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Background and Objectives: Percutaneous procedures using contrast agents are modern diagnosis and treatment methods for cardiovascular diseases. Contrast use may cause nephropathy, especially in diabetic patients. SGLT2 inhibitors have strong cardioprotective and renal protective effects. In our study, we investigated the effectiveness of this drug group in preventing the development of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN). Materials and Methods: The results of 312 diabetic patients who underwent CAG were analyzed. The study group included 104 DM patients using SGLT2 and the control group did not use SGLT2. These groups were compared with each other in terms of clinical, demographic, and laboratory parameters. Results: The groups were similar characteristics. However, post-CAG creatinine values compared with before the procedure, the development of CIN was observed to be significantly less in the group using SGLT2 inhibitor (p = 0.03). When the results of the multivariate analysis were examined, it was seen that the use of SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced the risk of CIN (odds ratio (OR): 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0,142–0.966, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Our study showed that SGLT2 inhibitors may be protective against the development of CIN, especially in patients with comorbid conditions such as diabetes.

Aims: The aim of this research was to determine the responses of some barley genotypes to salinity stress at the germination period. Methods and Results: Barley seeds provided from the Osman Tosun Gene Bank at Ankara University. Eight six-row barley genotypes (33, 64, 159, 184, 200, 202, 220 and 231) and two six-row barley cultivars (cv Avcı-2002 and cv Cetin-2000) were used in this study. Salinity stress was applied to the seeds in four different doses of NaCl (distilled water (0), 75 mM, 150 mM and 225 mM). The experiments were carried out at 25±1°C and dark conditions with triplicate according to completely randomized plot design. In order to determine the salinity tolerance of genotypes in the study; germination speed (%), germination power (%), root length (cm), shoot length (cm), shoot fresh weight (g), shoot dry weight (g), root fresh weight (g) and root dry weight (g) parameters were measured. Conclusions: As results of these measures, all parameters were found to be statistically significant (p≤0.01) except for germination power and shoot dry weight. Genotype × NaCl dose interaction was found significantly different at p≤0.01 level for germination speed and root fresh weight. Significance and Impact of the Study: Genotype 200 and 220 showed better performance under salinity stress than other genotypes. Also, it can be used as a parental genitor in future breeding studies., Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, bazı arpa genotiplerinin çimlenme döneminde tuzluluk stresine karşı tepkilerini belirlemektir. Yöntemler ve Bulgular: Arpa tohumları Ankara Üniversitesi Osman Tosun Gen Bankası'ndan temin edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada sekiz adet altı sıralı arpa genotipi (33, 64, 159, 184, 200, 202, 220 ve 231) ve iki adet altı sıralı arpa çeşidi (Avcı-2002 ve Çetin-2000) kullanılmıştır. Tohumlara dört farklı NaCl dozunda saf su (0), 75 mM, 150 mM ve 225 mM tuzluluk stresi uygulanmıştır. Deneme tesadüf parseller deneme desenine göre, 25±1°C'de ve karanlık koşullarda üç tekrarlamalı olarak uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada yer alan genotiplerin tuzluluk toleransını belirlemek için; çimlenme hızı (%), çimlenme gücü (%), kök uzunluğu (cm), fide uzunluğu (cm), fide yaş ağırlığı (g), fide kuru ağırlığı (g), kök yaş ağırlığı (g) ve kök kuru ağırlığı (g) parametreleri ölmüştür. Genel Yorumlar: Bu ölçümler sonucunda çimlenme gücü ve fide kuru ağırlığı dışındaki tüm parametreler istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p≤0.01) bulunmuştur. Genotip × NaCl doz interaksiyonu, çimlenme hızı ve kök yaş ağırlığı için p≤0.01 seviyesinde önemli bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Genotip 200 ve 220, diğer genotiplere göre tuzluluk stresi altında daha iyi performans göstermiştir. Ayrıca gelecekteki ıslah çalışmalarında ebeveyn genitoru olarak kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Background: End-stage renal disease is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events. It is unknown, however, whether mild-to-moderate kidney dysfunction is causally related to coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Methods: Observational analyses were conducted using individual-level data from 4 population data sources (Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, EPIC-CVD [European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Cardiovascular Disease Study], Million Veteran Program, and UK Biobank), comprising 648 135 participants with no history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes at baseline, yielding 42 858 and 15 693 incident CHD and stroke events, respectively, during 6.8 million person-years of follow-up. Using a genetic risk score of 218 variants for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), we conducted Mendelian randomization analyses involving 413 718 participants (25 917 CHD and 8622 strokes) in EPIC-CVD, Million Veteran Program, and UK Biobank. Results: There were U-shaped observational associations of creatinine-based eGFR with CHD and stroke, with higher risk in participants with eGFR values 105 mL·min –1 ·1.73 m –2 , compared with those with eGFR between 60 and 105 mL·min –1 ·1.73 m –2 . Mendelian randomization analyses for CHD showed an association among participants with eGFR –1 ·1.73 m –2 , with a 14% (95% CI, 3%–27%) higher CHD risk per 5 mL·min –1 ·1.73 m –2 lower genetically predicted eGFR, but not for those with eGFR >105 mL·min –1 ·1.73 m –2 . Results were not materially different after adjustment for factors associated with the eGFR genetic risk score, such as lipoprotein(a), triglycerides, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure. Mendelian randomization results for stroke were nonsignificant but broadly similar to those for CHD. Conclusions: In people without manifest cardiovascular disease or diabetes, mild-to-moderate kidney dysfunction is causally related to risk of CHD, highlighting the potential value of preventive approaches that preserve and modulate kidney function.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos Determinar la viabilidad del acceso ureteral y la eficacia de la eliminacion de la obstruccion con mini-URS en el manejo de los calculos ureterales proximales en ninos menores de 5 anos. Pacientes Revisamos retrospectivamente los datos de 26 ninos que se sometieron a mini-URS-LL por calculos obstructivos situados en el ureter proximal entre enero de 2016 y agosto de 2018. La efectividad de mini-URS-LL se evaluo sobre la base de su viabilidad, fiabilidad y el exito de la tecnica. Resultados La media de edad fue de 3 ± 1,3 anos. Once (42,3%) pacientes tenian ≤ 2 anos y los 15 restantes (57,7%) tenian entre 3 y 5 anos. El tamano medio del calculo era 9,11 ± 3,02 mm. Se obtuvo un estado libre de calculos al final de 31 procedimientos ureteroscopicos en 24 (92,3%) pacientes. Se encontro que la edad media fue significativamente mas alta en los pacientes que se sometieron al procedimiento sin cateterizacion previa (p = 0,027). No se experimento ninguna complicacion perioperatoria. Conclusion En ninos entre 2 y 5 anos, la litotricia laser con mini-URS (mini-URS-LL) puede ser un procedimiento seguro en manos de urologos expertos en tecnicas endourologicas, pero su eficacia es baja, sus tasas de cateterizacion previa son altas, requiriendo consultas de anestesia adicionales.

