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Las Redes Sociales constituyen uno de los avances tecnológicos más revolucionarios de las últimas décadas. Desde su aparición, se han convertido en una parte fundamental de la rutina de la mayoría de las sociedades modernas. Debido a su impacto, el comportamiento de las personas ha sido influenciado y modificado por el contenido creado y publicado por los usuarios online (UGC, por sus siglas en inglés). Se han llevado a cabo varios estudios sobre las Redes Sociales en los diferentes campos de investigación con el fin de ayudar a comprender este nuevo entorno. Entre muchos de los temas investigados, se encuentra el poder de las Redes Sociales como herramienta de promoción para las empresas turísticas. De este modo, ofreciendo una nueva forma de comunicación con el cliente y su influencia sobre la promoción del sector turístico han ido ganando relevancia en la década de 2020. La industria turística se ha venido desarrollando durante siglos. Las Redes Sociales se vincularon casi al instante de su aparición con la actividad turística. Cada vez más personas empezaron a compartir la experiencia de sus viajes y esto hizo que las empresas del sector turístico intentaran adaptarse a la novedad que esto suponía, formando parte de ello y siendo conscientes al mismo tiempo que las Redes Sociales ofrecen la oportunidad de promocionarse a bajo coste. Además, se estableció una nueva forma de comunicación entre los clientes y las empresas, así como una nueva forma para los clientes potenciales de obtener información para la planificación de sus viajes y compartir sus experiencias a través del boca a boca electrónico. Las Redes Sociales se convirtieron en una herramienta perfecta para la organización del viaje. Esta tesis ofrece información práctica que tiene como objetivo ayudar a las empresas, especialmente al sector hotelero, a desarrollar estrategias de Redes Sociales precisas. Para lograrlo, primero se ha realizado una revisión de la literatura sobre la relación turismo y redes, Social Media has emerged as one of the most revolutionary technological advances of the past decades. Since it appeared, it has become an integral part of daily routines of most modern societies. Due to its influence, people’s behaviours have been measurably affected and modified by the User Generated Content and by the platforms that help disseminate it. Frequent studies by researchers from varied disciplines have taken place, in order to help individuals and companies make sense of this new environment. Among numerous research topics, the potential of Social Media as a promotional channel for tourism, offering a new relation with the customers and new ways of promotion, has been gaining prominence in the 2020s. The Tourism Industry itself has been developing for centuries. Social relations and trends lie at its core. Owing to these characteristics, Social Media became linked with tourism activities almost instantly. As more people began to share their travel experiences on social platforms, Hospitality and Tourism companies tried to adapt and contribute to it, which led to the realisation that Social Media offers tremendous marketing possibilities at a low cost. In addition, a new way of communication between customers and companies was established, as well as a new way of obtaining information and providing feedback. The trip planning process became nearly inseparable from the Social Media content. This thesis offers practical information that aims at helping companies – particularly the accommodation sector – to develop accurate Social Media strategies. To achieve that, first, a review of the literature related to the tourism and Social Media relationship was carried out. Then, an empirical analysis was conducted on Social Media activities undertaken by a chosen budget hotel, complemented by an examination of their impact on the hotel’s Facebook and Instagram channels. This analysis provided an initial insight into the ways that companies use Social Media, as we

El turismo es crucial para la competitividad y atractivo de los destinos, requiriendo gestión efectiva y maximización de la experiencia del turista. Este estudio explora los factores que intensifican la experiencia turística, especialmente en entornos de recreación histórica, y su contribución a la integración sociocultural, utilizando el Mercado Medieval de Óbidos, Portugal, como caso de estudio. La investigación propone una metodología basada en indicadores de la literatura especializada. Se consideran dos dimensiones clave de la experiencia turística: la intensificación experiencial y el desarrollo personal del turista. Además, se exploran aspectos como la relación con el patrimonio cultural, la interacción entre los actores turísticos y la comunidad local, y la autenticidad del evento. El análisis se centra en las dimensiones sensoriales de la experiencia turística, como la estética y el entretenimiento, y se busca comprender la relación entre la autenticidad percibida y la integración cultural. Se utilizó un enfoque descriptivo e interdependiente, combinando datos cuantitativos y cualitativos recopilados a través de un estudio de campo. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de la autenticidad en la experiencia turística y su influencia positiva en la percepción de los turistas sobre el destino. La preservación de la memoria local y la identidad cultural son aspectos fundamentales en la construcción de esta autenticidad percibida. Estos hallazgos tienen implicaciones significativas para la gestión del turismo y la creación de experiencias enriquecedoras y auténticas para los visitantes, especialmente en entornos complejos como los de recreación histórica., A gestão eficiente dos destinos turísticos e a maximização da experiência dos turistas são elementos cruciais para a competitividade e atração de um destino. Neste contexto, compreender os fatores que intensificam a experiência turística é um desafio em constante evolução, especialmente considerando a natureza intangível dessa experiência. Um aspeto particularmente intrigante desta discussão é a forma como os ambientes de recriação histórica podem proporcionar experiências turísticas enriquecedoras, integrando elementos socioculturais. Surge então a seguinte questão de partida: Que fatores intensificadores da experiência turística concorrem para a integração sociocultural em ambientes de recriação histórica? Óbidos destaca-se como um caso de estudo relevante para investigar os elementos que mais impactam a experiência turística durante o seu Mercado Medieval. A introdução de ferramentas capazes de discernir e valorizar aspetos intangíveis pode servir como incentivo para os diversos intervenientes do setor turístico. Assim, este estudo propõe analisar a experiência turística durante o evento de recriação histórica "Mercado Medieval de Óbidos - Portugal", utilizando uma metodologia de avaliação fundamentada em indicadores da literatura especializada.

El tema del trabajo se introduce desde un punto de vista teórico, donde se examinan conceptos fundamentales como los elementos de este tipo de préstamos y las características que poseen. Se desarrollan además temas como la normativa aplicable y su efecto en los gastos y comisiones bancarias. La parte teórica finaliza con la introducción de la TAE y su aplicación práctica. La parte empírica consiste en un análisis cuantitativo de un préstamo hipotecario, de las mismas condiciones, simulado en cinco entidades bancarias diferentes. Dicho análisis se hace del préstamo hipotecario desde una perspectiva de tipo variable y después de tipo fijo. Tras el análisis se presentan los cuadros con la TAE de cada préstamo y se recomienda un préstamo a contratar según las condiciones establecidas. Finalmente, el trabajo concluye con una última parte donde se presentan las conclusiones del mismo.

Social innovation and social enterprise are two major factors in addressing the challenges of population ageing since both are aimed at solving social problems. One of these challenges involves providing quality care services for the elderly. However, few studies have analysed how social enterprises can promote or manage social innovations in this sector. This research therefore studies said relationship, paying particular attention to the for-profit and non-profit nature of social enterprises. Specifically, to test the hypotheses, we use data from a survey of nursing homes in southern Spain, where care services are expanding with the support of welfare state social policies. The results show that non-profit social enterprises tend to develop more social innovations in care services, and that the social mission and participative governance positively influence the implementation of social innovations in this activity sector. Consequently, implications for social policies are suggested to better meet the needs of the elderly.

