencia dunha área xeolingüística galego-asturiana (que inclúe o Baixo-Minho portugués) que xa ten a súa orixe no mesmo momento da romanización. De feito, retómase a noción xeo-histórico-lingüística de Gallaecia Magna demarcada por Joseph M. Piel como locus xeográfico orixinario do nacemento do portugués, do galego e do asturiano. Esta área estaba formada polo noroeste de Portugal, as provincias de Pontevedra, Coruña, Lugo e a metade occidental de Oviedo. Algunhas diferenzas entre gale-go e portugués (que agrupan galego con asturiano) deben remitirse á inclusión de Galicia e do oeste de Asturias nesta área. Os fenómenos mostran un prolongado contacto galego-asturiano e unha fidelidade do galego e do asturiano a esta área e un comportamento independente e, ás veces, unitario do portugués e do castelán con respecto a estes fenómenos., The aim of this article is to call attention to the existence of certain dialectal features that prove the existence of a Galicio-Asturian geolinguistic area (including the Portuguese Baixo-Minho) which dates back to the period of Roman colonization. What we effectively do is revive the geo-historico-linguistic notion of a Gallaecia Magna elaborated by Joseph M. Piel as the original geographical birthplace of Portuguese, Galician and Asturian. This area consisted of north-east Portugal, the provinces of Pontevedra, Coruña, Lugo and the western part of Oviedo. Some differences between Galician and Portuguese (that show Galician as more akin to Asturian) must have to do with the affinity of Galician and western Asturias to this area. The features are proof of a long period of contact between Galician and Asturian, and their allegiance to the area, as opposed to the independent, sometimes united, stance of Portuguese and Castilian in the face of these facts.

The Corpus Oral Informatizado da Lingua Galega (CORILGA) project aims at building a corpus of oral language for Galician, primarily designed to study the linguistic variation and change. This project is currently under development and it is periodically enriched with new contributions. The long-term goal is that all the speech recordings will be enriched with phonetic, syllabic, morphosyntactic, lexical and sentence ELAN-complaint annotations. A way to speed up the process of annotation is to use automatic speech-recognition-based tools tailored to the application. Therefore, CORILGA repository has been enhanced with an automatic alignment tool, available to the administrator of the repository, that aligns speech with an orthographic transcription. In the event that no transcription, or just a partial one, were available, a speech recognizer for Galician is used to generate word and phonetic segmentations. These recognized outputs may contain errors that will have to be manually corrected by the administrator. For assisting this task, the tool also provides an ELAN tier with the confidence measure of each recognized word. In this paper, after the description of the main facts of the CORILGA corpus, the speech alignment and recognition tools are described. Both have been developed using the Kaldi toolkit

The essential objective of dialectology, and especially geolinguistics, is the study of spatial linguistic variation, special relevance being given to the presentation of results through cartographic representations. The methods of geolinguistic data analysis focused for a long period on the description and evaluation of phenomena conventionally regarded as particularly relevant, either in isolated or in group cases, and the latter only when the discovery of the existence of limits between varieties was straightforward. The application of quantitative methods to geolinguistic studies began at the start of the 1970s and experienced a spectacular impulse over the last two decades. The development of new computer-based tools and the recognition that dialectal variation could not be reduced to simple characterizations encouraged researchers to employ new research methods, with which it was possible to understand in greater detail the patterns which function in geolinguistic variation. This present study seeks to provide an overview of the principal analytical techniques and representation of geolinguistic information developed during in recent years. Moreover, it intends to demonstrate, on the basis of some examples of application, the interest of these new methodologies and their usefulness for a better understanding of the spatial variety of languages., A dialectoloxía, e de xeito especial a xeolingüística, ten como obxectivo esencial o estudo da variación lingüística espacial, dándolle unha especial relevancia á presentación de resultados por medio de representacións cartográficas. Os métodos de análise de datos xeolingüísticos centráronse durante moito tempo na descrición e análise de fenómenos considerados por convención especialmente relevantes, ben illadamente ou ben de xeito agrupado, e isto último só cando resultaba doado descubrir a existencia de límites entre variedades. A aplicación de métodos cuantitativos ó estudo xeolingüístico iniciouse a comezos dos anos setenta e coñeceu un espectacular impulso nas dúas últimas décadas. O desenvolvemento de novas ferramentas informáticas e o recoñecemento de que a variación dialectal non podía ser reducida a caracterizacións simples animou os investigadores á utilización de novos métodos de investigación, cos que foi posible coñecer máis en profundidade os padróns que funcionan na variación xeolingüística. Esta contribución pretende facer un repaso das principais técnicas de análise e representación de información xeolingüística desenvolvidas nos últimos anos. Ademais, búscase demostrar, a partir dalgúns exemplos de aplicación, o interese destas novas metodoloxías e a súa utilidade para un mellor coñecemento da variación espacial das linguas.