Wood as a natural biological polymer, has significant advantages compared to other building materials. However, it has to be impregnated or surface coated since it does not have a resistant structure in outdoor conditions. In this study, Scots pine samples were treated with nano cerium oxide (CeO2) at 0.1%, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 concentrations, and then were exposed to accelerated weathering. Color changes and surface chemistry were determined after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours of weathering period. Tanalith-E was used as a reference chemical at the same concentration levels. Efficiency of cerium oxide treated samples was compared with the samples treated with Tanalith-E. Thus, potential of cerium oxide instead of reference chemical in improving the surface properties of wood exposed to outdoor conditions was evaluated. As a result of the study, the surface properties of the samples treated with cerium oxide and Tanalith-E were better protected in comparison to the control samples. Initial weathering periods had greater impact on the properties. It was found that cerium oxide showed similar results to the copper-based wood preservative.

Doğal bir mühendislik yapı malzemesi olan ahşap, dış ortam koşullarında dış cephe, yürüyüş yolları, kamelya, ev yapımı gibi pek çok kullanım yerlerinde değerlendirilebilirken, iç mekan kullanımı için de sıklıkla tercih edilen dekoratif bir malzeme olmaktadır. Ahşabın iç mekan malzemesi olarak kullanımında, özellikle mobilyada yüzey görünümü ve renk stabilizasyonu çok önemlidir. Ahşap ürünlerde dış ortam koşullarına benzer şekilde iç ortamda da ligninin foto-oksidasyonu sonucu zamanla sararmalar ve koyulaşmalar görülmektedir. Ahşabın güneş ışınlarına karşı dayanımının belirlenmesi amacıyla laboratuvar koşullarında UV, nem ve sıcaklığın değişken döngülerinde belirli bir sürede yapay yaşlandırma testine tabi tutulması yaygın bir uygulama olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ahşabın servis ömrünün doğru tespit edilmesi için laboratuvar koşullarındaki testlerin yanı sıra doğal ortam koşullarına maruz bırakılma gerekli görülmektedir. İç ortam koşullarında pencere yakınındaki kullanım yeri olan ahşap malzemeler camdan geçen güneş ışıkları nedeniyle renk değişimi ve yüzey bozunmasına maruz kalabilmekte ve bu bozunma UVA-351 nm’lik lambaların kullanılması ile yapay olarak simüle edilebilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, ahşap malzemenin iç ortam koşullarında kullanımı sırasında maruz kalabileceği bozundurucu faktörlerin ahşabın özelliklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada farklı yapay ve doğal iç ortam yaşlandırma test yöntemleri irdelenmiş ayrıca yapay ve doğal yaşlandırma arasında modelleme çalışmalarına da değinilmiştir.