Los orígenes de los estudios empresariales mayoritariamente se han recogido en literatura no académica como los aniversarios de las Escuelas de Comercio, de las Escuelas Universitarias o de las Facultades. Sin embargo, no conocemos que haya un estudio sistemático acerca de esa transición en general, ni tampoco en Contabilidad en particular. Por ello, el motivo de este estudio es contrastar empíricamente la afirmación de que los primeros profesores de las Facultades de estudios empresariales provenían de las Escuelas de Comercio y analizar los orígenes de los estudios empresariales con objeto de reconocer el papel de los académicos pioneros y describir dicha transición en el área de la Contabilidad en España. Para ello se han llevado a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas con diversos participantes referentes de las primeras Facultades de estudios sobre el ámbito empresarial creadas en España., The origins of business studies have mostly been recorded in non-academic literature such as the anniversaries of School of Commerce, University Schools or Faculties. However, we are not aware of any systematic study of this transition in general, nor in Accounting in particular. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to empirically contrast this statement and to analyse the origins of business studies in order to recognise the role of the pioneering academics and to describe this transition in the area of Accounting in Spain. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were carried out with various participants from the first Faculties of Economics and Business Studies (FCEyE) created in Spain.

Over the last decade, various entrepreneurial school practices have proliferated, including the creation of mini-companies. In the Spanish context, the Empresa Joven Europea (EJE) program has been the most widely employed educative program in this respect. Empresa Joven Europea is an educational program that proposes that secondary education students create and man age their own mini-businesses, thereby taking the legal form of a cooperative society and facilitating the acquisition of all basic educational skills through the cultivation of entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, there is still a gap between the theory and the practice of entrepreneurship education which, together with the conceptual expansion experienced in recent years, increases the need to assess the effectiveness of this type of programs. By means of an explanatory and cross-sectional study, we evalu ated the impact of the program on the configuration of the entrepreneurial potential of the participating adolescents (N=270). The analysis has been carried out utilizing PLS-SEM with SmartPLS software version 3.3.9 and SPSS version 25. None of the six hypotheses formulated have been confirmed, which means that the desired effects have not been achieved in any of the three variables under study: attitudes, knowledge, and entrepreneurial skills. Such results may be related to aspects of curricular organization, the type of experiences based on cooperatives, a certain structural and conceptual lack of definition of the pedagogical methodology used, and the development of skills linked to identity. Moreover, it is possible that, although it is not evident in the competencies acquired, the program has influenced the apperception of what it means to be an entrepre neur and of the creation of critical awareness, which is associated with entrepreneurial potential. Our study, in addition to opening suggestions for further research along the same lines, presents several implications related to administrative and org

In recent decades, youth unemployment has been the focus of attention of international and community bodies in the area of social rights. Specifically, there is a need to promote attitudes and skills to access employment, decent work, and entrepreneurship. The measures implemented have not been effective. In 2023, Spain had the highest youth unemployment rate in the European Union (29.6%). An improvement in the level and quality of education and training of young people would reduce their level of unemployment. Entrepreneurship education is, therefore, a necessary value in the society of the 21st century since it is a tool for the development and growth of the younger population. In the entrepreneurship education model proposed in this study for adolescents, we focus on the capacities of self-efficacy and personal initiative as precursors of entrepreneurial behavior. This paper analyzes the differences between the mean values of the variables before and after the implementation of the educational program and the influence or correlation between the variables. The main results are threefold: (i) the educational program implemented improves the mean values of the two variables analyzed; (ii) self-efficacy exerts a positive or direct influence on personal initiative, and (iii) the educational program improves or reinforces the positive influence of self-efficacy on personal initiative

In this paper, a comprehensive review is carried out on the strand of the literature related to the effects of bubbles on production, which includes the scarce empirical literature. The content is structured according to the bubble phase, since a major part of the literature considers that during the boom, there can be a crowding-in effect that can even offset the crowdingout effect derived from the bursting of the bubble. This possibility is due to the influence of two opposing mechanisms: a substitution effect derived from the possible diversion of resources previously allocated to productive investments, and an income effect derived from the fact that investors have more resources obtained from the sale of the bubble assets and from the role of these assets as collateral in loan operations. Studies also show the negative effect derived from the involvement of banks in bubbles. In this paper, both the results of the research and the main methodological framework are reviewed, thereby identifying as a gap in the literature to be considered for future research: the scarcity of empirical research, of studies that include demand factors, of papers that address bubbles in nonfinancial and nonhousing markets, and in undeveloped and emerging countries

This article explores the determinants of the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with special attention to the impact of competencies and skills. The research was based on data from a representative sample of SMEs in Spain and used logistic regression econometric analysis. Additionally, the study applied an innovative AI technique, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), to balance the data set. The findings indicate that SMEs whose business owners / managers have university degrees or high levels of professional training, those with information technology (IT) experts among their staff, and those providing IT-related training for employees are all more likely to adopt AI. Furthermore, SMEs equipped with management skills in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and marketing analytics tools, and SMEs engaged in collaboration with universities and research centres, demonstrate a greater propensity to integrate AI into their operations. The implications of these findings are significant for both business management and public policy. From a managerial perspective, the results underscore the importance of investing in training programmes and initiatives aimed at upgrading the skill set of employees and managers to effectively use AI in business operations. On the policy front, the conclusions suggest an active role for public administrations in promoting the adoption of AI among SMEs by designing initiatives focused on improving key digital competencies.

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have become a recent and rapidly developing research topic in machine learning. Since their inception in 2014, a significant number of variants have been proposed to address various topics across many fields, and they have particularly excelled not only in image and language processing but also in the medical and data science domains. In this paper, we aim to highlight the significance of and advancements that these GAN models can introduce in the field of Business Economics, where they have yet to be fully developed. To this end, a review of the literature of GANs is presented in general together with a more specific review in the field of Business Economics, for which only a few papers can be found. Furthermore, the most relevant papers are analysed in order to provide approaches for the opportunity to research GANs in the field of Business Economics.

The digital transformation (DT) of companies implies the emergence of new business models based on the widespread use of digital technologies. Digital transformation is necessary to improve efficiency, productivity, and market access in a context of increasing competition. In the case of the agri-food sector, DT is also required to address the challenges of food safety, food waste, and sustainability. This research aims to build a theoretical framework and a methodology to assess the global level of DT and its dimensions and factors that influence it in a specific type of agri-food company, namely agri-food cooperatives. These prominent social economy entities follow cooperative principles and play a significant role in rural development, especially in the most backward regions. An empirical analysis has been conducted to validate the methodology and meet the objectives. To this end, a Global Index of DT was built, and data was obtained from a survey of agri-food cooperatives in Andalusia, a southern Spanish region with a long-standing tradition of agri-food cooperatives, which also presents a low per- capita income in the European context. Empirical results effectively reveal that the proposed theoretical framework and methodology expediate the assessment of the global level of DT of agri-food cooperatives and the relevance of certain influential critical factors. In this way, relevant information for cooperatives and policy- makers can be collected to facilitate the implementation of DT.