This study describes the introduction of verbal idioms in the Galician language version (Galnet) of the semantic network WordNet; a network that does not traditionally include many phraseological units. To enhance Galnet, a list of 803 Galician verbal idioms was developed to then review each of them individually and assess whether they could be introduced in an existing WordNet synset (a group of synonyms expressing the same concept) or not. Of those 803 idioms, 490 (61%) could be included in this network. Besides, Galnet was enlarged with 750 extra verbal idioms, most of them synonyms or variants of the former. In this study, we present the working methodology for the experiment and an analysis of the results, to help understand the most important problems found when trying to introduce idioms in Galnet. We also discuss the reasons preventing the inclusion of some expressions, and the criteria used to introduce the idioms that finally made it into the network

Geoprosodic data are useful for studying language change and developing hypotheses about the diachrony of intonation. In the case of Galician, it is particularly interesting to study varieties of Galician and Portuguese which share a common origin but are separated by a long-standing political border. Work to date has concluded that some of these intonation patterns present a prosodic continuum, but has also identified a large part of the Galician linguistic area where a widespread pattern is found that is unrelated to Portuguese. An approach to the study of dialectology and linguistic change will be proposed which supplements traditional geoprosodic studies with sociolinguistic concepts such as contact between languages and language varieties. This article will address questions concerning interaction between geoprosodic variation and contact among languages and language varieties for the purpose of detecting ongoing prosodic change and describing prosodic convergence processes that affect coexisting language varieties in Galicia., Los datos geoprosódicos son muy valiosos para el estudio del cambio lingüístico y para la elaboración de hipótesis sobre la diacronía de la entonación. En el caso del gallego, es especialmente interesante el estudio de las variedades gallegas y portuguesas, de origen común pero separadas secularmente por una frontera política. Los trabajos realizados hasta el momento concluyen que existe una continuidad prosódica de algunos de estos patrones de entonación, si bien también detectan amplias áreas en el territorio lingüístico gallego que presentan un patrón muy extendido geográficamente que no se puede relacionar con el portugués. Nuestra propuesta, complementaria de los estudios geoprosódicos tradicionales, pretende abordar la cuestión de cómo interaccionan la variación geoprosódica y el contacto de lenguas y de variedades con el fin de detectar cambios prosódicos en marcha y formalizar los procesos de convergencia prosódica que afectan a las variedades lingüísticas que conviven en Galicia.

This paper introduces a tool that performs segmentation and labelling of sound chains in phono units, syllables and/or words departing from a sound signal and its corresponding orthographic transcription. In addition, it also integrates acoustic analysis scripts applied to the Praat programme with the aim of reducing the time spent on tasks related to analysis, correction, smoothing and generation of graphics of the melodic curve. The tool is implemented for Galician, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese. Our goal is to contribute, by means of this application, to automatize some of the tasks of segmentation, labelling and prosodic analysis, since these tasks require a large investment of time and human resources., En este artículo se presenta una herramienta que realiza la segmentación y el etiquetado de cadenas sonoras en unidades de fono, sílaba y/o palabra partiendo de una señal sonora y de su correspondiente transcripción ortográfica. Además, integra scripts de análisis acústico que se ejecutan sobre el programa Praat con el fin de reducir el tiempo invertido en las tareas de análisis, corrección, suavizado y generación de gráficos de la curva melódica. La herramienta está implementada para gallego, español y portugués de Brasil. Nuestro objetivo es contribuir con esta aplicación a automatizar algunas de las labores de segmentación, etiquetado y análisis prosódico, pues constituyen tareas que requieren una gran inversión de tiempo y de recursos humanos.