Salinity is the abiotic stress factor that most restricts agricultural production after drought. In this study, mung beans (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) genotypes were analyzed the resistance performance to salinity stress in germination stage and early seedling stage. In accordance with this purpose, 17 mung bean genotypes were used in the study. Genotypes used in the study were treated with distilled water (0) and 2 different salt doses (4 and 8 mmhos cm-1 NaCl) as the control group. Petri dishes were allowed to stay at room temperature (25 ° C) for 9 days, and salt solution was added when required. The data obtained from the study, were obtained on the average of the measurements made on the 9th day and then analyzed. Germination power, root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight were determined as the analyzed parameters in the study. Increasing NaCl doses generally affected all parameters negatively. According to the analysis of variance with the results obtained, the genotypic effect was found to be statistically significant in all parameters, which was analyzed in this study. Stress dose was found to be statistically significant in all parameters except the dry weight parameter. In addition to this, genotype × stress dose interaction was determined to be statistically significant in germination power, root length and shoot length parameters. Genotypes, which were numbered No.20 and No.24, had maximum results in statistically important parameters such as germination power (97.00-94.11%), root length (1.557-1.563 cm) and shoot length (2.033-1.793 cm) under applied highest salt dose. As a result of this, No.20 and No.24 genotypes were determined to be the more tolerant to salt stress than other genotypes used in the study. As a conclusion, it is suggested that No.20 and No.24 genotypes can be used as parental plants in the breeding of new varieties tolerant to salinity in the future.

The study was carried out between 2015 and 2016 in accordance with the split plots in randomized blocks research design with 3 replications, which aimed to determine the optimal mixture rate for the production design. The results of the research were made into agricultural implementation and cost analysis was performed. Relative profit margin was used in determining the most favorable mixture rate that will be included in the production design. According to the application results, the production threshold was exceeded in all mixtures. The highest gross production value (95.90 USD da-1) and production cost (59.05 USD da-1) was obtained from the sole Anatolian Clover among the forage crop mixtures. Whereas; the lowest gross production value (71.32 USD da-1) and production cost (58.60 USD) was detected in the sole Italian ryegrass application. In addition to this, it was found that the highest relative profit margin (1.62) had been achieved in sole Anatolian clover. 50% Anatolian clover + 50% Italian ryegrass (K2) (1.40), 25% Anatolian clover + 75% Italian ryegrass (K3) (1.38) were followed to sole Anatolian clover, in terms of mixture rates. Perdenpedicular row sowing (E3) had the highest relative profit margin (1.45) in this study according to the sowing methods. As a consequently, perpendicular rows (E3) and sole Anatolian clover (T), 25A.C + 75 I.R (K3) were the most suitable sowing method and mixture ratios under Anatolian conditions, respectively.

© 2021 AEUIntroduction and objectives: We aimed to point out the ureteral access facility and obstruction removal efficiency of mini-URS in the use of proximal ureteral stone management in children under five-year-old. Patients: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 26 children who underwent mini-URS-LL for obstructive stones in proximal ureter between January 2016 and August 2018. The effectiveness of the mini-URS-LL was assessed based on the feasibility, reliability, and success of the technique. Results: Mean age was 3 ± 1.3 years, and 11 (42.3%) patients were ≤ 2 years old, remaining 15 (57.7%) were aged 3-5 years. Mean stone size was 9.11 ± 3.02 mm. A stone-free status was obtained at the end of 31 ureteroscopic procedure in 24 (92.3%) patients. The mean age was found significantly higher in patients who had the procedure without pre-stenting than the others who did (P =.027). No perioperative complication was experienced. Conclusion: In preschool-age children, laser lithotripsy with mini-URS may be a safe technique in the hands with advanced endo-urological skills but it has low efficacy with higher rates of prestenting causing additional anesthesia sessions.

