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This article traces the concepts of capacity-building and technology transfer from the Stockholm Declaration and London Convention of 1972, through the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and its three implementing agreements of 1994, 1995, and 2023. These instruments suggest a story of changing ideas about how capacity-building and technology transfer should relate to protecting and using our ocean. With a view to informing contemporary efforts to use law to protect and use our ocean sustainably, the article concludes with a review of the capacity-building and technology transfer provisions of the 2023 Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement to highlight how law has been used to leverage funding for these activities, and how they could again be viewed as part of an agenda for global economic equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, the Research Handbook on Climate Change Law and Loss & Damage was published. Co-edited by myself and my late colleague Meinhard Doelle, the Handbook seeks to clarify the need for legal systems, both within and beyond the climate regime, to evolve so as to fairly and equitably address climate loss and damage claims. The Handbook considers the challenges of legal remedy for climate loss & damage from the perspectives of public international law and domestic, transnational, and private international law. While loss & damage at the ocean-climate nexus is implicit in many chapters, this contribution will reflect explicitly on how the lessons from the Handbook could apply at the ocean-climate nexus, with reference to the London Convention and Stockholm Declaration at fifty, developments at COP 28, and the Advisory Opinion on Climate Change before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) has an established dynamism by which it can incorporate newly developed concepts concerning the environment and environmental harms. This dynamism consists of two methods that function in conjunction with each other: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal development of the LOSC is realised by its interplay with treaties and international documents, particularly under Part XII. Vertical development takes place within each treaty regime through protocols and annexes, and amendments thereto. Vertical development of the London Convention regime on dumping can support the horizontal development of the LOSC. For that purpose, precise assessment as to whether newly emerging matters fall under the London Convention regime, being mindful of its objects and purposes, is critically important. From this perspective, Japan's discharge of treated water containing tritium from land , which is not dumping, falls outside the London Convention regime on dumping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal and International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Hong Kong Convention) and shows that these agreements lay down environmental obligations – and sometimes corresponding rights – for States regarding the protection of health and the environment. Predictably, they do not envisage rights for the victims of environmental violations. Despite inherent and persistent limitations of international human rights in general and environmental rights in particular, a human right to a healthy environment may contribute in several ways to better environmental protection in the ship recycling sector. Importantly, the human rights-based approach to the environmental and health standards in ship recycling may reduce the troubling divergence between the Basel and Hong Kong frameworks and increase the minimum standards for sound and safe recycling, bringing it in line with European requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of context, this article highlights some of the thorny challenges in relation to deploying remote inspection techniques (RIT) for verifying vessel-seaworthiness adhering to the prescriptive tenets of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982. RIT-interventions offer added value by completing traditional inspection procedures in an expeditious manner. Notwithstanding, the challenges bolster hindrances questioning the trajectory of RIT-led inspections as well as overall innovation in that domain. To address the issue, the article offers a contemporary overview, enabling a limited forensic projection through a comparative analysis of umbrella regulation versus self-regulation for RIT governance. This contribution is intended to enrich the scholarly discourse on technology-based regulatory approaches for improved ocean governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference) was a milestone as the first global meeting of governments to address threats to the environment, including the ocean and seas. Over the fifty years since the adoption of the Stockholm Declaration, new pressing threats to the marine environment have emerged, such as loss of marine biodiversity, including in the high seas, marine plastic pollution, climate change, and illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing. This article will review the developments that have taken place at the International Maritime Organization and other bodies of the United Nations to address these new threats to the marine environment, reflecting how international law continues to play a vital role in promotion of ocean governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Stockholm Declaration and the London Convention/Protocol