This article analyses the influence of gender stereotypes in entrepreneur-ship by jointly studying the effect of gender-role orientation (GRO) and sex (women vs. men) on the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and actions of individuals. Entrepreneurship is associated with the typical male stereo-type in most societies, leading to a lower rate of women entrepreneurs. Our model builds on social role theory (SRT) to identify how descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotypes exert this influence. It integrates SRT and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to analyse the differential effect of sex and GRO on entrepreneurial motivations, intentions, and new venture creation behaviours. We test our model on a sample of highly educated adults in Spain using a longitudinal research design. Our results indicate that descriptive gender stereotypes influence individuals’ entre-preneurial motivations and intentions depending on their GRO. Androgynous people (women and men alike) exhibit the most favourable perceptions regarding entrepreneurship, and, through them, a higher EI (compared to masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated GRO individuals). In turn, prescriptive gender stereotypes affect individuals’ actual venture creation depending on their biological sex. Men are significantly more likely to act on their EIs and launch their venture than are women.

Este dataset es resultado del Proyecto de I+D “Factor empresarial, ecosistemas digitales y digitalización de la pyme” (DIGIPYME), que fue seleccionado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades en el marco de la convocatoria de 2020 de Proyectos I+D+i del Plan Estatal 2017-2020 Generación Conocimiento. El objetivo central del proyecto es analizar el proceso de transformación digital de la pyme española, con especial atención a la microempresa, identificando los factores que pueden facilitarlo y obstaculizarlo, así como el impacto sobre los resultados empresariales. El proyecto se plantea, como un segundo objetivo general, estudiar el rol del factor empresarial en el liderazgo del proceso de transformación digital de la pyme. Así pues, se analizará el impacto que tienen las características que delimitan el perfil personal del (de la) empresario (a) en el desarrollo y los resultados del proceso de transformación digital en la pyme. Finalmente, un tercer objetivo general de este proyecto es investigar el papel que la formación de ecosistemas digitales puede jugar en el proceso de transformación digital de la pyme. Las relaciones de colaboración formales e informales que se despliegan en dichos ecosistemas entre empresas, instituciones públicas, asociaciones y organizaciones intermedias puede estimular, acelerar y fortalecer los procesos de transformación digital en las pymes, ayudándoles a afrontar las limitaciones que su reducido tamaño y las deficiencias en determinados recursos (financieros, humanos y organizativos) generan para este tipo de empresas. Los datos proceden de una encuesta dirigida a empresarios/gerentes de PYME en España. El marco muestral de la encuesta fue diseñado a partir de los datos del Directorio Central de Empresas –DIRCE- (INE). La definición operativa de PYME que se empleó en esta investigación es la de toda empresa que cuente al menos con un asalariado, pero que disponga de menos de 200 trabajadores. La estructura del cuestiona

Nowadays, digitalisation is present in all links of the product life cycle and within product design. Packaging is a critical element that affects the customer’s purchase intention. Therefore, packaging is one of the elements for which it is positive to include techniques and methods based on Industry 4.0 to obtain results from users and bring them closer to the process. The relationship between packaging and the expected quality and emotions of users is a topic that is addressed in the social axis of sustainability and involves an effort to strengthen the relationship with the user. This article studies the expected quality of nougat in terms of packaging shape and colour using ANOVA analysis. For this purpose, a survey was carried out among 122 participants in Spain and Mexico. The main conclusion is that packaging with a combination of three shapes (rectangle, square and triangle) and colours (yellow, orange and red) enhances consumers’ emotions of Admiration, Satisfaction, Pleasant Surprise, Attraction, Fascination and Joy.

Este dataset es resultado del Proyecto de I+D “PYME Turísticas, Cadenas de Valor Globales e Innovación” (INTURPYME), que fue seleccionado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad para su financiación en la convocatoria del Plan Estatal correspondiente al año 2013. Los datos proceden de una encuesta dirigida a empresarios/gerentes de PYME en las siguientes actividades: alojamiento, servicios de comidas y bebidas y de agencias de viajes, operadores turísticos, servicios de reservas y actividades relacionadas con los mismos. El marco muestral de la encuesta fue diseñado a partir de los datos del Directorio Central de Empresas –DIRCE- (INE). La definición operativa de PYME que se empleó en esta investigación es la de toda empresa que cuente al menos con un asalariado, pero que disponga de menos de 200 trabajadores. La estructura del cuestionario está compuesta por cinco apartados, con un total de 141 ítems. 1. Datos de las PYME turísticas y su participación en las cadenas de valor globales: 52 ítems. 2. Resultados de las PYME turísticas: 6 ítems. 3. Naturaleza, intensidad y tipología de la innovación de las PYME turísticas: 51 ítems. 4. Características organizativas y de gestión de las PYME turísticas: 17 ítems. 5. Características personales del empresario: 15 ítems.

Purpose – This paper aims to propose and test a corporate entrepreneurship strategy (CES) model in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with international activity located in Andalusia (Spain) – a peripheral region with high levels of inequality in the European Union (EU). Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative analysis has been carried out with data from 101 SMEs to contrast and analyze the proposed CES model. The sample data were obtained through questionnaire-guided interviews with chief executive officers. Data processing has been done using partial least squares-path modeling, a variance-based technique for structural equation modeling. Findings – The results of this study show the positive effect of environmental conditions on the development of CES actions in Andalusian SMEs (Spain) and the positive influence of CES on the results of SMEs’ international activity. In turn, environmental conditions do not directly affect the international activity. Originality/value – Although previous works address the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship (CE) and international enterprise activity, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is original in testing a CES model (including CE and the entrepreneurial strategic vision) in SMEs in a region that has one of the lowest levels of development in the EU. The results have important implications for SMEs and policymakers and could be extrapolated to other emerging economies.