Bu araştırma 2013-2014 yıllarında Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü deneme tarlalarında, arıotu (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.) bitkisinin farklı azotlu gübre dozları altında ot veriminde ve kalitesinde meydana gelen değişimleri incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada ana parsellere 3 arıotu çeşidi (Sağlamtimur, Stala, Enton), alt parsellere 5 farklı azotlu gübre dozu (0 kg/da, 2.5 kg/da, 5 kg/da, 7.5 kg/da, 10 kg/da) olacak şekilde uygulamalar yapılmıştır. Bitki boyu, yeşil ot verimi, kuru ot verimi, kuru madde verimi ve ham protein verimi araştırmada incelenen parametrelerdir. Alınan sonuçlara göre; 2013 ve 2014 yıllarında Stala çeşidi bitki boyu (72.65 cm, 84.76 cm), yeşil ot verimi (2138.00 kg/da, 2385.60 kg/da), kuru ot verimi (510.83 kg/da, 554.60 kg/da), kuru madde verimi (456.55 kg/da, 495.99 kg/da) ve ham protein verimi (72.92 kg/da, 76.43 kg/da) bakımından diğer çeşitlere göre daha üstün olan arıotu çeşidi olmuştur. Yüksek verimli ve kaliteli üretim için tercih edilmesi gereken azot dozunun ise 10 kg/da olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Summary– Severe aortoiliac disease is traditionally treated with aortofemoral bypass (AFB). However, certain recurrent problems typically follow this type of treatment, problems which often require surgical intervention. Presently described is the endovascular recanalization of the native aortoiliac arteries in 2 patients who had undergone AFB. One patient with a history of aortounifemoral bypass graft had a newly emerged distal abdominal aorta and contralateral iliac artery occlusion as a result of progressive atherosclerosis. Another patient had thrombosis of the left limb of aortobifemoral bypass graft. In these patients, primary stenting was used as secondary treatment to recanalize aortoiliac occlusion. To our knowledge, the present are the first reported cases of such treatment.

Periferik arter hastaları arasında; kronik böbrek hastalığı yaygın olarak görülür. Güncel kılavuzlar bu hastalarda endovasküler tedavi yöntemlerini ilk tedavi seçeneği olarak önermektedir. Kontrastın indüklediği nefropati önceden kronik renal hastalığı, kalp yetersziliği olan veya işlem öncesi dehidrate kalan hastalarda oldukça yaygın olarak görünür ve bu durum hastanede yatış süresini ve mortaliteyi artırmaktadır. Bu tür hastalarda CO2 alternatif bir contrast ajan olarak kullanılabilir ve diğer gazlardan farklı olarak hemen hemen tamamı hızlı bir şekilde absorbe edilir. Bu vaka bildirisinde kronik böbrek hastalığı (glomerular filtration rate of 24 ml/min/1.77 m²) olan sol ana iliak arteri tam tıkalı bir hastada; contrast ajan olarak CO₂ in kullanıldığı bir vaka bildirilmiştir., Chronic kidney disease is a common comorbidity inpatients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Current guidelines recommend an“endovascular first” strategy in cases where for revascularization is indicatedContrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a particularly common complication inpatients with pre-existing chronic renal disease, diabetes, heart failure, anddehydration which is associated with increased time in hospital and long-termmortality Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas can be used as an alternative contrastagent, as it is absorbed almost instantaneously as opposed to other gases. Inthis report, we describe a case of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of anoccluded left main iliac artery using CO₂ as contrast mediumdue to the presence of severe chronic kidney disease (glomerular filtrationrate of 24 ml/min/1.77 m²).

Bu arastirma Ankara Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Tarla Bitkileri Bolumu laboratuvarinda, bazi arpa cesitlerinin cimlenme asamasinda tuz stresine olan tepkilerinin belirlenmesi amaciyla yurutulmustur. Calismada bitki materyali olarak Turkiye’de arpa yetistiriciligi acisinda buyuk onem tasiyan; Aydanhanim, Bulbul-89 ve Tarm-92 iki sirali arpa cesitleri kullanilmistir. Tuz stresi icin NaCl’nin 5 dozu (3, 6, 9, 12 ve 15 g/l) ve kontrol grubu olarak da saf su (0 g/l) uygulanmistir. Calismanin 4. gununde cimlenmis olan tohumlar sayilarak “Cimlenme Hizi” ve 8. gunde ikinci sayim ve diger olcumler yapilarak “cimlenme gucu”, “kok uzunlugu”, “surgun uzunlugu”, “yas ve kuru agirlik” parametreleri belirlenmistir. Alinan sonuclara gore cesitler, “cimlenme gucu”, “kok uzunlugu”, “surgun Uzunlugu” ve “kuru agirlik” parametreleri istatistiki anlamda onemli bulunmustur. Bununla birlikte; tuz dozlari icin incelenen tum parametreler ve cesit x tuz interaksiyonlari icin ise; “kok uzunlugu”, “yas ve kuru agirlik” parametrelerinin de istatistiksel olarak onemli ciktigi belirlenmistir. Incelenen tum parametrelerde Tarm-92 cesidinin diger cesitlere gore tuza toleransinin daha yuksek oldugu tespit edilmistir.