continue to shape multilateralism in marine environmental law. They guide international law-making and judicial processes including the recent International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and International Law. They also inspire the World Maritime University (WMU)-Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute and its work on areas beyond national jurisdiction, plastic pollution, gender equality for the Decade of Ocean Science, the World Ocean Assessment, sea level rise, capacity-building in the Eastern Caribbean, and the Future Ocean Programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction to this special issue of nineteen short articles, a result of a conference hosted at the World Maritime University (WMU) in October 2022 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the Stockholm Declaration and London Convention. The conference was co-organised by the WMU-Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) under the title 'Protecting the Ocean – Moving Forward at 50: London Convention and Stockholm Declaration'. The articles in this special issue contextualise these instruments and practice across international environmental law, the law of the sea, and maritime law that descends from them (Part 1); interrogate their allocation of liability and responsibility for protecting the marine environment (Part 2); consider their incorporation of plural sources of knowledge (Part 3); and highlight their instantiation of, and potential to change, relations of international political economy (Part 4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty years after the 1972 Stockholm Conference, the scientific literature is called upon to offer an account of the past and inform future decisions. Against this backdrop, this critical essay offers a historical review of global environmental governance, covering the period from 1945 to 2022. To this end, it brings together the key processes and events of recent decades and identifies the moments that have shaped global environmental governance. Informed by scientific literature and official documents, the article outlines the emergence, agenda-setting and institutionalization of several environmental issues. It contributes to situating past developments in global environmental governance and contextualizing the processes underway. The study concludes with an invitation to pay greater attention to environmental issues and to rethink global environmental governance across state and disciplinary boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The groundbreaking United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972) warned of the damage that human beings can cause to the environment, establishing common criteria and principles to inspire and guide states to preserve and improve it. As a result of the numerous climate disasters that occurred in the previous decade and public opinion's growing concern regarding environmental issues, political, diplomatic and academic actions have grown significantly. The article deals with the fact that climate change and global warming pose a threat to international peace and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foreword to this special issue of 19 short articles, a result of the International Maritime Organization-World Maritime University International Academic Conference, held in Malmö, Sweden, from 10–13 October 2022 to mark the fiftieth anniversaries of the 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) and the 1972 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Declaration). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972 initiated the sustainable development in tourism. In the sixth United Nations meeting in 2022, the importance of responsibility in sustainable tourism development has been highlighted. The Tragedy of the Commons revealed the over-use of shared or common resources and each exploiter of common resources was guided by self-interest. The Cape Town Declaration brought together the destination approach to responsible tourism developed in South Africa with AITO's source market approach. Responsible Tourism is critical as it minimises negative economic, environmental, and social impacts; generates great economic benefits for local communities and enhances their wellbeing; involves local people in decision making about tourism in their communities; contributes to the conservation of cultural and natural heritage; is inclusive; provides more enjoyable experiences for tourists through meaningful experiences and is culturally sensitive, engenders respect between tourists and hosts, builds local pride and confidence. Business has incorporated Corporate Social Responsibility but there will be increasing pressure for businesses and destination governments to take responsibility, reduce emissions and adapt the way they construct and sell tourism. For future development, the roles of government and intergovernmental action are critical to oversee how far responsible businesses can go before their very existence as profitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transcript of the author's presentation at the conference convened by the "Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law" and the Dean Rusk International Law Center to reflect on the legacy of the Stockholm Declaration, held in Athens, Georgia and online on October 8, 2021, is presented. Topics discussed include legal rights for rivers, anthropocentric focus of the Stockholm Declaration, and international environmental law.