Purpose – This study aims to understand the importance of participatory governance in the identity of social enterprises (SEs). To this end, this paper provides a framework by means of the value co-creation process and by drawing from the service-dominant logic perspective and the stakeholder theory. An explanation is also provided regarding the opportunity to include fundamental issues in defining SE collective identity, such as those related to an organisation’s participatory nature of involving the stakeholders affected by its activities, the exercise of democratic decision-making and its autonomy from the state and market. Design/methodology/approach – On the statistical exploitation of a large international data set, the authors approach the conceptualisation of SEs by providing an index to measure their social, economic and governance characteristics, thereby enabling these enterprises to be categorised into different groups. Findings – This study found that the inclusion of the governance dimension in the research incorporates the greatest variability between the various models of SE, thereby justifying participatory governance as the raison d’être of the two fundamental schools in SE, namely, Anglo-Saxon and European. Practical implications – This research offers a tool to policymakers to be used as a criterion of classification and hierarchical organisation for public procurement. It enables the various organisations to be ordered and takes social and cultural influence into consideration. This tool would be highly useful as a support of social entrepreneurship from the public environment, especially at the local level. Originality/value – This study justifies the value of incorporating participatory governance as a distinctive dimension for the definition of categories of SEs. Furthermore, an index to craft taxonomies of SEs is developed based on social, economic and governance indicators, which provides a framework that facilitates the empirical research

Endometriosis (EM) is a chronic inflammatory estrogen-dependent disorder that affects 10% of women worldwide. It affects the female reproductive tract and its resident microbiota, as well as distal body sites that can serve as surrogate markers of EM. Currently, no single definitive biomarker can diagnose EM. For this pilot study, we analyzed a cohort of 21 patients with endometriosis and infertility-associated conditions. A microbiome dataset was created using five sample types taken from the reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts of each patient. We evaluated several machine learning algorithms for EM detection using these features. The characteristics of the dataset were derived from endometrial biopsy, endometrial fluid, vaginal, oral, and fecal samples. Despite limited data, the algorithms demonstrated high performance with respect to the F1 score. In addition, they suggested that disease diagnosis could potentially be improved by using less medically invasive procedures. Overall, the results indicate that machine learning algorithms can be useful tools for diagnosing endometriosis in low-resource settings where data availability and availability are limited. We recommend that future studies explore the complexities of the EM disorder using artificial intelligence and prediction modeling to further define the characteristics of the endometriosis phenotype.

Este trabajo analiza la problemática que afecta al medio rural en relación con el acceso a los servicios bancarios y el impacto de la digitalización, abordando el caso de estudio de Zufre. Muchos bancos están cerrando sucursales debido a que están restringiendo el uso de las oficinas bancarias para que la operativa se realice de manera online o por cajero automático. Esto está ocasionando dificultades en el medio rural debido a la brecha digital que existe, provocando que personas de la tercera edad o personas que no disponen de acceso adecuado a internet tengan dificultades para la realizar sus gestiones bancarias. En cuanto al caso de Zufre, es una localidad que dispone de una única oficina bancaria, en la que además cada vez se están implementando más restricciones para la realización de trámites habituales. El trabajo empírico desarrollado se apoya en una encuesta realizada a la población de Zufre. Entre otros resultados, se ha observado que la población más envejecida necesita hacer uso de la oficina indispensablemente, debido a que no están adaptados a las nuevas tecnologías. Por el contrario, los jóvenes son nativos digitales y solo necesitan el uso del móvil para hacer las gestiones bancarias., This paper analyzes the problems that affect the rural environment in relation to access to banking services and the impact of digitization, addressing the case study of Zufre. Many banks are closing branches because they are restricting the use of bank offices so that operations can be carried out online or by ATM. This is causing difficulties in rural areas due to the digital divide that exists, causing the elderly or people who do not have adequate access to the Internet to have difficulties in carrying out their banking procedures. As for the case of Zufre, it is a town that has a single bank branch, in which more and more restrictions are being implemented for carrying out regular procedures. The empirical work developed is supported by a survey carried out on the population of Zufre. Among other results, it has been observed that the older population absolutely needs to use the office, because they are not adapted to new technologies. On the contrary, young people are digital natives and only need to use their mobile phones to do banking.

La creación de empresas es una de las prioridades de las políticas públicas en Andalucía, España, la UE y los países de la OCDE. Dada la importancia de esta política pública el número de investigaciones que se están produciendo en este ámbito en los últimos años es muy elevado. El presente trabajo estudia la supervivencia de los negocios incubados por los servicios de apoyo público del gobierno de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía. En particular, la investigación se centra en los impactos de la urbanización, la educación, el género y la nacionalidad de los promotores, empleando, en el plano metodológico, métodos econométricos de supervivencia para datos de duración. El análisis se realizó sobre una base de datos conformada por el conjunto de los negocios de nueva creación incubados en el período 2009-14 por los servicios de apoyo público desarrollados por la Fundación Andalucía Emprende (adscrita a la Consejería de Empleo, Empresa y Trabajo Autónomo de la Junta de Andalucía), contando con 2,878 casos. El estudio contribuye a la literatura sobre la supervivencia empresarial al mostrar que la educación, el género y la nacionalidad de los promotores juegan un papel fundamental en la supervivencia de los negocios incubados, incluso tras controlar por otros factores territoriales, características de los proyectos y rasgos personales de los emprendedores.

El comercio electrónico o e-commerce cada vez se encuentra más presente en nuestros hábitos de compra y es por ello por lo que debemos conocer a fondo que es, su reciente historia, sus ventajas e inconvenientes, así como los distintos tipos. Tal es la magnitud que el e-commerce ha experimentado un crecimiento exponencial en sus números, lo que lleva a empresas como Inditex a poner gran atención en esta nueva modalidad de venta. Su importancia y la constante evolución nos lleva a la aparición de nuevas alternativas como puede ser el comercio digital, es decir, la automatización de todos los procesos.

A lo largo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado se examinará la contribución de la empresa social a la salida de la trampa de la pobreza. Al inicio, se establecerá el marco teórico, donde se definirá el concepto de trampa de pobreza y se estudiarán los indicadores de pobreza y su relación con los ingresos. De igual manera, se investigarán las diversas concepciones de la empresa social y su tipología en distintos países. Seguidamente, se analizará la relación entre la trampa de pobreza y la empresa social, analizando la influencia de la empresa social en los factores generadores de la pobreza. Asimismo, se presentarán casos reales de empresas sociales que han contribuido en la superación de la trampa de la pobreza, influyendo positivamente en la comunidad. Finalmente, se analizarán los indicadores de pobreza en España y la empresa social española, presentando un caso real que ha permitido abordar la trampa de la pobreza de manera efectiva en España.

En este trabajo se realiza un análisis para conocer la situación de la inversión directa extranjera en el sector industrial español. Además, se examina la aportación que realizan las multinacionales, enfatizando en cuatro actividades industriales; el sector agroalimentario, la industria química, el sector de la automoción y el sector aeroespacial. Por último, se tratará de prever las tendencias de la inversión directa extranjera en España.

The efficiency associated with innovation has been a frequently considered element in the literature. However, the conceptualization of this efficiency and its management is an underexplored factor. We study the way in which the different elements that conform to this efficiency are managed over time. From a dynamic efficiency analysis using data envelope analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist productivity index, we evaluate changes in efficiency and if there are differences according to firm size. Our results confirm the relevance of size in the way that firms manage their innovation efficiency and how small firms differ from larger ones in terms of efficiency management.