Neste traballo preséntase unha ferramenta informática, desenvolvida co software estatístico R, que lle permite ao usuario realizar unha análise dialectométrica dos datos prosódicos do corpus fixo recollido no proxecto AMPER. Non se precisa coñecementos previos no uso do software R, polo que a ferramenta pode ser empregada por calquera usuario interesado neste tipo estudos. A análise dialectométrica realizada pola ferramenta inclúe o cálculo de correlacións entre curvas de F0 e a obtención das distancias prosódicas entre as distintas localizacións (falantes ou outra variable de interese) existentes no corpus. Unha vez construída a táboa de distancias prosódicas, o usuario pode aplicar mediante a ferramenta técnicas da estatística multivariante, como o escalado multidimensional (MDS) e a análise de conglomerados. Con esta última metodoloxía, o usuario pode detectar agrupamentos nas localizacións (falantes ou outra variable de interese) segundo a súa proximidade en termos de distancia prosódica, This paper presents a computing tool, developed with the statistical software R, which allows a user to perform a dialectometric analysis of the prosodic data in the fixed corpus collected in the AMPER project. Since no previous knowledge about using R is assumed, this tool can be used by any user interested in such studies. The dialectometric analysis that is performed includes calculation of correlations between F0 curves and of prosodic distances between different locations covered by the corpus (for speakers or any other variable). Once the table of prosodic distances has been generated, the user can then apply multivariate statistical techniques to it, such as multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis. The latter allows the user to detect the existence of clusters of locations (by speaker or another variables) according to their closeness in terms of prosodic distance

The word-forms corresponding to the 1SG.IND.PRT.PRF of regular Galician verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugations (batín ‘beat’ and partín ‘split’, respectively) end in a nasal consonant that does not exist in Standard Portuguese, Asturleonese and Spanish (batí and partí). In central and southern dialects of European Portuguese, the corresponding word-forms may also end in a nasal vowel (batĩ and partĩ). Galician- Portuguese Linguistics has explained the presence of this nasality via an analogical extension of the nasal segment of vin/vim, the word-form of the 1SG.IND.PRT.PRF of the verb VIR ‘to come’. In this paper I will discuss the implications of such a process from the point of view of Exemplar Morphology. I will defend the view that in order to explain these (and other) analogical extensions speakers may develop schemata that give structure to stored regular verbal forms. I will show how different levels of abstraction produce different schemata, which will produce different kinds of analogical processes. Changes prove the existence of the schemata.

Maiden (2001) identified the properties of coherence and convergence in the perfect stems of Galician, Portuguese and Spanish irregular verbs. Coherence is responsible for analogical levelling. Convergence is responsible for the tendency shown by the irregular perfect roots of different lexemes to share morphological similarities. In this paper, I will show that the form of irregular roots, and the properties of convergence and coherence, would be fanciful without the notions of lexical connection, lexical strength, relevance, or type and token frequency, proposed by the Exemplar Model of morphology. The changes undergone by roots also show how morphological structure is a property emerging from storage.

I present an application of Correlative Dialectometry (Goebl, 2005, 2006, 2008) to Galician phonetic data. This tool makes it possible to check the degree of correlation between two distributions of data. In this case, I will analyse the correlation between the similarity indices of the 230 phonetic working maps referred to above and the geographical distance between points

Reflexión sobre a posible segmentación do contínuum xeolectal do noroeste da Península

In this article, I will present the problems of elaborating a phonetic database for a dialectometrical study. I will show how (1) the abstractness which is necessary to create the database conditions the interpretation of the results, (2) the difficulties of classifying the data as phonetic, morphological or lexical from a synchronic point of view, (3) the problems created by variation inside the same locality, a lack of data in some points and a situation of language contact (in this case, Galician and Spanish). Finally, I will present a dialectometrical study of the Galician dialects, made from the elaborated phonetic database. In this regard, I will present and comment on ten maps that allow us to show the inner structure of the phonetic data of Galician.