The article discusses the highlights of the conference convened by the "Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law" and the Dean Rusk International Law Center to reflect on the legacy of the Stockholm Declaration. The conference took place in Athens, Georgia and online on October 8, 2021. Topics covered include environmental protection, human rights, and the anthropocentric approach of the Stockholm Declaration.

The article elucidates two major omissions in the Stockholm Declaration's proceedings and its progeny. The first omission emerged from lack of focus on reducing overconsumption in the anthropocentric Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment and the ensuing Stockholm Declaration. The second omission relates to the focus on states, rather than all organs of society as the actors of concern for international environmental law.

This article provides ethnographic insights into the making of the latest UN-backed instrument for transnational environmental law and governance: the Global Pact for the Environment (GPE). It narrates the rise and fall of a contemporary policy project designed to unify and strengthen international environmental law. The story starts in 2015 on the premises of a Parisian legal think tank and ends in May 2019 at the headquarters of the United Nations Environment Programme in Nairobi, where states ultimately decided not to adopt the GPE as a legally binding instrument but opted to prepare a political declaration to be presented in 2022 at the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the UN Conference on the Human Environment. The time between 2015 and 2019 is divided in two periods. From 2015 to 2017, the GPE was imagined, drafted, and promoted by a group of non-state actors mainly constituted by legal academics. From 2017 to 2019, the GPE was introduced in the UN machinery and turned into a state-oriented policy process. Based on original interview material and an unexplored archive of primary sources, the article traces the multiplicity of actants enrolled in the GPE, the interests that held them together, and the institutional ties they built for the project to materialize. It draws on actor-network theory’s model of translation—through problematization, interessement, enrolment, and mobilization—to reassemble the bonds between human and nonhuman actants in the making of the “global,” the “pact,” and the “environment.” The account sheds light on the informal processes and the relational and agential dynamics at play in this laboratory of transnational environmental lawmaking, thereby illuminating and questioning the politics of policy-entrepreneurship and consensus-building—the tenuous and fragile modes of existence that mark contemporary international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 2022 we looked back to 50 years of reflection about the balance of environmental protection and human development. The first documented activities of SDG's go back to the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972, where the relationship between humans and their environment has been addressed (Engström 1972). From the beginning is has been clear that measurable and comparable values are needed in order to observe changes. In many of these topics, maps play an important role in highlighting and communicating measured issues. These past years have had their disappointments, but also instructive phases. One result is a more detailed definition of indicators that describe the status of environment and human development (Sachs 2021). These 231 unique indicators are part of 17 sustainable development goals (UNSD 2020). Not all of them are established in all countries yet, but are in intensive investigation. Several generations, spanning from adults, students to children, are concerned by those stories that affect human environment (Fraisl et al 2020). The younger generation even rises their voices against systems in place and therefore fuel the discussions and even lead to activities or changes (De Moor et al 2020). Many topics are related to space. Maps are a key tool of expression and increasingly used in an effective communication (Pellier 2014). In 2019 the ICA commission on map production and geoinformation management, together with the research group of cartography of the Vienna University of Technology, some schools and the publisher Jobstmedia, have started an initiative to collect the generation's view on SDG and its expression with maps. The aim is a continuous edited book atlas in print and digital form, which illustrates the range of perspectives on the SDGs and their motivations for establishing a sustainable world (http://sdggeneration.cartography.at/). The production of the atlas "SDG's in action - a generation's view" is confronted with new digital methods of map production processes (Döllner et al 2018). Spatial data become available from an increasing amount of data providers. The quality of data as well as their structures vary depending on their use cases. In most cases the different data are not directly comparable or processable. The importance of an appropriate map production process is rising. The latest developments direct to full automatisation of map production, computer-proposed designs and the embedding of artificial intelligence. This industrial production approach for map production could on one hand enhance actuality of maps, but on the other lacks individual expression. This book atlas that is the host for the SDG stories of different generations need to be open for any kind of geospatial expression. The maps, statements, illustrations and biographies of contributors illustrate the range of perspectives on the SDGs and their motivations for establishing a sustainable world. The map or map-like representations are the core tool of expression in order to bring the stories alive. The book atlas is created by common available free and open source software only, which emphasizes free access to map production for the general public. The participants of the book atlas project are selected in various groups: very small children in the kindergarten, primary and secondary school, students before they access working life and experts at the climax of their career. A general questionnaire allows for a basic understanding of the participants, whereas an introduction to the SDG topic is done by the educational staff in the kindergarten and school. Depending on the quality of the educational staff, overwhelming examples and responses could be achieved. The selection of a SDG topic is done by participants on their own, depending on their affectedness (SDGgen 2019). The view of the very young generation in terms of UN sustainable development goals is controverse and important. This young generation shapes their future and makes use of various tools of expression. Depending on the age, the children's view on the SDG topics are almost not biased by media influences and misaligned education (Barrouillet 2015). This viewpoint of "influencing pre-conceptions" mainly depends on the age of children because of the cognitive development, their educational and living environment as well as parental guidance. Nevertheless the cognitive skills that allow for the usage and creation of maps follow the cognitive development steps of Piaget (1964) and have to be considered in the production of this atlas. One main important aspect to include children in the views of SDG is that children may own an intuitive feeling about environmental changes and social injustices depending on their cognitive stage and knowledge (Alerby 2000, Barraza 1999, Bland 2021). Studies indicate that children in an elementary stage have sophisticated perceptions of their environments and are able to identify how different variables, like forest, rivers, fauna, flora, human activities, influence each other (Pellier 2014). Many of them can be observed in the children map collection of the Barbara Petchenik children's map competition (Children Maps 2019). The atlas "SDG's in action - a generation's view" is designed as bilingual book. With this work result we have some evidence that the different views on SDG coming from various generations and expressed as maps are a valuable documentation how we experience today's problems. As ICA commission of map production and geoinformation management we will try to support this initiative as good as possible for future editions. For the complex spatial topics of sDG, the map seems to be a very important tool for spatial expressiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the cause of the dispute between Japan and the U.S. over the issue of passing a commercial whaling moratorium at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) in 1972. Topics covered include how the approach of U.S. President Richard Nixon was motivated by domestic political considerations as well as his sudden towards whales, and the argument against the existence of a conspiracy plotted by the Nixon administration to hit Japan in order to divert attention from the environmental destruction of the Vietnam War.