Extensive livestock farming in general is more sustainable than intensive methods. However, its profitability is usually low, which can affect the motivation of young people to take up livestock rearing, and often leads them to seek employment elsewhere. The aim of this paper is to study the factors affecting the Farm profit of extensive ruminant farms in marginal areas of Southern Chile. To achieve this, we used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), which provides an in- depth view of the relationships of different variables (items) with Farm profit (target variable). The exogenous construct that we obtained (Structural variable), consisting of the items Grazing area, Hired labor and Total Livestock Units (LU), exerts a direct, significant explanatory influence on the endogenous construct (Economic variable), which includes the items Hay cost, Total sales and Economic records, showing a significant, positive slope in the target variable (Farm profit). These structural variables largely condition the entire economic process. However, business decisions linked to farm management influence structural factors and affect the value of income, expenditure and Farm profit. Studying the factors which influence Farm profit sheds light on the main weaknesses of the system in terms of the financial operation, as well as on potential improvements, encompassing the social, technical and environmental dimensions.

This PhD thesis is presented as a collection of research papers and it studies (i) how the colour of food affects the tourist experience in gastronomic tourism from the pretravelling perspective, and (ii) how tourists’ choice is affected by the gastronomic image and also by popularity in social networks. To address these challenges, first the importance of tourism as a sector for economic recovery post-Covid-19 is reviewed; then the question “What is gastronomy?” is answered followed by a summary of the history of gastronomy in civilisation. Furthermore, the emergence of gastronomic tourism and its importance is highlighted. Next, the challenge of promoting gastronomic tourism is presented. The importance of the image of the tourist destination as well as that of the gastronomic image is studied. A common factor is the lack of research studies focusing on food colour, which is a main topic in this PhD thesis. Following it also describes how the food colour affects the consumers and how it can affect consumers’ and tourists’ behaviour. Finally, the results of a study regarding the tourists’ quality of satisfaction are presented. It is estimated using different measurement tools and taking the cruise sector as an example. The relevance of the food & beverage sector in cruises is also analysed., Esta tesis doctoral se presenta como un compendio de artículos de investigación. El tema principal es el estudio de cómo el color de la comida puede afectar a la experiencia del turista en el turismo gastronómico, desde la perspectiva del pre-viaje, en la cual la imagen gastronómica del destino tiene un aspecto crucial en la elección de destinos turísticos, así como también influyen en dicha elección el uso de la tecnología y las redes sociales. Para abordar el problema, primero se realiza una introducción a la importancia del turismo como un sector para la recuperación económica post Covid-19; seguidamente se plantea la pregunta ¿qué es la gastronomía? y se presenta un resumen de etapas relevantes de la gastronomía y la civilización; para finalizar con el surgimiento del turismo gastronómico y su importancia. Seguidamente exponemos el reto de la promoción del turismo gastronómico, la importancia de la imagen del destino turístico así como el de la imagen gastronómica y los modelos estudiados donde vemos la falta de estudios enfocados en el color de la comida, aunque mencionados como un factor relevante. A continuación, se aborda cómo el color de la comida afecta al consumidor y cómo puede afectar al comportamiento del consumidor y al del turista. Finalmente, estimamos la calidad de satisfacción de los turistas usando diferentes herramientas de medida y tomando como ejemplo el sector de los cruceros. También se estudia cuál es la relevancia del sector de la comida y la bebida en los cruceros.

El objetivo de este trabajo de fin de grado es el estudio del municipio de Olivares, en cuanto a demografía y economía se refiere, durante lo que llevamos de S.XXI, mostrando especial atención en la última década. Se empieza con una breve explicación de la historia y geografía del municipio, para luego adentrarnos tanto en la demografía, como en la cultura de Olivares. Posteriormente, se analiza la evolución de ciertos datos económicos del municipio, como son las empresas, sectores de actividad, empleo, desempleo y rentas.

Esta tesis tiene como objetivo estudiar el efecto del color en las emociones de bienestar y las intenciones de comportamiento de posibles huéspedes y/o turistas en una habitación de hotel. El marco conceptual del estudio se basa en el modelo Estímulo-Organismo-Respuesta (SOR) de Mehrabian-Russell que sugiere que el entorno físico actúa como un estímulo (S-Stimulus) que crearía un estado emocional (O-Organism) que luego provocaría intenciones de comportamiento (R-Response). El estudio se llevó a cabo en dos etapas. El primero es un análisis para asociar paletas de colores de imágenes de habitaciones de hotel (extraídas de la base de datos de imágenes de ImageNet) a una emoción, usando la Teoría Cualitativa de la Armonía del Color (QCharm). Además, las paletas de QCharm son calificadas para representar las preferencias de los usuarios. El segundo es un estudio cognitivo para analizar la relación entre las emociones de los turistas y el color principal de una habitación de hotel, y a su vez la relación entre esa emoción y su intención de quedarse en el hotel e incluso el precio que los turistas están dispuestos a pagar. Los resultados en el primer estudio indican que las paletas de color verde tienden a gustar más y las paletas que contienen colores azules están asociadas con emociones de tranquilidad. En el segundo estudio los resultados indican que el color influye significativamente en las emociones. Así también que existe una relación entre la emoción y la intención de permanecer en el hotel. Además, se encontró que el precio que los turistas están dispuestos a pagar por una habitación está relacionado con su nacionalidad. En cuanto a las habitaciones en decoración azul pálido y azul oscuro presentan emociones positivas de relajación, y las habitaciones en verde pálido y oscuro son menos agradables. Los resultados de esta tesis pueden ser útiles para hoteleros, arquitectos de interiores y diseñadores que ponen énfasis en tocar las emociones y las intenciones de com, This thesis aims to study the effect of color on well-being emotions and behavioral intentions of potential guests and/or tourists in a hotel room. The conceptual framework of the study is based on the Mehrabian-Russell Stimulus- Organism-Response (SOR) model which suggests that the physical environment acts as a stimulus (S-Stimulus) that would create an emotional state (OOrganism) that would then trigger behavioral intentions (R-Response). The study was conducted in two stages. The first is an analysis to associate color palettes of hotel room images (extracted from the ImageNet image database) to an emotion, using the Qualitative Theory of Color Harmony (QCharm). Furthermore, QCharm's palettes are scored to represent the user preferences. The second is a cognitive study to analyze the relationship between the emotions of tourists and the main color of a hotel room, and in turn the relationship between that emotion and their intention to stay in the hotel and even the price that tourists are willing to pay. The results in the first study indicate that green color palettes tend to be liked more and palettes containing blue colors are associated with emotions of calm. In the second study, the results indicate that color significantly influences emotions. Also, there is a relationship between emotion and the intention to stay in the hotel. In addition, it was found that the price that tourists are willing to pay for a room is related to their nationality. As for rooms in pale blue and dark blue decoration they present positive emotions of relaxation, and the rooms in pale and dark green are less pleasant. The results of this thesis can be useful for hoteliers, interior architects, and designers who put emphasis on touching the emotions and behavioral intentions of guests in order to meet the needs and expectations of guests' wellbeing.

Este trabajo abordará temas referentes a las fuentes de energías renovables ofreciendo datos importantes para su estudio como son los megavatios instalados y generados en nuestro haciendo especial hincapié en el sector de la eólica. También se analizará dichas fuentes de energía a nivel europeo e indagaremos en la normativa legal que regula cada una de las diferentes particularidades de las energías renovables. Relacionaremos temas de actualidad como el conflicto bélico sucedido en Ucrania para conocer cómo se ha actuado desde diferentes organismos utilizando la baza de las energías renovables.