Primary vascular malformations such as connection between bronchial artery and pulmonary artery or pulmonary vein are quite rare. A 18-year-old male patient with the first episode of massive hemoptysis was found to have bronchial artery-pulmonary artery fistula, a rare vascular anomaly, on selective bronchial angiography. Since medical history revealed no acquired cause, it is considered congenital. He underwent bronchial artery embolization and hemoptysis was completely resolved after endovascular treatment. The presence of such vascular anomalies should be suspected in patients with massive hemoptysis. Bronchial artery embolization is a safe and effective nonsurgical treatment option for such patients., Bronşial arter ve pulmoner arter veya pulmoner ven arasındaki bağlantı gibi primer vasküler malformasyonlar olukça nadirdir. İlk kez olan masif hemoptizi ile başvuran 18 yaşındaki bir erkek hastada selektif bronşial anjiografide nadir bir vasküler anomali olan bronşial arter-pulmoner arter fistülü saptandı. Öyküde hiç bir kazanılmış neden bulunmadığı için konjenital olarak düşünüldü. Olguya bronşial arter embolizasyonu uygulandı ve hemoptizisi endovasküler tedaviden sonra tamamen düzeldi. Masif hemoptizili hastalarda böyle vasküler anomalilerden şüphelenilmelidir. Bronşial arter embolizasyonu bu hastalarda güvenli ve etkili cerrahi olmayan bir tedavi yöntemidir.

Alleviation of the pain resulting from injection of rocuronium during anesthesia is still an unsolved problem. We aimed to compare the analgesic effects of sufentanil, tramadol, meperidine, and lidocaine on the pain from injection of rocuronium. Materials and methods: This prospective randomized double-blind study included 200 patients with ASA I-II. After a tourniquet was applied to the forearm, patients received 50 mg of tramadol (group T), 10 µg of sufentanil (group S), 40 mg of meperidine (group M), or 30 mg of lidocaine (group L). The tourniquet was released after 20 s and rocuronium was injected over 10 to 15 s. The patients were asked whether the injection caused pain or not. Side effects were recorded. Results: The incidence of injection pain was highest in group T. Severe pain was most frequently encountered in group S. Lidocaine was the most effective analgesic in alleviating the injection pain while sufentanil was the least effective drug (P < 0.05). Erythema was the common side effect at the injection site in group M and arrhythmia was observed in group T. Conclusion: The analgesic effect of meperidine was not significantly superior to that of the other drugs. Lidocaine seemed to be the most effective analgesic drug for minimizing the pain due to rocuronium injection.