Issues related to protection of the Arctic environment are becoming increasingly urgent, as arctic ecosystems are vulnerable to increasing anthropogenic pressures. The problem of protecting Northern nature from the effects of persistent organic pollutants, which are dangerous for both biota and human health, is particularly acute. This case study analyses the existing normative acts regulating monitoring activities in the Russian Arctic. The paper emphasizes gaps in legal regulation, which are particularly prominent with regard to monitoring the quality of traditional food consumed by indigenous peoples. The author introduces proposals to change the current legislation to improve the efficiency of the state monitoring system in the Russian Arctic. Such changes will also help to harmonize monitoring activities in Russia with other Arctic States and to fill in the gaps in the Global Monitoring Reports and the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) reports on persistent organic pollutants in traditional indigenous food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development has become one of the most influential principles in international law. It has come a long way since the World Commission on Environment and Development first popularized the term in 1987. This article seeks to discuss the evolution of sustainable development from the Stockholm Conference in 1972 to the adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the international community in 2015 and its implications for states. It argues that sustainable development has evolved as an umbrella concept and many of its components reflect customary international law. It concludes that sustainable development is neither vague nor indeterminate and imposes binding obligations on states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current context, it is observed the need of organizations and institutions not only to satisfy diverse stakeholder expectations as well as meeting the growing need for sustainability innovations. Taking that into account, co-creation can play a key role in stakeholders engagement and sustainable practices could provide a participatory and integrative environment. However, it is barely discussed by academics and practitioners how value co-creation can be a relevant mechanism for sustainable development (SD), what are the key factors for co-creation aimed at SD and how to align co-creation with sustainability. To answer these questions, this study aims to propose a conceptual model of co-creation for sustainability, involving techniques and methodologies aimed at stakeholder engagement and contribution to SD. We used mixed methods approach, based on the use of a bibliometric model, followed by a Survey with application of a structured questionnaire for participants from virtual communities of co-creation processes or sustainability. Based on content analysis and statistical analyzes, a complex interconnection was observed, demonstrating the configuration of an open system, which could be better understood from the construction of a holistic model of co-creation for sustainability. The model can contribute to the meeting of the disciplines of co-creation and the triple bottom line vision of sustainability, integrating key factors and different methodologies that generally are studied in an exclusive and non-complementary way, becoming innovative for the academic, business and social environment. Lastly, it can be concluded that the model can be used integrally or in parts, in organizations of any nature, formal or otherwise, or even from the integration of some individuals of the society who seek solutions for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay deals with the foreign policy dimension of Italian environmentalism in the early Seventies, when the environment became a crucial focus for International Organizations and the United Nations were busy with the organization of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment in June 1972. The article is structured around the agenda and the issues raised at the conference, especially the environmentdevelopment nexus. It shows how in Italy preoccupation with the environment turned from an elite phenomenon into a topic of interest for a broader public and that the attention which Italian politics devoted to environmental issues was spurred by the emergence of a global discourse on the environment. It moves on to examine the ambiguous strategy adopted by the Italian delegation in Stockholm, its insistence in considering the Mezzogiorno experience as a model for Third World countries, and the inability to make the best use of available expertise. The article finally considers how politics, experts and the national press took part in the debate surrounding the Club of Rome's report on the Limits of Growth and how this influenced the Italian understanding on ways to reconcile economic development, distribution issues and the side effects of industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment2 (Stockholm Conference) was the first of many international negotiations to consider the effects of anthropogenic interference with the environment, including chemical pollution and climate change. The Conference and its corresponding declaration recognised customary International Environmental Law (IEL) principles, such as the precaution and prevention principles, and has no doubt been a catalyst for an increased awareness of environmental issues throughout the globe, thus influencing domestic environmental legal systems. The UN climate regime can therefore be seen not only as a source of international law, but as an influence on national and transnational environmental regulatory systems. However, the question remains as to the actual impact, if any, IEL has had in protecting the global environment and preventing dangerous climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers insight to the outcome principles of United Nations (U.N.) environmental conferences. Topics discussed include analysis of soft law principles of the international law; an account of evolution of international environmental law and governance; and an account of various conference of the U.N. such as Conference on the Human Environment, Rio Conference, and Conferences on the Standardization of Geographical Names.