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado examina la intersección entre la pandemia de COVID-19 y el mecanismo de segunda oportunidad desde una perspectiva socioeconómica. El brote de COVID-19 ha generado una crisis sanitaria global sin precedentes, afectando a millones de personas en todo el mundo. Además de las repercusiones en la salud pública, la pandemia ha tenido un profundo impacto en las economías nacionales, las empresas y los individuos. El mecanismo de segunda oportunidad, por su parte, es una herramienta legal diseñada para ayudar a las personas físicas y empresarios insolventes a superar dificultades financieras y reiniciar su vida económica. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo explorar cómo la pandemia de COVID-19 ha influido en la necesidad y eficacia del mecanismo de segunda oportunidad. El análisis se basará en la revisión de literatura y la recopilación de datos relevantes para examinar los desafíos económicos y financieros causados por la pandemia. Asimismo, se analizará el papel del mecanismo de segunda oportunidad como una vía para la recuperación económica y la rehabilitación financiera de aquellos afectado por la crisis.

Se analiza la contextualización económica, además de otros factores implicados, tanto histórica como actualmente, en la gestión económica de La Liga española de fútbol, con el fin de llegar a un modelo que pueda mejorar la situación actual, mediante el análisis de diversas tipologías de modelos económicos utilizados en otras ligas de futbol, basándose en datos y estudios de economistas deportivos, con el fin de realizar un análisis de los mismos, hasta llegar a una conclusión de gestión, en teoría ideal, económica-deportiva basada en la propuesta de un modelo híbrido seleccionado a implementar, con el fin de conseguir una mejora de la eficiencia, la eficacia y rendimiento para el apartado de LA GESTION ECONÓMICA DE LA LIGA ESPAÑOLA DE FUTBOL.

En este trabajo, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis económico conjunto de los Estados que fueron parte de la República Federativa Socialista de Yugoslavia después de su disgregación. Para ello, se consideró apropiado realizar una aproximación histórica, así como múltiples referencias a aspectos no económicos en la era posyugoslava. Con respecto a la parte analítica, la econometría se ha usado para estudiar la convergencia de estos países con la Unión Europea. Además, se han utilizado gráficas para mostrar visualmente lo que se ha reflejado en el texto. La última parte se centra en la probabilidad de adhesión a la Unión Europea de estos países, basada en un modelo logit para el cual se han requerido datos de 45 países europeos., In this paper, a joint economic analysis of the states that were part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia after its disintegration has been carried out. To do so, it was considered appropriate to make a historical approach, along with many references to non-economic aspects in the post-Yugoslav era. With regard to the analytical part, econometrics has been used to study the convergence of these countries with the European Union. Furthermore, graphics have been utilised to visually show what has been reflected in the text. The last part focuses on the probability of accession to the EU these countries have, based on a logit model for which data from 45 European countries has been required.

El objetivo del presente proyecto es analizar cómo las Matemáticas han influido en el desarrollo de la economía, desde una perspectiva histórica, a través de los pensadores más importantes del sector y sus teorías. Partimos de la base de que en el mundo actual las Matemáticas son una parte esencial de nuestra vida, pero ¿hasta qué punto llegan a ser imprescindibles? Con nuestra investigación tratamos de dar respuesta a esta pregunta, centrándonos, sobre todo, en el ámbito de la economía, es decir, cómo de necesarias son las Matemáticas para poder comprender y aplicar los modelos económicos. Con este estudio observamos cómo la inmensa mayoría de teorías desarrolladas por los economistas tienen su base en las Matemáticas, pues no solo hacen uso de funciones y ecuaciones, sino que, además son necesarias para poder explicarlas. Para que un modelo económico pueda ser entendido con facilidad, parte de numerosas ecuaciones y gráficos que nos llevan a un determinado resultado, de tal forma que con él podemos analizar distintos fenómenos de carácter relevante, como, por ejemplo, el efecto de los precios en la curva de oferta y demanda. Con todo ello, tratamos de reflejar, con argumentos, la necesidad de las Matemáticas en nuestro día a día y la importancia de que los estudiantes adquieran una buena base de la misma para poder comprender cualquier fenómeno que se les plantee.

El emprendimiento informal es la forma de emprendimiento más frecuente en países en vías de desarrollo, y absorbe a una gran proporción de las personas empleadas en estos países. Este estudio aborda conceptual y empíricamente este fenómeno como una parte fundamental del empleo informal, utilizando una muestra de 55 países con datos de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo. A partir de un enfoque basado en la calidad de las instituciones, se muestra la influencia que tienen diferentes dimensiones o niveles institucionales en el emprendimiento informal y, por lo tanto, en los niveles de empleo informal. Los resultados indican que, al analizar los países en vías de desarrollo, existe una fuerte relación negativa entre la calidad de la gobernanza y las tasas de emprendimiento informal., Informal entrepreneurship is the most frequent form of entrepreneurship in developing countries and absorbs a large proportion of the people employed in these countries. This study addresses this phenomenon, both conceptually and empirically, as a fundamental part of informal employment, using a sample of 55 countries with data from the International Labour Organization. Using an institutional approach, it shows the influence that different dimensions, or institutional levels, have on informal entrepreneurship and, therefore, on the levels of informal employment. The results indicate that, when analyzing developing countries, there is a strong negative relationship between the quality of governance and the rates of informal entrepreneurship.

Una de las actividades económicas más relevantes a escala mundial es el turismo. Diariamente un inmenso flujo de turistas circula por el mundo, resultando en un impacto económico de enorme magnitud. Por ello, resulta fundamental para cualquier gobierno u organismo supranacional tener la capacidad de modelizar y estimar el mismo con el fin de poder estimar sus ingresos derivados del sector turístico. El objetivo del presente trabajo es aportar un modelo econométrico que posibilite la realización de dicha modelización. Siendo la región del norte de Europa el área geográfica elegida para realizar nuestro estudio.

En este Trabajo de Fin de Grado tratamos de mostrar la importancia de las energías renovables en nuestro país y en Andalucía, a través de su fuente de energía principal, la energía eólica. Nos encargaremos de analizar su evolución en los años más recientes en cuanto a generación y potencia eléctrica, su demanda, su saldo importador o exportador, etc. En definitiva, trataremos de analizar el impacto que esta Energía tiene para nuestro país y para nuestra Comunidad Autónoma, que como veremos más adelante comparten grandes semejanzas.

Los efectos de la crisis de 2008 se prolongaron hasta 2013-2014 en el mercado de la vivienda, provocando que a partir de estos años se produjese un crecimiento en la actividad del sector de la construcción auspiciado por un aumento de la población ocupada y el descenso en los indicadores de paro. Esto conllevó el aumento de los permisos de construcción y el número de promociones, la estabilización de los precios al alza, la generación de empleo en el sector, y un mayor acceso a la vivienda para la población demandante. Este crecimiento se ve interrumpido abruptamente por la pandemia de coronavirus que implica un período corto de recesión, que ha vuelto a recuperarse en la actualidad (logrando que muchos indicadores hayan igualado, o incluso mejorado los niveles previos a la burbuja inmobiliaria).