This study retrospectively evaluated ultrasonography-guided (US-guided) percutaneous thrombin injection for the treatment of postcatheterization femoral and brachial artery pseudoaneurysms.Fifty-five patients with postcatheterization femoral artery (n = 53) or brachial artery (n = 2) pseudoaneurysms were treated using US-guided human thrombin (500 IU/mL) injection. Pseudoaneurysm size, thrombin dose, therapy outcome, and complications were documented. Follow-up color Doppler US was performed 7 and 30 days after treatment. Short-duration supplemental compression was applied to six patients at the first week follow-up examination after a reinjection of thrombin had failed.Mean pseudoaneurysm volume was 20.3 ± 18.7 cm(3). The mean injected thrombin dose was 478 ± 238 IU. Thirty-eight (69.1%) of the 55 pseudoaneurysms were thrombosed with a single injection, and 11 of 17 pseudoaneurysms were thrombosed after a second injection. All (100%) of the 41 pseudoaneurysms that were diagnosed within the first two weeks of postcatheterization were successfully treated. The overall primary success rate was 89.1% (49 of 55 pseudoaneurysms). Supplemental compression promoted thrombosis in four of the six patients who had treatment failure with thrombin injection. The secondary success rate was 96.4% (53 of 55 pseudoaneurysms). There were no complications.US-guided thrombin injection was most successful within the first two weeks, and the supplemental compression might aid in the closure of partially thrombosed pseudoaneurysms.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during gestation on injury severity of small intestine in the newborn rats subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation and cold stress.A total of 21 Sprague-Dawley pregnant rats were divided into 3 equal groups. The groups were labeled as group 1, control group; group 2, hypoxia-reoxygenation group; and group 3, nicotine-hypoxia-reoxygenation group. The rats of group 3 were exposed to nicotine via subcuticular injection for the last week of gestation (2 mg/kg/d). Newborn rats were collected immediately after birth to prevent suckling of maternal milk (40 rat pups in group 1, 43 rat pups in group 2, and 41 rat pups in group 3). Litters in groups 2 and 3 were stressed twice daily with asphyxia followed by cold (4 degrees C for 10 minutes) stress to induce hypoxic intestinal injury which is relevant to human necrotizing enterocolitis. Breathing 100% CO2 for 10 minutes in a chamber followed by 10-minute 100% O2 breathing was the asphyxia model repeated twice daily. After hypoxia-reoxygenation and cold stress, newborn rats were returned to their mother's cages. This protocol was repeated for the following 2 days, and the rat pups were decapitated on the third day. Using this protocol of asphyxia and cold stress, all of neonatal rats developed clinical and pathological signs of hypoxia-induced intestinal injury. The entire gastrointestinal tract was removed and examined macroscopically. A 2-cm section of distal ileum from each animal was taken for histopathological and biochemical examinations. Histological changes in ileal architecture were scored and graded from 1 to 5. The remaining intestinal tissues of the animals were used for lipid peroxidation analysis.Typical signs of hypoxia-induced intestinal injury were observed in the 2 experimental groups (groups 2 and 3) macroscopically. There were more grades 3 and 4 injuries in group 3 (P.05). The malondialdehyde levels were elevated in groups 2 and 3 (P.001). The malondialdehyde levels of the group 3 were also significantly higher than group 2 (P.01).Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation results in higher grade histological injury in newborn rats subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation and cold stress.

Background: There have been many studies using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and opioids for postoperative analgesia in children. In this study, we investigated the efficacy, usefulness and analgesic consumption of two different PCA programmes [bolus dose alone (BD) or bolus dose with background infusion (BD + BI)] to evaluate postoperative analgesia for children after emergency appendicectomy. Methods: Forty children, aged between 6 and 15 years and ASA class I or II, undergoing emergency appendicectomy were randomly allocated into two groups. The children were given a loading dose of pethidine 0.3 mg.kg -1 and 150 μg.kg -1 bolus intravenously in group BD (n = 20) and pethidine 0.3 mg.kg -1 loading dose, 75 μg.kg -1 bolus and 15 μg.kg -1 .h -1 background infusion in group BD + BI (n = 20). The lockout interval was 20 min in both groups. Results: There were no significant differences in pain, sedation and nausea scores during the 24-h postoperative period between the groups (P > 0.05). Pethidine consumption was significantly lower in group BD + BI than that in group BD for the first 24-h period (P < 0.05). Conclusions: We demonstrated that both these PCA programmes were effective and reliable for postoperative pain relief in children. We believe that giving information about PCA to the children and their parents is useful during the preoperative period. However, the background infusion with lower bolus dose in PCA did not increase pethidine consumption.

To evaluate the morbidity and mortality of corrosive esophageal injuries (CEI) in the neonatal period, the records of 184 children hospitalized following caustic ingestion over a 10-year period from January 1987 to November 1997 were reviewed. Eight (4.3%) were newborns (5 boys and 3 girls). The mean age of the newborns was 12 days (range 1-28). The ingested caustic materials were benzalkonium chloride in six patients and trichloroacetic acid in two. Oropharyngeal examination and esophagoscopy were performed for diagnosis. Hyperemia and fibrin plaques were present in the oropharynx in all patients. The management consisted of endotracheal intubation, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and total parenteral nutrition. Pneumonia and sepsis developed in three patients and one died of sepsis. Stenosis developed in two patients, who were treated three times with antegrade dilatations. The morbidity was 62.5% (five patients) and the mortality was 12.5% (one) in newborns with CEI. These results indicate that ingestion of a caustic substance results in high morbidity and mortality in newborns. Parents and nurses should be warned about this risk.