Copyright of Scientific Bulletin of National Mining University is the property of National Mining University, State Higher Educational Institution and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the global decline in commercial whaling, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) has been at the centre of a long-standing debate between pro-whaling industry States and whale preservation States that threatens the collapse of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) as a treaty regime. This article describes the ongoing treaty regime disagreement that led to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Whaling in the Antarctic case and suggests that the ICJ’s decision highlights further weaknesses in the existing ICRW treaty regime. The fissures in the treaty regime have become even more apparent with the IWC Scientific Committee’s request for more data from the Japanese government on the Proposed Research Plan for New Scientific Whale Research Program in the Antarctic Ocean (NEWREP-A) and Japan’s diplomatic threat to unilaterally resume whaling. The article concludes with a suggestion that States amend Article VIII in order to strengthen the existing ICRW framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)of United Nations, as of July 2015. They state significance of the Stockholm Conference of 1972 in sustainable development and mention role of the BRICS countries in SDG. They note that the SDG was introduced following the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and mention challenges associated with transition of MDGs to SDG.

The article presents the text of the author's remarks at the "New Thinking on Sustainability" conference of the Centre for Public Law and German Australian Pacific Lawyers Association at Victoria University of Wellington on February 2014. Topics included are the environmental consciousness imparted by writers Henry Thoreau, Aldo Leopold and Rachel Carson and the influence of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment Stockholm Declaration and the Brundland Report.