Creative tourism entrepreneurs play an essential role in the com-petitiveness and innovation of a tourist destination. Moreover, they are more likely to find sustainable practices in their small-scale business than in large companies. However, despite this impor-tance, the study of these entrepreneurs needs more attention, in particular knowledge about the factors that attract and retain them in a given destination. Thus, this research aims to identify the factors that are most valued by creative tourism entrepreneurs in relation to the characteristics of the destination. Based on a sample of 115 creative tourism entrepreneurs, we ran a two-step cluster analysis. The results showed that the most important factors were entrepreneurial culture, access to the market (tourists, visitors etc.), creative atmosphere, quality of life and level of cooperation. The results also allowed us to identify two different segments of entrepreneurs: balanced and prospectors, which show different attitudes regarding the attraction factors and the willingness to stay in the destination. In the conclusion, the practical implications for destination management are discussed.

Ethical banking has developed considerably in recent years. However, neither a universally accepted definition, nor a consensus by academicians about its typical characteristics yet exists to differentiate it from conventional banking. The purpose of this article is to bridge this gap in the literature using the notion of organisational identity, according to which an organisation is identified by a series of characteristics and attributes that differentiate it from other organisations. The case of Spanish ethical banking is analysed by examining the three main references in this country: Triodos Bank, Fiare and Coop57. The results allowed us to conclude that, despite no consensus on an ethical banking definition, an organisational identity does exist for ethical banking in Spain, which is defined according to the principles of integrity, responsibility and affinity.

Mobile applications have become an indispensable marketing medium for tourism companies. Given that half of the users delete the applications soon after completing their transactions, it is vital to improving the application quality based on the users’ expectations. Thus, drawing on the Stimulus–Organism–Response theory, this study investigates the determinants of customer citizenship behaviour related to mobile travel applications. It is a type of value co-creation behaviour, including sharing feedback with the company to help improving its service provision. The analysis results of 315 data collected from travel application users revealed that flow experience and customer engagement, which are affected by mobile application quality, are strong determinants of customer citizenship behaviour. Alongside with the discussion of the findings, the theoretical and managerial implications are also provided.

Over the last decades, most EU countries have profoundly reshaped their public research funding systems by shifting from traditional institutional block-funding towards more project-based mechanisms. The main rationale underlying this evolution builds on the assumption that project funding would foster research performance through the introduction of competitive allocation mechanisms. In contrast with the general increase of project funding, evidence is mixed regarding a positive effect of competitive funding mechanisms on research performance, as some studies find a positive impact, other a negative one or no impact. Differences also appear across studies regarding research actors, funding streams, and research outputs considered. This article integrates these different approaches through a multilevel design gathering funding inputs for 10 countries and 148 universities between 2011 and 2019 and assesses their impact on the quantity and quality of publications. Results highlight no impact of national and university-level competitive funding mechanisms on universities highly cited publications and no clear effect on the quantity of publications.

Tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs’ (TLEs) businesses are associated with sustainable business models (SBMs) due to a link to the place. This link is a source of essential local knowledge that provides differentiation, competitiveness, and sustainability. Given the importance of local know- ledge to SBMs, this article explores knowledge management by examin- ing how TLEs acquire and integrate knowledge as well as its effects on innovativeness and self-efficacy. We use a sequential mixed-methods approach in which we first conducted a qualitative study with four in- depth semi-structured interviews with TLEs, followed by a quantitative study through a survey of 115 TLEs, and third we conducted another qualitative study based on four semi-structured interviews. The results indicate that entrepreneurial communication has a significantly positive and direct effect on both the innovativeness and self-efficacy of TLEs. A community-centered strategy has a positive influence on innovativeness and self-efficacy but via the indirect effect of entrepreneurial communi- cation. Local knowledge assimilation plays a mediating role between the acquisition of local knowledge and innovativeness and self-efficacy. These findings provide a general understanding and framework about how TLEs link the elements of an SBM to greater innovativeness and self-efficacy.

El turismo es un ámbito de práctica social cuya situación global de comunicación genera actos específicos de comunicación oral y escrita. El discurso promocional turístico que se formula en este contexto se manifiesta, entre otros, en textos orientados a la incitación al consumo en torno a una imagen de destino turístico. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo principal definir los atributos únicos de destinos españoles promocionados en la serie de folletos turísticos “Destinos” del Instituto de Turismo de España (Turespaña). El método de investigación consiste en el análisis cualitativo de los textos turísticos promocionales que integran el corpus de documentos de trabajo mediate la herramienta informática Nvivo. Para la extracción de atributos, se establecen parámetros metodológicos con el propósito de definir unidades léxico-semánticas de valor atributivo. Asimismo, en el marco de esta investigación, se proponen denominaciones (atributo único, común, bruto y áureo) que contribuyen al metalenguaje de la materia. El análisis refleja que los resultados son dispares entre los diferentes destinos en frecuencia de aparición, categoría conceptual, posición y valor. Se establece una clasifi cación del valor de los atributos únicos definidos según cada destino y se concluye que la cuestión atributiva de la imagen de destino turístico que Turespaña proyecta se reitera en tópicos de los destinos analizados, lo cual presume un carácter conservador en la comunicación promocional de este organismo., Tourism is a social practice field whose global communication situation generates specific oral and written communicative acts. The tourist promotional discourse of this context appears, among others, in texts aimed at inciting consumption through a tourist destination image. The main objective of this paper is to defi ne the unique attributes of Spanish destinations in the tourist brochure series “Destinos” by the Instituto de Turismo de España (Turespaña). The research method consists of a qualitative analysis of the promotional tourist texts in the corpus through the Nvivo soft ware. For the extraction of attributes, methodological parameters are established in order to defi ne lexical-semantic units of an attributive value. Within the framework of this research, denominations (unique, common, gross and golden attribute) are proposed to contribute to the metalanguage of this issue. The analysis shows that the results are disparate among the different destinations in terms of frequency of appearance, conceptual category, position and value. A classifi cation of the attributive value of each destination’s unique attribute is established and it is concluded that the attributive issue of the tourist destination image projected by Turespaña reaffirms usual topics of the analyzed destinations, which suggests a conservative character in the promotional communication of this organism.

The increasing use of mobile applications by travellers and the high adaption of tourism companies into this new contact and sales platform, made it necessary to comprehensively investigate the mobile application users’ behaviours. This research combines the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to develop a theoretical background in examining travel booking behaviour of mobile application users. The conceptual model suggests that mobile application quality (MAQ) directly affects perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU) which influence the intention to use (IU) mobile applications. Moreover, the offline brand trust (BT) has been hypothesised as a moderator between PEOU and PU's impacts on IU mobile applications. Analyses results indicated that system and service quality dimensions of MAQ significantly affect IU mobile application via PEOU and PU. Moreover, offline BT had both direct and moderator influences on the formation of IU mobile application. The study findings contributed to the theory in understanding mobile application users’ behaviours and suggested valuable managerial strategies in the m-commerce context.

Creative tourism has been approached from several points of view: products and processes, enabling elements, marketing, sustainabil- ity, etc. However, to our best knowledge, there is no integrative model that brings together all its dimensions and enables a ‘bird’s eye’ perspective of creative destination competitiveness. As such, this article aims to present a competitiveness model for a creative tourism destination. The model presents four essential dimensions: core elements (products and processes, travellers and entrepre- neurs), enablers (community engagement, stakeholders compe- tences, and creative atmosphere), and developers (marketing and communication). Avenues for future research are presented based on the identification of areas to expand existing knowledge on creative tourism research, mainly by proposing measurement instruments which may contribute to operationalize the proposed model.

This research is based on the cognitive-affective-conative model applied to the online reviews posted by visitors of a tourist attraction titled “Van Gogh: The Immersive Experience” held in York (UK). The goals of the study specifically focus on the identification of the cognitive features triggered using the VR device and on the understanding of sentiments and emotions activated by the VR experience. To this end, Text mining and Sentiment analysis have been utilised. This work extends prior studies on VR based on surveys by providing a comprehensive hybrid view of how knowledge is derived from the posted online reviews. The findings offer practitioner insights into the cognitive and affective aspect of the VR experience, which requires special attention for its adaptation so that it continues meeting visitors’ expectations.

This paper deals with the Dynamically Second-preferred p-center Problem (DSpP). In this problem, cus- tomers’ preferences and subsets of sites that each customer is willing to accept as service centers are taken into account. It is assumed that centers can fail and, thus, the decision maker is risk-averse and makes his decision taking into account not only the most favourite centers of the customers but also the worst case situation whenever they evaluate their preferred second opportunity. Specifically, the new problem aims at choosing at most pcenters so that each demand point can visit at least two acceptable centers and the maximum sum of distances from any demand point to any of its preferred centers plus the distance from any of the preferred centers to any of the centers the user prefers once he is there is minimized. The problem is NP-hard as an extension of the p-next center problem. The paper presents three different mixed-integer linear programming formulations that are valid for the problem. Each for- mulation uses different space of variables giving rise to some strengthening using valid inequalities and variable fixing criteria that can be applied when valid upper bounds are available. Exact methods are limited so that a heuristic algorithm is also developed to provide good quality solution for large size in- stances. Finally, an extensive computational experience has been performed to assess the usefulness of the formulations to solve DSpP using standard MIP solvers.

Purpose – This study aims to systematize the drivers of nascent entrepreneurship in tourism and to suggest avenues for future research. As a consequence of the pandemic, a reduction in early-stage entrepreneurial activity was reported worldwide. The countries that responded best to this situation were those that fostered entrepreneurship at this early stage, designated as nascent. Hence, research on nascent entrepreneurs requires particular attention. Design/methodology/approach – To address this study’s goal, the authors have examined the development of nascent entrepreneur literature in the last two decades and discussed how the literature on tourism nascent entrepreneurship relates to the mainstream literature in terms of theoretical frameworks. The authors explored specificities of the tourism industry to propose new research avenues to explore the theme of new venture creation in the hospitality and tourismsector. Findings – The authors divided the implication of tourism specificities into main themes: motivations, human and social capital and government and incubators. Several research questions for future research are proposed. Practical implications – By focusing on nascent entrepreneurship, researchers and policymakers can obtain important insights from projects that have not been implemented, going beyond those that have been successfully undertaken, as aimed at in entrepreneurship research. Originality/value – This research contributes to the nascent tourism entrepreneurship literature by providing theoretical and empirical research questions to advance existing knowledge in tourism nascent entrepreneurship.

There is a substantial amount of literature on Circular Economy (CE), particularly at the industry level. Nevertheless, limited attention has been devoted to the implementation of Circular Economy in the Portuguese travel and tourism sector in general, and by the Portuguese hotel industry in particular. This thesis investigates Circular Economy and its implementation by the Portuguese hotel industry. Its main objective is: To examine the adoption of Circular Economy by the Portuguese hotel industry. The specific objectives delineated are the following: 1. to examine if there is awareness within the hotel industry of the Circular Economy concept; 2. to determine if this industry is implementing Circular Economy; 3. to identify the challenges that the hotel industry tackles to implement Circular Economy; 4. to perceive the benefits of implementing a Circular Economy approach in the hotel industry; 5. to identify which initiatives would encourage hoteliers to implement Circular Economy; 6. to determine if the organisational performance distribution is homogeneous considering the CE hotels profile; 7. to examine if there is a relationship between the implementation of Circular Economy and the organisational performance of hotels. In order to address the purpose of this thesis, the research was conducted in two phases. During the first phase a literature review on Circular Economy, CE R-Principles, linear economy, sustainability, CE dimensions (awareness, attitude, benefits, enablers, challenges and the organisational performance), CE and the tourism industry, as well as CE and the hotel industry was accomplished. These provide an understanding and a definition of the Circular Economy concept and allow to draw a distinction from those related concepts, so that the similarities and differences between these constructs could be highlighted. The Portuguese tourism sector in general and the Portuguese hotel industry in particular were also considered, so that the context in, Existe una cantidad sustancial de investigación académica sobre Economía Circular (EC), particularmente a nivel de industria. Sin embargo, se ha dedicado una atención limitada a la implementación de la Economía Circular en el sector de los viajes y el turismo portugués en general, y en el caso de la industria hotelera portuguesa en particular. El principal objetivo de este proyecto de investigación es: examinar la adopción de la Economía Circular por parte de la industria hotelera portuguesa. Para ello se han definido los objetivos siguientes objectivos específicos: 1. examinar si existe conciencia dentro de la industria hotelera del concepto de Economía Circular; 2. determinar si esta industria está implementando la Economía Circular; 3. identificar los desafíos que enfrenta la industria hotelera para implementar la Economía Circular; 4. percibir los beneficios de implementar un enfoque de Economía Circular en la industria hotelera; 5. identificar qué iniciativas alentarían a los hoteleros a implementar la Economía Circular; 6. determinar si la distribución del desempeño organizacional es homogénea considerando el perfil de los hoteles de CE; 7. examinar si existe una relación entre la implementación de la Economía Circular y el desempeño organizacional de los hoteles. Con el fin de abordar el propósito de esta tesis, la investigación se llevó a cabo en dos fases. Durante la primera fase, se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre Economía Circular, Principios de R-CE, economía lineal, sostenibilidad, dimensiones de CE (conciencia, actitud, beneficios, facilitadores, desafíos y desempeño organizacional), CE y la industria del turismo, así como CE y la industria hotelera. Esta labor de revision ha proporcionado una comprensión y una definición del concepto de Economía Circular y há permitido establecer una distinción de los conceptos relacionados, de modo que se puedan resaltar las similitudes y diferencias entre estos constructos. También se consideró el sector