Based on archival sources, this article analyzes the Canadian contribution to the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. It finds that continental imperatives were of pivotal importance in the development of Canadian foreign environmental policy at the Stockholm conference and its preparatory meetings. In the context of the passage of Canada’s Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, Canadian diplomats set out to use the 1972 conference as a tool to fuel the progressive development of international environmental law and to generate support for a set of marine pollution principles. Following the conference, Canadian officials employed the gains achieved at Stockholm to legitimize and institutionalize the government’s unilateral Arctic anti-pollution measures. In so doing, the government of Pierre Elliott Trudeau sought multilateral solutions to bilateral problems in the environmental sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on environmental right issues posed by the U.S.-Mexico border wall. Topics discussed include international norms such as right to private property, the rights of indigenous people and the right to non-discrimination violated by the actions of the U.S. government surrounding its border-wall construction, Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Common Article 1 to the four Geneva Conventions lays down an obligation to respect and ensure respect for the Conventions in all circumstances. This paper focuses on the second part of this obligation, in particular on the responsibility of third States not involved in a given armed conflict to take action in order to safeguard compliance with the Geneva Conventions by the parties to the conflict. It concludes that third States have an international legal obligation not only to avoid encouraging international humanitarian law violations committed by others, but also to take measures to put an end to on-going violations and to actively prevent their occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

50 years have passed since the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, also known as the Stockholm Conference, which took place in this city between June 5th and 16th, 1972. This conference was the first major event organized to address environmental issues and their incorporation into the international political agenda. As a result of this conference, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was created and principles on the environment and development were agreed upon. To commemorate these 50 years, the Stockholm+50 event was held, where the state of the human environment was discussed and ideas were generated on how to move forward amidst the climate crisis and biodiversity loss. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the influence of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) on the development of domestic environmental policy and multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). Topics discussed include the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972 (the Stockholm Conference), the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1976.

Over the past four decades, a set of global environmental agreements has developed to address certain issues in chemicals management at the global level. In addition, the global community has proclaimed the goal of achieving the sound management of chemicals by 2020. Recognizing the need to implement existing agreements, this article examines the current cluster of global agreements for chemicals and waste, and their ability to achieve the sound management of chemicals in 2020 and beyond. The Basel, Minamata, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, as well as the non-binding Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management, are analyzed using core elements of environmental treaties, including principles and approaches of international environmental law. From this analysis, five challenges are identified: supporting implementation; ensuring adequate finance; filling global information gaps; expanding the narrow scope of current legally binding instruments; and avoiding the development of a 'treaty thicket' in the global governance of chemicals and waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Thesis Juris is the property of Revista Thesis Juris and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses 40th anniversary of Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) and achievements of CPA Small Branches network with memberships. Topics discussed include recognition of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) recognised by United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992, challenges faced by small jurisdictions exacerbated by COVID-19 pandemic and Strategic Plan for small Parliaments and jurisdiction across Commonwealth.

A key turning point regarding to environmental protection was the United Nations Conference on the Human environment held in Stockholm, in 1972. On the Conference was adopted the UN Declaration on the Human environment. On that occasion established fundamental principles of environmental protection. At the Conference, UNEP, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. has adopted the UN Declaration on the Environmental protection and sustainable development. The Council of Europe has adopted a number of documents in which the central part is the protection of the environment. The Council of Europe adopted the following conventions: Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural habitats in 1979; Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment in 1993; Convention on the protection of Environment trough Criminal Law, in 1998; and European Lanscape Convention in 2000. The Constitution of Republic of Serbia proclaims the right to a healthy environment, but also establishes the obligation of all, to conserve and improve it. The fundamental principles of environmental protection system in our county are regulated by the following .The Law on Environmental Protection, The Law on Environment Impact, The Law on Environment Strategic Impact and The Law on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. These Laws are aimed towards establishing an environmental management system and providing protection from natural balance degradation. With a great number of Laws in particular sectors of environmental protection, Republic of Serbia received modern legislation, which formed, a good basis for economic and social activities involved in environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the evolution, history and legal reforms of an international environmental governance regime under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Topics discussed include Stockholm Conference, role of the U.N. General Assembly, development of environmental law. It discusses the UNEP'S efforts to coordinate global environment and to combat environmental degradation.

Copyright of Cadernos EBAPE.BR is the property of Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administracao Publica e de Empresas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The number of international environmental institutions, goals and agreements has increased greatly since the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972. However, the results of this proliferation for environmental protection have been mixed. The upcoming “Rio +20” conference (2012), offers world leaders an opportunity to reaffirm the importance of achieving a sustainability agenda and to revisit their strategies for doing so. To inform this process it is crucial to learn from the ambitions, achievements and shortcomings on goal attainment to date. Drawing on the United Nations Environment Programme’s fifth Global Environment Outlook report (GEO-5), this paper presents an evaluation of progress made on globally agreed environmental goals in relation to a series of biophysical trends. The analysis suggests a picture of patchy achievements rather than sustained progress. The most encouraging results have occurred where measurable targets were established on problems with relatively straightforward causes and courses of action. Key obstacles to the achievement of goals include a series of mismatches: between narrow objectives and the need for integrated approaches; between types of problems and types of solutions; between the fragmentation of governance and the need for collective action; between science and policy; between the responsibilities and resources of environmental institutions; and between complex systems and the desire for measurable outcomes. Overcoming these obstacles will require not only learning from past successes and failures but also adapting this knowledge to environmental, political and economic circumstances that have changed considerably over the past 40 years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Since the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment in 1972 and the subsequent publication of the Brundtland report in 1987, Ghana has embarked upon the path of sustainable development (SD) through the development and implementation of policies deemed necessary to safeguard the environment and promote socio-economic development. Despite this commitment, the country is still characterised by poor environmental and human health, poverty, poor sanitation, low access to potable drinking water, energy, and high population growth. This paper uses sustainability frameworks to investigate the achievability of SD in Ghana. The key policies related to SD issues such as the environment, poverty reduction, health, water and sanitation, energy and population growth are analysed and the main achievements and challenges identified. The paper asserts that SD of Ghana could be a passing fad if issues confronting the country's sustainability are not addressed. The paper provides policy recommendations and strategies that will enable policy-makers to effectively tackle the SD challenges in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This year, the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD, or Rio +20) marks the fortieth anniversary of the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, the twentieth anniversary of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro and the tenth anniversary of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. As part of the preparations for Rio +20, the five UN Regional Economic Commissions convened regional preparatory meetings. These regional meetings have become de rigueur in the run-up to international conferences or summits. This article examines the regional contribution to Rio +20 by looking at the history of the UN Regional Economic Commissions and their role in preparing for the global sustainable development conferences, with specific emphasis on the Rio +20 process, and how the regional preparatory meetings examined some of the major issues on the agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In June 2012 the international community will commemorate “Stockholm+40” at the “Rio+20” Summit to be convened in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Originating during times of preparations for the Stockholm Conference (1972), the MAB Programme was an early experiment in the movement of international scientific co-operation towards an intergovernmental environmental arena. Compared to the 14 projects that constituted MAB in the 1970s and the early 1980s, today''s Programme is concentrated on a range of research, education, monitoring and demonstration projects and initiatives in biosphere reserves. The World Network of Biosphere Reserves now counts 580 places in 114 countries and will continue to expand over the next decade. It provides a significant opportunity for the MAB Programme to promote research, learning and experimentation and collective action for sustainable development in land/seascapes located within particular cultural and political contexts. In using a global network of experimental sites for sustainability the MAB Programme may open intergovernmental environmental relations to closer collaboration with sub-national levels of government where more and more resource use and conservation decisions are made. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

El artículo enfoca en la situación del medio ambiente humano desde la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas de Estocolmo, Suecia en 1972. Se analiza la degradación ambiental como un efecto del desarrollo económico. Según el autor, el desarrollo económico siempre tiene prioridad sobre los problemas medioambientales. Se examina el uso de recursos alternativos, citando la influencia de la Conferencia de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil en 1992 organizada por las Naciones Unidas sobre el medio ambiente.

Copyright of Observatorio Medioambiental is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)